CN1901898A - 神经变性疾病的治疗 - Google Patents
神经变性疾病的治疗 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
提供用于治疗需要治疗的患者中神经变性疾病的方法,包括施予患者治疗有效量的包含γ-亚麻酸和亚油酸残基的甘油三酯油如甘油三酯,在甘油三酯sn-2位上γ-亚麻油和亚油酸残基比率为至少0.8;在sn-2位上γ-亚麻酸残基的量为至少18%,其中油以足够维持或者提高患者中TGF-β1水平在治疗水平的剂量施予。优选地,所述方法是在18个月每日给药后,其治疗水平是例如在患者血液中生成TGF-β1/INF-α的比率为至少0.5。优选的油脂是在sn-2位脂肪酸残基如γ-亚麻酸至少为35%的琉璃苣油或者毛霉菌油。
Description
本发明涉及治疗神经变性疾病的方法,尤其是治疗其中转化生长因子β(TGF-β)特别是TGF-β1的增加是有益的那些神经变性疾病的方法。更具体而言,本发明提供了如多发性硬化症和由于头部创伤、中风和颅内出血引起的退化后遗症的治疗方法,其中神经功能从受损状态下得到好转或者恢复。本发明还提供包含不饱和脂肪酸部分的已知的和新的化合物在制备能够有效治疗上述病症的药物的新用途,更特别的是对于神经功能恢复能够达到以前不能到达的水平的成功。
n-3和n-6不饱和型必需脂肪酸(EFAs)对大多数人生理紊乱具有有益作用已有大量报道。WO 02/02105(Laxdale有限公司)描述它们对于非常多的疾病的有益用途和作为全营养补剂的有益用途。Harbige(1998)Proc.Nut.Soc.57,555-562综述了在自身免疫疾病状态下含n-3和n-6酸的饮食的补充给药法,尤其特别提到富含γ-亚麻酸(GLA)和/或亚油酸(LA)的油酯如琉璃苣油在减少类风湿性关节炎临床重要体症和症状的益处的迹象。
对多发性硬化症患者的两项研究特别提到指出使用含有n-6酸部分的油酯的治疗方法可以减少该病的复发和严重度(Miller等人(1973)和Bates等人(1978)),而确认该效果的进一步研究却失败了(Paty等人(1978)。这些论文报道患者每天补充20g亚油酸(18:2n-6)可影响多发性硬化症复发的持续时间和严重度,和对照组相比,复发频率更低、严重度更轻和持续时间更短。Bates特别提到已在1957年被建议的亚油酸与γ-亚麻酸的混合物可在治疗炎症和自身免疫疾病中更有效,并开始这项研究。然而,发现当使用该组合进行实验时,每天给予3g油的复发患者(Naudicelle月见草油)在试验组中病情比对照组更严重。
其它人的这些亚油酸研究的Meta分析(Dworkin等(1984))表明轻度多发性硬化症患者在长期的病症进程中复发率减少和严重度降低。后来对多发性硬化症的开放试验表明低脂肪饮食和/或控制饮食的n-3和n-6脂肪酸可能是有益的(Swank和Grimsgaard(1988);Harbige等人(1990)。
虽然MS的病因学尚不清楚,强有力的证据表明是疾病发病机制中存在自身免疫机制[Martino & Hartung 1999]。研究显示,与健康对照相比,MS患者有较高量的处于激活增长态的神经抗原自体反应T细胞,如髓磷脂碱性蛋白(MBP)和髓磷脂少突神经胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)自体激活的T细胞[Fredrikson等人1994,Kerlero de Rosbo等人1993,1997,Chou等人1992,Ota等人1990,Burns等人,1999,Zhang等人1994,Tejada-Simon等人2001]。轴突损伤的实际过程,例如MS中的慢性炎症、脱髓鞘和astrogliosis是复杂的,但认为白质炎症和脱髓鞘(作用)可确定该病严重度,近来研究表明MS中轴突损伤始于该病早期阶段并导致残疾(De Stefano等人,2001)。
实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)是最常用的MS免疫介导作用的动物模型。对豚鼠的研究显示亚油酸部分地抑制了EAE的发生率和严重度(Meade等人(1978))。使用真菌或者植物来源的富含γ-亚麻酸的油脂而得到的全面保护作用可在大鼠和小鼠尊中都得到证实(Harbige等人(1995),1997b)。这些研究证实了亚油酸和γ-亚麻酸在EAE临床和组织病理学上的疾病缓和作用。根据剂量,γ-亚麻酸对急性大鼠EAE具有全面保护作用,而亚麻酸对临床严重度有剂量依赖作用但不能取消(abolish)它。
尽管这些是实验发现,已经认识到人类疾病,多发性硬化症是极其复杂的,可通过T细胞和其它免疫反应因子的活性而可逆的恶化或者改善。基于只用亚油酸得到的上述结果,认为n-6脂肪酸促进自身免疫和炎症疾病。体外饲喂小鼠γ-亚麻酸,TGF-β和PEG2的产量显示非特异性增加;但同时有报道在急性和复发期EAE中TGF-β具有保护作用((Racke等人(1993);Santambrogio等人(1993)),PG抑制剂如吲哚美辛,因而恶化疾病(Ovadia & Paterson(1982))。
MS的发病机制中涉及的细胞因子,许多研究显示伴随该病复发期致脱髓鞘性细胞因子(TNF-α,IL-1β和IFN-γ)增加。与此相反,抗炎症和免疫抑制细胞因子转化生长因子(TGF-β1)的水平在复发期出现降低,随患者进入缓解期而增加。因此,在MS复发-缓解期生物活性TGF-β1与前炎性的TNF-α,IL-1β和IFN-γ之间的平衡出现失调。
在EAE的自然恢复期,分泌TGF-β的T细胞抑制EAE效应细胞TGF-β在CNS中的表达和在EAE中产生的口服-耐受-诱导保护作用,TGF-β和PEG2在脑部表达也受到抑制(Karpus和Swanborg(1991);Khoury等人(1992))。Harbige(1998)推断饮食中γ-亚麻酸对EAE的作用是通过涉及TGF-β的Th3样机制以及可能通过超氧化物歧化酶的抗氧化活性调节。
建议使用,尤其是富含γ-亚麻酸和亚油酸油的琉璃苣油作为提供多发性硬化症的免疫抑制方法(US 4,058,594)。建议剂量是每天2.4g油,没有提供有效性的实际证据。
琉璃苣油(典型的每100%脂肪酸含量中有23%γ-亚麻酸和37%亚油酸)显示明显减轻伴有活跃型类风湿性关节炎的自身免疫疾病的临床重要体症和症状(Leventhal et al(1993))。琉璃苣油和真菌油(见图1)显示在用于鉴别MS候选者的EAE动物模型中有效,然而从来没有显示对人类疾病明显有效。含有低水平γ-亚麻酸的高水平亚油酸(EPO:亚油酸∶γ-亚麻酸7∶1)可部分抑制大鼠EAE的发生率和严重度(Mertin和Stackpoole,1978),然而Naudicelle研究指出上述物质可导致患者病情恶化。尽管在过去大约30年中多发性硬化症患者使用琉璃苣油和其它含有GLA/LA的油如月见草油,但是大多数患者没有从该病中恢复,没有显示明显改善,随着隐晦的疾病持续发展致死。
