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CN1272103C - Selective hydrogenation catalyst for alkadiene - Google Patents

Selective hydrogenation catalyst for alkadiene Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1272103C
CN1272103C CN 200310121167 CN200310121167A CN1272103C CN 1272103 C CN1272103 C CN 1272103C CN 200310121167 CN200310121167 CN 200310121167 CN 200310121167 A CN200310121167 A CN 200310121167A CN 1272103 C CN1272103 C CN 1272103C
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China
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catalyst
nickel
weight
molybdenum
cobalt
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CN1631526A (en
Inventor
李明丰
褚阳
胡云剑
查宇慧
夏国富
聂红
石亚华
李大东
张润强
朱玫
李坚
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Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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Priority to CN 200310121167 priority Critical patent/CN1272103C/en
Priority to US11/016,986 priority patent/US7745372B2/en
Priority to FR0413779A priority patent/FR2864102B1/en
Priority to KR1020040110202A priority patent/KR101122209B1/en
Publication of CN1631526A publication Critical patent/CN1631526A/en
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Abstract

The present invention relates to a catalyst for selectively hydrogenating diolefin. The present invention contains alumina supporters, cobalt and/or nickel selected from the VIII group, molybdenum and/or tungsten selected from the VIB group and alkali metals, wherein the cobalt and/or nickel, the molybdenum and/or tungsten are loaded on the alumina supporters. The present invention is characterized in that the present invention contains the components in the form of oxide adopting the catalyst weight as the reference: 0.5 to 8 wt% of the cobalt and/or nickel selected from the VIII group, 2 to 15 wt% of the molybdenum and/or tungsten selected from the VIB group, more than 2 to 8 wt% of the alkali metals and an equilibrium amount of the alumina supporters. Compared with the existing catalyst, when the catalyst for selectively hydrogenating diolefin, which is provided by the present invention, is used for hydrogenating gasoline distillate oil, the hydrogenation activity and the selectivity of diolefin are high.

Description

A kind of alkadienes selective hydrocatalyst
Technical field
The invention relates to a kind of Hydrobon catalyst, more specifically say so about a kind of alkadienes selective hydrocatalyst.
Background technology
Contain more alkadienes in the catalytically cracked gasoline, under the certain reaction temperature, alkadienes also reacts together with other hydro carbons in the catalytically cracked gasoline except that polymerization own, generates colloid and other coking precursor.Normally adopt the method for hydrogenation optionally it to be removed.
US6,084,140 discloses a kind of preparation method to height unsaturated hydrocarbons selective hydrocatalyst in the olefine fraction.This catalyst is made up of aluminium oxide and the Metal Palladium that loads on this aluminium oxide.The content of Metal Palladium is 0.02-3.0 weight %.This catalyst can effectively remove the height unsaturated hydrocarbons in the olefine fraction.
US6,255,548 disclose a kind of preparation method to unsaturated hydro carbons such as alkynes and alkadienes selective hydrocatalyst.This catalyst is loaded on the carrier by at least a VIII family's metal and at least a promoter metal M and makes.This VIII family metal can be in nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, the iridium one or more, preferred palladium, and nickel, platinum, last weight range 0.01-50 weight % is if the preferred 0.05-1 weight of noble metal %, if this metal is nickel then preferred 5-30 weight %.Metal M is selected from one or more in germanium, tin, the gold, silver, weight range 0.01-10 weight % on the metal M, preferred 0.02-5 weight %.This catalyst also can contain alkalinous metal such as potassium or sodium and/or the 0.01-2.0 weight % elementary sulfur of 0.1-3 weight %.
US6,388,162 disclose a kind of method that removes alkadienes in olefin feedstock.This method is that carbon number is made with extra care at 10 to 20 the raw material that is rich in alkene, removes alkadienes wherein.The catalyst that this method is used is made up of alumina support and the Metal Palladium that loads on this alumina support, amount 0.05-0.2 weight % on the metal, and preferred 0.2 weight %, wherein the aluminium oxide specific area is not more than 15 meters 2/ gram, preferred 2-5 rice 2/ gram.
