CN1926427A - 利用半导体化合物的no检测以及检测no的传感器和器件 - Google Patents
利用半导体化合物的no检测以及检测no的传感器和器件 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于检测NO的有机半导体化合物的用途,以及传感器(18)和器件(19),其中这种化合物用于检测NO。器件(9)允许用简单、非侵害性的方式进行呼吸气体分析,其可以用来预测肺和呼吸道的状况和/或功能。更特别地,传感器(18)具有纳米级FET型结构。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及例如在生物机体的呼吸周期期间所产生的气体混合物中的一氧化氮NO的检测,使得可以确定当前的属于生物机体的肺功能是正常的,还是偏离了预定的正常水平。
背景技术
众所周知的是,肺泡细胞和呼吸道上皮细胞产生内生的一氧化氮,并且该一氧化氮被分泌到呼吸管道和/或肺中的空气中。因此可以在呼出空气中测量这部分分泌的一氧化氮。
进一步众所周知的是,对肺和呼吸管道中内生的一氧化氮的产生的估计提供了对肺和呼吸管道的状况和/或功能的测量,即肺的状况或功能。
发明内容
进一步观察到,在发炎的肺疾病的情况下,例如哮喘和肺泡炎,呼出空气的一氧化氮浓度比正常情况高,因为由于发炎一氧化氮浓度已经增加。因此一氧化氮浓度可以用作肺中发炎和发炎疾病的指示器,例如哮喘或任何过敏状况导致肺和/或呼吸道的发炎。
哮喘构成了严重且增长的全球健康问题。如今,在欧洲大约两千五百万人患有哮喘。
呼吸气体分析是简单的、非侵害性的方法,其可以用于发炎的临床路线测量。
现在,仅在医疗中心的功能实验室中使用化学发光分析仪执行呼出气体分析。这些NO分析仪利用了NO和臭氧之间的光化学反应:
所形成的NO2的大约10-20%被产生为处于电激发态(NO2 *),其经历至基态的转换,因此发光。所发射的光处于590-2600nm的波长范围,并且它的强度与通过反应室的NO的质量流量成比例。对NO的检测限度大约为1ppb,考虑到正常或反常生理学学科中的呼出NO的水平(0-200ppb),其是充足的。用于NO检测的化学发光分析仪的缺点是它们相对昂贵(一般为$40.000),并且设备体积大(例如不是便携式的)。这些方面使得化学发光分析仪对于家庭使用(在个人健康监测的情况下)或家庭医生的使用缺乏吸引力。因此,具有以下这种NO感测器件将非常有利:其相对成本低并且被小型化,使得可以例如以用于个人健康监测的可随意使用的器件的形式使用它。
现在已经发现,这种过程和器件,以及在所述器件中使用的传感器,更具体地说是基于有机半导体化合物的用途。
因此,在第一方面中,本发明涉及用于检测NO的有机半导体化合物的用途。
通常,用于使用有机半导体化合物感测气体的检测器是已知的,并且这些经常被称作电子鼻。然而,在文献中没有描述检测NO的具体实例。此外,无机半导体化合物也被用作气体检测器,并且从B.Fruhberger等人的Sensors and Actuators B76(2001),226-234中得知检测NO的具体实例。该传感器基于WO3薄膜化学电阻性传感器元件,其在高温(250℃)下工作。然而,该传感器元件对NO不是特别敏感,因此需要另外的过滤器来测量复杂气体混合物、例如人的呼吸中的NO。
本发明涉及有机半导体化合物,其本身能够与一氧化氮反应。因此,原则上不需要额外的过滤器,并且传感器可以在环境温度下工作。
本用途的优选实施例在权利要求2-4中被要求。
观察到,在WO02/44698中本身提及了使用噻吩作为导电聚合物用于检测在所谓的电子鼻电导传感器中的气体。然而在该参考中没有提及或建议任何噻吩用于检测一氧化氮NO的用途。
在本用途中,并五苯是优选的半导体化合物,因为它具有以下优点:它不与水和氧起反应,这两者都是(呼出)空气的主要成分。
在第二方面中,本发明涉及用于测量包含NO的气体混合物中的NO的量的过程,其中通过使用有机半导体化合物测量所述的NO量,其电特性在与NO反应时变化,所述变化被用作对存在于所述气体混合物中的NO的量的直接或间接测量。
本过程的优选实施例在权利要求6-10中被要求。
附图说明
用于监测气体混合物中的NO的传感器、用于确定空气混合物的NO含量的FET型元件和器件分别在权利要求11-17、18-20和21-22中被要求,并且将在下文参考附图来解释,其中
图1是平面FET型元件的示意图,
图2是在与NO反应时根据本发明的半导体化合物的电导率(σ)的变化的图,
图3a是碳纳米管基传感器的图,
图3b是在根据图3a的碳纳米管基传感器中的两个金属电极之间对准的碳纳米管阵列的放大图,