其它更引人注目的免疫抑制剂疗法,包括T细胞耗竭剂和调节剂例如环磷酰胺,也显示在EAE模型中有效,但在人类多发性硬化症使用这些方法症状改善,但隐晦的疾病持续发展。人类中T细胞的确产生有益的细胞因子,例如TGF-β1,同时产生有害的细胞因子。英国神经研究所的David Baker总结了对于EAE和MS之间有效性的差异,以“都可以阻止EAE,都不可以阻止MS”(“Everything stopsEAE,nothing stops MS”)为题论文发表在2004年5月10日英国MS学会的2004英国MS前沿会议上。
很显然,单独的免疫抑制不能治愈MS。由于MS患者基础性潜在代谢紊乱导致膜异常、细胞因子失调和随后的免疫免疫攻击和损伤,这几乎是肯定的。尽管患者进入复发-缓解疾病的缓解期,潜在的脱髓鞘作用继续作用。
治疗MS的“金标准”仍然是干扰素,例如β-Avonex、Rebif和其它干扰素制剂。该金标准治疗只能满足部分患者的需要,例如30%,甚至在这些患者中症状改善限于减轻复发严重度。同时,在一定比率患者中症状减轻,由于潜在的恶化,该病易于发展成进一步的残疾和死亡。
本发明人现令人惊讶的测定到用含有γ-亚麻酸的甘油三酯油伴有适宜的相应脂肪酸含量的顺应“高剂量”疗法,可实现MS几乎所有的症状的显著改善,该方法超过了金标准疗法所能提供的。考虑到以前使用其它含γ-亚麻酸制剂没有如此显著成功,上面成功尤其让人惊奇。
在18月的时期里,服用高剂量挑选的琉璃苣油的患者显示在EDSS得分有显著(p<0.001)和明显的改进,复发率减少,肌肉痉挛和痛感症状得到缓解,对认知功能的客观测评得到改善。低剂量琉璃苣油没有效果。
服用高剂量琉璃苣油的患者在试验期间维持他们的外周血单核细胞(PBMC)的TGF-β1产量水平,他们的前炎性细胞因子TNF-α和IL-β1显著和明显(<70%)地减少,他们既维持或者增加了PMBC膜中长链ω-6脂肪酸,二高-γ-亚麻酸(DHLA)和花生四烯酸(AA),与此相反,服用安慰剂的患者在整个试验期间显示脂肪酸丢失。
尽管期望用免疫抑制来减少活性损伤和神经变性,本发明疗法可明显地靶向维持重要膜脂质成分,否则这些成分在MS中特异性地丢失,这表明对代谢性缺陷的纠正,否则用当前疗法无法有效治疗。对这个没有任何效果低剂量(5g/天)的事实支持了该测定。
特别地,发明人测定到含有γ-亚麻酸和亚油酸在甘油三酯分子中具有特定的位置分布的甘油三酯的甘油三酯油,优选油酸,对使用多年的多发性硬化症能提供EDSS得分的显著降低,这个结果是目前任何施药疗法所不能达到的。
已知γ-亚麻酸(18:3n-6,GLA)在体内可迅速转化为更长链的ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸二高-γ-亚麻酸和花生四烯酸(Phylactos等人1994,Harbige等人1995,2000)。因此,为在MS中提高了膜长链ω-6脂肪酸水平,发明人对从一些将含GLA的油脂作为已知称作慢复发型实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(CREAE)的体内MS实验动物模型中的GLA递送系统得到的结果进行综述,所述油脂为:真菌的(来自毛霉菌属爪哇根霉(
Mucor javanicus))和植物的(琉璃苣(Boragoofficianalis))月见草
夜来香或者黑
醋栗)和合成的tri-GLA油。
实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)是一种中枢神经系统(CNS)的自身免疫疾病,伴有或者不伴有脱髓鞘,可在啮齿类和其它哺乳动物中诱导产生。然而在大鼠中诱导(用豚鼠碱性蛋白)并不产生脱髓鞘作用的组织学特征(Brosnan等人,1988),而诱导出急性单相疾病模式,与以中枢神经系统脱髓鞘作用和在临床上复发-缓解为特征的MS 不同。慢复发型和脱髓鞘EAE模型(CREAE),以脱髓鞘作用和复发期为特征,因此当前选作MS研究的动物模型(Fazakerley1997)。随着证实髓磷脂突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)是MS中重要的神经抗原靶(Genain等人1999)和证实在MS中与MBP相比外周血自体激活淋巴细胞对该抗原有更强烈的反应(Kerlero de Rosbo等人1993,1997),MOG诱导的CREAE成为具有与在MS中观察到的更相似特征的动物模型的选择(Fazakerely等人1997,Genain等人1999,Amor等1994)。
基于这些实验结果,采纳了两个重要的选择标准以用于挑选可获得当前目标且改善的脂类化合物。从CAEAE和大鼠EAE喂养研究的证据表明浓缩的黑醋栗种子油(72%w/w 18:3n-6,GLA)对抗EAE无保护作用(见表3)。重要的是黑醋栗种子油具有低sn-2GLA含量,且大部分GLA位于sn-1和sn-3位(Lawson和Hughes 1988)。此外,有包含三个GLA的结构化三酰甘油(TG-GLA)与CREAE中使用的琉璃苣油提供的保护作用相似(表2)。这也与sn-2GLA是重要的相一致,即GLA的外对sn-1和sb-3在体内可酶去除,并可能只有sn-2GLA留下进行氧化。在体内选择性水解来自于公知特定功能的脂肪酶,该酶能从甘油三酯分子种去除sn-1和sn-3脂肪酸,但对sn-2位有明显的保护作用(Lawson和Hughes 1988,Kyle 1990)。
发明人对该数据的综述也表明在MS的CREAE模型中亚油酸(LA)与γ-亚麻酸残基的比率可能是包含LA和GLA的油的一个重要有效性特征(表1)。表I显示了成分分析和真菌油、琉璃苣油、月见草油和红花油在CREAE中的有效性。在减少CREAE的发生率上最有效的治疗方法是含有LA∶GLA比为0.85的真菌油。含有LA∶GLA比为1.5的琉璃苣油也非常有效。此外,用在sn-1、Sn-2和sn-3含有GLA的结构化甘油三酯(TG-GLA)的实验证实GLA是活性组分。而且低剂量水平的TG-GLA也比琉璃苣油有效(见表2)。
不同的琉璃苣种子油也在sn-2GLA例如10%sn-2GLA(Liu等人2000)和40%sn-2(Lawson和Hughes 1988)水平上显示有变化,这与我们对sn-2GLA(范围38-46%)未发表的观察相一致,这可能是一些琉璃苣油不能在CREAE中产生全面保护作用的原因,尽管其它因素如抗氧化成分可能也是重要的(未发表)。有报道琉璃苣油含有高达60%的sn-2GLA(Huang和Mills(1996)γ-亚麻酸:代谢和它在营养学和医学中的作用:第6章),并特别提到GLA进入淋巴中是有效的。