Adopt noble metal catalyst to carry out selective hydrogenation, can well the alkadienes in the feedstock oil be removed.But for sulphur, higher full cut or the heavy distillat catalytically cracked gasoline of nitrogen content, the easy inactivation of noble metal is restricted the use of this class catalyst.
Generally speaking, under the hydrofinishing condition alkene particularly the hydrogenation of alkadienes carry out easily.But, adopting the non-noble metal hydrogenation catalyst for refining optionally during the alkadienes in the hydrogenation and removing feedstock oil, the problem that exists is how when guaranteeing to remove alkadienes, avoid or reduce olefinic polymerization, monoolefin hydrogenation is saturated, to improve the selectivity of hydrogenation reaction.
Alkali-metal existence is favourable to suppressing the catalyst surface carbon distribution, so prior art is when preparation is used for the Hydrobon catalyst of the higher feedstock oil of olefin(e) centent, and the Chang Zuowei adjuvant component is introduced alkali metal.
CN 1113829A discloses a kind of preparation method who contains the Hydrobon catalyst of molybdenum, nickel, potassium metal component, its main feature is preformed transition state of alumina carrier, single-steeping contains molybdenum, nickel, the potassium solution of ammonia, and drying, roasting make catalyst.Transition state of alumina comprises η, γ, θ aluminium oxide, preferred gama-alumina.This catalyst metal components content is MoO 310.0~24.0%, NiO 2.6~8.8%, K 0.3~1.5%.This catalyst can be used for containing the hydrodesulfurization of the light oil distillate or the gas of organic sulfur, is specially adapted to the hydrodesulfurization of naphtha and coking dry gas.
CN 1302849A discloses a kind of hydrogenation activity protective agent and preparation method thereof, contains gama-alumina and δ-aluminium oxide in the protective agent used carrier simultaneously; Contain group vib metal oxide 3~22% and VIII family metal oxide 0.5~5m% in the protective agent, contain the element 0~2m% of IA family, contain the element 0~3m% of VA family, specific surface 100~250m 2/ g.Pore volume 0.4~0.8ml/g.The group vib metal oxide is the oxide of Mo, W in this protective agent, and the group VIII metal oxide is the oxide of Fe, Co, Ni, and VA family element is P, As, Sb, Bi element.The protective agent that this catalyst is suitable for catalyst for hydroprocessing of heavy oil uses.
The Hydrobon catalyst of this class alkali metal containing component can be used for the alkadienes selective hydrogenation of gasoline fraction, but active low.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome existing Hydrobon catalyst active low shortcoming when being used for the alkadienes selective hydrogenation, a kind of new active higher alkadienes selective hydrocatalyst is provided.
The present inventor's discovery, in the Hydrobon catalyst of the alkali metal containing component that prior art provides, alkali-metal content low (less than 2 weight %), this is to cause the active low major reason of this class catalyst alkadienes selective hydrogenation.
Alkadienes selective hydrocatalyst provided by the invention contains a kind of alumina support and loads on the cobalt that is selected from group VIII on this carrier and/or molybdenum and/or the tungsten and the alkaline components of nickel, group vib, it is characterized in that, in oxide and with the catalyst is benchmark, this catalyst contain the molybdenum that is selected from group vib of the cobalt that is selected from group VIII of 0.5-8 weight % and/or nickel, 2-15 weight % and/or tungsten,>alkali metal of 2-8 weight % and the alumina support of aequum.
Compare with existing catalyst, catalyst provided by the invention has higher diene hydrogenation activity when being used for the hydrofinishing of gasoline fraction oil.
For example, under identical reaction condition, be 1.6gI. (100g) to a kind of diene value -1, bromine valency 37.1gBr. (100ml) -1The catalytically cracked gasoline heavy distillate carry out hydrogenation and take off diene, when adopting catalyst provided by the invention (content of nickel oxide is that the content of 1.4 weight %, molybdenum oxide is that the content of 4.5 weight %, potassium oxide is 2.1 weight %), the diene value that generates oil is reduced to 0.3gI. (100g) -1, the bromine valency be 36.1gBr. (100ml)- 1;And during Comparative Examples catalyst (carrier is identical with preceding agent, and the content of nickel oxide is that the content of 1.4 weight %, molybdenum oxide is that the content of 4.6 weight %, potassium oxide is 1.4 weight %), the diene value that generates oil is reduced to 0.5gI. (100g) -1, the bromine valency is 34.7gBr. (100ml) -1
The specific embodiment
According to catalyst provided by the invention, in oxide and with the catalyst is benchmark, preferably contains the molybdenum that is selected from group vib and/or tungsten, the alkali metal of 2.5-6 weight % and the alumina support of aequum of the cobalt that is selected from group VIII of 1-6 weight % and/or nickel, 4-12 weight %.Wherein, the atomic ratio of group VIII metal component and group vib metal component is 0.5-2, is preferably 0.7-1.5.
