CN1324094C - 可定向衍射颜料片 - Google Patents
可定向衍射颜料片 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1324094C CN1324094C CNB03821427XA CN03821427A CN1324094C CN 1324094 C CN1324094 C CN 1324094C CN B03821427X A CNB03821427X A CN B03821427XA CN 03821427 A CN03821427 A CN 03821427A CN 1324094 C CN1324094 C CN 1324094C
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- Prior art keywords
- pigment particles
- pigment
- pigment flakes
- diffraction grating
- magnetic
- Prior art date
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- -1 Z 250 Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 9
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- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
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Abstract
有选择地定向衍射颜料片以形成一个图案。在一个实施例中,带有一个磁性层的颜料片被做成一定的形状以更容易地在磁场中定向。在另一个实施例中,颜料片包括一个磁性非连续层。在一个特定的实施例中,在一个衍射光栅上沉积镍从而沿着光栅生成磁针,这就使得所得的衍射颜料片能磁性定向。磁性定向的颜料片的测试标本的颜色扫描表明,与磁性衍射颜料片的定向方向平行与垂直的照明之间会有很大的区别。
Description
发明背景
[0001]本发明涉及带有一个光学衍射结构和衍射光学可变图案器件(“DOVID”),如可定向衍射颜料片和立体图,活动图,图案定向器件,点定向器件,及像素定向器件,和定向的光学可变颜料片的颜料。
[0002]光学可变颜料(“OVP’s”TM)已得到了广泛的应用。它们可以用于涂料或墨水中,或与塑料混合。这种涂料或墨水被用于装饰用途或作为货币上的防伪措施。光学可变颜料的一种在一个基座上使用许多薄膜层以形成一个光学干涉结构。通常,一层介质(间隔)层经常被做在一个反射层上,接着在间隔层上形成一层光学吸收材料。附加层可以用来增加附加效果,如附加额外的间隔-吸收层对。或者可以用由(高-低-高)n或(低-高-低)n的介质材料或这两种的混合材料做成的光学堆。
[0003]另一种颜料采用一种图形如一系列的凹槽,以生成一种衍射干涉结构。衍射颜料已经被用来在印刷的媒介上和涂料如汽车涂料中生成一种彩虹效果。
[0004]还有其它产品采用衍射干涉以获得所需的效果,这些产品就是通常所知的衍射光学可变图案器件(“DOVID”)。一些衍射光学可变图案器件提供各种取决于观察角度的图案。例如,衍射光学可变图案器件的一些类型可以使一个印刷物体出现在另一个物体的前面,提供一个基于观察角度的连续图像,或者随着观察角度的改变使一个二维图案中产生移动的外观。其它衍射光学可变图案器件可以有一个图案出现在一个观察角,而在另一个观察角消失。衍射光学可变图案器件被用在银行纸币,信用卡,软件媒介,和其它高价值文件上的防伪和装饰目的中。一种为大家所知的特别的衍射光学可变图案器件是“像素图”。一个像素图是基于不同的线性衍射区域(像素)的非均匀空间分布。当被旋转或倾斜时,会有不同的图案出现或消失,使得像素图很难被伪造,因为即使高质量的彩色影印机也不能复制图案的可变效果。
[0005]用来在一个标准全息图上获得全息微型结构的技术,如干涉测量法,全息术,化学蚀刻,离子束平版印刷和电子束平版印刷相对来说比较复杂和昂贵。准备好一个标准全息图后,通常从标准全息图生成一个复制工具。复制工具在一个聚合箔上压出表面凹凸微结构,然后在箔的背面镀铝。接着将箔贴在文件上。对每一个新的图案都要做标准全息图,或当标准全息图被磨损后。
[0006]这样,有必要提供一种用于生成衍射光学可变图案器件的更为简单的物和技术。更有必要能够在所需的方向定向颜料片以得到各种光学效果
发明简述
[0007]带有衍射光栅的颜料粒子被选择性地定向以形成一个或多个图像。不同的区域可以印刷不同的衍射颜料,或在预选方向已被定向的衍射颜料。类似地,图像可以由不同的和/或不同定向的衍射颜料像素或点生成。本发明的一个实施例是一种印刷的像素图,另一个是一个点衍射光学可变图案器件,另一个是活动图。
[0008]在本发明的另一个实施例中,带有一层磁性材料的颜料片的形状使颜料片在涂到一个媒介之前,期间或之后在一个磁场中容易定向。在另一个实施例中,随意形状的颜料片包括一个成形的磁性结构,使颜料片在一个磁场中更容易被定向。在另一个特定的实施例中,一层磁性材料以一个预选的厚度沉积在一个格层上(如衍射光栅格)以形成一个不连续磁性层,如磁针。在另一个实施例中,衍射颜料片被机械地定向,如在凹槽或成形的粒子上的划刀片或用一个滚筒。
图示简述
[0009]图1A-1D是根据本发明的各个实施例的范例颜料片结构的简化横截面图。
[0010]图2A和2B是根据本发明的实施例的成形颜料片的简化平面图。
[0011]图3A是根据本发明的一个实施例的一个成形磁性层的简化平面图。
[0012]图3B-3D是根据本发明的实施例的颜料片的简化横截面图。
[0013]图4是根据本发明的一个实施例的一个图案的简化平面图。
[0014]图5是根据本发明的一个实施例的一个衍射光学可变图案器件的一部分的简化示意图。
[0015]图6A-6D是根据本发明的一个实施例的一种图案的简化示意图。
[0016]图7是根据本发明的另一个实施例的一个活动图案的简化示意图。
[0017]图8A-8C是根据本发明的实施例的方法的简化流程图。
[0018]图9A-9E是根据本发明的各种实施例的定向衍射颜料片的颜色扫描图。
本发明的详细描述
I.前言
[0019]在一个实施例中,本发明提供可机械定向的衍射颜料片。在一个特定的实施例中,可机械定向的衍射颜料片被用来印刷图案,包括衍射光学可变图案器件。衍射颜料片通常是用在涂料,墨水,薄膜,塑料中的小粒子,这些粒子提供取决于观察角度的可变的可见颜色,亮度,色调和/或色度。一些衍射颜料,如那些包括法布里-伯乐(Fabry-Perot)型干涉结构,改变可观察到的颜色,并提供衍射效果。用介质层的薄膜干涉结构也可以与一个微型结构衍射格结合。一些实施例包括一层与一个间隔层和一个吸收层结合的衍射反射层,以形成一个既有衍射又有薄膜干涉的颜料片。
