CN113560058B - Array integrated electrostatic atomization device capable of stabilizing multiple jet flow modes and experimental system - Google Patents
Array integrated electrostatic atomization device capable of stabilizing multiple jet flow modes and experimental system Download PDFInfo
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- CN113560058B CN113560058B CN202110828942.9A CN202110828942A CN113560058B CN 113560058 B CN113560058 B CN 113560058B CN 202110828942 A CN202110828942 A CN 202110828942A CN 113560058 B CN113560058 B CN 113560058B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
- B05B5/16—Arrangements for supplying liquids or other fluent material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
- B05B1/02—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to produce a jet, spray, or other discharge of particular shape or nature, e.g. in single drops, or having an outlet of particular shape
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B13/00—Machines or plants for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces of objects or other work by spraying, not covered by groups B05B1/00 - B05B11/00
- B05B13/02—Means for supporting work; Arrangement or mounting of spray heads; Adaptation or arrangement of means for feeding work
- B05B13/0278—Arrangement or mounting of spray heads
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- Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an array integrated electrostatic atomization device and an experimental system for stabilizing a multi-strand jet mode, wherein the array integrated electrostatic atomization device comprises a plurality of flat capillary nozzles and double-layer crossed space shielding electrodes, and the double-layer crossed space shielding electrodes comprise cylindrical wall-shaped electrodes and electrodes; the bottom of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode is arranged at the upper part of the electrode and is in one-to-one correspondence with the through holes on the electrode; the input end of the plain capillary nozzle is connected with the liquid injection unit, the output end of the plain capillary nozzle is arranged at the central position of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode, and the end part of the output end is kept flush with the bottom edge of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode; the plain end capillary nozzle is connected with a negative high-voltage direct-current power supply; applying the array integrated electrostatic atomization device to an electrostatic atomization test; the stability of single-capillary multi-strand jet atomization is enhanced by using a double-layer crossed space shielding electrode and a plain capillary.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of electrostatic atomization, and particularly relates to an array integrated electrostatic atomization device with a stable multi-jet mode and an experimental system.
Background
Electrostatic Spray (ES) technology is an atomization technology that can produce large quantities of charged droplets with very low energy consumption. The main principle of this technique is to weaken the surface tension of the liquid flowing out of the nozzle and break it up by the electrostatic action of an applied electric field. Compared with the traditional mechanical atomization method, the liquid drops generated by electrostatic spraying have the remarkable advantages of small particle size, good monodispersity, good controllability and the like, and show great application potential in a plurality of fields such as film preparation, ink-jet printing, bio-pharmaceuticals and the like.
In recent years, studies and applications related to electrostatic atomization have focused mainly on the cone jet mode, because fine atomized droplet clusters with good monodispersity can be stably generated in the mode. However, when electrostatically atomizing is operated in this mode, a power-law relationship is generated in which there is a high positive correlation between the droplet diameter and the liquid supply flow rate. This means that if a micro/nano-scale population of atomized droplets is to be obtained in this mode, the supply flow must be limited to a very small order. This property limits to a large extent the production of atomized droplets when electrostatic spraying is applied in industrial fields. Research on multi-jet flow modes and integration thereof provides a new solution for breaking through the bottleneck of electrostatic atomization flow. In the multi-jet mode, the supply flow rate can be greatly increased while the particle size of the generated droplets can be maintained at the micro/nano level. On the basis, if the nozzles are integrated in an array mode, namely the number of the nozzles are overlapped and arranged according to a certain mode and the nozzles operate in a multi-jet mode, the yield of atomized liquid drops can be further greatly improved.
The main drawback of electrostatic spraying currently operating in multi-jet mode is poor stability. When the array integrated nozzle is used for operating in a multi-jet mode, voltage edge effect is generated between the jets of the adjacent nozzles due to the existence of spray current, and mutual interference is generated. In general, the instability of the multi-jet mode affects the monodispersity and other characteristics of the generated droplets, which is a major technical bottleneck limiting the application of the multi-jet mode in the industrial production field.
