CN1130116C - Selenium-rich mushroom and its cultivation process - Google Patents
Selenium-rich mushroom and its cultivation process Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a cultivation method for mushrooms rich in selenium. The present invention is characterized in that the strains of agaricus blazei mushrooms are selected and cultivated by the organic cultivation materials obtained after the fermentation of mulberry branches of natural raw materials rich in the selenium, plant straw and silkworm, livestock and fowl manure; thus, the mushroom is obtained after the soil coverage cultivation of natural soil rich in the selenium. In the present invention, on one hand, crop straw leftovers and the silkworm, livestock and fowl manure with rich resources in countryside are thoroughly used, and the mushrooms rich in 18 kinds of amino acid needed for human health and rich in the selenium are simultaneously produced; on another hand, the waste residues of the fermented cultivation materials are superior organic fertilizers which not only can increase the yield of the crops, but also promote benign ecologic cycles.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention relates to a kind of cultural method that is rich in the selenium mushroom, belong to the edible mushroom category.
Background technology:
China is the big country that produces edible mushroom, and according to statistics both domestic and external, global mushroom industry total amount was about 8,000,000 tons in 2002, and Chinese total amount is about 6,000,000 tons, accounts for 75% of global total amount.The mushroom industry of China is that any one country is all irreplaceable in the world.At present, the bright product of the annual various edible mushrooms that produce of China, enriched the people's material life widely, the agaricus bisporus of common cultivated originally in all parts of the country, mushroom, straw mushroom, flatly eat, nearly 20 kinds of edible mushrooms such as wind tail mushroom, Asparagus, sliding mushroom, white fungus, woodear, Uricularia polytricha, dictyophora phalloidea, Hericium erinaceus, can not satisfy the demand of domestic and international market far away, therefore, accelerate the medical usage of exploitation edible mushroom, promote the in-depth development of medicinal fungus, be 21st century modern science offer new challenge and the opportunity of edible mushroom.The 21st century mankind's three big nutrition ideas should be protein, sugar, nucleic acid (active substance is such as the super oxygen thing of SOD-kind disproportionation ferment).Therefore will be according to the requirement of FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation) (FAO) and The World Health Organization (WHO), the exploitation of the resource of new product should meet the principle of " natural, nutrition, health care ", that is to say in exploitation edible mushroom new varieties, should possess three kinds of functions (or function); First trophic function.Can provide his physiological activator (nucleic acid) of albumen, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin, mineral element, the second hobby function.Look perfume (or spice), flavor tool are good, and mouthfeel is good, delicious, palatability is strong, can stimulate appetite.The 3rd physiology function.Health-care effect is arranged, such as, the organized enzyme material that utilizes edible mushroom to include, can participate in the metabolism of human body after edible, keep, regulate or improve the balance of internal milieu, can make a kind of biological response modifier (BRM), improve body immunity, strengthen the human body ability of preventing and curing diseases, thereby reach the effect of promoting longevity.
The original producton location is that the Brazilian mushroom (Agaricus blazei Murill) in state, Brazilian South America is a kind of wild delicious edible mushroom, a tree name is analyzed the new fresh sporophore water content of Brazilian mushroom 85-87%, in the dried mushroom of every 100kg, contain thick protein 40-45%, saccharic 38-45%, cellulosic 6-8%, coarse ash 5-7%, crude fat 3-4% is a kind of contain sugar and profuse edible mushroom of protein.And the Japanese also finds to contain in the Brazilian mushroom multiple antitumor activity polysaccharide body, causes the very big concern of World Science thus.China has carried out many-sided cultivation research from cultivating according to the truth of China after introducing in 1992, not only retain the wild local flavor and the nutrition of Brazilian mushroom, but also obtaining achievement aspect high yield and high quality and the deep processing.
Summary of the invention:
Purpose of the present invention is exactly to work out the cultural method that a kind of fruit body with Brazilian mushroom is rich in the selenium mushroom, and the edible mushroom with health care and medical value is provided for market.