[0020]带有衍射光栅的颜料将光束分成空间成分,类似于一个棱镜,以使可见的颜色随着观察角度而改变。已经发现如果颜料片包括一个磁性材料,它可以用磁场来定向。在该应用中,“磁”性材料可以是含铁或铁磁性材料。镍,钴,铁,钆,铽,镝,铒以及它们的合金和氧化物,铁/硅,铁/镍,铁/钴,铁/镍/钼,钴化钐(SmCo5),钴化钕(NdCo5),钴化二钐(Sm2Co17),硼铁钕(Nd2Fe14B),铁化铽(TbFe2),四氧化三铁(Fe3O4),氧化铁镍(NiFe2O4),和氧化铁钴(CoFe2O4),都是磁性材料的例子。但磁性层或磁性层的磁性材料没有必要是永久磁化的,虽然永久磁化的也可以用。在一些实施例中,能永久磁化的的磁性材料包括在一个颜料片中,但在用它形成一个图案之前仍保持非磁性。在另一个实施例中,带有永久磁铁材料的颜料片涂在一个基座上以形成一个可见的图案,接着被磁化以形成除了可视图案以外的一个磁性图案。如果在形成图案或与涂料或墨水介质混合在一起之前剩余的磁性太强,一些磁性颜料很容易聚在一起。
II.颜料结构范例
[0021]图1A是根据本发明的一个实施例的一个镀膜颜料片10的简化模截面图。一系列的薄膜层被沉积在一个基座12上。薄膜层包括例如一层磁性材料14,14’,一层反射材料16,16’,和附加层18,18’。如附加层可以是带有提供一个特定的干涉波长的厚度的介质材料间隔层18,18’和一个吸收层19,19’。虽然所示的镀膜颜料片在基座12的两面上有一个对称的镀膜层,镀膜层可以是非对称的,甚至在一面上没有镀膜层也可以。同样地,颜料片可以由连续镀膜层密封。现知有许多光学设计能得到各种变色,选择性吸收/反射,及其它光学效果。在另一个实施例中,基座12是一种磁性材料,磁性材料的分离层14则省略。在另一个实施例中,基座既反射又有磁性,反射层16也可以被省略。在另一个实施例中,反射层是一种磁性材料,磁性材料的分离层被省略。在另一个实施例中,吸收层也可以是一个磁性层。
[0022]合适的基座可以由以下材料做成,如玻璃,云母,氧化铝,氧化铁,石墨,氯氧化铋,氮化硼,聚合物或金属或类似的粒子。合适的反射材料例包括铝,银,铁,钽,铱,铼,铜,银,金,铂,钯,镍,钴,铌,铬,锡,和它们的混合物或合金。合适的间隔层材料包括硫化锌(ZnS),氧化锌(ZnO),氧化锆(ZrO2),二氧化钛(TiO2),金刚碳,氧化铟(In2O3),氧化锡铟(“ITO”),五氧化钽(Ta2O5),氧化铈(CeO2),氧化钇(Y2O3),氧化铕(Eu2O3),氧化铁如四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)和三氧化二铁(Fe2O3),氮化铪(HfN),碳化铪(HfC),氧化铪(HfO2),氧化镧(La2O3),氧化镁(MgO),氧化钕(Nd2O3),氧化镨(Pr6O11),氧化钐(Sm2O3),三氧化锑(Sb2O3),硅(Si),氧化硅(SiO),锗(Ge),三氧化硒(Se2O3),氧化锡(SnO2),三氧化钨(WO3),二氧化硅(SiO2),氧化铝(Al2O3),氟化金属如氟化镁(MgF2),氟化铝(AlF3),氟化铈(CeF3),氟化镧(LaF3),氟化钠铝(如.,Na3AlF6或Na5Al3F14),氟化钕(NdF3),氟化钐(SmF3),氟化钡(BaF2),氟化钙(CaF2),氟化锂(LiF),和它们的混合物,和有机单体及聚合物包括二烯或烯烃如丙烯酸盐(如,异丁烯酸盐),全氟化合物,聚四氟乙烯(如,TEFLON),氟化乙烯丙烯(“FEP”),它们的混合物,等等。合适的吸收材料例包括铬,镍,铁,钛,铝,钨,钼,铌,这些的混合物,化合物或合金,如INCONELTM(镍--铬--铁),混合于介质矩阵中的金属,或其它在可见光谱中能够起到均匀或选择性吸收作用的物质。或者,吸收物也可以是介质材料如一种氧化铁(如.,三氧化二铁),一氧化硅(SiO),氧化铬(Cr2O3),碳,几氧化钛(TiOx),其中X小于2.0,碳化金属,氮碳化金属,它们的混合物等等。金属吸收层通常沉积成一个足够薄的层,以使足够的光传播经过吸收层。
[0023]在一个特定的实施例中,基座是一个玻璃片,磁性材料是镍-钴,反射层是铝。附加层18包括一种介质材料,如二氧化硅或二氧化钛,吸收材料是一种半透明的金属或金属化合物如氮化钛(TiN)。这些材料只是可能实施例中的一些举例,还有许多其它合适的材料几混合物为大家所知。
[0024]反射层16和后面的薄膜层18形成一个法布里-伯乐干涉过滤器,当颜料片的观察角度的变化时,它可以提供一种强烈的变色效果,也叫作“光行程”。如果散入一种粘合剂中,如透明涂料,塑料或其它媒介中,综合效果将是物体的颜色随着观察角的变化而变化,它可以来自物体和观察者之间的相对运动,或物体含有一个弯曲表面。其它实施例可以省略反射层,或可以没有一个法布里-伯乐干涉结构,一些会有一种产生银色。
[0025]图1B是根据本发明的另一个实施例的一个衍射颜料片20的简化横截面图。反射层22,22’已以一定的周期结构被格化,如浮雕,这在横截面图中表现为在基座表面的正弦变动,并包括一个磁性层24。在另一个实施例中,反射层是一个浮雕的反射磁性材料,分离磁性层24被省去。所示磁性层没有浮雕,但在其它实施例中可以被浮雕。在另一个实施例中,磁性层是不连续的,并沿着衍射光栅结构构成。在另一个实施例中,只在颜料片的一边有浮雕层。
[0026]在一个特定的实施例中,一个基座如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(“PET”)片或膜镀有一个浮雕层,该层被浮雕以生成衍射光栅格。浮雕层可以是一层聚合层,该聚合层在浮雕之前或之后,如在至少一个带图案的滚筒间滚,被横向连接。在一个实施例中,一卷浮雕的薄膜镀有一个连续或非连续的磁性层,接着镀反射层如铝层。在一个代用实施例中,磁性层是一种反射材料,就可以不要另外一层分离的反射层。镀膜并浮雕的薄膜接着被做成颜料片,如用激光切割。在一些实施例中,可以省去磁性层。这种颜料片可以采用适当的技术涂在一个基座上并在一个所需的方向定向来做成衍射光学可变图案器件。
[0027]浮雕格通常被叫作一个“衍射光栅”。线条的密度通常在约500条/毫米到约5000条/毫米之间,通常为约20纳米到约300纳米深。现已发现带有一个铝反射层的约1400-2000条/毫米的线密度在涂料压延(draw-down)样品中提供好的颜色特性。举几个例子,线(槽)可以是直线,三角对称光栅,三角炫耀光栅,方波光栅或交叉光栅。颜料片的横截面通常约为20到50微米,虽然颜料片可以更小或更大,但颜料片的总厚度很薄。在一些实施例中,颜料片的总厚度大约在约500纳米到约2微米之间,但也可以更薄或更厚。在一些特定的实施例中,带有一层或多层硬化层的颜料片可以更厚些。硬化层通常由介质材料做成,这些材料被添加到颜料片结构中以改善操作特性。