Disclosure of Invention
According to the defects and defects of the prior art, the invention provides an array integrated electrostatic atomization device and an experimental system with a stable multi-strand jet flow mode, a detachable double-layer crossed space shielding electrode is designed, a novel flat capillary is manufactured based on a 3D printing technology, the stability of single-capillary multi-strand jet flow atomization is enhanced, and meanwhile, an organic glass plate is adopted to fix a micro-channel unit and the shielding electrode, so that an atomization nozzle is integrated, and the influence of a voltage edge effect between the outlets of adjacent micro-channels is eliminated. The device has the advantages of combining the advantages of a cone jet flow mode and a multi-strand jet flow mode, has the advantages of large supply flow, small device size, low cost, high stability and the like, and can effectively improve the running stability of the current array integrated atomization device in the multi-strand jet flow mode and the monodispersity and yield of generated atomized liquid drops.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
an array integrated electrostatic atomization device with a stable multi-strand jet flow mode comprises a plurality of flat capillary nozzles and double-layer crossed space shielding electrodes, wherein the double-layer crossed space shielding electrodes comprise cylindrical wall-shaped electrodes and electrodes; the bottom of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode is arranged at the upper part of the electrode and is in one-to-one correspondence with the through holes on the electrode; the input end of the plain capillary nozzle is connected with the liquid injection unit, the output end of the plain capillary nozzle is arranged at the central position of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode, and the end part of the output end is kept flush with the bottom edge of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode; the plain end capillary nozzle is connected with a negative high-voltage direct-current power supply.
Furthermore, the interior of the plain end capillary nozzle is a circular through hole, and the inner diameter of the through hole is between 0.2mm and 0.5 mm.
Further, the flat capillary nozzle is uniformly cylindrical at the outside and has an outer diameter of 0.8 to 1.0 mm.
Further, the outer wall of the injection end of the plain capillary nozzle is set to be conical.
Further, a hydrophobic coating is applied to the outer face of the spray tip.
Furthermore, the cylindrical wall electrode is made of red copper, and the electrode is made of red copper.
Further, the array integrated electrostatic atomization device comprises a fixed plate, an adjusting plate and a supporting plate, wherein the fixed plate and the adjusting plate are arranged in parallel, and the supporting plate is arranged between the fixed plate and the adjusting plate; the adjusting plate is provided with mounting holes, the cylindrical wall-shaped electrodes are arranged in the mounting holes one by one, and the electrodes are attached to the bottom of the adjusting plate and connected with the bottom edge of each cylindrical wall-shaped electrode.
Furthermore, the electrode adopts a copper foil patch electrode.
An array integrated electrostatic atomization experimental system for stabilizing a multi-strand jet mode comprises a liquid injection unit, an array integrated electrostatic atomization device, a grounding electrode and an information acquisition unit; the input end of a plain end capillary nozzle in the array integrated electrostatic atomization device is connected with a liquid injection unit; the grounding electrode is arranged below the plain end capillary nozzle and is grounded; the information acquisition unit comprises an LED cold light source and a camera, the LED cold light source irradiates towards an atomization area between the plain end capillary nozzle and the grounding electrode, and the camera acquires an experiment image in the atomization area.
Furthermore, the grounding electrode is used as a positive electrode and corresponds to the plain capillary nozzle of the negative electrode, and the distance between the grounding electrode and the plain capillary nozzle is kept at 20 mm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. to the capillary spray pipe microchannel that adopts in this device, through carrying out reasonable nozzle design and operating mode setting, can realize the stable stranded efflux electrostatic spraying of single nozzle. Compared with a conventional conical jet flow mode, the multi-jet flow mode atomizing jet flow generated by the device expands a stable operation interval of the multi-jet flow mode while ensuring larger supply flow, and keeps good property of generating atomized liquid drops, so that the device has important significance on practicability of multi-jet flow electrostatic atomization.