EP 0520624(Efamol Holdings)的表3比较了月见草油和琉璃苣油中甘油三酯的含量,并教导在许多对GLA敏感的病症中,前者比后者治疗更有效。该文献指出琉璃苣油具有27种不同的甘油三酯成分,其中只有20%是sn-2GLA。第3页第40-42行特别提到的生物学测试显示当GLA由不同油源供应时,相同量的GLA确实具有非常不同的效果。重要的是,然后它向读者指出月见草油(EPO)中存在一特殊成分,而琉璃苣油中没有,该成分使得前者在提高PGE1(见EP0520624第4页图和表2)和因此的抗炎作用具有优越作用:该组分是二亚油酸-单-γ-亚麻酸-丙三醇(DLMG),表明其占EPO中总甘油三酯的18-19%。第6页明确教导GLA在sn-1、2或者3位上的位置对该作用并不重要。
在1994年9月14-16日生理学会Aberdeen会议的会议记录中Dines等人(1994)报告了EP 0520624提出的含有γ-亚麻酸的油类对糖尿病性神经病神经损伤的治疗研究,并再次特别提到琉璃苣油对治疗这种神经变性不是非常有效,而月见草油却有效。该论文得出的结论是琉璃苣油包含有干扰GLA活性的其它成分。
与现有技术相比,本发明人使用的选自与其它可在任意时间得到的样品的低含量相比具有最高sn-2GLA含量(>40%)的琉璃苣油用于试验。由于其低sn-2GLA含量,可在任意时间以相对较大量获得的黑醋栗油并不认为是最佳选择,
另一个选择标准是总的长链单烯脂肪酸应保持低于5%。不同于不同来源的玻璃苣种子油(Borago officinalis),其含有显著水平的芥子酸(22:1n-9),即占总脂肪酸的1.4-2.38%,和其它长链单烯脂肪酸24:1n-9(神经酸)和20:1n-9(鳕油酸)(表4)。
另外,由于维生素E对吸收、代谢和免疫作用的潜在影响(Harbige1996,2003),试验用油只包含天然水平的维生素E(0.05mg/g)而没有额外添加维生素E,这是由于通常情况下使用的是市售琉璃苣种子油(如1mg/g)。
据信经过这样选择的油酯具有免疫抑制作用,但也明显具有代谢补充作用,这对降低免疫攻击造成的损伤和创造修复所必需的环境是有益的,这是以前提供用于治疗MS的任何药物所不能实现的。
本发明的第一个方面,提供用于治疗需要治疗的患者中神经变性疾病的方法,包括施予患者治疗有效剂量的包含γ-亚麻酸和亚油酸残基的甘油三酯油如甘油三酯,在甘油三酯sn-2位上γ-亚麻油和亚油酸残基的比率至少为0.8;在sn-2位的γ-亚麻酸残基的量为至少18%,其中油以足以维持或者提高患者TGF-β1水平在治疗水平的剂量施予。
治疗水平是指至少与健康受试者相一致的水平。优选剂量是例如在每日服药18个月后,患者血中产生的TGF-β1/TNF-α的比率是0.4至3,至少0.5,更优选至少0.75,最优选至少1。优选剂量是例如在每日服药18个月后,患者血中产生的TGF-β1/IL-1β的比率为至少0.5,更优选至是0.75,最优选至少1。优选所说的水平是在12个月后产生的,更优选是在6个月后产生的。
典型地,油的每日口服施用剂量是3-30克,更优选5-20克,最优选7-18克,典型地15克。
最优选的是,除了γ-亚麻酸和亚油酸脂肪酸残基之外,所述油包含非结构化的酯化脂肪酸,即它代谢能产生能量,例如油酸残基。残基是指脂肪酸羧基与甘油分子中的一个羟基酯化后剩余的部分。
最优选地施予的油是来源于琉璃苣油或者真菌油例如来自
爪洼根 酶(
Mucor javanicus)的油。
典型地琉璃苣油和真菌油组分在表1中阐述,其中18:2n-6和18:3n-6分别代表按百分数表示的亚油酸和γ-亚麻酸。典型地,琉璃苣油脂包含占油中脂肪酸残基百分比为20-25%的γ-亚麻酸残基和包含占油中脂肪酸残基百分比为35-40%的亚油酸残基。优选的琉璃苣油是在sn-2位上的酯化γ-亚麻酸的量占该位脂肪酸残基为至少35%的琉璃苣油,更优选高于39%,仍更优选高于40%。最优选的油脂是在sn-2位上的酯化γ-亚麻酸的量占该位脂肪酸残基高于41%的油,例如41至42%sn-2GLA,同时理想地是超过45%。如前面Hutang所述,60%sn-2GLA琉璃苣已制得,并可得到以用于选择。sn-1和sn-3位残基优选亚油酸、油酸和γ-亚麻酸,优选油脂在这些位置中的至少一个,或者两个,具有相对高的油酸含量,如高于12%,更优选高于14%。
适宜用于本发明用途的典型的琉璃苣油含有的脂肪酸分布如下:
Sn-1:14%18:1(油酸的),54%18:2n-6(亚油酸的)和4%18:3n-6(γ-亚麻酸的)
Sn-2:14%18:1(油酸的),42%18:2n-6(亚油酸的)和40%18:3n-6(γ-亚麻酸的)
Sn-3:19%18:1(油酸的),18%18:2n-6(亚油酸的)和30%18:3n-6(γ-亚麻酸的)
当使用真菌油如来自毛霉菌属的油时,γ-亚麻酸残基的总量可能会低于琉璃苣油,只要sn-2γ-亚麻酸∶亚油酸比率为至少0.8,更优选大于1。这是因为真菌油易于含有比亚油酸残基更多的“代谢”定向性油酸残基。因此,优选的真菌油是在sn-2位的酯化γ-亚麻酸的量至少占该位的脂肪酸残基的18%,更优选至少20%,最优选至少22%的真菌油。优选的真菌油含有高于45%,更优选高于50%的sn-2位的脂肪酸残基例如油酸。
Sn-1:25%18:1(油酸的),5%18:2n-6(亚油酸的)和13%18:3n-6(γ-亚麻酸的)
Sn-2:54%18:1(油酸的),19%18:2n-6(亚油酸的)和20%18:3n-6(γ-亚麻酸的)
Sn-3:40%18:1(油酸的),3%18:2n-6(亚油酸的)和20%18:3n-6(γ-亚麻酸的)
本领域普通技术人员应该认识到通过测试在给定的油脂混合物中所述脂肪酸在每个位置的平均值的占多种甘油三酯的百分比来确定油酯的来源。这是本领域普通技术人员已知的,例如英国苏格兰Mylnefiled,Inverghowrie,Dundee DD2,5DA的Mylnefiled ResearchServices Ltd的Lipid Analysis Unit。申请人设法得到大量能够达到上述标准的油脂,在2003年新西兰来源的油脂样品中发现在sn-2上最高的数值是大约46%:当然这会随着年份不同而变化。然而,重要的是给予某些对低剂量(5g/天)的琉璃苣油不起反应的患者上述油脂,想要痊愈的患者的效力可通过对比比需要的日常剂量更低的sn-2%GLA琉璃苣油的低剂量的等效性来确定。