[0028]图示的衍射光栅格被复制在一个透明层26,26’的外表面上,但在其他实施例中并不需要这么做。透明层可以是一个无机材料,如二氧化硅,或一个聚合物。在一些实施例中,透明层会增加镀膜结构的硬度,使其他工序更容易进行,如磨碎及大小分类,和将颜料片用于一个物体上。透明层也可以保护反射层以防止它由于环境因素而降低反射率。在另一些实施例中,透明层被省略。在一些实施例中,带有衍射光栅格的颜料片被放在一个载体中,并提供某种程度的环境保护作用。在另外一些实施例中,透明层的材料经过选择使它的折射率与载体或粘接剂的折射率相近。
[0029]图IC是根据本发明的另一个实施例的一个衍射颜料片21一部分的简化横截面图。一个浮雕层23置于一个基座,如PET颜料片或薄膜25上。一个不连续磁性材料层沉积在衍射光栅格27上以形成磁针29,29(从观察者伸向纸张的方向)。磁针可以做在光栅格的顶部,侧边,或波谷(底部),这取决于光栅和沉积参数。一层透明顶层33置于磁针和浮雕层的上面,如一层热硬化或热塑性聚合物层,它在某一时间上是液体并形成平表面。所示的顶层相对平坦,但可以仿效浮雕层的格图案。在另一个实施例中,顶层可以是一层反射材料,或一层反射材料可以包括在浮雕层和顶层之间,通常上覆磁针。如果浮雕层做在一个薄膜基座上,可以采用激光切割或其它技术将薄膜做成颜料片。比较理想的是颜料片有一个合适的表面纵横比以提高颜料片与它们所在表面的定向性(既变平或“悬浮”),如在一个涂料媒介或墨水媒介中。一个颜料片例子可以是100微米×100微米或50微米×50微米,厚度约为10到15微米。
[0030]图1D是根据本发明的另一个实施例的一个衍射颜料片30的一部分的简化横截面图。在反射层32,32’中的衍射光栅格从一个沉积基座中被复制。例如,一个聚合膜可以用一个光栅格来浮雕。第一透明层34’沉积在浮雕膜上(通常在一个释放层上,由于该释放层在将颜料片从沉积基座上分开时被取走,因此,没有图示),接着是第一反射层32’。沉积一层磁性材料31,接着是另一层反射层32,及另一层透明层34。镀膜层接着从浮雕的沉积基座上分离出来,并被做成所需的衍射片。此技术可以用于一个卷筒镀膜系统中。或者,衍射光栅格可以浮雕在一个颜料片基座上,如磁性颜料片基座,接着反射层和其他各层沉积在颜料片基座上。类似地,一个单一反射层可以与形成在透明层或反射层的一面或多面的磁针一起来用,可以省去磁性层。
[0031]只要颜料片的形状合适,根据图1A-1D所示的实施例的颜料片可以在颜料片的平面内磁性定向。通常,如果颜料片的一个表面的大小比另一个表面更长,该颜料片相对来说比较平,并且最小横向尺寸与厚度的纵横比是至少2∶1,更经常是大于约100∶1,那么颜料片在磁场中将会自我定向以使磁场能量达到最小。
III.颜料片形状例
[0032]图2A是根据本发明的一个实施例的一个磁性颜料片40的简化府视图。磁性片是一个包括一种磁性材料的颜料片。磁性材料在颜料片的平面上可以是基本上均匀的,如一个平面纸张或与带有衍射光栅的一层,或者磁性材料也可以带图案,如“条”状,如下文中图3A和3B中将要讨论的。虽然带有条状磁性材料的实施例并不要求颜料片有什么特别的形状来磁性定向颜料片,但是,如果使颜料片的一条长轴平行于磁性条当然更好。颜料片可以按某种形状来做成,或可以是颜料片或基座制作工序的产物形状,并且可以被分类以改善具有合适形状的颜料片的百分率。虽然高百分比的磁性可定向颜料片一般更为理想,但没有必要所有的颜料片都可磁性定向来获得合适的效果。
[0033]磁性颜料片40有一个长边42和一个短边44。带有合适的长度与厚度纵横比并在合适载体中的颜料片趋向于平躺在所涂表面上。长度(长边)与与宽度(短边)之间的纵横比使得在颜料片平面中可以磁性定向。载体通常在某一期间是液态的以在载体蒸发或硬化之前可以让颜料片有一些运动。或者,颜料片在放置到表面上之前可以定向好,载体可以被立即烘干或固化。例如,墨水可以有一种通过蒸发来固定颜料片的易挥发载体,或一个透明的涂料载体,如一个透明的涂料基体,可以通过硬化来固定颜料片。类似地,未固化的热固树胶或加热的热塑树脂可以使颜料片分别在涂于表面之前,期间,之后时,固化或冷却前被定向好。
[0034]带有磁性材料并在一个磁场中的颜料片会扭曲磁场线。当颜料片的极点指向磁场方向时颜料片处于最稳定的状态。颜料片通常会旋转直到它的位置定向到可以减少系统的能量为止。颜料片经历的转矩取决于许多因素,如磁流量级数,颜料片的磁性结构以及颜料片的大小(杠杆臂)。
[0035]如果施加一个如箭头46所示的磁场,成形的颜料片40将会自我定向,以使最长的尺寸几乎与磁场线平行。长边相对于短边的长度并不受限制。通常,颜料片表面的纵横比越大,沿着所加磁场定向的趋向越大。但没有必要所有的颜料片都沿着磁场定向以生成一个合适的光学效果。通常,一些颜料片并没有完全沿着衍射格,或在基座的平面内定向好。
[0036]图2B是根据本发明的另一个实施例的一个磁性颜料片50的简化府视图。颜料片为菱形,通常被叫做“钻石”形。颜料片有一个有更尖的顶52,52′的长轴,和一个有更平的顶54,54′的短轴。在用箭头46表示的磁场中,如图2A中所讨论的,颜料片倾向于定向,使长轴几乎与磁场平行。
[0037]许多其它形状也可以生成会在一个磁场中定向的磁性颜料片。图2A和2B中所示的形状更为理想,因为它们可以被用在几乎所有的镀膜表面上。成形的颜料片可以根据各种技术来做成。其中的一种是在一个卷筒镀膜机中格化沉积基座以在所需的粒子形状中获得表面特性,如相对深的槽或相对高的脊,而使薄膜层更容易地以所需的形状从沉积基座上取下,或在随后的磨碎,或切割操作中。或者,基座,如一卷PET薄膜,在将薄膜层(片)从基座上分离之前可以用激光切割。一个附加硬化层接着可以被加到薄膜堆上,(带有附加硬化层的)薄膜堆被从切割的基座上分离。在另一个实施例中,薄膜堆被切割,不切PET基座。这些技术可以用来获得所需大小的颜料片,而不需磨碎,在一个特定大小的范围内也提供颜料片的更高合格率。磁性颜料片可以在一个或两个主要表面上包括一个法布里-伯乐干涉结构和/或一个衍射光栅。衍射光栅可以被定向,使槽沿着磁场定向,或槽可以与定向轴有另一个角度。
IV.带图案的磁性层
[0038]图3A是根据本发明的另一个实施例的一个磁性颜料片的简化俯视图。所示颜料片有一个任意的,不规则的形状,但也可以是经过选择的形状。磁性材料条62已被沉积,并会沿着磁场46定向。例如,磁性材料条可以通过一个障板来沉积。例如,磁性材料条可以在一个卷筒镀膜机中沉积在一个沉积基座上,或在颜料片的表面上,或作为颜料片的一层中间层。这些条相对来说比较薄以避免过度地影响颜料片的光学特性。