Described group VIII metal component is preferably nickel, and alkali metal is preferably potassium.
Described alumina support is the transition aluminas that is selected among γ, η, θ, δ and the χ one or more, also can be to contain one or more to be selected among silicon, titanium, magnesium, boron, zirconium, thorium, niobium, the rare earth among one or more γ, η, θ, δ and χ that dose component one or more transition aluminas, be preferably gama-alumina and contain one or more that one or more dose the gama-alumina of component among being selected from silicon, titanium, magnesium, boron, zirconium, thorium, niobium, rare earth.
Described aluminium oxide can be that commercially available commodity also can be by any one method preparation in the prior art.For example, can be by one or more the mixture that is selected among hibbsite, monohydrate alumina and the amorphous hydroted alumina, or one or more the mixture among hibbsite, monohydrate alumina and the amorphous hydroted alumina of siliceous, titanium, magnesium, boron, zirconium, thorium, niobium, rare earth make after moulding and roasting.
Preparation of catalysts method provided by the invention is included in to be enough to belong under the condition that is deposited on the described alumina support being selected from the molybdenum of the cobalt of group VIII and/or nickel, group vib and/or tungsten and alkaline components, with alumina support with contain the cobalt and/or nickel, the molybdenum of group vib and/or the solution of tungsten and alkali-metal compound that are selected from group VIII and contact, for example pass through methods such as dipping, co-precipitation, preferred infusion process.Wherein, being selected from the molybdenum of the cobalt of group VIII and/or nickel, group vib and/or tungsten and alkali metal can also can be incorporated in the alumina support respectively simultaneously.
Described molybdate compound is selected from one or more in the soluble compound that contains molybdenum, as in molybdenum oxide, molybdate, the paramolybdate one or more, and preferred molybdenum oxide, ammonium molybdate, ammonium paramolybdate wherein.
Described Tungstenic compound is selected from one or more in the soluble compound of tungstenic, as in tungstates, metatungstate, the ethyl metatungstate one or more, and the preferred inclined to one side tungsten ammonium of ammonium metatungstate, ethyl wherein.
Described cobalt compound is selected from one or more in the soluble compound that contains cobalt, as in the soluble complexes of cobalt nitrate, cobalt acetate, basic cobaltous carbonate, cobalt chloride and cobalt one or more, is preferably cobalt nitrate, basic cobaltous carbonate.
Described nickeliferous compound is selected from one or more in the nickel metal soluble compound, as in the soluble complexes of nickel nitrate, nickel acetate, basic nickel carbonate, nickel chloride and nickel one or more, is preferably nickel nitrate, basic nickel carbonate.
The compound of described alkali metal containing, preferred hydroxide, in the inorganic or acylate one or more wherein.For example be selected from potassium hydroxide, potassium nitrate, potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate and the potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the potassium-containing compound one or more.
According to catalyst provided by the invention, look the article shaped that various objectives or requirement can be made into various easy operatings, for example microballoon, sphere, tablet or bar shaped etc.Moulding can be carried out according to a conventional method, all can as methods such as compressing tablet, spin, extrusions.
According to the conventional method in this area, catalyst provided by the invention can carry out presulfurization with the sulfur-bearing raw material usually under 140-370 ℃ temperature in the presence of hydrogen before using, this presulfurization can be carried out also can original position vulcanizing in device outside device, is translated into sulfide type.
