CN1748356B - 在电网故障期间用于控制电网连接的风力涡轮发电机的方法和设备 - Google Patents
在电网故障期间用于控制电网连接的风力涡轮发电机的方法和设备 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及在电网故障期间用于控制电网连接的风力涡轮发电机的方法和设备。在电网故障期间,断开风力涡轮发电机的定子绕组与电网,而在电网故障状态下用于耗散风力涡轮机产生的至少部分功率的阻抗连接到定子绕组。按照这种方式,在故障状态期间,保持背对背变换器连接到电网,和在故障状态期间,控制背对背变换器传送可控短路贡献到电网。按照这种方式,发电机是双馈异步发电机,它包含连接在转子与电网之间的背对背变换器。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种在电网故障期间用于控制电网连接的风力涡轮发电机的方法,所述发电机包含风力涡轮驱动的转子和通常电网连接的定子,并在通常运行期间连接到电网以传送功率,以及该发电机是双馈异步发电机,该转子绕组通常经背对背变换器连接到所述电网,用于在所述转子绕组和所述电网之间以受控方式传送能量。
背景技术
在风力涡轮系统中,在电网故障期间提供某种类型控制风力涡轮机是众所周知的。然而,这种控制设备的一般概念是停止风力涡轮机,其中借助于俯仰风力涡轮机叶片离开风力的范围并断开发电机与电网。在一段时间之后,当重新建立电网电压时,按照正常的方式起动风力涡轮机,为的是传送功率到电网,而从断开到重新起动风力涡轮机所需的时间通常是1-10分钟的数量级。来自风力涡轮发电机的短路电流贡献通常限于持续约40-50ms,在此之后,风力涡轮发电机的电流变成零。因此,在较长的时间周期内,风力涡轮发电机对重新建立电网电压没有贡献并对电网中的短路电流没有贡献,这种情况对于激励电网保护装置以断开电网的故障部分可能是需要的。
根据EP-0 984 552中公开的内容我们知道,在检测到故障时,断开发电机的定子绕组与电网,并连接阻抗到定子绕组,用于耗散在这个电网故障状态期间产生的功率,和保持发电机的一定磁化。在清除故障之后,使发电机与电网重新同步,和定子绕组重新连接到电网。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种在上述类型电网故障期间用于控制电网连接的风力涡轮发电机的方法,一旦在故障之后重新建立电网电压,利用该方法可以保持风力涡轮发电机磁化并可传送功率到电网,在所述类型电网故障期间利用一种用于控制电网连接的风力涡轮发电机的方法实现这个目的,按照本发明,该方法其特征是,还包括步骤:在故障状态期间,保持背对背变换器连接到电网,和在故障状态期间,控制背对背变换器传送可控短路贡献到电网。每当产生的功率因故障状态不能传送到电网时,例如,电网上的低电压或零电压,利用该方法可以耗散阻抗中产生的功率,且在重新建立电网时,几乎可以瞬时地重新连接风力涡轮发电机与电网以传送功率。
此外,在故障状态期间,保持背对背变换器与电网之间的连接,提供了传送可控短路贡献到电网的可能性。
在从属权利要求中展示按照本发明方法的优选实施例,根据以下的详细描述,本发明的优点是显而易见的。
附图说明
在以下详细的描述部分中,我们参照不同设备的典型实施例更详细地解释本发明,按照附图所示的本发明,该设备在电网故障期间实施用于控制电网连接的风力涡轮发电机的方法,其中
图1表示包括双馈异步发电机的电网连接的风力涡轮发电机示意图,其中转子通过背对背变换器连接到电网,可以在转子绕组与电网之间转移能量,
图2表示用于连接阻抗与风力涡轮发电机终端的可能连接系统示意图,并能够把发电机连接成星形配置和三角形配置,
图3表示用于阻抗连接系统的另一种可能结构示意图,其中阻抗可以串联连接在发电机终端与电网之间,并能够把发电机和阻抗连接成星形配置和三角形配置,
图4表示包括双馈异步发电机的电网连接的风力涡轮发电机示意图,其中转子连接到电子可控电阻器,为的是控制转子电阻和相应地控制发电机的空转,和
图5表示电网连接的风力涡轮发电机示意图,该发电机包括有所谓短路转子的发电机。
具体实施方式
图1所示的风力涡轮发电机包括:双馈异步发电机G,发电机G的定子绕组通过接触器正常连接到变压器T标志的电网,为的是能够控制从发电机G产生的功率,转子绕组连接到背对背变换器,该背对背变换器包括转子变换器,中间DC电路和经变压器T连接到电网的电网变换器。通过正确控制转子变换器和电网变换器,可以控制发电机G产生功率的频率,有功功率,无功功率,电压等。