[0039]图3B是在一个浮雕基座72上的一个镀膜堆70的一部分的简化透视图,图中的横截面有一条边。镀膜堆的一个第一透明层74沉积在浮雕基座上。接着沉积一个反射层76,然后是一个第二透明层78。浮雕在沉积基座上的衍射光栅格保留在所有层中。磁“针”80形成于衍射光栅结构的高点处。其它磁针(没有图示)可以类似地形成于脊的“谷”之间,或在一些实施例中只是在脊上。
[0040]可以认为由于在沉积过程中的核化动力或“阴影”效果,磁性材料偏向于沉积在脊上和/或谷中。槽底与槽顶之间的蒸汽密度差,光栅侧壁的坡度都会影响磁性材料如何在衍射光栅上沉积。换句话说,这种磁针的形成可能不止一个因素。
[0041]或者,一个镀膜堆可以包括在一个硬化层一边上的两层反射层,如一个氟化镁(MgF2)层。反射层可以是不透明的铝层。虽然氟化镁是一种几乎透明的材料,对于反射层之间的材料来说透明度并不是主要的。磁性层可以沉积在第二铝层上以形成磁针,或沉积在其它地方。
[0042]在一个实施例中,采用电子束蒸发的方法将一个50纳米厚的镍层沉积在第二透明层上做成磁针。现已发现,一个200纳米厚的镍层没有形成磁针,但可以用来做成根据本发明的磁性颜料片,如果颜料片本身是已经成形的。可以相信更薄的镍层至少是磁性非连续的,并形成与衍射光栅格定向的磁针。一些磁针可以至少部分地与磁性材料的薄层部分相接,但很薄部分可能形成不了强的磁区,因此,该层是磁性非连续的。在一些例子中,磁性膜(层)可能有不同的厚度。在衍射光栅的方向提供了一个更强的磁矩,使粒子在磁场中更容易定向。还可以相信比50纳米更薄的镍层可以形成与一些衍射光栅格定向的不连续磁性层,厚度在50纳米与200纳米之间的磁性层在一些情况下可以形成磁针。
[0043]一个带槽的衍射光栅也可以使颜料片更容易做成所需的形状。在一些实施例中,薄膜堆很容易沿着衍射光栅的槽裂开。这会使颜料片在槽的方向有一个更长的尺寸,在垂直于槽方向有一个更短的尺寸。这种纵横比可以让最终的颜料片更容易磁性或液体定向以形成一种图案。
[0044]在与一个墨水或涂料媒介混合之前或涂在基座上以形成一种图案之前通常最好避免使颜料片永久磁化,由于这些颜料片很容易聚在一起。足够薄的磁性材料层可以充分避免颜料片的永久磁化。如果颜料片中只有很少的磁性材料,在应用期间就要求有一个更强的磁场来定向颜料片,或加更长时间的磁场,在这种情况下保留液态时间更长的载体更合适。
[0045]图3C是根据本发明的另一个实施例的一个磁性衍射颜料片71的简化横截面图。颜料片通过在一个浮雕基座,如PET薄膜上沉积薄膜层,并将薄膜层从沉积基座上分离做成,接着磨碎颜料片并根据所需的大小进行分类。颜料片包括一个第一氟化镁层73,一个第一铝反射层75,形成一个磁性非连续的50纳米厚的镍层77,镍层在图中以光栅最高点处的针来表示,一个第二铝层79和一个第二氟化镁81。
[0046]图3D是根据本发明的一个实施例的一个变色衍射颜料片83的简化横截面图。颜料片是一个对称结构,带有一层吸收层84,一层间隔层85,一层反射层86,一层磁性层87,该层在一些实施例中,厚度经过选择,以衍射光栅上形成一个磁性非连续层,即磁针,和另一层反射层86’,间隔层85’,及吸收层84’。衍射光栅可以浮雕到一个卷筒镀膜基座,如带有一个浮雕层的PET膜上。各层的顺序只是范例,也可以做成不对称或非对称颜料片。
[0047]一个绿-蓝变色衍射颜料片通过沉积一个8纳米厚的第一铬吸收层,一个在530纳米处为四分之一波长光学厚度的第一氟化镁间隔层,一个80纳米厚的第一铝反射层,一个50纳米厚的镍磁性层,一个与第一反射层几乎相同的第二反射层,一个与第一间隔层几乎相同的第二间隔层,及一个与第一吸收层几乎相同的第二吸收层做成。各层在一个卷筒镀膜机中沉积在一个浮雕薄膜(网)上,并从网上分离,做成颜料片。
[0048]一个金色到银色的变色衍射片通过沉积一个8纳米厚的第一铬吸收层,一个在605纳米处为两个四分之一波长光学厚度的第一氟化镁间隔层,一个80纳米厚的第一铝反射层,一个50纳米厚的镍磁性层,一个与第一反射层几乎相同的第二反射层,一个与第一间隔层几乎相同的第二间隔层,及一个与第一吸收层几乎相同的第二吸收层做成。各层在一个卷筒镀膜机中沉积在一个浮雕薄膜(网)上,并从网上分离,做成颜料片。
[0049]一个银色颜料片通过沉积一个在530纳米处为四个四分之一波长光学厚度的第一氟化镁层,一个50纳米厚的镍磁性层,及另一个在530纳米处为四个四分之一波长光学厚度的第一氟化镁层做成。相信通过用高折射率与低折射率介质材料的交替层和一个磁性氧化物如四氧化三铁可以获得淡色(透明的)二向色或变色衍射颜料片。可以通过在一个带图案的(如浮雕的)基座上沉积各层将一个衍射光栅格印到颜料片上,接着将颜料片从基座上分离出来。一个标称五层设计例可以是一个HLHLH堆,其中H代表带有预选择的光学厚度的高折射率的材料层,L代表带有预选择的光学厚度的低折射率的材料层。一个磁性材料层可以沉积在堆中任何位置,如中间的H层。其它设计,如7层或9层设计也许更理想。同样地,LHLHL的结构也是可以的,包括7层和9层设计,及其他有更多或更少层的设计。
V.可印图案
[0050]根据本发明的实施例的带有衍射光栅的磁性颜粒子可以用来生成许多效果,如衍射光学可变图案器件或偏振片。通常,当一个衍射光栅被照明,从与光栅槽基本垂直的方向观察的一个观察者将看到衍射光束,而沿着光栅槽方向看的观察者则看不到衍射光束。这样,像素的外观就会随观察角度的旋转而变化。外观的不同可以包括色移和亮度。最好定向衍射颜料片以获得一个更强的衍射效果,或生成图案如像素图,点图或活动图。例如,如果更多的颜料片在同一平面中,通常指基座的平面,一般会获得更明显的光学效果。通过选择衍射光栅的方向,或通过用带有不同间隔的衍射光栅可以获得各种效果。例如,器件的一个区域可以是带有1400条/毫米间隔线性光栅的颜料片,而另一区域可以是带有2000条/毫米间隔线性光栅的颜料片。一个区域可能看起来是绿色的,另一区域看起来是红色的。随着观察角度的变化,观察者在不同区域所观察的光学效果也不同。
[0051]图4是用根据本发明的一个实施例的衍射颜料片印刷的一个图案90的简化俯视图。所示图案有一个任意周长和三个区域,每个区域用该区域中的衍射颜料片的光栅格来表示。第一区域92用含有带有相对密的衍射光栅槽的第一种衍射颜料的墨水来印刷。在一个例子中,第一区域中的衍射颜料片没有被定向。第二区域94用含有带有相对稀的衍射光栅槽的第二种衍射颜料的墨水来印刷。在这个例子中,衍射颜料片并不需要被定向,但有不同的光栅格,用在第二区域间更宽的间隔来表示。第三区域96用含有带有如交叉光栅的衍射颜料片墨水印刷。此第三区域只用来说明不同区域中的颜料片可以有不同的间隔,或不同的格样,只需两个区域来做一个图案。