The planting technique that is rich in selenium mushroom of the present invention is as follows:
The pre-temperature of raw material → windrow fermentation → inoculation → cultural hypha → earthing → cultural hypha → spray knot mushroom water → gather.
Of the present inventionly be rich in selenium mushroom and belong to careless saprophytic mushroom, based on carbohydrate and nitrogen material, its mycelia can utilize glucose, starch, hemicellulose, lignin etc. as mainly being that natural material ramulus mori, wheat straw, straw, cornstalk, corncob, jowar stalk, maize peel, sesame stalk, beans tangerine stalk, cotton seed hulls etc. with rich selenium is rich in cellulosic stalk its carbon nutrition is provided in carbon nutrition, the production to the requirement of nutrient.Because it requires protein content higher, require in the composts or fertilisers of cultivating nitrogen nutrition abundant, available nitrogen nutrition material has: feces of livestock and poultry such as cattle and sheep, chicken, duck, silkworm.In addition, also need a spot of mineral salt, as: trace elements such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, selenium, manganese, zinc also have certain effect to the growth of mycelia, and its content has satisfied its growth needs in the general above-mentioned raw materials.
Its composts or fertilisers of cultivating prescription is as follows: jin/every square metre
Stalk: 30-50
Silkworm, poultry, brid guano: 20-30
Ramulus mori, wood chip: 9-11
Rubsen cake: 2-4
Gypsum: 1-2
Precipitated calcium carbonate: 0.5-1
Lime 1-2
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate: the 0.05-0.08 zymotechnique of banking up:
At first will be in proportion ready composts or fertilisers of cultivating: pulverize ramulus mori, stalk, silkworm, poultry, poultry manure, rubsen cake and mix and prewets, build the heap fermentation then, when material temperature rise to the 70 degree left and right sides, the beginning turning replenishes other auxiliary material and additive, when fermentation is finished during turning.At this moment composts or fertilisers of cultivating moisture 60-75%, pH value is between the 6.5-7.The cultivation stockpile that fermentation is for the first time finished advances the culture bed fermentation second time of carrying out, under the situation of sealing, culturing room's temperature is raised to the 55-60 degree, kept 2-3 days, reduce to 28 when temperature and begin stirring when spending, the composts or fertilisers of cultivating stalk after fermentation is flat flat, and grass blade is soft, high resilience, excrement grass color and luster are yellowish-brown and can't smell straw pungent ammonia flavor and excrement stink.Grass shape is complied with, and hand one draws promptly disconnected, and a lot of actinomyces albuses is arranged, and secondary fermentation is finished when having the distinctive perfume (or spice) of composts or fertilisers of cultivating (mould) flavor.
The fermentation principle of banking up: at first participate in fermentation, the beginning of heap temperature is constantly risen by the mesophile microorganism group, dead gradually after 2-3 days.Meanwhile, the thermophilic microorganism group replaces the activity of mesophile microorganism fully, continues the thick and stiff raw material of degraded, and makes the heap temperature maintain the condition of high temperature of 60-70 degree, and killing pathogenic bacteria, insect, softening windrow improve moisture holding capacity.The more important thing is by fermentation, consume on the one hand the solubility or the little molecule list nutriment that are easily utilized in the windrow, their assimilate intos are had only mycelia just labile polysaccharide and bacterium protein by the assorted bacterium of competitiveness, and along with the replacement of generation of microorganism, multiply and live accumulation in a large number in windrow.Assimilate the harmful ammonia that dissociates out in the raw material degradation process on the other hand, it is converted into protein compound, and with material polymerizations such as polysaccharose, phenols, form the mushroom class and decompose the lignin-humus complex that absorbs, thereby synthesized the needed special nutrient source of mushroom class, the growth of supply mushroom.After every work is finished,, bacterial classification is broadcast on culture bed, bacterial classification is mixed with composts or fertilisers of cultivating, flatten the bacterium bed slightly, prevent that wheat is unsettled with wheat all bacterium.