2. In order to solve the voltage edge effect influence generated among capillary micro nozzles of the array nozzle device, a double-layer cross space shielding electrode made of red copper is designed. The device has simple assembly and low cost, eliminates the voltage edge effect between adjacent nozzles, and ensures that the jet flow generated by each nozzle does not interfere with each other. In addition, the electrode shielding device also realizes the limitation of the cone angle of the spray of a plurality of jets, and can gather the generated fog drops in a smaller space.
3. By further improving the integration level of the array integrated atomization device, the supply flow can be improved by times, and the yield of atomized liquid drops is correspondingly and greatly improved. Meanwhile, the average diameter and the size distribution of the generated atomized droplets can keep good properties similar to those of droplets generated in a cone jet mode, and cannot be obviously changed along with the improvement of the integration level. Therefore, the method realizes the production of large-flow liquid drops in a multi-jet mode, enlarges the stable operation range, and has the advantages of stable atomizing process in a cone jet mode, convenient operation and good property of generated liquid drops, which is difficult to realize by the traditional atomizing method and the common nozzle device.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an array integrated electrostatic atomization device for stabilizing multiple jet patterns according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a two-dimensional structure of a portion of a plain capillary tube according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a double layer crossed space shield electrode of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an electrostatic atomization experimental apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the evolution of the multi-jet electrohydrodynamic atomization morphology under different integration levels;
FIG. 6 is a run domain of microchannel electrohydrodynamic jet atomization;
FIG. 7 is a graph of the voltage applied between zones required to create and maintain stable multi-jet mode operation under different array integrated microchannel devices;
FIG. 8 is a graph of the average size of droplets generated in a stable multi-jet pattern with an array integrated microchannel device as a function of supply flow rate.
In the figure, 1, a plain end capillary nozzle, 2, a fixing plate, 3, a supporting plate, 4, a cylindrical wall electrode, 5, an adjusting plate, 6, an electrode, 7, a micro-injection pump, 8, an injector, 9, a negative high-voltage direct-current power supply, 10, a camera, 11, an LED cold light source, 12, a grounding plate, 13, an infusion tube, 14, a lead, 15 and a ground electrode.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
An array integrated electrostatic atomization device for stabilizing a multi-jet mode as shown in fig. 1 comprises a plurality of flat-mouth capillary nozzles 1, a double-layer crossed space shielding electrode, a fixing plate 2, a supporting plate 3 and an adjusting plate 5. The fixed plate 2, the supporting plate 3 and the adjusting plate 5 are all made of organic glass. The double-layer crossed space shielding electrode comprises a cylindrical wall-shaped electrode 4 and an electrode 6; the electrode 6 is provided with through holes, and the bottom of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode 4 is arranged at the upper part of the electrode 6 and is in one-to-one correspondence with the through holes on the electrode 6; the input end of the plain capillary nozzle 1 is connected with a liquid injection unit, the output end of the plain capillary nozzle 1 is arranged at the central position of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode 4, and the end part of the output end is kept flush with the bottom edge of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode 4; the plain end capillary nozzle is connected with a negative high-voltage direct current power supply 9.
The interior of the plain end capillary nozzle 1 is a circular through hole, and the inner diameter of the through hole is between 0.2mm and 0.5 mm. The flat capillary nozzle 1 is uniformly cylindrical and has an outer diameter of 0.8 to 1.0 mm. In order to increase the liquid cone attachment area at the outlet of the nozzle, further enhance the stability of atomized jet flow to resist external disturbance and ensure the monodispersity of generated atomized liquid drops, the outer wall of the spraying end of the plain capillary nozzle 1 is set to be conical, the outer diameter of the bottommost part of the plain capillary nozzle 1 is controlled to be 1.7-2.0 mm, and uniform transition is realized; an inner inclined ring surface is formed between the conical end and the inner pipeline, and the vertical distance between the lower outlet position of the inner circular hole of the plain end capillary and the ring surface of the lower outer end is 0.2 mm; the total length of the plain capillary nozzle 1 is controlled to 30 to 40 mm.
