CN113025356B - Biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device and process - Google Patents
Biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device and process Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
- C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
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Abstract
The invention relates to a biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device and a biomass fuel mild pyrolysis process. The device comprises a shell (1) and a spiral discharging machine (2); the upper end of the shell is provided with a feeding port, and the inner cavity of the shell is sequentially provided with a drying zone, a reaction zone and a blanking zone from top to bottom; one side of the drying zone is provided with an inclined plane (11), the upper end of the inclined plane is positioned below the feeding port, the lower end of the inclined plane is connected with the reaction zone, and the inclined plane is provided with a plurality of air inlet holes; a gas outlet is arranged on the shell on the other side of the drying zone, a stirring part is arranged on the other side of the drying zone, and the stirring part extends downwards and sequentially passes through the reaction zone and the blanking zone; the shell of the reaction zone is provided with a nozzle (15) for introducing air material flow for combustion; the lower end of the blanking area is connected with an inlet of the spiral discharging machine; and a heat exchanger (21) is arranged on the outer wall of the spiral discharging machine. The invention can realize the integrated drying, mild pyrolysis and cooling treatment of the biomass fuel, improve the fuel characteristics and is beneficial to realizing the automatic operation and the mobile operation of the processing treatment of the biomass fuel.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a biomass fuel thermal pretreatment technology, in particular to a biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device and a biomass fuel mild pyrolysis process.
Background
The biomass fuel is generally prepared from crop straws, agricultural product processing byproducts, waste (agricultural processing residue), forestry waste (forestry processing residue), energy crops and other biomass resources. Because straw raw materials have factors such as large seasonal fluctuation and unstable supply, coal is usually considered to be co-fired in part of biomass power plants so as to ensure that the generator set can provide stable electric power.
At present, biomass direct-combustion power generation is widely applied, namely, biomass fuel is directly combusted to generate power. The direct combustion process mainly comprises preheating, drying (moisture removal), and light volatile (CH)4、CO、CO2Etc.) and the combustion of residual coke particles (fixed carbon). The following problems mainly exist in the direct combustion process of the biomass fuel: firstly, the raw material has high water content, needs longer time for drying and higher temperature for preheating, and generates more flue gas due to insufficient combustion, so that the heat loss of the flue gas is increased, and the corrosion of a hearth and an evaporation heating surface is larger; secondly, the light volatile matter content is high, but the heat value is relatively low, so that the temperature field in the furnace is low after combustion, and stable combustion is difficult to ensure; thirdly, after the light volatile components are burnt out, the ash surrounds the coke particles, and the air is difficult to contact with the coke particles, so that the problems of slow burning speed, difficult burning-out and the like are caused. Therefore, the above problems severely restrict the combustion efficiency of the biomass fuel, and are not favorable for the popularization and utilization of the biomass fuel.
In addition, the biomass fuel has the characteristics of low heat value, small density, looseness, disorder, easy decay, flammability and the like, and has various forms such as softness, hardness, dendritic shape, scattered breakage and the like. From this, biomass fuel's the characteristic of being difficult to arrange in order, deposit, the loading causes its transportation degree of difficulty great, and is mostly dispersed single family based on domestic agriculture and forestry to plant moreover, and the level of mechanization is lower, and biomass fuel is collected and is stored still can't adopt the big machine of foreign maturity. Chinese patents 201010257856.9, 201180039772.0, 201280032304.5, all disclosing systems for torrefaction of lignocellulosic material, the core of which comprises a reactor with a complex heat exchange system, are more suitable for northern european and american countries where wood feedstocks are abundant. Chinese patent 201480074767.7 discloses a torrefaction reactor modified from a standard commercial vibration dryer, which is complex in structure, difficult to miniaturize, and more suitable for a situation where biomass fuel raw materials are concentrated. The existing traditional manual collecting scattered rods or bundling machine adopted for field pickup bundling are sent to a collecting and storing point, so that the cost is high, the operation efficiency is low, and the raw materials are easy to rot and deteriorate due to high moisture content of the biomass fuel raw materials. Therefore, the biomass fuel storage and transportation system faces the problem of how to quickly and efficiently convert loose and easily-deteriorated primary fuel into high-grade fuel with a certain added value and convenient storage and transportation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device and a process, which realize the drying, mild pyrolysis and cooling of biomass fuel in an integrated mild pyrolysis device structure, can improve the characteristics of the biomass fuel, have a compact device structure and are beneficial to realizing automatic operation and mobile operation.