在下面方法部分,还提供了NMR方法用于在选择过程中分析这些油脂。然而,应该认识到在给定的标准下,所有可得到的油脂是低于35%的sn-2GLA值,如果他们低于40%或者45%,优选地合成的甘油三酯或者甘油三酯混合物给药是可以的。大量的适宜脂质是本领域已知的,并可以是单独使用或者与LGL、OGO、OGL、LGO或者在琉璃苣油中存在的其它已知成分的混合物混合(参见EP0520624表3)。甚至可加入TriGLA(FR 2,617,161(1988)),尽管对于本发明的目的而言,优选禁止sn-1和sn-2位GLA水平过高,因为全身GLA的过剩和因而产生的DHGLA和花生四烯酸池的溢出,导致处于过渡前炎性作用的危险。例如,在Y.-S.Huang,X.Lin,P.R.Redden and D.F.Horrobin,J Am.油脂化学学会(Oil Chem.Soc.),72,625-631(1995)含有天然的和合成的γ-亚麻酸的三酰甘油被胰脂酶的体外水解和K.Osada,K.Takahashi,M.Hatano和M.Hosokawa,Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi.,57,119-125(1991).化学文摘,115:278299富含酶合成的聚不饱和脂肪酸的甘油三酯的分子种类中教导了OGO的合成。
对于治疗方案,当任意的这些高sn-2GLA油脂以高量施予时,推荐用量为潜在毒性长链单烯脂肪酸如芥子酸(22:1n-9)和其它长链单烯脂肪酸即24:1n-9(神经酸)和20:1n-9(鳕油酸)的量尽可能的低,优选脂肪酸残基低于5%,更优选低于3%和更优选低于2%。
优选的油的另一个特征是低或者零添加的维生素E,其只能提供天然水平的维生素E(0.05mg/g)。
本发明还提供了如上所述的甘油三酯在制备治疗神经变性疾病的药物中的用途,尤其涉及潜在神经变性的中止和神经功能的恢复。特别地这些药品是用于神经膜组分的正常化、健康的TGF-β1/TNFα比率和TGF-β1与其它细胞因子的比率的恢复、在多发性硬化症的神经变性的中止、和部分或者全部神经功能的恢复,这些可通过例如MRI或者CAT扫描或者EDSS得分来检测。
也提供了经过挑选的甘油三酯油,其在治疗多发性硬化症中具有特定功效,并影响细胞因子比率在体内有益的变化,打算将这些油脂作为优选用于上述方法。
本发明所使用的油脂可通过药学上任意常规载体施予。最常规地,它们以纯油脂或者与食物混合以包含这些油脂的胶囊或者以肠包衣的形式施予。随着递送技术发展,本领域普通技术人员可想到其它形式。
本领域普通技术人员会认识到其它有益的试剂可与油脂联合用于本发明中。所述试剂可以是离子通道阻滞剂如钠通道阻滞剂、干扰素、T细胞耗竭剂、激素或者其它姑息剂。还将认识到对免疫和炎症反应进行调节,考虑到这些系统的复杂性质,这样的联合应当小心处理。然而,假如对本发明的油脂产生延迟反应,只要附加的治疗不阻碍TGF-β1水平的正常化过程,在恢复该TGF-β1水平正常之前在治疗的第一个月短效剂可能是有效的。
本发明将按照仅参照下述非限定性的表、实施例和附图的实施例进行描述。根据这些,落入本发明范围的另外的实施方案可被本领域技术人员想到。
表
表1:显示多种甘油三酯油脂中总脂肪酸的组分%和在EAE中的保护作用
表2:显示高sn-2GLA琉璃苣油试验中三个治疗组的参数
表3:显示各种形式的GAL对SJL小鼠的EAE发生率和临床得分的影响
表4:显示富含黑醋栗油,高GLA含量但低sn-2GLA的植物油与真菌油和琉璃苣油在EAE中的竞争失败
表5:显示对四批试验用琉璃苣油尤其是单烯的结果分析。
表6:显示对非试验用油尤其是单烯的分析。
附图
图1:显示在18个月用安慰剂和试验用油处理的MS患者的外周血单核细胞细胞因子生成量。
图2:显示与高剂量(15g/天)相比,安慰剂和低剂量(5g/天)高sn-2GLA琉璃苣油对人MS患者EDSS得分影响,以直方图表示。
图3:显示安慰剂、低剂量和高剂量高sn-2GLA琉璃苣油对人MS患者EDSS的影响,以曲线图表示。
图4:显示安慰剂、低剂量和高剂量高sn-2GLA琉璃苣油对人MS患者平均复发率(%)的影响,以直方图表示。
图5:显示安慰剂、低剂量和高剂量高sn-2GLA琉璃苣油对人MS患者平均复发率(%)的影响,以曲线图表示。
图6:显示油脂中一定比率的亚油酸∶γ-亚麻酸的作用相对于它们对小鼠CREAE的保护作用。
方法
使用定量-13C-NMR进行琉璃苣油样品中的γ-亚麻酸(GLA)的位置
分析
确定三酰基甘油中的脂肪酸组分和位置分布的分析方法通常需要用酶或者化学过程水解三酰基甘油,然后用色谱技术分析单和二酰基甘油组分。这些方法具有破坏性且不能许回收原始样品。水解过程通常引起某些酰基迁移,导致位置分布的大量错误。
13C核磁共振(NMR)具有的某些性质使得其能有效地用于位置分析。首先,化学位移对分子结构敏感,因此产生频谱,其中每个原子对应于特定频率的峰。每种环境下原子核的分辨率决定于线宽和相邻峰之间化学位移差异。第二,由每个原子核产生的峰下面积与所处环境中原子核数成比例的,因为所有的13C显示出相同的吸收。因此,化学位移和每个峰的积分面积可用作每个原子核定性和定量的测量方法。第三,用于这种应用的样品制备简单。最后,NMR是一种非破坏性技术,它可以回收样品以用于其它目的。13C NMR方法通常是基于对羰基碳信号束的分析。通常可观察到两束信号对应于sn 1,3-和2-位的酸。由于两种环境产生大约0.4ppm的间隔,它们很容易区分开。在两束信号中的每一束内,都必须分离出酸中每种酸或者基团的信号。当酸中具有碳-碳双键(即是不饱和的)且接近于羧基例如n=4,5或者6时,这个准则非常容易实现。具有同样双键基团的酸的羰基碳信号(例如EPA和AA)通常不会被区分开。这些方法似乎对分析含有GLA的三酰基甘油很有价值,事实已证实了这点。
参考文献:
M.M.Bergan和T.W.Lee,美国油化学学会杂志(J.Am.Oil Chem.Soc).,73,551-556(1996)
G.Vlahov,核磁共振化学(Magn.Reson.Chem.),36,359-362(1998)
实验
材料/样品-制剂
单酸三酰基甘油购自Sigma Chemicals和Nu-Chek-Prep Inc:
棕榈精 (Tri-16:0)
三硬脂酸甘油酯 (Tri-18:0)
甘油三油酸酯 (Tri-18:1n-9)
三亚麻油酸甘油酯 (Tri-18:2n-6)
三γ亚麻精 (Tri-18:3n-6)
Trieicosenoin (Tri-20:1n-9)
三芥酸精 (Tri-22:1n-9)
Trinervonin (Tri-24:1n-9)
整个研究中使用了约180mg的脂质的700μL氘代氯仿溶液。
13C-NMR-数据
