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CN113710393A - 使用动量传递方法的增材制造 - Google Patents

使用动量传递方法的增材制造 Download PDF

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CN113710393A
CN113710393A CN202080030393.4A CN202080030393A CN113710393A CN 113710393 A CN113710393 A CN 113710393A CN 202080030393 A CN202080030393 A CN 202080030393A CN 113710393 A CN113710393 A CN 113710393A
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metal
metal product
instructions
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controller
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G·戴恩
A·维韦克
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Ohio State Innovation Foundation
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/25Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B22F12/00Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40Radiation means
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    • B22F12/43Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam pulsed; frequency modulated
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B22F7/00Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
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    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/0006Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring taking account of the properties of the material involved
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/352Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
    • B23K26/356Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment by shock processing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/70Auxiliary operations or equipment
    • B23K26/702Auxiliary equipment
    • B23K26/703Cooling arrangements
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23PMETAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P6/00Restoring or reconditioning objects
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23PMETAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P6/00Restoring or reconditioning objects
    • B23P6/04Repairing fractures or cracked metal parts or products, e.g. castings
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00Processes of additive manufacturing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y30/00Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y50/00Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B33Y50/02Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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    • C23C24/02Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
    • C23C24/04Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
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    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C23C24/10Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
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    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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    • B22F7/00Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
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Abstract

通过增材制造方法生产一种金属产品。一种用于实践的装置具有控制器,所述控制器具有用于实现所述金属产品的制造的存储指令集。通过与所述控制器双向通信的打印头在目标平台上以分段或分层的方式制造所述金属产品。所述打印头以动量传递技术操作,其中来自脉冲源的脉冲能量用于朝向所述目标平台发射金属件,所述金属件在所述目标平台处粘结以制造所述金属产品。