The invention is realized by the following steps:
a biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device comprises a shell and a spiral discharging machine; the upper end of the shell is provided with a feeding port, and the inner cavity of the shell is sequentially provided with a drying area, a reaction area and a blanking area from top to bottom;
an inclined plane is arranged on one side of the drying zone, the upper end of the inclined plane is positioned below the feeding port, the lower end of the inclined plane is connected with the reaction zone, and a plurality of air inlet holes are formed in the inclined plane; a gas outlet is arranged on the shell on the other side of the drying zone, a stirring part is arranged on the other side of the drying zone, and the stirring part extends downwards and sequentially passes through the reaction zone and the blanking zone; a nozzle is arranged on the shell of the reaction zone and is used for introducing air material flow for combustion; the lower end of the blanking area is connected with an inlet of the spiral discharging machine; and a heat exchanger is arranged on the outer wall of the spiral discharging machine.
The stirring portion includes axis of rotation and a plurality of stirring rake, and the axis of rotation axial is vertical direction, and a plurality of stirring rakes radially stagger and distribute.
The section of the upper part of the reaction zone is reduced, the section of the lower part of the reaction zone is gradually expanded, and a throat is formed in the middle of the reaction zone.
The nozzles are a plurality of and are evenly arranged below the throat.
The biomass fuel mild pyrolysis process adopts the biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device, and comprises the following steps:
the biomass fuel is coarsely crushed and then enters a drying zone from a feeding port of a shell and falls on an inclined plane, a heat medium enters the drying zone from an air inlet hole and flows to a gas outlet after passing through the biomass fuel on the inclined plane, and the biomass fuel moves downwards along the inclined plane to the lower end of the inclined plane under the action of gravity;
step two, the biomass fuel continuously moves downwards under the action of the stirring part and enters a reaction zone, the combustion air flows enter the reaction zone through a nozzle, and the biomass fuel and the combustion air flow are subjected to partial combustion reaction to generate a solid product and high-temperature flue gas; the solid product continuously moves downwards under the action of gravity and the stirring part and enters a blanking area, and high-temperature flue gas flows upwards along the stirring part and is discharged from a gas outlet;
and step three, the solid product moves to the lower end of the blanking area and enters a spiral discharging machine, the solid product indirectly exchanges heat with a heat exchanger when moving in the spiral discharging machine, and then the solid product is discharged from an outlet of the spiral discharging machine.
In the first step, the biomass fuel is straws, and the temperature of the heat medium is set to be 120-150 ℃.
In the second step, the air quantity of the air flow for combustion does not exceed 10% of the stoichiometric quantity required for complete combustion of the biomass fuel, and the temperature of partial combustion reaction does not exceed 400 ℃; the high-temperature flue gas exchanges heat with the biomass fuel moving downwards in the upward flowing process, and the temperature of the flue gas when the high-temperature flue gas is discharged from the gas outlet is not more than 150 ℃.
In the second step, the high-temperature flue gas is discharged from the gas outlet and then is sent into a boiler, and heat flows generated by boiler combustion are respectively used for heat medium and combustion air flows.
And in the third step, the solid product is discharged and then is subjected to compression molding treatment.
According to the biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device, the drying area, the reaction area and the blanking area are arranged in the device shell, so that continuous processing of pre-drying and mild pyrolysis can be realized, the integrated design with a compact structure can realize automatic operation of processing biomass fuel, and the device is particularly suitable for being manufactured into modular equipment to realize mobile operation, so that the biomass fuel can be processed before storage and transportation, loose biomass fuel with high moisture content does not need to be transported for a long distance, the collection efficiency of the biomass fuel is effectively improved, and the processed biomass fuel is convenient to store and transport. In addition, the spiral discharging machine butted with the discharging area is provided with the heat exchanger, so that sensible heat contained in a solid product can be recycled, and the heat energy loss is reduced.