图4是根据本发明用于确定呼吸期间的NO产量的器件的示意图。
具体实施方式
正如以上所述的,有机场效应晶体管被要求用于检测一氧化氮。因此,可以在众所周知的常规平面FET结构中或在纳米级FET配置中使用有机半导体材料,这将在下文讨论。
常规平面FET
平面场效应晶体管(FET)在图1中给出,并且包括几层:栅电极3,介电层5以及源/漏接触1和2。在该情形下,电介质被有机半导体材料4覆盖。然后,NO与有机半导体材料的结合引起晶体管结构内的电荷载流子的耗尽或产生。这种所谓的化学激活的FET的有吸引力的特征是,可以通过电导率或相关特性的直接变化测量一氧化氮的结合。
图2中示意性地描绘出了这种电导率的变化,其中y轴表示电导率σ,并且x轴表示时间t。时间点t0表示有机半导体化合物开始接触NO的时间。
显然,要达到最佳灵敏度,有机半导体层的掺杂浓度和厚度是重要参数:更薄的层和低掺杂或本征材料,例如,将对应更低的NO浓度,但是将会更快“饱和”。
纳米级FET
为进一步改善常规平面结构的感测特性,可以使用纳米级FET。在最近的论文(Cui,Wei和Lieber in Scienee 293,1289(2001)以及Kong,Franklin,Zhou,Chapline,Peng,Cho,和Dai in Science287,622(2000))中给出了这种纳米级器件的实例。这种纳米线或纳米管传感器的示意图在图3a和3b中给出,并且包括金属电极6和7,其通过多个纳米线或纳米管8a-8d进行跨接。一氧化氮与纳米线或纳米管的表面的结合可以引起纳米直径结构的“体”中的电荷载流子的耗尽或产生。原则上,单个分子检测是可以的。通过用根据本发明的有机半导体材料层覆盖纳米线或纳米管获得纳米级FET对一氧化氮的灵敏度和选择性。
可以通过例如所谓的汽相-液相-固相(VLS)生长方法,使用具有例如充当催化生长中心的金粒的表面生长纳米线,参见XiangfengDuan和Charles,M.Lieber in Advanced Materials 12,298(2000).这样,可以将宽范围的二元和三元III-V、II-VI、IV-IV族元素合成,例如GaAs、GaP、GaN、InP、GaAs/P、InAs/P、ZnS、ZnSe、CdS、CdSe、ZnO、SiGe等。可以借助催化金粒的尺寸以粗糙的尺度来控制纳米线的直径。如果需要的话,可以通过光化学刻蚀实现对纳米线的直径的细调,由此在刻蚀期间通过入射光的波长确定纳米线的直径。
此外,必要时可以通过在纳米线的顶部上施加有机半导体层来改善纳米线基传感器的灵敏度。
图4示意性地示出用于确定呼吸期间NO产量的器件9。该器件9包括导管12,该导管在其一端具有用于通过器件吸入或呼出空气的接口13。导管12在另一端与可调节阀14连接,其可以被启动(选择性地)以把空气样品从导管11传递到导管12,或把呼吸空气的样品从导管12传送到导管10。如果由于人在接口13吸入空气混合物而在导管12中引起欠压(sub-pressure),阀14将被启动以连接导管11和导管12(并且因此关闭导管10)。如果由于人在接口13呼气而在导管12中引起过压,阀14将被启动以连接导管10和导管12。
导管10和11分别与测量室15和16相连接,其设有如图1和图3a、b中所解释的传感器,用于测量随着传感器的CHEM-FET结构的电导率的变化的NO含量。
另外,响应于NO吸收/反应的栅电势的变化也可以用于监测流过测量室的空气样品中的NO含量。
尽管没有被示出,器件9还包括气流测量所需的流量计。此外,可以在测量室的上游设置冷却单元以从将要测量的空气样品中去除水。然而,当使用并五苯作为半导体化合物时,由于它不与水反应,因此冷却单元并不是必需的。
在测量室16中的传感器将测量空气中的NO背景(当空气被吸入时)。在测量室15中的传感器将测量呼出空气中的NO含量。测量室15和16与信号处理器17耦接,适合于根据存在于测量室15中的传感器的读数与存在于测量室16中的传感器的读数之间的差(或任何其它算法)来计算内生的NO产量。存在的初步证据是,大气NO的量并不影响内生NO的量。在那种情况下可以省略测量室。
在本器件的另一修改中,仅将测量呼出空气的NO含量。因而器件9将不包括测量室16和导管11(该实施例没有被示出)。
根据上述,明显的是,使用CHEM-FET结构的NO的电检测允许利用集成电路技术的小型化和集成。
已经参考特定优选实施例描述了本发明;然而应该理解的是,在不脱离其精神或基本特性的情况下,它可以用其它特定形式或其变型来具体实施。因此,无论从哪方面来看以上所述实施例都被认为是说明性的而不是限制性的,本发明的范围是由所附权利要求而不是由前述描述来指出。