Catalyst provided by the invention has higher hydrogenation activity and selectivity to the alkadienes in the gasoline fraction oil, be particularly suitable for containing alkadienes gasoline fraction oil be the hydrofinishing of purpose with the hydrogenation dialkene removal.Described gasoline fraction can be catalytically cracked gasoline, coker gasoline, direct steaming gasoline, pressure gasoline etc.
The following examples will the invention will be further described.
Example 1
This example illustrates Catalysts and its preparation method provided by the invention.
Take by weighing dry glue powder 800 grams that Chang Ling oil plant catalyst plant is produced, be extruded into circumscribed circle diameter and be 1.4 millimeters trilobal bar, 120 ℃ of oven dry, roasting obtained 584 gram carrier Z in 3 hours under 630 ℃ of air atmospheres.
Take by weighing nickel nitrate 4 gram, ammonium molybdate 6 grams, potassium hydroxide (KOH content 82%, Beijing chemical reagent factory product, down with) 3.3 grams, adopt the NH of 16 weight % 3Aqueous solution dissolving is made into 90 milliliters of maceration extracts.With this solution impregnation 100 gram carriers Z4 hour,, reduce to after the room temperature with 80 milliliters of the aqueous solution that contain 2 gram nickel nitrates dipping once more, and, obtain catalyst C1 in 4 hours, 420 ℃ roastings of 120 ℃ of dryings 4 hours in 4 hours, 420 ℃ roastings of 120 ℃ of dryings 4 hours.Nickel, molybdenum, potassium oxide content are listed in the table 1 among the catalyst C1.
Nickel, molybdenum, potassium content adopt the x ray fluorescence spectrometry method to measure (down together).
Comparative Examples 1
This Comparative Examples explanation Comparative Examples Catalysts and its preparation method.
Take by weighing nickel nitrate 4.0 grams, ammonium molybdate 6 grams, potassium hydroxide 2.2 grams adopt 16 weight %NH 3Aqueous solution dissolving, be made into 90 milliliters of maceration extracts.With this solution impregnation 100 gram carrier Z 4 hours, then 120 ℃ of dryings 4 hours, 420 ℃ of roastings 4 hours obtained catalyst B 1.Nickel, molybdenum, potassium oxide content are listed in the table 1 in the catalyst B 1.
Comparative Examples 2
This Comparative Examples explanation Comparative Examples Catalysts and its preparation method.
Take by weighing nickel nitrate 4 grams, ammonium molybdate 6 grams, potassium hydroxide 2.2 restrains, and adopts the NH of 16 weight % 3Aqueous solution dissolving is made into 90 milliliters of maceration extracts.With this solution impregnation 100 gram carrier Z 4 hours,, flood once more for 80 milliliters with containing the nickel nitrate 2 gram aqueous solution after reducing to room temperature, and, obtain catalyst B 2 in 4 hours, 420 ℃ roastings of 120 ℃ of dryings 4 hours in 4 hours, 420 ℃ roastings of 120 ℃ of dryings 4 hours.Nickel, molybdenum, potassium oxide content are listed in the table 1 in the catalyst B 2.
Example 2
This example illustrates Catalysts and its preparation method provided by the invention.
Take by weighing nickel nitrate 4 grams, ammonium molybdate 6 grams, potassium hydroxide 9 restrains, and adopts the NH of 16 weight % 3Aqueous solution dissolving is made into 90 milliliters of maceration extracts.With this solution impregnation 100 gram carrier Z 4 hours, in 4 hours, 420 ℃ roastings of 120 ℃ of dryings 4 hours, reduce to after the room temperature with 80 milliliters of the aqueous solution that contain 10 gram nickel nitrates dipping once more, open in 4 hours, 420 ℃ roastings of 120 ℃ of dryings 4 hours, obtain catalyst C2.Nickel, molybdenum, potassium oxide content are listed in the table 1 among the catalyst C2.
Example 3
This example illustrates Catalysts and its preparation method provided by the invention.