[0052]在另一些例子中,一个或多个区域中的衍射颜料片可以按预选的方向定向。例如,在第一区域92中的颜料片可以定向,以使衍射光栅或多或少沿着区域的线条定向。在第二区域94中的颜料片可以以不同的方向定向或随意取向。实际上,它们可以是与用来印刷第一区域的颜料片相同。当在一个合适角度的光下观察,或当印刷的媒介被旋转时,图案就会出现。
[0053]如果第一区域92和第二区域94用类似的颜料片印刷,一个区域磁性定向,另一个没有定向或在不同的角度定向,在一些观察条件下,没有图案出现,图案看起来是一个均一的区域,如银或浅灰色区域。随着图案,光源,和/或观察角度的变化,图案就会出现。
[0054]也可以用衍射颜料技术生成其它类型的图案。许多图案由许多的图案包(“像素”)或点组成。图案可以是简单图案,或者是全息图案。一些衍射光学可变图案器件看上去可以是一个物体的三维图案,其它衍射光学可变图案器件会随着观察角度的变化而改变图案,或会使图案有动感。
[0055]图5是用磁性定向衍射颜料片印刷的一个图案100的一部分简化俯视图。图案部分由九个像素平排成格状形成。这种结构只是一个示例,像素并不必是四方形的,或相同的形状或大小。其它实施例可以用点来代替像素形成一个图案(或多个图案)。
[0056]在许多应用中,像素至少是矩形并有相同的大小。在一些应用中,像素之间并不相邻,一个窄的未印刷的区域“通道”将像素隔开。像素102中的一些也可以是没印刷的。其它像素104可以用单纯的墨水,黑色或彩色墨水印刷。类似地,像素可以用带有非磁性衍射颜料,或带有任意定向的磁性衍射颜料片的墨水印刷。其它所示的像素用包括在一个预选的方向定向的磁性衍射颜料片的墨水印刷。
[0057]在一个像素内的磁性衍射颜料片通过在涂墨水之前,期间,和/或之后提供一个磁场来定向。为了讨论和图示的方便,图示的像素有许多任意形状的粒子。在另一个实施例中,像素可以含有预选形状的磁性衍射片。术语“定向”表示在定向的颜料片上的衍射光栅被很好地排齐以生成一种聚集的与来自类似但任意排列的颜料片的效果完全不同的效果。“定向”指的是颜料片的大部分的排列使它们的槽相互平行或几乎平行。在另一个实施例中,衍射颜料片在任何像素中都不定向,但在不同像素内的衍射光栅格不同,几个不同的衍射光栅可以用在几个像素中的每一个。在另一个实施例中,使用不同的衍射光栅格,并且颜料片的一个或多个按一个预选的形式定向。
[0058]颜料片上的衍射格用在图中经过水平或垂直方向的平行线106,108来表示。光栅并不需要与一个像素边缘排齐,并且一个图案可以包括几套不同的定向的像素和/或点。每个区域的光栅(像素)在一个特定的普通定向的白光下可以将光束衍射到一个预定的方向,该白光用空心箭头110表示。光束被衍射到与主光栅方向垂直的方向,也就说,光束从垂直定向的像素光栅水平地被衍射,及从水平定向的像素光栅垂直地被衍射。通常,带有“水平”线条的颜料片有一个聚集的效果,使由空心箭头107所示的观察方向提供来自那些像素的衍射光束,同样地,对于垂直定向的衍射光栅,将从空心箭头109所示的方向衍射光束。要看到由垂直定向的像素108生成的图案,入射光束要来自箭头110’的方向,并从空心箭头109的方向观察。
[0059]在其他实施例中,一套像素可以包括带交叉衍射光栅的颜料片。没有必要每个图案都包括相同数量的像素类型,带有相同衍射光栅定向的像素可以相互连接。可以理解,在一个像素中并不是所有的颜料片都需要准确地相互排齐。
[0060]不同的线性光栅频率和/或槽的定向,也就是说,不同的像素定向方向或光栅周期,可以用于每一种“类型”。在一些实施例中,像素可以包含在不同像素中带有不同衍射光栅的任意定向的衍射颜料片以形成图案。不同的图案可以用不同像素类型来构成。这样随着观察角度的变化或旋转印刷的物体,可以在用一套像素获得的每个图案中生成动画效果。同样地,通过合适的不同像素类型的分布可以在一个印刷区域中生成一个以上的图案。颜料片和像素的相对大小并没按比例画出。通常,像素在约50微米到约1000微米的范围内,而衍射颜料片通常是约5微米到约50微米。
[0061]图6A-6D显示当用磁性定向的衍射颜料片印刷一个光学可变图案时,不同的图案是如何出现的。图6A是一个印刷的衍射光学可变图案器件120的简化俯视图。三个字母,“A”122,“B”124,和“C”126被重叠地印刷在一起。为了简化图示,在本图中只能看到字母的轮廓。实际的衍射光学可变图案器件可以被嵌入一个非衍射或任意衍射的区域内。例如,背景,即图6A中的空白纸张,可以用与字母相同的墨水印刷,但没有被磁性定向,或用非衍射墨水印刷,或不印刷任何东西。
[0062]每个字母的图案由几个像素构成。构成一个单个字母的一套像素包括带有在一个特定方向定向的衍射颜料片的像素。当一个观察者从与构成图案的衍射颜料片的衍射光栅垂直的方向来看衍射光学可变图案器件时,就可以看到那个图案。例如,当观察者的观察角度变化时,他则会看到不同的图案。如果用一个带有一个薄膜干涉结构的衍射颜料印刷一个或多个字母,倾斜图案就会在衍射色移的同时提供一个变色特性。
[0063]在图案相互重叠的区域中,各种图案的像素相互交叉,也就是说,构成字母“A”的衍射像素与构成字母“B”和“C”的衍射像素散布在一起。在重叠区不需要每个图案都有相似数量的像素,一些像素可以是没有被印刷的,用非衍射墨水印刷的,或用任意定向的衍射颜料片印刷的,以调整图案的密度或其它特性。
[0064]在复印机上复印衍射光学可变图案器件将不会保留图案的光学可变效果。一个或多个字母可能会出现,但图案不会随旋转而变化。这样,印刷的衍射光学可变图案器件可以起到文件或其它物体上的安全或保真的特征。可以通过用带有大于3000条/毫米的光栅间隔的衍射颜料片提供隐藏的安全性,它用肉眼是看不到的,但可以用紫外相机或探测器探测到。
[0065]图6B是从箭头128所示的方向观察图6A的衍射光学可变图案器件的平面图。其它字母用虚线表示从这个方向不显著,因为定向好的含有这些字母的像素的衍射颜料片从该观察方向不衍射光。图6C是从箭头130所示的方向观察图6A的衍射光学可变图案器件的平面图,图6D是从箭头132所示的方向观察图6A的衍射光学可变图案器件的平面图。图6B-6D中穿过字母的线条表示构成图案的像素中定向好的衍射颜料片的聚集有效衍射光栅格。
[0066]图7是一个活动图案的简化表示,显示当旋转纸张时,图案是如何在纸张内移动的。图案的一个第一版本142用在一个第一方向定向的衍射颜料片印刷,垂直线144表示颜料片上的衍射槽的主方向。图案的一个第二版本146用由线条148表示的一个非垂直角度的衍射槽印刷,及图案的一个第三版本150用线条152表示的几乎水平的衍射槽印刷。照明源由空心箭头154表示,观察的初始方向由箭头156表示。
[0067]当按照曲线箭头158所示的方向旋转衍射光学可变图案器件时,图案会以箭头160所示的方向移动。图案的所有三个版本可以印刷到带有任意定向的衍射颜料片的类似墨水的背景上,使在正确的条件下观察以外,图案并明显。