As shown in FIG. 3, the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode 4 is made of red copper, and has an outer diameter of 8mm, an inner diameter of 7mm, a thickness of 0.5mm and a height of 5 mm. The electrode 6 is made of red copper, the size is 35mm multiplied by 35mm, the thickness is 1mm, the diameter of a round through hole on the electrode 6 is 8mm, and the circle center position of each hole is aligned with the fixing plate 2 and the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode 4 one by one. When the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode 4 and the electrode 6 are assembled, the lower end of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode 4 is required to be flush with the lower end surface of the round through hole on the electrode 6, and the double-layer cross space shielding electrode in the invention is obtained.
In order to fix the flat capillary nozzle 1, the flat capillary nozzle 1 is fixed by the fixing plate 2, the adjusting plate 5, and the support plate 3. Specifically, the fixed plate 2 and the adjusting plate 5 are arranged in parallel, and the supporting plate 3 is arranged between the fixed plate 2 and the adjusting plate 5; mounting holes are formed in the adjusting plate 5, the cylindrical wall-shaped electrodes 4 are arranged in the mounting holes one by one, and the electrodes 6 are attached to the bottom of the adjusting plate 5 and connected with the bottom edge of each cylindrical wall-shaped electrode 4; the electrode 6 is a copper foil patch electrode.
As shown in fig. 4, an experimental system applied to the above array integrated electrostatic atomization device with stable multi-jet mode includes a micro-injection pump 7, an injector 8, a negative high voltage dc power supply 9, a camera 10, an LED cold light source 11, a grounded circular copper plate, an infusion tube 13, a lead 14, and a ground electrode 15. The plain end capillary nozzle 1 is connected with an injector 7 filled with working medium liquid through a liquid conveying pipe 13, and the voltage edge effect between adjacent capillaries is weakened through a cylindrical wall electrode 4 and an electrode 6. The injector 7 is controlled by a micro-injection pump, supplies working fluid at a fixed flow rate, and is uniformly distributed to each capillary nozzle through a liquid conveying pipe in the same form. The voltage of the negative high-voltage direct-current power supply 9 is output to the plain capillary nozzle 1 through a lead 14, so that the nozzle is a cathode, and the grounding circular copper plate is connected with a ground electrode 15 through the lead 14. The grounded circular copper plate is used as a positive electrode and corresponds to a nozzle of a negative electrode, and is positioned 20mm below the nozzle 1. The LED cold light source 11 illuminates the atomization area between the grounded circular copper plate 12 and the plain capillary nozzle 1, and the camera 10 collects experimental images.
The working process of the invention is further explained below:
under the conditions of the environmental temperature of 25 +/-0.5 ℃ and the relative humidity of 40 +/-2.5 percent, the atomized working medium absolute ethyl alcohol is loaded into an injector 8 and is installed on a micro-flow injection pump 7 after calibration, and the total supply flow is controlled to be 20-200 mu L/min. Working medium liquid flows to the nozzle 1 after passing through the liquid conveying pipe 13, forms jet flow at the nozzle tip and is broken under the influence of negative high pressure. As the applied voltage increases, the atomized jet gradually evolves from a droplet mode to a cone jet mode, and finally to a multi-jet mode.
In order to illustrate the effect of the array integrated electrostatic atomizer of the present invention, the array integrated atomizer of the present invention was replaced with a single capillary microchannel and a higher integrated array integrated atomizer, and comparative experiments were performed, as shown in the following figures.