According to the biomass fuel mild pyrolysis process, firstly, the biomass fuel is treated by adopting drying and mild pyrolysis technologies, so that the moisture of the biomass fuel is greatly reduced, the mass yield and the energy yield of the treated biomass fuel can be kept at higher levels, the O/C and H/C atomic ratio of the treated biomass fuel are lower, and the treated biomass fuel has higher energy density, so that the fuel property of the biomass fuel after being subjected to mild pyrolysis treatment is obviously better than that before being treated. Secondly, the high-temperature flue gas generated in the reaction zone exchanges heat with the biomass fuel which moves downwards in the upward flowing process, so that the heat energy of the high-temperature flue gas is effectively utilized, and the partial combustion reaction effect of the biomass fuel is benefited. Moreover, the mild pyrolysis process has low requirements on the crushing of the biomass fuel, does not need a high-energy-consumption crusher, can perform drying and mild pyrolysis treatment by simple chopping, and can effectively reduce the energy consumption of the system.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the device has a compact structure, can realize automatic operation and mobile operation of mild pyrolysis, can improve the characteristics and collection efficiency of the biomass fuel by the process flow, is convenient for storage and transportation of the biomass fuel, realizes self-use and recovery of heat energy, and is beneficial to reducing energy consumption and improving energy utilization rate.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a process for the mild pyrolysis of biomass fuel according to the present invention.
In the figure, 1 shell, 11 inclined planes, 12 stirring paddles, 13 rotating shafts, 14 throats, 15 nozzles, 2 spiral discharging machines, 21 heat exchangers, 22 motors and 23 discharging spirals.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and specific examples.
Referring to fig. 1, a biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device comprises a shell 1 and a spiral discharging machine 2; the upper end of the shell 1 is provided with a feeding port, and an inner cavity of the shell 1 is sequentially provided with a drying area, a reaction area and a blanking area from top to bottom.
One side of the drying zone is provided with an inclined plane 11, the upper end of the inclined plane 11 is positioned below the feeding port, the lower end of the inclined plane 11 is connected with the reaction zone, and the inclined plane 11 is provided with a plurality of air inlet holes. The other side of the drying zone is provided with a gas outlet 1, the other side of the drying zone is provided with a stirring part, and the stirring part extends downwards and sequentially passes through the reaction zone and the blanking zone. The stirring portion includes axis of rotation 13 and a plurality of stirring rake 12, and the axis of rotation 13 is the vertical direction, and a plurality of stirring rakes 12 distribute radially staggering.
The upper section of the reaction zone is reduced and the lower section of the reaction zone is gradually expanded, and a throat 14 is formed in the middle of the reaction zone. The shell 1 of the reaction zone is provided with a nozzle 15, and the nozzle 15 is externally connected with a combustion air material flow conveying pipeline and is used for introducing air quantity required by partial combustion reaction into the reaction zone. Preferably, the nozzles 15 are several and evenly arranged below the throat 14.
The lower end of the blanking area is connected with the inlet of the spiral discharging machine 2. The spiral discharging machine 2 drives a discharging spiral 23 by a motor 22 and a gearbox, so that materials in the spiral discharging machine 2 are moved and discharged. Set up heat exchanger 21 on the spiral discharging machine 2 outer wall, the heat exchanger lets in coolant and is used for cooling the material in the spiral discharging machine 2.
Referring to fig. 2, according to the biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device, the biomass fuel mild pyrolysis process includes the following steps:
step one, after the biomass fuel is coarsely crushed, the biomass fuel enters a drying area from a feeding port of a shell 1 and falls on an inclined plane 11, a heat medium enters the drying area from an air inlet hole, flows to a gas outlet after passing through the biomass fuel on the inclined plane 11 and is discharged, and the biomass fuel moves downwards along the inclined plane 11 to the lower end of the inclined plane 11 under the action of gravity. In the embodiment, the biomass fuel is straw, and the temperature of the heat medium is set to be 120-150 ℃. In this step, the drying process is a pretreatment process before the biomass fuel is subjected to the mild pyrolysis process.