在21℃下,在于125.728MHz下运行的Jeol 500MHz波谱仪中的mm的宽频探测器内收集带有抑制NOE的质子去耦13C NMR数据E。选择去耦模式并且在仅仅14.89s的探测时间内导通Waltz去耦。设置弛豫延迟为30秒和脉冲角度为90°。使用的光谱窗口为大约35ppm(173.5至172.6ppm),并具有170ppm的偏转。光谱内置参考为77.0ppm的CDCl3光谱。典型地,为得到足够的信噪比,收集的大约扫描次数为300-1200次,其取决于混合物的复杂度。试验的总探测时间为1-4h(琉璃苣油1272次扫描/4h)。数据点65,536。
结论
在2-和1,3-位的GLA羰基信号可从三酰基甘油波谱中所有的羰基峰中很好的分离出来。这使得在所有情形下测定的2-GLA/1,3-GLA比率具有可信度和精确度。通过分析测试混合物来证实所述方法,该测试组合物含有包括三γ-亚麻精的8种与琉璃苣油中存在的那些具有相似比率的三酰基甘油。粗组分先前已用GLC测定。使用了两种计算方法。第一种是自备的NMR方法,计算2-GLA百分比如下:
GLA的sn-2峰的积分×3×100
所有sn-1,2和3的积分的总和
第二种使用从NMR得到的2-GLA/1,3GLA积分与通过GLC测定的粗组分的比率如下
GLA的sn-2峰的积分×得自GC分析的%GLA×3
Sn-1,2和3位的GLA的总积分
两种算法得到的结果是一致的。我们认为复合NMR-GLC方法更精确,因为使用得自按最大精确度测定的每种方法的参数。GLA是琉璃苣油的主要成分,因此2-/1,3-GLA比率可用精确的NMR测定,`如结果所示。通常GLC在测定更小的脂肪酸组分上优于NMR,但不能给出位置信息。
概述
表格和光谱中已给出具体的实验数据。概述如下。胶囊D和B是与下面报道的临床实验中提供的相同的胶囊。
1.8-TG-测试混合物
sn-2GLA 实测值 22.2%
实际值 22.6%
误差 1.8%
(n)=2
2.胶囊-D
粗GLA 实测值 21.4% (n=3) GLC测得
sn-2GLA 实测值 42.5% (n=2) NMR测得
误差 +/-1%
3胶囊-B
粗GLA 实测值 21.1% (n=3) GLC测得
sn-2GLA 实测值 40.8% (n=2) NMR测得
误差 +/-1%
在这些琉璃苣油样品中,在sn-2位的GLA的含量是41-42%,即几乎两倍(1.95×)于粗组分。文献报道显示一种可能的典型样品是1.8倍的粗组分。
可使用NMR方法提供在sn-2位上的GLA可靠的分析数据。事实上,由于存在的其它脂肪酸的不干扰,该方法尤其适于琉璃苣油。有趣的是,据报道从NMR方法得到的结果与从更早的衍生化-色谱法得到的数据是一致的。我们先前从那些旧方法得到的估计(40%)也与NMR结果一致。
治疗实施例
28个活性复发缓解型(在此前18个月中两人复发)多发性硬化症患者(年龄18至65岁)参加一项18个月的双盲安慰剂对照实验以研究胶囊化琉璃苣油对临床活性和实验室参数的影响。所用油具有高Sn-2γ-亚麻酸(GLA)含量(GLA在Sn-2位置上>40%)和低单烯含量(例如芥子酸),并且不含有添加的公知免疫调节剂维生素E。
患者从两家市内医院的神经科门诊患者中招募;在第一次(基线)就诊即可得到医院知情同意书。排除标准包括任何形式的类固醇或者免疫抑制药物治疗、怀孕、高脂血症、在此前三个月内固定使用阿司匹林或者相关药物和补充维生素或者脂肪酸。
实验仅包括符合所有下列标准患者:(a)能够在治疗前提供知情同意书,并充分了解在不带有偏见下可随时退出;(b)包含门诊患者年龄18至60岁的男性或女性;(c)已确诊为临床定义的复发型MS;(d)在过去两年中至少有三次可证明的临床复发;(e)如果他们证明是恶化的,应具有包括0.0-5.5的基线值扩大残疾等级评分(EDSS)得分括;(f)通过病史、体检和临床化学、尿和血液学检验证实除MS相关症状外是健康的。
患者由药学部门随机分配至三组中的一组,每组有12个患者。
·第一临床组(n=12)服用安慰剂(5g的聚乙二醇400)
·第二临床组(n=12)服用低剂量(5g)精制琉璃苣
·第三临床组(n=12)服用高剂量(15g)精制琉璃苣
在18个月期间中,以每天1克油胶囊(5/天为低剂量,15/天为高剂量)的形式给药。琉璃苣油和ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸为一般公认安全(GRAS)的用于人类消费的食品成分。EC条例没有分类和标记要求。临床评估包括:扩大残疾等级评分(EDSS)和临床复发记录。在给药第1、3、6、12、15和18月取静脉血(50mls)用于实验室研究。
在每次就诊时研究下列生化和免疫参数,并与治疗前数据和组间比较。
·受激的和不受激的体外外周血液单核细胞细胞细胞因子产量:TGF-β1、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IFN-β,它们涉及MS的发病机制。细胞因子和相关基因表达。
·血清中可溶性黏附分子,尤其是ICAM-1和VCAM-1
·外周血液单核细胞膜脂肪酸和血浆磷脂脂肪酸组合物。
结果列于表1、2和图1-5。
初级产出准则参数是基线(第0月)与治疗结束(第18月)之间的临床复发次数。次级产出准则参数包括:第一次临床复发的时间;用EDSS得分和使用类固醇治疗来评估的复发严重度;与基线水平相比,第3、6、9、12和18个月的EDSS改变了,并以持续3个月EDSS增加至少1.0个点或者持续3个月比基线EDSS增加至少1.5个点来的定义。由于本试验没有接受外部资助,出于财政原因,不可能用磁共振成像来评估MS疾病的活性。
安慰剂组有11个患者,7名患者服用低剂量琉璃苣油,10名患者服用高剂量琉璃苣油。该研究药物是耐受性良好的,在18个月试验期没有发生严重不良反应事件。
结果
两名患者患有发展性腹泻(developed diarrhoea),后来它们两人均确认服用高剂量琉璃苣油。一个患者的腹泻较轻,但是另一个患者是中度严重,后来他中止了服用研究药物。代码没有公开,中止药物后腹泻停止,再次给药后再发。因此,该患者退出试验。用高剂量琉璃苣油处理的剩余患者在所有初级和次级产出准则上显示出良好的临床改善。例如,6个月治疗后,他们的平均EDSS得分比基线EDSS(图1)提高了。更重要的是,6个月的治疗后,与安慰剂组复发次数(图2)相比,临床复发的平均次数显著下降。相反,与安慰剂组相比,服用低剂量琉璃苣油的患者没有显示任何临床改善。除了对MS疾病活性的有益作用,高剂量琉璃苣油可提供某些肌肉痉挛(僵硬)和痛感症状的症状缓解,并改善了认知功能。
从下面图中可看出,在高剂量组9、12和18个月后的复发率下降至0。在第15个月可见的增加是由于一名患者退出该组。
下述为三个简要的病史,用以阐述高剂量的高sn-2GLA琉璃苣油的治疗益处。前两位来自于本试验,第三位是一名试验后的患者,因为可以得到他的MRI研究。