In fig. 5, in the single capillary microchannel atomization apparatus in fig. 5(a), the initial voltage for forming the multi-jet mode is small (about 4.5 kV), a stable multi-jet mode appears when the voltage is increased to about 5kV, the number of stable jet strands increases with the increase of the applied voltage, and after a certain critical value (about 6 kV) is reached, the jet loses stability and becomes a disordered multi-jet mode. It can be seen that the stable operation interval of the multi-strand jet flow mode is less than 1kV under the single capillary micro-channel device.
As shown in fig. 5(b), in the array-integrated atomizing device, the initial voltage for forming the multi-jet mode was about 5kV, which is higher than that in the case of the single capillary microchannel device. Stable jets appeared when the voltage was increased to 8kV and did not become unstable until the voltage was increased to around 10 kV.
As shown in fig. 5(c), the initial voltage for forming the multi-jet pattern is also around 5kV, and the stable multi-jet occurs when the applied voltage is 10kV, and the applied voltage can be continuously increased to around 12kV, and the jet starts to become unstable.
In conclusion, the array integrated atomization device can form stable multi-jet flows while the supply flow rate is doubled, accordingly, the atomization yield can be improved, and meanwhile, the operation interval (about 2 kV) of the stable multi-jet flows is increased and cannot be changed along with the improvement of the integration level. In addition, the number of jet streams in the stable multi-stream jet atomization formed under the array integrated microchannel atomization device does not change along with the increase of the applied voltage, which is different from the case of the single capillary microchannel atomization device.
CJa in fig. 6 indicates the onset of cone jet, CJv indicates the disappearance of cone jet, MJa indicates the onset of meniscus multiple jets, EMJa indicates the onset of edge multiple jets, SMJv indicates the disappearance of stable multiple jets, and SMJ indicates the disappearance of stable multiple jets. The stable operation area of the lowermost cone jet is narrower, and the stable multi-jet (namely the edge multi-jet mode) operation area of the uppermost cone jet is widest.
SMJ in FIG. 7 onset And SMJ offset Respectively representing the corresponding critical applied voltage when the stable multi-jet atomization state is formed and disappears. It can be seen from the figure that the initial applied voltage and the corresponding critical applied voltage when the steady state disappears, which are required for forming the stable multiple jets under different array integrated microchannel atomization devices, increase with the increase of the supply flow, but the size of the stable operation voltage interval under the same array integrated microchannel device basically does not change with the increase of the supply flow. In summary, single capillary microchannel atomization devices provide stable multi-jet mode supply flow and stable operationThe voltage interval is obviously improved compared with the cone jet mode, but the stable multi-strand jet formed under the array integrated microchannel atomizing device can further improve the supply flow and stabilize the operation voltage interval.
As can be seen from fig. 8, the average size of the droplets generated by the stable multi-jet atomization in the array integrated microchannel system is only affected by the supply flow rate of a single capillary microchannel, and the average size of the droplets is not changed due to the increase of the overall supply flow rate caused by the increase of the integration degree. The average size of the droplets generated by the stable multi-jet atomization formed under the array integrated microchannel device is in a nonlinear growth trend along with the increase of the total supply flow, and the growth rate of the droplets is reduced along with the increase of the supply flow, so that the method is favorable for greatly improving the total atomization flow. (Qv 50 μ L/min) the peak of the size volume distribution of the atomized droplets for the single capillary microchannel device was around 19% and the corresponding droplet size was around 6 μm, while the peak of the size volume distribution of the droplets for the two capillary and four capillary microchannel array integrated devices was around 17% and 14%, respectively, and the corresponding droplet sizes were around 7.5 μm. It can be seen that the peak value of the volume distribution of the generated droplet size under the microchannel array integrated device is slightly reduced along with the increase of the integration level, but the size of the droplet corresponding to the maximum volume distribution is basically unchanged, the range of the droplet size distribution is slightly increased along with the increase of the integration level, and the changes are caused by the increase of the applied voltage required for forming stable multi-jet atomization due to the increase of the whole supply flow.