Of the present invention be rich in the selenium mushroom be a kind of in the warm nature fungi, mycelia all can grow at 15-33 ℃, optimum is 22-25 ℃ of growth, it is close to be higher than more than 34 ℃ mycelia, can grow, though grow soon, mycelia easily wears out, atrophy.It is obviously slower to be lower than 18 ℃ of growths, and the scope of sporophore growth is 18-25 ℃, and optimum fruiting temperature is 20-23 ℃, is higher than 34 ℃, and lid is thin, and handle is little, piece light, and easily parachute-opening is easily aging.
It is about 55-60% that mycelial growth requires composts or fertilisers of cultivating moisture, about relative air humidity 75-80%.Fruit body forms the having relatively high expectations of humidity, and relative air humidity is more suitable at 85-90%, if be lower than 60%, will make fruit body be difficult to differentiation, if be higher than more than 95%, disease takes place easily.
Mycelial growth, composts or fertilisers of cultivating pH value require between 4-8, and the pH value of suitable growth is 6.5-7.0, but fruit body development will be in easier differentiation under the slant acidity situation slightly.General pH value is 5-8, and the pH value of suitable growth is 6.5-7.0, and this mushroom belongs to aerobe class, growth and development process requires good ventilation condition, poor aeration mycelial growth and fruit body development are suppressed, and easily form the little misshapen mushroom of the long lid of handle, can cause dead mushroom and living contaminants when serious.
Send out the bacterium stage to the light no requirement (NR), require have scattered beam to induce, impel fruit body to form, but light can not be bright excessively in the fruiting stage.Earthing time was generally carried out in inoculation in back about 20 days.Cover soil material should be that granular structure is arranged, and hole is many, and water holding capacity is strong, contains an amount of humus, the neutrality of disease carrying germ and insect not, granulating, the natural clay loam (the rich selenium clay as China Qin Dong Ziyang County is best earthing raw material) that is rich in selenium.Earthing is stifling with formalin, and promptly the formalin with 5% concentration squirts earthing grain [every 100kg grogs spray 80ml (0.15 jin)], and is standby.During the fruiting, mushroom room temperature should be 16-18 ℃, relative air humidity is about 90%, the composts or fertilisers of cultivating water content is 60%, under the stimulation of the temperature difference, the fine hair mycelia of the vegetative growth phase formation shoestring that interweaves, push thick soil layer grogs aside and can see the knot thing of white particulate, be the original hase that is rich in the selenium mushroom of the present invention, for guaranteeing to provide established knob shape thing (original hase) to grow and expand needed water, need a large amount of fruiting waters of spray this moment, general every square metre of injection flow rate is a 4-9 jin, divides and has sprayed in 2 days for 4-10 time.When fruit body is grown the soya bean size, need to spray the water of guaranteeing the quality, every day, every square metre of injection flow rate was 500-750 milliliter (a 1-1.5 jin), continued spray two days.Also need spray every day and keep water, injection flow rate is controlled at 350-500 milliliter (0.7-1 jin) for every square metre.Generally from being inoculated into fruiting, can not allow the fruit body parachute-opening, harvesting standard be that mycoderm does not break or cap is gathered when leaving stem 0.5-1 centimetre at about about 40 days.
At present, the mankind are faced with ecological broken ring on the earth, energy scarcity, the healthy prestige association that worsens this three big problem, killing three birds with one stone of the present invention.Make the abundant agricultural crop straw offcuts of rural resource on the one hand, silkworm, poultry, poultry manure are fully utilized, and turn waste into wealth, and simultaneously, produce the mushroom class of supplying with 18 abundant seed amino acids of the necessary content of human health and being rich in selenium.Composts or fertilisers of cultivating waste residue by fermentation is again first-class organic manure on the other hand, and it is returned the farmland, not only can increase the output of crops, and for promoting green agriculture, positive role is played in ecological benign cycle.Its selenium content can reach more than the 0.3ppm.