患者1(治疗)
第一个患者是一位患有临床活跃性复发缓解型MS 9年的48岁妇女。本来她有份当地卫生部门一名全职管理人员的工作,但由于她的严重的MS,她不能履行她的职责。因此,后来她成为兼职秘书,但由于肌肉僵直和感觉障碍她仍然活动困难。她也经历了平均9个月复发一次的严重临床复发。大多数这些复发导致其住院接受类固醇治疗。考虑到她的活跃性MS,她被招募参加琉璃苣油试验。没有与研究相关的不良反应,服用药物四个月后,她体验到在行走和感觉症状上的相良好改善。
治疗大约九个月后,她恢复健康至能够开始全职工作。此外,在18个月的临床试验期间没有复发。在得出试验结论之后,治疗代代码显示她服用高剂量琉璃苣油。
患者2(对照)
第二个患者是一位也患有临床活跃性复发缓解型MS 8年的46岁的妇女。本来她有份店员的工作,但诊断患MS就失业了。
她的症状包括双腿的活动困难和痛感症状。在本临床试验之前的两年里,她经历了三次临床复发,两次住院进行类固醇治疗。因此,她被招募进琉璃苣油试验,但她的行走持续恶化。在试验的六个月中,她需要使用拐杖,也使用巴氯酚来治疗以减轻下肢痉挛状态。大约开始琉璃苣油试验十个月后,由于严重的临床复发,她住院接受类固醇治疗。后来她发展为膀胱紊乱症,并开始使用轮椅用于长途旅程。当18个月的试验得出结论之后,公开了治疗代码,发现她服用的是安慰剂。从那时起,她开始使用行走支架用于超过50码的路程。
患者3:治疗(附加试验)
第三个病例是一位在2001年四月确诊患有MS的26岁男性,。他的症状始于1999年,当时他诉说影响身体多个部位的弥漫性、顽固性疼痛,尤其是左侧胸腹部。接着手和脚出现周期性麻木,同时伴有波动性虚弱。他也有以尿频和尿急形式出现的令人苦恼的膀胱症状。2001年对MS的诊断是基于他的复发缓解症状,并通过阳性脑脊液分析和脑部磁共振成像(MRI)显示两侧大脑半球有多重白质异常来确诊。该症状多种药物治疗没有反应。
2003年4月,开始口服给药本发明的高剂量琉璃苣油。患者报道在开始这种口服给药的三个月内他的症状有了引人注目的改善。他的痛感症状完全消失。他报道从2003年5月没有出现麻木和虚弱,并注意到他的排尿控制有显著改善。口服给药没有产生任何不良反应。复查脑部MRI以证实N先生所报道的症状改善。复查MRI显示异常白质的大小和分布减少。
表1
多种油脂的组成特征(%总脂肪酸)和它们在EAE中的保护作用
处理组 | 18:2n-6 | 18:3n-6 | 18:2n-6/18:3n-6 | 18:1n-9 | EAE的发生率 |
FGO | 17 | 20 | 0.6 | 35 | 0/10 |
BOO | 37 | 24 | 1.5 | 15 | 3/10 |
EPO | 71 | 9.4 | 7.5 | 9 | 7/10 |
SAF | 66 | - | - | 17 | 9/10 |
对照组 | - | - | - | - | 9/10 |
FGO,真菌油;BOO,琉璃苣油;EPO,月见草油,SAF,红光油。
表2
处理组-琉璃苣油-MS试验
女性 | 男性 | 平无复发率(过去两年中) | 平均基线EDSS | 数量 | ||
组 | 安慰剂组 | 7 | 4 | 2.6 | 3.9 | 11 |
低剂量组 | 5 | 2 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 7 | |
高剂量组 | 8 | 2 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 10 | |
总计 | 20 | 8 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 28 |
表3:在由MOG诱导的CREAE型SJL小鼠中三酰基甘油-GLA(TG-GLA)、GLA乙酯(EE-GLA)和琉璃苣油-GLA(BOR-GLA)的分子种类比较
处理组 | 具有EAE的数量 | 平均临床得分 |
对照组 | 10/11 | 3.3±1.3 |
EE-GLAa | 5/6 | 3.0±0.8 |
TG-GLAa | 3/6 | 1.0±13c |
BOR-GLAb | 3/6 | 1.0±1.2c |
a给予动物100μl测试脂质体;给予动物 b250μl BOR-GLA。与对照组比较的显著性差异 cp<0.05
表4浓缩的黑醋栗种子油(73%GLA)对EAE发生率的影响
EAE的%发生率(免疫后一些天数) | |||
13 | 17 | ||
对照组(n=10) | 60 | 90 | 10 |
黑醋粟组(n=10) | 10 | 80 | 70 |
注释:黑醋栗油延迟了发生率,但是没有提供完全保护。动物在免疫后饲喂7天。
表5:试验用琉璃苣油的分析报告(%总脂肪酸)
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 实施例4 | |
脂肪酸% | ||||
16:0 | 13.29 | 13.47 | 12.86 | 13.11 |
16:1n7 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.21 |
18:0 | 3.50 | 3.47 | 3.54 | 3.50 |
18:1n9 | 16.22 | 16.22 | 16.33 | 16.22 |
18:1n7 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.64 |
18:2n6 | 38.00 | 38.01 | 38.25 | 37.96 |
18:3n6 | 22.59 | 22.66 | 22.69 | 22.56 |
18:3n3 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.19 |
20:0 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.21 |
20:1n9 | 2.96 | 2.88 | 3.06 | 3.06 |
22:1n9 | 1.55 | 1.41 | 1.50 | 1.58 |
24:1n9 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.71 |
表6.非试验用琉璃苣油的分析(%总脂肪酸)
脂肪酸 | %总脂肪酸 |
16:0 | 11.07 |
16:1n-7 | 0.17 |
18:0 | 3.70 |
18:1n-9 | 16.37 |
18:1n-7 | 0.66 |
18:2n-6 | 37.71 |
18:3n-6 | 21.89 |