And step two, the biomass fuel continuously moves downwards under the action of the stirring part and enters the reaction zone, the combustion air flows into the reaction zone through the nozzle 15, and the biomass fuel and the combustion air flow are subjected to partial combustion reaction to generate a solid product and high-temperature flue gas. The solid product continues to move downwards under the action of gravity and the stirring part and enters the blanking area, and the high-temperature flue gas flows upwards along the stirring part and is discharged from the gas outlet. Preferably, the high-temperature flue gas is discharged from the gas outlet and then is fed into a boiler, the boiler is combusted to generate heat flows which are respectively used for heat medium and combustion air flows, and meanwhile, part of biomass fuel is fed into the boiler to be combusted.
In this step, the amount of air used for the partial combustion reaction with the biomass fuel is controlled, preferably, the amount of air in the combustion air stream does not exceed 10% of the stoichiometric amount required for complete combustion of the biomass fuel, and the temperature of the partial combustion reaction does not exceed 400 ℃. The high-temperature flue gas exchanges heat with the biomass fuel moving downwards in the upward flowing process, and the temperature of the flue gas when the high-temperature flue gas is discharged from the gas outlet is not more than 150 ℃.
The second step is to carry out mild pyrolysis treatment on the biomass fuel, so that the quality of the biomass fuel can be improved to a great extent to improve the fuel property of the biomass fuel, and the second step is mainly represented by: after mild pyrolysis, the ignition point of the biomass fuel is reduced, the combustion time is prolonged, the combustion is more sufficient, the temperature in the furnace is increased more quickly, and the heat release amount of the combustion is increased; meanwhile, the discharge amount of harmful substances is obviously reduced and can be effectively controlled.
Mild pyrolysis, also known as torrefaction, refers to a thermal pretreatment mode that improves the quality of biomass fuels at low temperatures (250-300 ℃), at normal pressures, and in inert atmospheres. In the mild pyrolysis process, water and volatile substances in the biomass are separated out successively to generate liquid products (light tar or organic acid and aldehyde) mainly containing water and oxygen-containing hydrocarbon, and CO2The yield of predominantly gaseous products is about 30%, but these volatiles carry away only about 10% of the energy in the biomass fuel. Thus, the mass yield of biomass fuel (e.g., straw) after mild pyrolysis treatment is generally maintainedThe energy yield is about 90 percent when the temperature is kept at 70 percent, and the biomass fuel after mild pyrolysis treatment has lower O/C and H/C atomic ratio and higher energy density, and the fuel property is obviously improved. In addition, the cost of biomass after mild pyrolysis treatment in the aspects of crushing (grinding), transportation, storage and the like is greatly reduced.
The mild pyrolysis treatment process can optimize the mass yield and the energy yield in the mild pyrolysis process and the water content, the oxygen-carbon ratio and the heat value of a solid product by adjusting parameters such as treatment temperature, heating rate and treatment time, so that the quality of the biomass fuel is improved. The mild heating agent can effectively reduce the H, O content in the biomass fuel, and the removal effect of the water and oxygen in the raw material is good. The content of C in the biomass fuel is increased along with the rise of the treatment temperature, the content of H and O elements is reduced continuously by moisture removal and volatilization analysis, and the emission of flue gas generated by combustion in the mild pyrolysis process is obviously reduced. For example, the moisture content of the wood subjected to mild pyrolysis treatment is reduced, the combustion is more sufficient, the amount of generated smoke and fly ash is reduced, and the heat loss of the smoke is lower; for another example, after the straw is subjected to mild pyrolysis treatment, the structure of the biochar in the product is changed, the particle size of small particles is more concentrated, the hydrophobicity is enhanced, and the furnace chamber and a subsequent heating surface are not easily corroded during combustion, so that the straw biomass fuel can adapt to more furnace types.
And step three, the solid product moves to the lower end of the blanking area and enters the spiral discharging machine 2, the solid product indirectly exchanges heat with the heat exchanger 21 when moving in the spiral discharging machine 2, and then the solid product is discharged from an outlet of the spiral discharging machine 2. In addition, the solid product can be compressed and molded according to actual needs after being discharged. Compression molding can process solid products into molded fuels, such as blocks or powder, so as to be suitable for biomass fuel storage sites and transit transportation systems of different scales.