Embodiment:
Embodiment 1:
Get 10 jin of 15 jin in 10 jin of 40 jin of natural material straw, cornstalks, sheep excrement, silkworm faeces being rich in selenium and 10 jin of wood chip ramulus moris, 3 jin of rubsen cakes, 1.02 jin in gypsum, 0.7 jin of precipitated calcium carbonate, 1.36 jin in lime, 0.07 jin of potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
Straw, cornstalk, ramulus mori are pulverized, and sheep excrement, silkworm faeces and rubsen cake mix prewets, and increases composting layer by layer with the order of grass back excrement earlier when building heap, and Bian Dui limit water spray builds that to have water to ooze out out-pile after having piled be principle.Turning is appropriate to the occasion to be carried out when beginning to descend after temperature reaches the 65-70 degree, is generally undertaken by 7-4-4-3, promptly builds heap turning for the first time in back 7 days, for the second time after 4 days, and the like, during turning other auxiliary material and additive are added, inside and outside making stockpile, ferment evenly, should expect turning to the centre outside during turning, in outer composts or fertilisers of cultivating was translated into, the composts or fertilisers of cultivating of fermentation became sepia, it is disconnected easily to pull fiber, fermentation is finished, the moisture 60-70% of composts or fertilisers of cultivating at this moment, and pH value is between the 6.5-7.The cultivation stockpile that fermentation is finished advances on the mushroom bed, beginning is fermentation for the second time, at this moment the mushroom canopy is closed and do not leak out, use steam generator, the mushroom temperature of shed is risen to the 55-60 degree, kept 2-3 days, begin stirring when spending when temperature drops to 28, when stalk is put down flat, grass blade is soft, high resilience, and excrement grass color and luster is yellowish-brown to sepia, can't smell ammonia flavor and excrement stink pungent in the straw, grass shape is complied with, and pulls promptly and breaks, and a lot of actinomyces albuses is arranged, have the distinctive perfume (or spice) of composts or fertilisers of cultivating (mould) flavor, fermentation is for the second time finished.The all bacterium of wheat, every square meter bed material upper seeding wheel 2-3 bottle uses and disseminates method two times.At first 75% bacterial classification is all practised and be spread on charge level,, bacterial classification is mixed with composts or fertilisers of cultivating, flatten the bacterium bed slightly with the moving composts or fertilisers of cultivating of handspring.25% remaining bacterial classification is spread on bed surface, and covers the thin composts or fertilisers of cultivating of one deck.After planting open as earthing about 20 days, get Qin Dong Ziyang County soil, squirt with the formal quinoline of 5% concentration, approximately the spray of 100kg grogs is 80 milliliters, covered 2 days with film, stir grogs heap, treat not have fully deposit behind the flavour of a drug standby, thickness of earth covering 2cm, when mycelia is climbed up native face after 7 days, disseminate again once, keep just covering of soil on the mycelia, up to the mycelia physiological ripening.Temperature 23-27 ℃, relative air humidity 70%, the light dark, ventilated.Can see original fine hair shape mycelia in overburden layer, become thin-cord type gradually, between the thickness soil layer, part shoestring infall begins knot, and expands gradually, the knob shape thing of white small rice grain occurs, and mycelia begins to change over to from nourishing and growing reproductive growth.This moment, mushroom room temperature should be 18-22 ℃, relative air humidity 90%, and the composts or fertilisers of cultivating water content is 60%, will constantly discharge the waste gas in the mushroom room simultaneously, the swap-in fresh air, it is salubrious to enter the mushroom AS with the people, comfortable being as the criterion.When shoestring grew up to the knot thing of white particulate, its growth is expanded needed a large amount of moisture content, general every square metre of spray 4-9 jin, divide and in 2 days, sprayed for 4-10 time, it is shinny to be sprayed onto the fine earth layer, leaks into thick soil layer middle and upper part, thereby makes that fruiting area is controlled at slightly, between the fine earth layer.Grow soya bean when big when fruit body, spray the water of guaranteeing the quality, spray the 500-750 milliliter every square metre of every day, holding the spray two days that continues, moistening for keeping the mushroom bed, need spray every day and keep water, and injection flow rate is controlled at the 350-500 milliliter for every square metre.From being inoculated into fruiting about about 40 days, obtain to be rich in the selenium mushroom, pluck the fruit body of not parachute-opening, oven dry back packing.Its selenium content can reach 1.6ppm.