Description

使用动量传递方法的增材制造
技术领域
所公开的实施方案涉及基于使用动量传递技术来以逐层方式粘结金属件的增材制造方法。此类技术允许精确放置,而不具有热输入固有的对微结构的破坏。
背景技术
增材制造基于由到控制器的一组指令对三维打印机的打印头的控制,通过预先确定材料的分段或分层放置来构建产品,该组指令基于产品的三维模型。在一种已知的方式中,使用诸如电子束之类的源将一定长度的金属丝选择性地熔化到正在构建的件上。该技术被称为诸如处理器工件,金属逐层堆积的一种已知方式涉及在打印头处施加熔化的金属作为构建点处的加热金属丝。另一种是所谓的“冷喷涂”技术,其中微米尺寸的颗粒以高速冲击表面。冷喷涂技术的一个示例是美国专利No.10,315,218。冷喷涂的一个已知限制是其通常用作涂覆技术,而不是作为将部件构建为近净形状的方式。本领域已知的另一种增材制造技术是使用粉末金属的烧结金属技术。
因此,提供采用动量传递技术的增材制造方法是现有技术的未满足的优点。
发明内容
下文更详细地描述和示出的装置和方法提供了该优点和其他未满足的优点。
在一些实施方案中,用于金属产品的增材制造的装置包括控制器,该控制器中存储有用于实现金属产品的制造的指令集;目标平台,在该目标平台上以分段或分层方式制造金属产品;以及打印头,该打印头与控制器双向通信。该装置的特征在于,打印头从脉冲源接收脉冲能量以使用动量传递技术朝向目标平台发射金属件,金属件在目标平台处粘结以制造金属产品。
在实施方案中的一些实施方案中,动量传递技术是激光冲击焊接。在这样的情况下,打印头包括具有预先确定面积和形状的孔的背板以及具有预先确定厚度和组成的飞片金属幅材(web),该飞片金属幅材定位在背板和脉冲源之间,使得脉冲能量加速飞片金属件穿过孔,从而朝向目标平台发射飞片金属件。
在一些实施方案中,指令集通过使用来自脉冲源的预先确定量的脉冲能量朝向目标平台的预先确定位置顺序发射具有预先确定质量的飞片金属件来实现金属产品的三维模型。在这些实施方案中的一些实施方案中,金属产品是在目标平台上由飞片金属构建的主体。
在一些实施方案中,飞片金属件填充预先存在的金属主体中的裂缝或裂隙以生产金属产品。
在一些实施方案中,飞片金属件向预先存在的金属主体添加特征结构以生产金属产品。
在其他实施方案中,飞片金属件产生两个或更多个预先存在的件的同质焊缝或异质焊缝。
在又一些实施方案中,飞片金属件为预先存在的金属主体提供表面涂层。
用于金属产品的增材制造的方法,包括以下步骤:
获得该金属产品的三维模型以及使用打印头实现该三维模型的一组指令;
将该组指令提供给控制器,该控制器对至少打印头和脉冲源进行操作控制;
以顺序方式将该组指令从控制器传输至打印头和脉冲源,其中该组指令中的每个指令指示脉冲源将预先确定的能量脉冲引导朝向在其中具有孔的背板顶上的飞片金属幅材,使得飞片金属件从该幅材被剪切掉并且朝向目标平台的预先确定位置发射,发射的速度足以将所发射的件粘结到在目标平台上根据三维模型构造的金属产品上;以及
重复传输步骤,直到到达该组指令的结束,从而产生金属产品。
附图说明
从附图中将获得对所公开的实施方案的更好的理解,在附图中,相同的部件用相同的附图标记标识,并且其中:
图1是增材制造装置的示意图;
图2是用于增材制造装置的打印头和目标的第一实施方案的示意图;并且
图3是用于增材制造装置的打印头和目标的第二实施方案的示意图。
具体实施方式
小块金属可彼此粘结,前提条件是它们以适当的冲击速度和角度逐渐加在一起。这可用于以近净形状构建主体,或填充裂缝,增加特征结构,产生同质或异质焊缝,或提供表面涂层。
本申请的方法和装置使用显著较大尺寸的颗粒。由冷喷涂技术产生的接口和孔隙度提供差的特性。在此处提出的概念中,固态焊接由尺寸为毫米或厘米的金属单元实现。这可以为沉积物提供高得多的沉积速率和好得多的机械特性。
存在用于将飞片塞加速到目标以提供动量传递效果的多种方法。这些方法中的三种方法是特别值得注意的。
第一种方法是烧蚀激光发射。在Daehn(本文中的发明人)和Lippold的美国专利No.8,084,710中描述了该方法的一般概念。该方法的修改可适于增材制造所需的高通量应用。
第二种方法是汽化箔致动器。在Vivek(本文中的发明人)的美国专利No.9,021,845中描述了该方法的一般概念。该方法可与自动进料一起使用,以便以高速和适当接触角高生产率地发射连续金属块(slugs)。
第三种方法是传统弹道枪。该装置可用于达到所需的冲击速度(通常超过500m/s),并且只要枪可相对于目标表面布置成提供适当冲击角度(通常为约20°),就可实现连续的冲击焊接。
据信,提供了若干潜在的可专利性概念。这些包括使用一系列飞片主体来构建、修理、成形或接合主体。它们还包括将该概念应用于形状的制作。据信,这可应用于冷修理或现场修理。其还涉及使用长的(即,50ns-500ns)高强度(即,约10GW/cm2)激光脉冲。
现在转向附图,图1示出了增材制造装置10的示意图。在增材制造中,获得待构造产品的三维模型。该模型被转换成一组指令,该组指令可被存储在专用控制器12中或可由通用计算机传输到控制器。控制器12与将在其上构建产品的平台14以及用于实现来自指令集的指令的打印头16相关联。因此,打印头16至少与控制器12单向通信以接收指令,并且优选地双向通信,特别是用于发送关于打印头相对于目标平台14的位置和取向的信息。