18:3n-3 | 0.17 |
20:0 | 0.25 |
20:1n-9 | 3.79 ↑ |
22:1n-9 | 2.38 ↑(高) |
24:1n-9 | 1.47 ↑ |
Claims (36)
1.用于治疗需要治疗的患者中神经变性疾病方法,包括施予患者治疗有效量的包含γ-亚麻酸和亚油酸残基的甘油三酯油如甘油三酯,在甘油三酯sn-2位上γ-亚麻油和亚油酸残基比率至少为0.8;在该sn-2位上γ-亚麻酸残基的量为至少18%,其中所述的油以足够维持或者提高患者TGF-β1水平在治疗水平的剂量施予。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中治疗水平为例如在18个月的每日给药后,在患者血液中产生TGF-β1/TNF-α的比率为至少0.5。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中比率为至少0.75。
4.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中比率为至少1。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中油的施用量为每天3至30克。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中油是口服给药。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中剂量为足够给予除去油中其它γ-亚麻酸含量外至少1克γ-亚麻酸残基,如在sn-2位的残基。
8.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中油的剂量中在sn-2位的γ-亚麻酸的量足够给予至少2克所述的sn-2γ-亚麻酸。
9.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中剂量是8至20克。
10.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中除了γ-亚麻酸和亚油酸残基之外,甘油三酯中包含非结构酯化脂肪酸。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中甘油三酯包含油酸残基。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中油得自选自包括
毛霉菌属和琉璃苣菌属的真菌或者植物或者。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中真菌或者植物选自
爪洼根霉和
琉璃苣。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中油是在sn-2位的酯化γ-亚麻酸占在该位的脂肪酸残基的的百分比为至少35%
的琉璃苣油。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中在sn-2位的酯化γ-亚麻酸占在该位的脂肪酸残基的百分比为至少39%。
16.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中在sn-2位的酯化γ-亚麻酸占在该位的脂肪酸残基的百分比为至少45%。
17.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中在sn-1和sn-3位的脂肪酸残基包括亚油酸、油酸和γ-亚麻酸残基。
18.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中甘油三酯含有含量超过12%的在sn-1和sn-3位的一个或者两个位上的油酸。
19.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中油是
毛霉油,并且在sn-2位的酯化γ-亚麻酸占该位上脂肪酸残基的百分比为至少20%。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其中甘油三酯油含有超过45%的sn-2脂肪酸残基,如油酸残基。
21.如权利要求19所述的方法,其中甘油三酯油含有超过50%的sn-2脂肪酸残基,如油酸残基。
22.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中甘油三酯油含有占总脂肪酸残基的%不超过5%的单烯脂肪酸残基。
23.如权利要求22所述的方法,其中甘油三酯油包含占总脂肪酸残基百分比不超过5%的芥酸(22∶1n-9),24∶1n-9(神经酸)和20∶1n-9(鳕油酸)。
24.如权利要求22或者23所述的方法,其中所述的酸的含量为油中脂肪酸残基的1%至5%。
25.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中油中不含有添加的维生素E。
26.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中油中添加维生素E的含量为0至0.1mg/g。
27.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中神经变性疾病休止性的或者神经功能恢复性的。
28.如前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中治疗是针对多发性硬化症或者由头部创伤、中风和颅内出血引起的退化性后遗症。
29.如权利要求28所述的方法,其中治疗修复损伤。
30.如权利要求1或者28所述的方法,其中治疗使用足以减轻肌肉痉挛和/或疼痛的剂量。
31.如权利要求1或者28所述的方法,其中剂量足以改善认知功能。
32.如权利要求1或者28所述的方法,其中剂量足以减少复发。
33.如权利要求1或者28所述的方法,其中剂量为在1年的治疗期后足以提高患者EDSS得分至少1单位。
34.如权利要求1或者28所述的方法,其中剂量为在1年的治疗期后足以恢复患者的EDSS从高于2.5的EDSS降至低于2。
35.如权利要求1至34任一项权利要求所述的油在制备治疗神经变性疾病的药物中的用途。
36.用于治疗神经变性疾病的组合物,包含如权利要求14至26中任一项所述的
琉璃苣菌属或者毛霉菌属的甘油三酯油。
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-
2003