若发生电网故障,从而使电网上的电压急剧下降,则这个电压下降导致发电机的去磁和从定子绕组传送相应的高电流到电网和转子绕组中的高电流。然而,转子变换器和电网变换器通常不适宜这种高电流,因此,每当检测到由于电网故障造成的高电流时,短路器或类似电路连接到转子绕组并被激励。在发电机G去磁之后,定子绕组与电网断开并连接到定子阻抗,从而在发电机定子绕组上形成负载,按照这种方式,在这些阻抗中可以耗散从风力涡轮叶片提供给发电机的机械能。在定子绕组与电网断开之后,关闭短路器,而转子变换器恢复控制发电机磁化的运行并从定子绕组传送功率到与其连接的阻抗。若存在一定的电网电压,则从转子绕组传送到中间DC电路的可能能量还可以通过电网变换器再传输到电网,反之亦然,可以从电网传送功率到中间DC电路。若从转子绕组传送的功率不能被与电网连接的电网变换器耗散,则可以在中间DC电路中插入DC斩波器,它能够耗散可能的剩余功率。
在故障状态期间,最好是控制电网变换器以循环无功短路功率到电网,而这个功率仅受电网变换器标称功率的限制。如上所述,可以从电网上的剩余电压传送系统中所损耗的功率,或按照这种方式连接发电机,定子绕组或多或少被短路,而功率是从转子绕组通过转子变换器传送的。
如上所述,和在以下更详细解释的,可以或多或少直接地完成定子绕组的短路,其中在定子电路中有或没有插入的阻抗。此外,也是在以下更详细解释的,利用星形或三角形配置的定子绕组以及相应星形或三角形配置中的对应阻抗,可以完成包含定子阻抗的定子短路。按照这种方式,可以按照这样的方式选择定子绕组和定子阻抗的配置,它能够实现合适的功率耗散并能在该阻抗中耗散从风力涡轮机传送的大部分功率,从而避免风力涡轮机的急剧加速。此外,定子绕组的短路提供这种可能性,从转子绕组通过背对背变换器传送有功功率和无功功率到电网。
在超速风险是低的环境下,可以磁化发电机到约60-100%的额定电压和预期返回电网电压的幅度和角度。按照这种方式,可以减小同步时间,并在返回电网电压之后,可以立刻重新连接定子绕组,在这种情况下,定子绕组电压接近于电网电压。在重新连接之后,可以快速地改变有功功率和无功功率到电网故障之前的功率值。
在故障期间,通过耗散定子连接阻抗中的功率,该阻抗可能是中间DC电路中的斩波器电阻,可以控制风力涡轮机的转速。因此,只有在转速变得很高时和/或电网故障以及相应的电压下降具有较长的持久特征情况下,才主要使用俯仰控制。
在电网故障期间,借助于俯仰系统和转子变换器,可以控制风力涡轮机的转速,且这种控制还可用于减小转子轴上的扭转振荡。这种减小转速增大和转速变化使得重新同步变得较容易。在发电机减速期间,可以在DC斩波器中耗散从转子绕组通过转子变换器传输到中间DC电路的功率,或者,若其中存在剩余电压,则可能是传输到电网的功率。
图2所示用于连接阻抗与发电机定子绕组的系统包括:正常安装的接触器S1,S3,S4,用于提供断开发电机与电网(S1)和连接定子绕组成星形(S2,S4)和三角形(S2,S3)配置的可能性。图2表示利用接触器S5和S6分别连接阻抗的两种不同的可能性,用于连接发电机定子绕组上连接成星形配置的阻抗,所述发电机绕组可以分别在星形配置与三角形配置之间转换。定子绕组的短路可以与主电流连接分开,从而可以减小接触器和导线的尺寸。在图2中,通过闭合S5和S4和断开S1,可以形成短路,从而使定子连接成星形配置。通过断开S1和闭合S2,S3和S5,也可以形成短路,从而使定子连接成三角形配置。形成短路的另一个可能性是断开S2和S3以及闭合S4和S6,从而再次形成阻抗和定子绕组的星形配置。借助于接触器S2,S3,S4,可以形成定子绕组的直接短路,同时闭合这些接触器和断开S1可以形成定子绕组的直接短路。图2所示配置形成的另一个可能性是这样一种配置,其中阻抗与定子绕组串联连接,且其中定子绕组连接到电网。这是通过闭合S6,S3和S1以及断开S2,S4和S5形成的。在断开电网期间和/或重新连接电网期间可以利用这种配置。
图3所示的结构提供连接阻抗的其他可能性。断开S2插入与定子绕组终端U1,V1,W1串联的阻抗,闭合S7,和闭合S3或S4连接定子绕组分别成三角形或星形配置。保持S1闭合以及S8和S9断开,可以传送有功功率和无功功率到电网,若发电机是双馈异步发电机,如图1所示,则通过控制背对背变换器,可以控制这个功率。通过断开S1和闭合S8,可以使阻抗上的定子绕组短路。在这种配置中,借助于接触器S3,S4,S7,S9,阻抗和定子绕组都可以连接成三角形配置和星形配置。
