CN113025336A - 一种膨胀土生态改性剂 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种膨胀土生态改性剂的配比及制备方法，主要由乙酸乙烯酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、叔碳酸乙烯酯三种化工原料添加稳定剂、乳化剂、偶联剂、引发剂、增塑剂、缓冲剂，经过溶解、乳化、偶联、聚合等一系列化学反应生成膨胀土生态改性剂，该产品能有效将膨胀土改性成为非膨胀土，且优于正常土。该产品已在国内多条高速公路、铁路中得到广泛应用，具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及的一种膨胀土生态改性剂的配比及制备方法。
背景技术
膨胀土在我国分布广泛，其矿物组成多以伊利石、蒙脱石为主，夹少量的高岭石。这些亲水性的粘土矿物遇水膨胀，失水收缩，具有明显的胀缩性、多裂隙性、超固结性，以及强度减弱性。容易造成沉陷、溜塌、纵裂、坍塌等事故。膨胀土的矿物成分及结构形式，使它具有胀缩特性，含水量的变化使其这一特性显示出来。新开挖的膨胀土地基与边坡，受雨水、大气、地下水、土压力等因素的影响，使膨胀土含水量发生变化。反复胀缩导致了膨胀土土体的松散，并在其中形成许多不规则的裂隙，裂隙破坏了土体的整体性，使水的侵入和土中水分的蒸发更为容易。土体含水量的波动引起胀缩变形的反复发生，又进一步导致了裂隙的扩展和向土层深部发展，使土体强度大为降低，形成风化层。风化层深度一般在1～1.2m。风化层深度范围内，土体湿胀干缩效应明显，土体的粘聚力和抗剪强度急剧下降，所以大气风化作用层是产生各种地基及边坡病害的直接引导层，对地基及边坡稳定性危害极大，因此膨胀土大气风化作用层是危害工程的主要原因，是工程防护和治理的重点对象。对于膨胀土挖方边坡传统的处置方案，一般采用全封闭形式的刚性防护。其主要观点认为：膨胀土边坡失稳的主要原因是受降水影响，当土体吸水由非饱和态进入饱和态这一过程中，土体的抗剪强度则由强逐渐变弱，当土体的剪切指标值随含水量增加而衰减时，其边坡稳定性随之递减直至产生变形破坏。因此采用边坡封闭防护以阻止降水被非饱和土吸收，其主要方式如浆砌片石满铺防治、混凝土六角块满铺防护、土钉墙加固边坡等。实践证明这些刚性防护方案治理膨胀土效果较差。不能从根本上解决在大气风化作用层影响深度范围内膨胀土体的胀缩问题。因为膨胀土新开挖的坡面受大气、地下水、土压力变化等多种因素影响，既使没有降水的浸入，也会发生膨胀与收缩，必然产生一定的变形，以求达到新的平衡。即使这种变形不大，也会对刚性防护结构起破坏作用。慢慢形成裂缝，雨水就会从裂缝中渗入，加剧膨胀土的胀缩变形，恶性循环，直至引发连锁破坏。刚性防护结构还有产生眩光、燥声，不能还原生态环境等缺陷。对于膨胀土路基的处理方法通常采用换填土及在膨胀土路堤填料中掺石灰、水泥等方法处理，石灰固化机理是硅酸盐和铝的水化物与颗粒相互间的胶结作用，胶结物逐渐脱水和新生矿物的结晶作用，从而降低了液限，增大土体的抗剪强度。以上两种方法虽有一定的效果，但我们通过多年的施工经验和已通车道路的调查以及室内、室外试验，发现石灰和水泥与土的反应速度较慢，所生成的水化物强度较低，耐久性较差，而且石灰掺量在8％以上，水泥掺量在6％以上才能达到一定的效果。而在施工时需要反复拌和均匀，周期长，耗工时，施工性能不好，造价高。
发明内容
一种膨胀土生态改性剂其特征在于:改性剂的组分配比（重量比）为纯净水100份，单体1：乙酸乙烯酯55-65份，单体2：甲基丙烯酸甲酯6-10份，单体3：叔碳酸乙烯酯3-5份，稳定剂：聚乙烯醇8-15份，乳化剂：壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚/十二烷基苯磺酸钠以1:1复配2-6份，偶联剂：KH560/KH570以1:1复配2-6份，引发剂：过硫酸铵1-5份，增塑剂：邻苯二甲酸二丁酯8-15份，缓冲剂：碳酸氢钠1-5份。