[0068]可以用衍射磁性颜料片获得其它效果。在一个实施例中,一个环形磁铁放在一个卡片的背后。用一个医用刀片(也就是一个又薄又窄的不锈钢压舌刀)将在一个透明粘合剂中的衍射磁性颜料刮到与磁铁相反的一面上。所产生的图案提供一个真实的三维“鱼眼”的感觉。可以相信衍射磁性颜料片通过沿着磁场线的倾斜和旋转被定向。在另一个实施例里,颜料作为一个喷涂来用。
VI.使用与定向方法
[0069]磁性颜料片可以用很多种方法来定向。在将颜料用在一个媒介之前,期间,或之后,可以用一个磁场来定向颜料片,或一个磁场可以用于工序的几个环节,或整个工序。例如,在用一个印刷,染色,粉状镀膜,或涂漆器件来施加颜料片之前,可以用一个磁场来定向或预定向颜料片,而且,也可以在颜料片被施加在一个媒介上之后再加磁场。同样地,可以磁化涂附器件如喷头,滚筒或屏幕,以在将颜料片施加在媒介上时将其定向。合适的媒介例包括纸张,塑料,金属,木头,皮革或织物。印刷技术例包括照相凹版,冲压,凹雕,快速印刷,丝印,喷射和平版印刷,可以将印刷技术结合在一起生成图案。衍射颜料也可以在塑料粒子或薄膜的挤压或注成型模塑期间定向,要么用一个磁场或利用液体易沿着流动的方向定向衍射光栅的倾向。
[0070]如果使用一个采用转写滚筒的印刷技术,可以在颜料片被滚筒卷起之前,磁化墨源(装墨容器)以定向颜料片。当颜料片被转写到指定的媒介时,基本上保留原有定向。同样地,在丝网印刷技术中,可以在屏幕或屏幕元件中加一个磁场以定向颜料片,或在墨水或涂料涂到屏幕上时,通过磁化橡胶滚轴来定向颜料片。在这种情况下,可以通过简单地改变涂附方向来获得颜料片的不同定向。
[0071]印刷或涂漆的图案可以用在许多应用中。例如,印刷的衍射光学可变图案器件可以用在银行纸币,旅行支票,软件载体或信用卡上起到安全或真实性特征。衍射光学可变图案器件可以直接印刷到媒介上或可以印刷到一个转写薄膜或箔上,如热箔,然后再贴(热压)到媒介上。任一方法都提供一个衍射光学可变图案器件而不必制作一个主全息图。因而,可以灵活地提供各种图案,例如,可以用一个衍射光可变日期码。用传统的技术制作一个主全息图,特别是一次使用型,费用很高,又很花时间。一旦伪造者获得了制作一个主全息图的装置,这种器件就变得很容易被伪制。
[0072]在其它实施例中,媒介本身可以被磁化。例如,可以通过将剩余磁性以一个预选的图案传入钢板在一个钢板上生成一个徽章或标识。含有磁性颜料片的涂料将在有足够磁场的区域中被定向,而在有较少或没有磁场的区域则不会定向。同样地,带有永久和/或电磁铁或磁性液体的一个磁样板可以放在一个面板,如金属,塑料,或木板的后面,以在颜料片加在面板上之后定向颜料片。其它技术可以在媒介中或媒介上应用或嵌入磁性金属丝或粒子,或在有颜料片的基座的反面加一种磁性液体。随后施加的在一个涂料或墨水中的磁性衍射颜料粒子将与磁性材料定向。衍射颜料的定向也可以定向其他用其它方法无法定向的非磁性粒子,如微金属丝。颜料片可以在用于基座表面之前定向,如用过滤阴极放电沉积在颜料片被沉积在基座期间将其定向。
[0073]许多不同的载体可以与根据本发明的实施例的颜料片一起使用。例如,一个涂料介质可以与颜料片结合来提供一种涂料成分,一种墨水介质可以与颜料片结合来提供一种墨水成分,或一个粉状镀膜粘合剂可以与颜料片结合来形成一种粉状膜成分。粉状镀膜材料应预先配好,因为在应用期间磁性颜料可能被散开,使只有小部分到达被镀膜的物体。在一些应用中,如快速烘干墨水成分,介质或载体可以是相对不稳定的,或被媒介,如纸张快速吸收。在施加之前,定向颜料片的技术可以与这种快速烘干或快速硬化载体相容。例如,在照相凹版印刷中,可以在机轮吸起墨水之前磁化墨水接收体。
[0074]其它技术可以用慢速烘干或慢速固化载体。例如,一个汽车涂料成分可以用在至少几分钟内保持相对液态的聚亚安酯载体。颜料片可以在施加前被定向,当涂料被固化时,定向则会被保持着,或可以以任意定向涂附,然后通过施加一个磁场来定向。颜料片通常沿着媒介的表面放置,使衍射光栅更容易在颜料片平面中定向。其它载体可以保持液态直到被选择性固化,如一个通过红外线,紫外线或其它光束或热来固化的载体。
[0075]在其它实施例中,磁性衍射颜料片可以被包括在聚合膜中,如挤压膜。挤压工序通常在膜平面中定向颜料片,当薄膜被挤压时可以用一个磁场来使衍射光栅在颜料片平面中定向。同样地,磁性衍射颜料片可以浇铸于一个聚合物中,在浇铸之前或聚合体仍是液态时颜料片被磁性定向。这些技术可以包括定向颜料片的平面,以及衍射光栅在颜料片平面中的旋转定向。
[0076]可以用于聚合膜的材料例包括含水聚合物,如聚乙烯醇,聚醋酸乙烯酯,聚乙烯吡咯烷,聚(乙氧乙烯),聚(甲基乙烯),聚(丙烯)酸,聚(丙烯酰胺),聚(乙氧烯),聚(顺丁烯酐),羟乙纤维素,醋酸纤维素及聚(糖化物),如阿拉伯树胶和胶质也可以。如果使用一个有机溶剂,几乎任何可溶解的聚合系统都可以使用。它可以包括上述含水例中的那些聚合物,但也可包括其他聚(乙缩醛)的聚合物,如乙烯丁缩醛,聚(乙烯基卤化物),如聚乙烯氯化物和聚乙烯撑氯化物,聚(二烯)如聚丁二烯,聚(烯烃)如聚乙烯,聚(丙烯酸盐)如聚甲基丙烯酸盐,聚(丙烯酸脂)如聚甲基丙烯酸脂,聚(碳酸盐),如聚(氧碳基氧环已烷),聚(脂)如聚乙烯对酞酸盐,聚(尿烷),聚(硅氧烷),聚(硫化物),聚(磺化物),聚(乙烯碃),聚(丙烯碃),聚(苯乙烯),聚(苯撑)如聚(2,5二氢化氧-1,4苯撑乙烯),聚(氨基化合物),天然橡胶,甲醛树脂及其他聚合物。
[0077]图8A是根据本发明的一个实施例的在一个媒介800上形成一个图案的一个方法的简化流程图。衍射颜料片在图案的一个第一区域被定向(步骤802)。定向也可以在衍射颜料片涂在媒介上之前,应用期间和/或应用之后完成。
[0078]图8B是定向根据本发明的另一个实施例的一个颜料片810的一个方法的简化流程图。提供一种带有在颜料片平面中可定向的磁性结构的颜料片(步骤812)。由于颜料片的形状,磁性结构可以是一个能够被定向的几乎均一的磁性材料层,或也可以是一种非均一的磁性材料层,如在一个衍射光栅上形成的条或针。一个磁场加在颜料片上以在颜料片平面中定向颜料片(步骤814)。在一个特定的实施例中,磁性颜料片有一个衍射光栅,衍射光栅根据所加磁场在一个预定的方向被定向。
[0079]图8C是印刷根据本发明的另一个实施例的一个光学可变图案820的一个方法的简化流程图。在一个第一预选方向定向的带有衍射颜料片的一个第一许多像素被沉积在一个媒介上(步骤822)。在一个第二预选方向定向的带有衍射颜料片的一个第二许多像素被沉积在该媒介上(步骤824)。也可包括带有在其他方向定向的衍射颜料片的其他像素。定向可以是在箔的平面内或以一个所需的角度倾斜。各步骤的顺序不受限制,并且一些工序可以允许不同组的像素依此施加在媒介上。其它像素可以用非定向的衍射颜料片,或非衍射颜料片印刷,或不印刷任何东西。同样地,光学可变图案或图案的一部分也可以印刷在另一个图案上,或者另一个图案可以与光学可变图案或图案的一部分重叠。