Take by weighing nickel nitrate 10 grams, ammonium molybdate 14 grams, potassium hydroxide 6.5 restrains, and adopts the NH of 16 weight % 3Aqueous solution dissolving is made into 90 milliliters of maceration extracts.With this solution impregnation 100 gram carrier Z 4 hours,, reduce to after the room temperature with 80 milliliters of the aqueous solution that contain 14 gram nickel nitrates dipping once more, and, obtain catalyst C3 in 4 hours, 420 ℃ roastings of 120 ℃ of dryings 4 hours in 4 hours, 420 ℃ roastings of 120 ℃ of dryings 4 hours.Nickel, molybdenum, potassium oxide content are listed in the table 1 among the catalyst C3.
Example 4
This example illustrates Catalysts and its preparation method provided by the invention.
Take by weighing SB aluminium hydrate powder 800 grams that German CONDEA company produces, and contain magnesium nitrate [Mg (NO 3) 26H 2O] aqueous solution of 115 grams mix for 750 milliliters, are extruded into circumscribed circle diameter and are 1.4 millimeters trilobal bar, 120 ℃ of oven dry, roasting obtained the alumina support Z2 that 602 grams contain magnesia 3.1 weight % in 2 hours under 550 ℃ of air atmospheres.
Take by weighing nickel nitrate 7.5 grams, 11 milliliters of ammonium metatungstate solutions (79.3 gram tungstic acid/100 ml solns), potassium nitrate 11.8 restrains, and adopts the NH of 16 weight % 3Aqueous solution dissolving is made into 90 milliliters of co-impregnated solutions.With this solution impregnation 100 gram carriers Z24 hour, then 120 ℃ of dryings 4 hours, 420 ℃ of roastings 4 hours obtained catalyst C4.Nickel, tungsten, potassium oxide content are listed in the table 1 among the catalyst C4.
Table 1
Example The catalyst numbering Content, heavy % Nickel/molybdenum or tungsten (atom)
Nickel oxide Molybdenum oxide Tungsten oxide Potassium oxide
1 C1 1.4 4.5 2.1 0.6
Comparative Examples 1 B1 0.9 4.6 1.4 0.4
Comparative Examples 2 B2 1.4 4.6 1.4 0.6
2 C2 3.1 4.3 - 5.4 1.4
3 C3 5.5 10.5 - 4.1 1.0
4 C4 1.7 - 7.9 5.0 0.7
Example 5-8
The explanation of this example the invention provides the alkadienes selective hydrogenation performance that catalyst is used for gasoline fraction oil.
With the catalytically cracked gasoline heavy distillate is raw material (its character sees Table 2), evaluate catalysts C1, C2, C3, C4 on the 50ml fixed-bed reactor.Before formal charging, with the direct steaming gasoline that contains 2 heavy % carbon disulfide catalyst is vulcanized earlier, conditions of vulcanization is: hydrogen dividing potential drop 1.6 MPas, 290 ℃ of temperature, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) 2h -1, hydrogen to oil volume ratio 300, cure time 9 hours, cut raw material afterwards and react, reaction temperature is 240 ℃, the hydrogen dividing potential drop is 1.6 MPas, volume space velocity 20 hours -1, hydrogen-oil ratio (volume) 100 reacts sample analysis after 100 hours, the results are shown in table 3.
The assay method of diene value: accurately draw 5 milliliters of samples in the ground conical flask with pipette, accurately add 20 milliliters of benzene-anhydrous maleic acid anhydride solutions (containing 30 gram anhydrous maleic acid acid anhydrides in every liter of benzene) and 0.2 milliliter of iodo-xylene solution (0.1N) with pipette again, replace sample to do blank test with 10 milliliters of benzene simultaneously.Conical flask is loaded onto spherical reflux condenser, put into 80 ℃ of waters bath with thermostatic control and refluxed 30 minutes,, continue to reflux 30 minutes, make the abundant hydrolysis of residue maleic anhydride again from condenser adding 5 ml deionized water suitable for reading.Be cooled to room temperature, with 5 milliliters of ether, 20 ml deionized water flushing condenser, unload conical flask then respectively.Mixture in the bottle poured in 250 milliliters of separatory funnels separate.With the aqueous solution after the sodium hydroxide solution titration separation of 0.5N, record consumes volume at last.