Fig. 8(b) shows that the droplet size corresponding to 100% of the cumulative volume distribution of the droplet sizes in the single capillary microchannel device is smaller than that in the dual capillary and four capillary microchannel array integrated device, but the increase of the integration level has no significant effect on the cumulative volume distribution of the droplet sizes.
This indicates that the array integrated microchannel device can multiply the supply flow rate by virtue of the increase in the degree of integration while keeping the atomized droplet size distribution almost constant.
The above embodiments are only used for illustrating the design idea and features of the present invention, and the purpose of the present invention is to enable those skilled in the art to understand the content of the present invention and implement the present invention accordingly, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. Therefore, all equivalent changes and modifications made in accordance with the principles and concepts disclosed herein are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. An array integrated electrostatic atomization device for stabilizing a multi-strand jet flow mode is characterized by comprising a plurality of plain end capillary nozzles (1) and double-layer crossed space shielding electrodes, wherein the double-layer crossed space shielding electrodes comprise cylindrical wall-shaped electrodes (4) and electrodes (6); the electrode (6) is provided with through holes, the bottom of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode (4) is arranged at the upper part of the electrode (6) and is in one-to-one correspondence with the through holes on the electrode (6); the input end of the plain capillary nozzle (1) is connected with a liquid injection unit, the output end of the plain capillary nozzle (1) is arranged at the central position of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode (4), and the end part of the output end is kept flush with the bottom edge of the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode (4); the plain end capillary nozzle is connected with a negative high-voltage direct-current power supply (9); the outer wall of the spraying end of the plain capillary nozzle (1) is conical, and an inner inclined ring surface is formed between the conical end and the inner pipeline; a hydrophobic coating is made on the outer surface of the spraying end;
the cylindrical wall-shaped electrode (4) is made of red copper, and the electrode (6) is made of red copper;
the array integrated electrostatic atomization device comprises a fixing plate (2), an adjusting plate (5) and a supporting plate (3), wherein the fixing plate (2) and the adjusting plate (5) are arranged in parallel, and the supporting plate (3) is arranged between the fixing plate (2) and the adjusting plate (5); the adjusting plate (5) is provided with mounting holes, the cylindrical wall electrodes (4) are arranged in the mounting holes one by one, and the electrodes (6) are attached to the bottom of the adjusting plate (5) and connected with the bottom edge of each cylindrical wall electrode (4).
2. The integrated electrostatic atomization device of an array of stable multi-jet patterns according to claim 1, wherein the flat capillary nozzle (1) is internally a circular through hole with an inner diameter between 0.2mm and 0.5 mm.
3. The integrated electrostatic atomizer of an array of stable multi-jet modes according to claim 2, wherein said plain capillary nozzle (1) is of uniform cylindrical shape externally with an outer diameter of between 0.8 and 1.0 mm.
4. The integrated electrostatic atomization device of an array of stable multi-jet modes of claim 1, wherein the electrodes (6) are copper foil patch electrodes.
5. An array integrated electrostatic atomization experimental system applying the array integrated electrostatic atomization device according to claim 1, characterized in that the liquid injection unit, the array integrated electrostatic atomization device, the grounding electrode and the information acquisition unit are included; the input end of a plain end capillary nozzle (1) in the array integrated electrostatic atomization device is connected with a liquid injection unit; the grounding electrode is arranged below the plain end capillary nozzle (1) and is grounded; the information acquisition unit comprises an LED cold light source (11) and a camera (10), the LED cold light source (11) irradiates towards an atomization area between the plain end capillary nozzle (1) and the grounding electrode, and the camera (10) acquires an experimental image in the atomization area.
6. The system for the array integrated electrostatic atomization experiment of the stable multi-jet mode according to claim 5, wherein the grounding electrode is used as a positive electrode, the flat capillary nozzle (1) corresponding to a negative electrode, and the distance between the grounding electrode and the flat capillary nozzle (1) is kept at 20 mm.
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