Claims (23)
1.一种用于检测NO的有机半导体化合物的用途。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,其中所述有机半导体化合物是具有至少两个共轭双C=C键的化合物,并且进一步,可选地,在它的结构式中包括活性氮、硫或其它杂原子。
3.根据权利要求1或2的用途,其中所述半导体化合物选自并五苯、聚亚苯基亚乙烯基、芳香胺、或噻吩,优选并五苯。
4.根据权利要求3的用途,其中所述噻吩是聚乙烯二氧化噻吩。
5.一种用于测量包含NO的气体混合物中的NO量的过程,其中通过使用有机半导体化合物测量所述NO量,其电特性在与NO反应时变化,所述变化被用作对存在于所述气体混合物中的NO的量的直接或间接测量。
6.根据权利要求5的过程,其中所述气体混合物是由人吸入或呼出的呼吸气体混合物。
7.根据权利要求5或6的过程,其中所述有机半导体化合物具有至少两个共轭双C=C键,并且进一步,可选地,包括选自氮、硫和氧的至少一个活性杂原子。
8.根据权利要求5~7中的任何一个的过程,其中所述有机半导体化合物选自并五苯、聚亚苯基亚乙烯基、芳香胺、或噻吩,优选并五苯。
9.根据权利要求5~8中的任何一个的过程,其中通过使用FET型元件检测半导体化合物的电特性的所述变化。
10.根据权利要求5~9中的任何一个的过程,其中电特性的所述变化根据所述半导体化合物的电导率的变化或FET型元件的栅电势的变化来测量。
11.一种用于监测气体混合物中的NO的传感器,包括具有在与气体反应时变化的电特性的化学敏感元件,所述元件包括具有共轭结构的有机半导体化合物,其在与NO反应时变化,使得它变得导电。
12.根据权利要求11的传感器,其中所述化学敏感元件是场效应晶体管(18),该场效应晶体管具有至少一个漏极(1)和至少一个源极(2),并且包含具有共轭构架的有机半导体化合物层(4),在所述晶体管的源极和漏极之间延伸。
13.根据权利要求11或12的传感器,其中所述半导体化合物选自并五苯、聚亚苯基亚乙烯基、芳香胺、或噻吩,优选并五苯。
14.根据权利要求13的传感器,其中所述噻吩是聚乙烯二氧化噻吩。
15.根据权利要求11~14中的任何一个的传感器,其中所述传感器被配置为纳米级FET型元件,例如碳纳米管或纳米线,有机半导体化合物被提供作为所述元件的涂层。
16.根据权利要求11~15中的任何一个的传感器,其中所述有机半导体层至少局部涂有NO选择的导电化合物。
17.一种FET型元件(18),包括源极(1)和漏极(2),以及有机半导体化合物层(4),其可以与NO反应以便改变其电特性。
18.根据权利要求17的FET型元件,其中所述有机半导体化合物具有共轭构架,并且可选地在它的结构式中包括活性氮、硫或其它杂原子。
19.根据权利要求17和18的FET型元件,其中所述有机半导体化合物选自并五苯、聚亚苯基亚乙烯基、芳香胺、或噻吩,优选并五苯。
20.一种用于确定空气混合物、例如呼出空气的NO含量的器件,包括:
-用于测量空气量中的NO含量的测量室(15),
-所述测量室设有能根据NO含量产生传感器读数的NO传感器,
-信号处理器(17),其具有耦接到所述NO传感器的信号输入,并且适合于根据传感器读数计算NO含量,其中所述NO传感器是根据权利要求9~15中的任何一个的传感器。
21.一种用于确定呼吸期间NO产量的器件(9),包括:
-与容纳第一传感器的第一测量室(15)相关联的第一导管(10),
-与容纳第二传感器的第二测量室(16)相关联的第二导管(11),
-具有进口(13)以便最接近人放置的公共导管(12),
-耦接到第一、第二和公共导管的阀装置(14),其对所述公共导管中的相对低的压力敏感以选择性地连接公共导管和第一导管,并且对所述公共导管中的相对高的压力敏感以选择性地连接公共导管和第二导管,
-信号处理器(17),其至少具有耦接到第一传感器的第一信号输入,和耦接到第二传感器的第二信号输入,并且适合于根据第一传感器的读数和第二传感器的读数之间的差或任何其它算法来计算NO产量,其中所述第一和第二测量室(15,16)设有如权利要求11~16中所限定的至少一个NO传感器。
22.根据权利要求20或21的器件,其中测量室(15,16)包括如权利要求11~16中所限定的NO传感器阵列,其彼此耦接以产生一个读数。
23.根据权利要求22的器件,其中在所述传感器阵列中,沿空气样品流动的方向观察,有机半导体化合物的量和/或其中的掺杂浓度从所述阵列中的第一传感器到最后的传感器增加。
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