L * the d of diene value=12.692 * N * (B-A)
In the formula: the N-NaOH concentration of standard solution
The volume of the NaOH solution that the B-blank test is consumed, milliliter
The volume of the NaOH solution that the A-sample is consumed, milliliter
The L-volume of sample, milliliter
20 ℃ of density of d-sample, grams per milliliter
The assay method of bromine valency is RIPP 66-90.
Comparative Examples 3-4
This Comparative Examples explanation reference catalyst is used for the hydrofinishing performance of gasoline fraction oil.
Adopt with example 4 same procedure evaluations and estimate Comparative Examples catalyst B 1, B2, reaction result sees Table 3.
Table 2
The oil product title Catalytically cracked gasoline heavy distillat
Density (20 ℃), g/cm 3Sulphur, ppm diene value, gI 2/ 100g bromine valency; GBr/100g boiling range D-86, ℃ initial boiling point 10% 50% 90% 95% is done 0.7855 1680 1.6 37.1 92 112 135 165 174 190
Table 3
Example 5 Contrast medium 3 Contrast medium 4 6 7 8
Catalyst C1 B1 B2 C2 C3* C4
The product characteristics diene value, gI 2/ 100g bromine valency, gBr/100g 0.3 36.1 0.6 33.9 0.5 34.7 <0.2 36.3 <0.2 36.4 <0.2 35.4
* the C3 reaction temperature is 230 ℃
The result of table 3 can illustrate, compares with existing catalyst, and catalyst provided by the invention has higher diene hydrogenation activity when being used for the hydrofinishing of gasoline fraction oil.
The bromine valency of feedstock oil is 37.1gBr/100ml, and the generation oil bromine valency behind the hydrogenation all decreases.But from the result of table 3 as can be seen, adopt when the invention provides catalyst, generate the degree that oily bromine valency reduces and be lower than existing catalyst, illustrate that the invention provides catalyst has selectivity preferably.

Claims (6)

1, a kind of alkadienes selective hydrocatalyst, this catalyst contains a kind of alumina support and loads on the cobalt that is selected from group VIII on this carrier and/or molybdenum and/or the tungsten and the alkaline components of nickel, group vib, it is characterized in that, in oxide and with the catalyst is benchmark, this catalyst contain the molybdenum that is selected from group vib of the cobalt that is selected from group VIII of 0.5-8 weight % and/or nickel, 2-15 weight % and/or tungsten,>alkali metal of 2-8 weight % and the alumina support of aequum.
2, catalyst according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, in oxide and with the catalyst is benchmark, and this catalyst contains the molybdenum that is selected from group vib and/or tungsten, the alkali metal of 2.5-6 weight % and the alumina support of aequum of the cobalt that is selected from group VIII of 1-6 weight % and/or nickel, 4-12 weight %.
3, catalyst according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that, described group VIII metal component is a nickel.
4, catalyst according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that, described alkali metal is potassium.
5, catalyst according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the atomic ratio of described group VIII metal component and group vib metal component is 0.5-2.
6, catalyst according to claim 5 is characterized in that, the atomic ratio of described group VIII metal component and group vib metal component is 0.7-1.5.
CN 200310121167 2003-12-22 2003-12-22 Selective hydrogenation catalyst for alkadiene Expired - Lifetime CN1272103C (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN 200310121167 CN1272103C (en) 2003-12-22 2003-12-22 Selective hydrogenation catalyst for alkadiene
US11/016,986 US7745372B2 (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-21 Catalyst for selective hydrogenation of olefins and its preparation as well as use
FR0413779A FR2864102B1 (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-22 SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION CATALYST OF OLEFINS AND ITS PREPARATION AND USE
KR1020040110202A KR101122209B1 (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-22 A catalyst for selective hydrogenation of olefins and its preparation as well as use

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CN1916121B (en) * 2005-08-17 2010-04-21 中国石油天然气集团公司 Method for preparing diene selective hydrotreating catalyst for gasoline
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CN104437523B (en) * 2013-09-22 2016-08-24 中国石油化工股份有限公司 A kind of alkadienes selective hydrocatalyst and preparation thereof and application
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2811194C1 (en) * 2023-06-02 2024-01-11 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки "Федеральный исследовательский центр "Институт катализа им. Г.К. Борескова Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук" Catalyst for selective hydrogenation of dienes

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