在使用动量传递来激励打印头16的操作的增材制造装置10的实例中,如在此处所描述的,还需要具有脉冲源18,特别是与控制器12通信以接收指令并通知控制器关于其操作条件的脉冲源。
请注意图2,以示意性的方式描绘了打印头的第一实施方案116结合目标平台的第一实施方案114。在这种情况下,打印头116具有带有孔122的背板120。虽然以侧视图示出,但应当理解,该孔122可以以若干种不同的形状构造,包括圆形、正方形、矩形等。背板120被定位在目标平台114和飞片金属幅材124之间。当源自脉冲源的激光脉冲119撞击飞片金属幅材124时,在孔122处引导的激光脉冲的冲击使飞片金属加速。定位在孔122上方的幅材124中的飞片金属不受限制,从而导致其从该幅材被剪切掉并且朝向目标平台114加速。飞片金属的这些剪切件126以角度α和足以引起粘结的速度冲击目标平台。因为飞片金属幅材的厚度是已知的,并且因为孔122的面积和形状可通过选择背板来改变,所以剪切件126的体积和三维轮廓可以是预先确定的。通过改变飞片金属幅材的组成,可以预先确定剪切件126的材料和密度。还可以预先确定激光脉冲119的功率和持续时间。
该技术可用于填充用作目标的金属中的裂缝或裂隙,并且其还可用于赋予目标表面涂层或在目标的表面上堆积特征结构。这些技术的差异仅仅是在控制器中使用的三维模型的差异之一。
请注意图3,以示意性的方式描绘了打印头的第二实施方案216结合目标平台的第二实施方案214。在这种情况下,打印头216具有带有孔222的背板220。虽然以侧视图示出,但应当理解,该孔222可以以若干种不同的形状构造,包括圆形、正方形、矩形等。背板220被定位在目标平台214和飞片金属幅材224之间。当源自脉冲源的激光脉冲219撞击飞片金属幅材224时,在孔222处引导的激光脉冲的冲击使飞片金属加速。定位在孔222上方的幅材224中的飞片金属不受限制,从而导致其从该幅材被剪切掉并且朝向目标平台214加速。在这种情况下,目标平台214具有两个待接合的金属件228、229。飞片金属的这些剪切件226冲击件228、229或先前已被冲击到填充区230中的剪切件。剪切件226的碰撞以足以引起粘结的速度传递动量。因为飞片金属幅材224的厚度是已知的,并且因为孔222的面积和形状可通过选择背板来改变,所以剪切件226的体积和三维轮廓可以是预先确定的。通过改变飞片金属幅材的组成,可以预先确定剪切件226的材料和密度。还可以预先确定激光脉冲219的功率和持续时间。将认识到,件228、229可具有相同的或不同的金属或组成,并且填充区230甚至可包括不同的金属。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于金属产品的增材制造的装置,所述装置包括控制器,所述控制器中存储有用于实现所述金属产品的制造的指令集;目标平台,在所述目标平台上以分段或分层方式制造所述金属产品;以及打印头,所述打印头与所述控制器双向通信,所述装置的特征在于:
所述打印头从脉冲源接收脉冲能量以使用动量传递技术朝向所述目标平台发射金属件,所述金属件在所述目标平台处粘结以制造所述金属产品。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述动量传递技术是激光冲击焊接。
3.如权利要求2所述的装置,其中所述打印头包括具有预先确定面积和形状的孔的背板以及具有预先确定厚度和组成的飞片金属幅材,所述飞片金属幅材定位在所述背板和所述脉冲源之间,使得所述脉冲能量加速飞片金属件穿过所述孔,从而朝向所述目标平台发射所述飞片金属件。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其中所述指令集通过使用来自所述脉冲源的预先确定量的脉冲能量朝向所述目标平台的预先确定位置顺序发射具有预先确定质量的飞片金属件来实现所述金属产品的三维模型。
5.如权利要求4所述的装置,其中所述金属产品是在所述目标平台上由所述飞片金属构建的主体。
6.如权利要求4所述的装置,其中所述飞片金属件填充预先存在的金属主体中的裂缝或裂隙以生产所述金属产品。
7.如权利要求4所述的装置,其中所述飞片金属件向预先存在的金属主体添加特征结构以生产所述金属产品。
8.如权利要求4所述的装置,其中所述飞片金属件产生两个或更多个预先存在的件的同质焊缝或异质焊缝。
9.如权利要求4所述的装置,其中所述飞片金属件为预先存在的金属主体提供表面涂层。
10.一种用于金属产品的增材制造的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
获得所述金属产品的三维模型以及使用打印头实现所述三维模型的一组指令;
将所述一组指令提供给控制器,所述控制器对至少所述打印头和脉冲源进行操作控制;
以顺序方式将所述一组指令从所述控制器传输至所述打印头和所述脉冲源,其中所述一组指令中的每个指令指示所述脉冲源将预先确定的能量脉冲引导朝向在其中具有孔的背板顶上的飞片金属幅材,使得所述飞片金属件从所述幅材被剪切掉并且朝向所述目标平台的预先确定位置发射,发射的速度足以将所发射的件粘结到在所述目标平台上根据所述三维模型构造的所述金属产品上;以及
重复传输步骤,直到到达所述一组指令的结束,从而产生所述金属产品。
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