一种膨胀土生态改性剂的制备方法，其特征在于：
第一步将100份水、8-15份稳定剂投入配有回流冷凝、搅拌及加热等装置的不锈钢反应釜中，加热升温至80-90℃，充分搅拌2-4小时，使其完全溶解，再投入2-6份乳化剂搅拌混合均匀并冷却降温至70℃；第二步将55-65份单体1、6-10份单体2、3-5份单体3三种原料的1/4和2-6份偶联剂投入反应釜，另将1-5份引发剂和水按1：5组分比配成水溶液，并取1/2的引发剂水溶液投入反应釜，充分搅拌并控制温度65-70℃，反应1-2小时，然后再加入余下1/2的引发剂水溶液；第三步将单体1、单体2、单体3三种原料余下的3/4在4小时内缓慢滴加入反应釜，充分搅拌并控制温度75-80℃，然后保温继续反应2小时；第四步将反应混合物冷却降温至50℃，再将8-15份增塑剂投入反应釜，另将1-5份缓冲剂和水按1：10组分比配成水溶液后加入反应釜，充分搅拌并冷却至室温即得膨胀土生态改性剂。
反应方程式：
附图说明
图1是工艺流程示意图。
具体实施方式
下面介绍具体实施实例之一：
蒙华铁路分布在膨胀土地区上，为确保工程的安全与质量，我公司受蒙华铁路建设部门的委托，采用膨胀土生态改性剂对膨胀土路段的路堑边坡和地基的土体进行改性施工。
先将膨胀土生态改性剂、水、石灰按重量比1：100：5充分搅拌配制成水溶液，将已配制的膨胀土生态改性剂水溶液均匀的喷洒在膨胀土土体的表面上，通过渗透方法渗入土体。第一次喷洒完成后，待土体干燥后，用同样方法再喷洒下一次，在一般情况下膨胀土生态改性剂水溶液喷洒次数为三次为宜。改性施工完成后，为了区分不同深度的改性效果，我们将深度为0.0～0.3m、0.3～0.6m、0.6～1.0m三份改性土样和一份原状土样送交具有CMA资质的检测机构检测，检测结果详见如下:
膨胀性试验成果对比表
从表中检测结果可以看出，不同深度的三个改性土样的自由膨胀率均在40％以下，蒙脱石含量均在7％以下，阳离子交换量均在170 mmol/kg以下，根据膨胀土的判别标准，改性后的土体均为非膨胀土，达到了将膨胀土改性为非膨胀土的目的。到目前为止，我公司生产的膨胀土生态改性剂在高速公路、铁路等工程中得到广泛应用，改性后的土体性能良好，效果稳定，深受用户好评。
Claims (2)
1.一种膨胀土生态改性剂其特征在于:改性剂的组分配比（重量比）为纯净水100份，单体1：乙酸乙烯酯55-65份，单体2：甲基丙烯酸甲酯6-10份，单体3：叔碳酸乙烯酯3-5份，稳定剂：聚乙烯醇8-15份，乳化剂：壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚/十二烷基苯磺酸钠以1:1复配2-6份，偶联剂：KH560/KH570以1:1复配2-6份，引发剂：过硫酸铵1-5份，增塑剂：邻苯二甲酸二丁酯8-15份，缓冲剂：碳酸氢钠1-5份。
2.一种膨胀土生态改性剂的制备方法，其特征在于：
第一步将100份水、8-15份稳定剂投入配有回流冷凝、搅拌及加热等装置的不锈钢反应釜中，加热升温至80-90℃，充分搅拌2-4小时，使其完全溶解，再投入2-6份乳化剂搅拌混合均匀并冷却降温至70℃；第二步将55-65份单体1、6-10份单体2、3-5份单体3三种原料的1/4和2-6份偶联剂投入反应釜，另将1-5份引发剂和水按1：5组分比配成水溶液，并取1/2的引发剂水溶液投入反应釜，充分搅拌并控制温度65-70℃，反应1-2小时，然后再加入余下1/2的引发剂水溶液；第三步将单体1、单体2、单体3三种原料余下的3/4在4小时内缓慢滴加入反应釜，充分搅拌并控制温度75-80℃，然后保温继续反应2小时；第四步将反应混合物冷却降温至50℃，再将8-15份增塑剂投入反应釜，另将1-5份缓冲剂和水按1：10组分比配成水溶液后加入反应釜，充分搅拌并冷却至室温即得膨胀土生态改性剂。
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