[0080]颜料片也可以以一个所需的倾斜角,及通过施加与涂有颜料片的媒介不在同一平面内的磁场在衍射光栅的一个所需方向定向。例如,可以将一个条状磁铁散有衍射颜料片的一个卡片的下面。弯曲的磁场线会生成一种很生动而且不寻常的三维“眼睛”效果。用条状,圆盘和环形磁铁也可以获得类似的效果。当一个环形磁铁的表面放在卡片的背面时,在衍射颜料片中可获得一个多重的,三维环状效果。磁性衍射颜料可用各种技术,包括丝网印刷,散撒和喷涂等施加到媒介上。
VII.实验结果
[0081]试做了几种磁性衍射颜料片并测试了光学特性。通常颜料片通过在浮雕PET膜上沉积薄膜层做成,接着从沉积基座上分离薄膜层,并磨碎再分类。接着再将颜料片与一个粘合剂,如由E.I.DU PONT DE NEMOURS公司出售的150KTM油漆混在一起,做成载体。也有其它合适的粘合剂和载体,如也是由E.I.DU PONT DE NEMOURS公司提供的彩色(CHROMASYSTEMS)粘合剂和基底制品,及由其它公司提供的其它产品。用一把医用刀将混合物刮到一个卡片上以将颜料压开。用医用刀刮过一个卡片通常将颜料片在卡片平面内弄平。在卡片的一个边缘上放一个磁铁,以使磁铁的北极与卡片的边缘相邻。将一个第二磁铁放在卡片的相反边缘,使其南极与卡片的边缘相邻。这样在第一磁铁的北极与第二磁铁的南极之间构成了一个磁场。颜料片涂在磁铁之间的区域,区间的距离约为7英寸宽,以便定向衍射光栅。这样,定向的衍射颜料片就模拟了采用一个主全息或一个浮雕反射器的连续薄片做成的箔。
[0082]在另一个例子中,在压涂颜料片后施加一个磁场。当相反的(北极-南极)磁极以面对面的方式被放在涂有颜料片卡片底下时,载体仍然保持足够的液态。颜料片上沿着衍射光栅形成了磁针,磁针沿着两极之间的磁场线自我定向。
[0083]一个分光光度测量计用来测量上述例的色移。在光电检测器上用了一个扫描掩模。根据标准CIETM LAB的比色惯例,“a”轴在负方向上表示绿色,在正方向上表示红色,“b”轴在负方向上表示蓝色,在正方向上表示黄色。通常来说,曲线离原点越远,在一个给定的亮度下从该方面观察时的色彩越鲜。为了图示的清晰省去了绝对观察角度,但数据点的间隔大约为2度。
[0084]图9A是磁性定向的根据本发明的一个实施例的衍射颜料片的色移的简化图900。颜料片做在带有1400条/毫米的浮雕的PET膜上,接着从沉积基座上剥离。颜料片结构为氟化镁-铝-镍-铝-氟化镁(MgF2-Al-Ni-Al-MgF2)(参照图3C)。氟化镁层为约400纳米厚以给所得的颜料片提供硬度,同时也便于操作及处理。它对于光学特性来说并不需要,也可以用其它材料。在一些实施例中,这些层可以用来提供环境保护或折射率匹配。铝层为约80纳米厚,它通常是不透明的,亮的反射层。在其他实施例中,可以使用更薄或更厚的反射层或省去。在本实施例和图9B-9E所示的实施例中,镍层约为50纳米厚,并沿着槽沉积,生成磁针。这个颜料片看起来显亮银色。
[0085]第一条曲线902显示当样品,既槽的方向在约-33度904与在约80度906之间旋转时,在一个45度并与所加磁场或衍射光栅垂直(所加磁场)的入射光束的照明下的样品的色移,在约45度观察时几乎是镜面反射907。第二条曲线908显示当样品旋转过几乎相同的弧度时,在与衍射光栅平行的入射光束照明下的样品的色移。与第二条曲线908相比,第一条曲线902有更大的色移。第二条曲线的从原点来回表明它有相对少的色移,这也是非衍射干涉效果的特性。
[0086]图9B是磁性定向的根据本发明的一个实施例的衍射颜料片的色移的简化图910。磁性衍射颜料片与图9A所示的样品几乎同样做成,但一个2000条/毫米的光浮雕在沉积基座上。得到的颜料片同样地与一个载体混合,并用一把医用刀涂在一个卡片上,以将颜料片压平于提供一个磁场并在卡片平面上定向颜料片的两个磁铁之间。所有样品都在45度的入射角和负33度到正80度的观察角内分析,观察角的间隔为两度。
[0087]第一条曲线912显示由一个与颜料片的聚集衍射光栅垂直的入射光束照明的样品的色移。第二条曲线914显示由与聚集衍射光栅垂直的入射光束照明的样品的色移。该样品在照明源与磁场垂直时在一些观察角显示更宽的色移,但在其它观察角下的色移或染色性相对较少。第二条曲线显示相对较少的色移。
[0088]图9C是磁性定向的根据本发明的一个实施例的衍射颜料片的色移的简化图920。注意“a”轴和负“b”轴上刻度变化。磁性衍射颜料片与图9A所示的样品几乎同样做成,但一个3000条/毫米的光浮雕在沉积基座上。得到的颜料片同样地与一个载体混合,并用一把医用刀涂在一个卡片上,以将颜料片压平于提供一个磁场并在卡片平面上定向颜料片的两个磁铁之间。
[0089]第一条曲线912显示由一个与颜料片的聚集衍射光栅垂直的入射光束照明的样品的色移。第二条曲线914显示由与聚集衍射光栅垂直的入射光束照明的样品的色移。该样品在照明源与磁场垂直时,显示中等程度的色移,特别是从消色差中心到+a,-b象限有一个相对快速的变换。第二条曲线显示相对较少的色移,及相对低的染色性。
[0090]对于45度入射,从90度的观察角度我们可以看到紫(400纳米)和绿(约550纳米)的颜色。这与第一阶的波长相对应。在这个光栅频率下,对于比550纳米更长的波长负一阶的衍射反射在平面(光栅平面)以下。
[0091]图9D是磁性定向的根据本发明的一个实施例的衍射颜料片的色移的简化图930。注意刻度变化。磁性衍射颜料片与图9A所示的样品几乎同样做成,带有一个浮雕在沉积基座上的1400条/毫米的光栅,但没有铝层。50纳米厚的镍层起到反射层的作用。样品的整个外观比有铝反射层的类似样品更暗(更灰)。得到的颜料片同样地与一个载体混合,并用一把医用刀涂在一个卡片上,以将颜料片压平于提供一个磁场并在卡片平面上定向颜料片的两个磁铁之间。
[0092]第一条曲线932显示由一个与颜料片的聚集衍射光栅垂直的入射光束照明的样品的色移。第二条曲线934显示由与聚集衍射光栅垂直的入射光束照明的样品的色移。
[0093]图9E是磁性定向的根据本发明的一个实施例的衍射颜料片的色移的简化图940。该设计产生一个从金到银的变色效果。注意这里的刻度与其它图不同。磁性衍射颜料片由一个浮雕在沉积基座上的1400条/毫米的光栅做成,但有不同的光学设计。薄膜堆包括在氟化镁层上的半透明的铬层(既吸收层)。按句话说,薄膜结构为铬-氟化镁-铝-镍-铝-氟化镁-铬(Cr-MgF2-Al-Ni-Al-MgF2-Cr)。氟化镁层提供所需的硬度及法布里-伯乐滤波器的间隔层,虽然法布里-伯乐类型的干涉结构也可以做在带有衍射光栅的反射格上。得到的颜料片同样地与一个载体混合,并用一把医用刀涂在一个卡片上,以将颜料片压平于提供一个磁场并在卡片平面上定向颜料片的两个磁铁之间。