Embodiment 2:
Get 300 jin of rich selenium natural material jowar stalks, 100 jin of maize peels, 150 jin of chicken manures, 150 jin in duck excrement, 40 jin of rubsen cakes, 90 jin of wood chips, 10 jin in gypsum, 5 jin of precipitated calcium carbonates, 10 jin in lime, 0.5 jin of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, with preparing composts or fertilisers of cultivating with embodiment 1 same method, cultivate mycelia and mushroom fruitbody, the mycelia phase temperature is controlled at 21-25 ℃, relative air humidity 65%, the fruit body phase temperature is controlled at 20-24 ℃, relative air humidity 85%, and the composts or fertilisers of cultivating water content is 70%.Can obtain to be rich in the selenium mushroom equally with embodiment 1.Its selenium content can reach 1.7ppm.
Embodiment 3:
Get 10000 jin of rich selenium straws, 5000 jin of sesame stalks, 7500 jin of cow dungs, 5000 jin of silkworm faeces, 5000 jin in ramulus mori bits, 1500 jin of rubsen cakes, 50 jin in gypsum, 25 jin of precipitated calcium carbonates, 50 jin in lime, 2.5 jin of potassium dihydrogen phosphates.Prepare composts or fertilisers of cultivating with embodiment 1 same method, cultivate mycelia and mushroom fruitbody.The mycelia phase temperature is controlled at 22-26 ℃, relative air humidity 90%, composts or fertilisers of cultivating moisture 70%.Can obtain to be rich in the selenium mushroom equally with embodiment 1.Its selenium content is with embodiment 1.
Claims (8)
1, a kind of cultural method that is rich in the selenium mushroom, it is characterized in that: it is by Brazilian mushroom (Agaricus blazei Murill) bacterial classification, organic composts or fertilisers of cultivating after natural material ramulus mori by rich selenium, plant straw, silkworm, poultry, the poultry manure fermentation, the native naturally earthing that is rich in selenium is cultivated and is rich in the selenium mushroom.
2, a kind of cultural method that is rich in the selenium mushroom according to claim 1, it is characterized in that composts or fertilisers of cultivating is natural material ramulus mori, the straw by rich selenium, poultry, poultry manure, rubsen cake, wood chip, gypsum, precipitated calcium carbonate, lime, potassium dihydrogen phosphate are prepared from after by fermentation, and its prescription is as follows: jin/every square metre
Stalk: 30-50
Silkworm, poultry, brid guano: 20-30
Ramulus mori, wood chip: 9-11
Rubsen cake: 2-4
Gypsum: 1-2
Precipitated calcium carbonate: 0.1-1
Lime 1-2
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate: 0.05-0.08.
3, a kind of cultural method that is rich in the selenium mushroom according to claim 1 is characterized in that: 15-33 ℃ of vegetative stage temperature.
4, a kind of cultural method that is rich in the selenium mushroom according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the vegetative stage relative air humidity is 65-70%.
5, a kind of cultural method that is rich in the selenium mushroom according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the composts or fertilisers of cultivating pH value of mycelial growth is 4-8.
6, a kind of cultural method that is rich in the selenium mushroom according to claim 1 is characterized in that: 18-25 ℃ of sporophore growth phase temperature.
7, a kind of cultural method that is rich in the selenium mushroom according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: sporophore growth stage relative air humidity is 85-90%.
8, a kind of cultural method that is rich in the selenium mushroom according to claim 1 is characterized in that: sporophore growth stage, the flat acidity of composts or fertilisers of cultivating pH value.
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| CN02116566A CN1130116C (en) | 2002-04-09 | 2002-04-09 | Selenium-rich mushroom and its cultivation process |
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| CN1130116C true CN1130116C (en) | 2003-12-10 |
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