According to the biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device and the biomass fuel mild pyrolysis process, the biomass fuel is subjected to thermal pretreatment through the drying and mild pyrolysis processes, and the obtained solid product is not hygroscopic and is easy to crush (easy to grind), so that the treated biomass fuel is high in energy density and convenient to store and transport, and the existing biomass fuel processing, storage and transportation technologies and modes are improved. The processed biomass fuel is prepared into powder fuel, the combustion temperature can reach more than 1200 ℃, the power generation efficiency can be greatly improved, and in addition, the powder biomass fuel can also be used for preparing formed fuel, centralized gasification, replacing fuel oil or fuel gas and the like, so the economic benefit of the existing biomass fuel energy utilization enterprises is improved.
The present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The mild pyrolysis device of biomass fuel is characterized in that: comprises a shell (1) and a spiral discharging machine (2); a feeding port is formed in the upper end of the shell (1), and a drying area, a reaction area and a blanking area are sequentially arranged in the inner cavity of the shell (1) from top to bottom;
an inclined plane (11) is arranged on one side of the drying zone, the upper end of the inclined plane (11) is positioned below the feeding port, the lower end of the inclined plane (11) is connected with the reaction zone, and a plurality of air inlet holes are formed in the inclined plane (11); a gas outlet is arranged on the shell (1) on the other side of the drying zone, a stirring part is arranged on the other side of the drying zone, and the stirring part extends downwards and sequentially passes through the reaction zone and the blanking zone; a nozzle (15) is arranged on the shell (1) of the reaction zone and is used for introducing air material flow for combustion; the lower end of the blanking area is connected with an inlet of the spiral discharging machine (2); a heat exchanger (21) is arranged on the outer wall of the spiral discharging machine (2);
the section of the upper part of the reaction zone is reduced, the section of the lower part of the reaction zone is gradually expanded, and a throat (14) is formed in the middle of the reaction zone; the nozzles (15) are arranged below the throat (14) uniformly.
2. The biomass fuel mild pyrolysis apparatus of claim 1, wherein: stirring portion includes axis of rotation (13) and a plurality of stirring rake (12), and axis of rotation (13) axial is vertical direction, and a plurality of stirring rakes (12) distribute at radially staggering.
3. A biomass fuel mild pyrolysis process, which adopts the biomass fuel mild pyrolysis device of claim 1, and is characterized in that: the process comprises the following steps:
the biomass fuel is coarsely crushed and then enters a drying area from a feeding port of a shell (1) and falls on an inclined plane (11), a heat medium enters the drying area from an air inlet hole and flows to a gas outlet after passing through the biomass fuel on the inclined plane (11), and the biomass fuel moves downwards along the inclined plane (11) to the lower end of the inclined plane (11) under the action of gravity;
the biomass fuel continuously moves downwards under the action of the stirring part and enters a reaction zone, the combustion air flows enter the reaction zone through a nozzle (15), and the biomass fuel and the combustion air flow are subjected to partial combustion reaction to generate a solid product and high-temperature flue gas; the solid product continuously moves downwards under the action of gravity and the stirring part and enters a blanking area, and high-temperature flue gas flows upwards along the stirring part and is discharged from a gas outlet;
in the second step, the air quantity of the air flow for combustion does not exceed 10% of the stoichiometric quantity required for complete combustion of the biomass fuel, and the temperature of partial combustion reaction does not exceed 400 ℃; the high-temperature flue gas exchanges heat with the biomass fuel moving downwards in the upward flowing process, and the temperature of the flue gas when the high-temperature flue gas is discharged from a gas outlet is not more than 150 ℃;
moving the solid product to the lower end of the blanking area and entering the spiral discharging machine (2), carrying out indirect heat exchange on the solid product and a heat exchanger (21) when the solid product moves in the spiral discharging machine (2), and then discharging the solid product from an outlet of the spiral discharging machine (2);
and in the third step, the solid product is discharged and then is subjected to compression molding treatment.
4. The biomass fuel mild pyrolysis process of claim 3, characterized by: in the first step, the biomass fuel is straws, and the temperature of the heat medium is set to be 120-150 ℃.
5. The biomass fuel mild pyrolysis process of claim 3, characterized by: in the second step, the high-temperature flue gas is discharged from the gas outlet and then is sent into a boiler, and heat flows generated by boiler combustion are respectively used for heat medium and combustion air flows.
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