[0094]第一条曲线942显示由一个与颜料片的聚集衍射光栅垂直的入射光束照明的样品的色移。第二条曲线944显示由与聚集衍射光栅垂直的入射光束照明的样品的色移。当用垂直于颜料片的定向槽(衍射光栅)的高定向光束照明时,该样品的总印象是在照明下倾斜样品时颜色会从金色转向银色,并提供衍射效果。
[0095]可以相信其它光学设计可以获得其它光学效果。例如,氮化钛(TiN)可以用作一个反射材料,使得衍射片有一个金底色。同样地,金在衍射颜料片应用中是一个很好的反射体。铜也可以用来获得其他底色和变色效果。
[0096]虽然本发明用上述的各种具体实施例来说明,但本发明还可以应用于其它各种特定形式中,而不脱离本发明的本质精神。因此,上述的实施例只是用来说明本发明,并不限制本发明,本发明将由下列权利要求书决定。在权利要求书的意思和范围内的任何改良或类推都属于本发明的范围以内。
Claims (18)
1.一种颜料粒子,包括衍射光栅,所述衍射光栅包括根据所加磁场定向所述颜料粒子的磁性结构。
2.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,所述磁性结构包括成形的磁性材料。
3.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,所述磁性结构包括多个磁条。
4.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,所述磁性结构包括一种半透明磁性材料。
5.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,所述磁性结构包括镍,钴,铁,钆,铽,镝,铒,铁硅合金,铁镍合金,铁钴合金,铁镍钼合金,钴化钐,钴化钕,钴化二钐,硼铁钕,铁化铽,四氧化三铁,氧化铁镍,或氧化铁钴。
6.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,所述衍射光栅包括多个槽。
7.根据权利要求6所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,所述多个槽的间隔在500条/毫米到5000条/毫米之间。
8.根据权利要求6所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,所述磁性结构包括与衍射光栅的多个槽平行的磁针。
9.根据权利要求8所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,至少有些磁针与居间的磁性材料相连接。
10.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,所述磁性结构包括一层具有可变厚度的磁性材料。
11.根据权利要求10所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,所述磁性材料层是一层连续层。
12.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,所述颜料粒子被散入墨水介质中以提供墨水配方。
13.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,所述颜料粒子被散射到涂料介质中的颜料以提供涂料配方。
14.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,所述颜料粒子被散入一个聚合薄膜,颜料粒子的衍射光栅在薄膜中被选择定向。
15.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,其特征在于,所述衍射光栅包括反射层,并且所述磁性结构包括沿着衍射光栅放置的多个磁针。
16.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,多个所述颜料粒子形成图像,其中所述颜料粒子中的一部分具有沿第一方向延伸的槽,以及其他的所述颜料粒子具有沿第二不同方向延伸的槽。
17.根据权利要求1所述的颜料粒子,多个所述颜料粒子形成图像,其中所述颜料粒子中的一部分具有第一多个槽,所述第一多个槽具有第一线性光栅间隔,以及所述颜料粒子中的一部分具有第二多个槽,所述第二多个槽具有第二线性光栅间隔。
18.一种颜料粒子,包括衍射光栅,所述衍射光栅包括磁性结构,其中,所述磁性结构和粒子形状中的至少一个能够根据所加磁场定向所述颜料粒子。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR101012422B1 (ko) | 2011-02-08 |
JP2008090319A (ja) | 2008-04-17 |
WO2004024836A2 (en) | 2004-03-25 |
JP2008106278A (ja) | 2008-05-08 |
KR101029857B1 (ko) | 2011-04-15 |
EP1537182A2 (en) | 2005-06-08 |
EP1878773A3 (en) | 2010-08-18 |
WO2004024836A3 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
KR20050037002A (ko) | 2005-04-20 |
EP1860160A2 (en) | 2007-11-28 |
US6902807B1 (en) | 2005-06-07 |
JP2005538233A (ja) | 2005-12-15 |
EP1537182B1 (en) | 2011-11-30 |
EP1860160A3 (en) | 2010-08-18 |
EP1878773A2 (en) | 2008-01-16 |
ATE535580T1 (de) | 2011-12-15 |
TWI279422B (en) | 2007-04-21 |
EP1878773B1 (en) | 2012-08-01 |
TW200406467A (en) | 2004-05-01 |
KR20070112428A (ko) | 2007-11-23 |
US20050123755A1 (en) | 2005-06-09 |
US7300695B2 (en) | 2007-11-27 |
CN1681898A (zh) | 2005-10-12 |
EP1878773B2 (en) | 2019-11-13 |
KR20070112429A (ko) | 2007-11-23 |
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