在快速重新建立有功功率有高优先权的情况下,可以插入功率电子开关代替接触器与定子绕组连接。可以按照这样的方式提供这种开关元件,它们在故障状态下主要是有源的,用于软性和快速重新连接发电机绕组。一旦风力涡轮机是在正常状态,借助于接触器可以短路功率电子开关。
以上,本发明的描述是结合其优选实施例,但是,本领域专业人员显然知道,本发明还可用于图4所示的风力涡轮发电机,其中转子绕组连接到电子可控制阻抗,为的是在运行期间能够优化发电机的空转。此外,通过断开定子绕组与电网并连接阻抗到断开的定子绕组,可以在故障状态期间保持发电机至少部分地磁化。
此外,本发明还可用于图5所示的所谓短路转子发电机,其中通过断开定子绕组与电网并连接合适的阻抗到断开的定子绕组,也可以保持发电机磁化。
为了改进与电网的同步,可以利用三个独立的电网测量结果和三个独立的定子电压测量结果,此外,可以提供编码器以检测转子的位置。
Claims (8)
1.一种在电网故障期间用于控制电网连接的风力涡轮发电机的方法,所述发电机包含风力涡轮驱动的转子和电网连接的定子,并在运行期间连接到电网以传送功率,以及该发电机是双馈异步发电机,转子绕组经背对背变换器连接到所述电网,用于在所述转子绕组和所述电网之间以受控方式传送能量,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)在检测到故障时,断开定子绕组与电网,
b)在电网故障状态期间,连接定子绕组与阻抗,该阻抗用于耗散风力涡轮发电机产生的0与100%之间的功率,
c)在电网故障状态期间,保持发电机的一定磁化,和
d)在去除电网故障状态之后,使发电机与电网同步,断开阻抗,并重新连接定子绕组与电网,
其特征是,还包括步骤:在故障状态期间,保持背对背变换器连接到电网,和在故障状态期间,控制背对背变换器传送可控短路贡献到电网。
2.按照权利要求1的方法,其特征是,包括步骤:连接阻抗成星形配置或三角形配置和连接定子绕组成星形配置或三角形配置,阻抗和定子绕组的星形配置或三角形配置都与风力涡轮发电机的测量参数有关。
3.按照权利要求1-2中任何一个的方法,其中发电机包含连接到转子绕组的电子可控阻抗,其特征是,包括步骤:在故障状态期间,控制电子可控阻抗连接到转子绕组,从而在故障状态期间可以保持发电机的一定磁化。
4.一种用于实施权利要求1所述的方法的设备,所述设备包括:
电网连接的风力涡轮发电机,该风力涡轮发电机包含风力涡轮驱动的转子,定子,所述定子在正常运行期间连接到电网以传送功率;
在检测到故障时用于断开定子绕组与电网的装置;和
用于连接阻抗与定子绕组的装置,所述阻抗尺寸大小适合于耗散风力涡轮发电机在电网故障状态期间产生的0与100%之间的功率,并且
所述设备包括:在断开期间用于保持发电机一定磁化的装置和在故障清除之后和重新连接到电网之前用于同步发电机与电网的装置,其特征是,发电机是双馈异步发电机,它包含连接在转子与电网之间的背对背变换器。
5.按照权利要求4的设备,其中用于断开定子绕组与电网的装置和用于连接定子绕组与阻抗的装置包括:接触器。
6.按照权利要求4的设备,其特征是,用于断开定子绕组与电网的装置和用于连接定子绕组与阻抗的装置包括:功率电子开关。
7.按照权利要求4的设备,其特征是,还包括:用于连接阻抗和/或连接定子绕组成星形配置和/或三角形配置的接触器和/或功率电子开关。
8.按照权利要求7的设备,其特征是,包括:连接到转子绕组的电子可控阻抗。
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PCT/DK2003/000078 WO2004070936A1 (en) | 2003-02-07 | 2003-02-07 | Method for controlling a power-grid connected wind turbine generator during grid faults and apparatus for implementing said method |
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