- 2003-05-14 GB GBGB0311081.4A patent/GB0311081D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2004
- 2004-05-14 EP EP04733020A patent/EP1631280A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-05-14 CN CNA2004800129820A patent/CN1901898A/zh active Pending
- 2004-05-14 CA CA2524036A patent/CA2524036C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-05-14 WO PCT/GB2004/002089 patent/WO2004100943A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2004-05-14 JP JP2006530503A patent/JP2006528233A/ja active Pending
- 2004-05-14 AU AU2004237936A patent/AU2004237936B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-05-14 DE DE112004000762T patent/DE112004000762T5/de not_active Ceased
- 2004-05-14 CN CN2011103208135A patent/CN102512411A/zh active Pending
- 2004-05-14 US US10/555,757 patent/US7935729B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-14 ES ES200550074A patent/ES2294914B2/es not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-14 EP EP10195799A patent/EP2311450A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-05-14 CH CH01806/05A patent/CH699430B1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-05-14 GB GB0521395A patent/GB2415378B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2005
- 2005-10-21 IS IS8083A patent/IS8083A/is unknown
- 2005-11-10 SE SE0502484A patent/SE531985C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-13 FI FI20051280A patent/FI122130B/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-14 NO NO20055937A patent/NO20055937L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
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2011
- 2011-03-10 JP JP2011053394A patent/JP2011144195A/ja active Pending
- 2011-04-06 US US13/064,647 patent/US20110184063A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20110184063A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 |
EP2311450A1 (en) | 2011-04-20 |
CH699430B1 (de) | 2010-03-15 |
FI20051280A (fi) | 2006-02-07 |
GB2415378A (en) | 2005-12-28 |
FI20051280A0 (fi) | 2005-12-13 |
DE112004000762T5 (de) | 2006-03-30 |
ES2294914A1 (es) | 2008-04-01 |
CA2524036A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
GB0311081D0 (en) | 2003-06-18 |
ES2294914B2 (es) | 2010-03-16 |
SE531985C2 (sv) | 2009-09-22 |
JP2006528233A (ja) | 2006-12-14 |
FI122130B (fi) | 2011-09-15 |
US20080090908A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
SE0502484L (sv) | 2006-01-16 |
GB2415378B (en) | 2006-08-02 |
AU2004237936B2 (en) | 2011-03-10 |
CN102512411A (zh) | 2012-06-27 |
EP1631280A1 (en) | 2006-03-08 |
CA2524036C (en) | 2014-01-28 |
US7935729B2 (en) | 2011-05-03 |
GB0521395D0 (en) | 2005-11-30 |
NO20055937L (no) | 2005-12-14 |
JP2011144195A (ja) | 2011-07-28 |
WO2004100943A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
IS8083A (is) | 2005-10-21 |
AU2004237936A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
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