CN112783754B - Method and device for testing page - Google Patents
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- 238000001545 Page's trend test Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 claims description 9
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- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/36—Preventing errors by testing or debugging software
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a device for testing pages, and relates to the technical field of computers. One embodiment of the method comprises the following steps: acquiring buried point data, request data and response data corresponding to page operation of a user, wherein the buried point data comprises input parameters and operation information; aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data to generate test data; automated testing of pages is performed using the test data. According to the embodiment, the operation scene of the user can be reproduced by combining the front-end embedded point data and the request data and the response data corresponding to the page operation, so that the historical behavior data of the user can be acquired more accurately, the accumulation of the test data can be realized better, the efficient execution of an automatic test tool can be brought into full play more conveniently, and the regression test can be performed better close to the reality.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of computer technologies, and in particular, to a method and an apparatus for testing a page.
Background
The log file is a record file or a file set for recording system operation events, and can be divided into an event log and a message log. Has important functions of processing historical data, tracking diagnosis problems, understanding activities of the system and the like. Therefore, log files play an important role in many business scenarios.
At present, in order to ensure the accuracy of data when page testing is performed, the historical behavior data of a user is mostly obtained by analyzing a log file at the back end of a system, and the historical behavior data of the user is used for automatic testing.
In the process of implementing the present invention, the inventor finds that at least the following problems exist in the prior art:
although the log file of the system can record the system operation event, when the historical behavior data of the user is obtained according to the log file, the operation scene of the user cannot be reproduced, so that the obtained historical behavior data of the user is not objective and accurate enough, and the accumulation of test data is greatly confused, which is not beneficial to the efficient execution of an automatic test tool.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the embodiments of the present invention provide a method and an apparatus for testing a page, which can reproduce an operation scenario of a user by combining front-end buried point data and request data and response data corresponding to page operation, so as to more accurately obtain historical behavior data of the user, better realize accumulation of test data, more facilitate full play of efficient execution of an automated test tool, and be close to reality, thereby better performing regression test.
To achieve the above object, according to one aspect of the embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a method for testing a page.
A method of testing a page, comprising: acquiring buried point data, request data and response data corresponding to page operation of a user, wherein the buried point data comprises input parameters and operation information; aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data, and the response data to generate test data; and carrying out automatic testing on the page by using the testing data.
Optionally, aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data, and the response data includes: respectively acquiring the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the data generation time of the response data; according to the operation information, the input parameters and the data generation time, determining request data and response data corresponding to each page operation, and taking the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data corresponding to each page operation as a piece of sample data; and obtaining the user behavior category corresponding to the sample data according to the operation information, and classifying the sample data according to the user behavior category.
Optionally, request data and response data corresponding to the page operation are acquired in a log or interface mode.
Optionally, performing automated testing of the page using the test data includes: and establishing a mapping relation between the test data and the automatic test tool so that the automatic test tool uses the test data to perform automatic testing on the page.
According to another aspect of the embodiment of the invention, a device for testing a page is provided.
An apparatus for testing a page, comprising: the data acquisition module is used for acquiring buried point data, request data and response data corresponding to page operation of a user, wherein the buried point data comprises input parameters and operation information; the data processing module is used for aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data to generate test data; and the page test module is used for automatically testing the page by using the test data.
Optionally, the data processing module is further configured to: respectively acquiring the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the data generation time of the response data; according to the operation information, the input parameters and the data generation time, determining request data and response data corresponding to each page operation, and taking the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data corresponding to each page operation as a piece of sample data; and obtaining the user behavior category corresponding to the sample data according to the operation information, and classifying the sample data according to the user behavior category.
Optionally, request data and response data corresponding to the page operation are acquired in a log or interface mode.
Optionally, the page test module is further configured to: and establishing a mapping relation between the test data and the automatic test tool so that the automatic test tool uses the test data to perform automatic testing on the page.
According to yet another aspect of the embodiment of the invention, an electronic device for testing a page is provided.
An electronic device for testing a page, comprising: one or more processors; and the storage device is used for storing one or more programs, and when the one or more programs are executed by the one or more processors, the one or more processors are enabled to realize the method for testing the page provided by the embodiment of the invention.
According to yet another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, a computer-readable medium is provided.
A computer readable medium having stored thereon a computer program which when executed by a processor implements a method for testing pages provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
One embodiment of the above invention has the following advantages or benefits: the method comprises the steps that buried point data, request data and response data corresponding to page operation of a user are obtained, wherein the buried point data comprise input parameters and operation information; aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data to generate test data; the automatic test of the page is carried out by using the test data, so that the automatic test method based on the embedded point technology, the data and the automatic test tool is realized, the operation scene of the user can be reproduced by combining the front-end embedded point data, the request data and the response data corresponding to the page operation, the historical behavior data of the user can be obtained more accurately, the accumulation of the test data can be better realized, the efficient execution of the automatic test tool can be more conveniently and fully exerted, and the regression test can be carried out more effectively.
Further effects of the above-described non-conventional alternatives are described below in connection with the embodiments.
Drawings
The drawings are included to provide a better understanding of the invention and are not to be construed as unduly limiting the invention. Wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the main steps of a method of testing a page according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a page test method according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the main modules of an apparatus for testing pages according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an exemplary system architecture diagram in which embodiments of the present invention may be applied;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a computer system suitable for use in implementing an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which various details of the embodiments of the present invention are included to facilitate understanding, and are to be considered merely exemplary. Accordingly, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications of the embodiments described herein can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Also, descriptions of well-known functions and constructions are omitted in the following description for clarity and conciseness.
In order to solve the technical problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method and a device for testing pages. Because what operation is executed by the UI layer of the front page can not be analyzed only by the back log, the invention can better reproduce the user operation by combining the front log data and the back log data by collecting the front data and combining the back log data for aggregation and classification treatment, thereby obtaining more accurate user behavior data.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the main steps of a method for testing a page according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 1, the method for testing a page according to the embodiment of the present invention mainly includes the following steps S101 to S103.
Step S101: acquiring buried point data, request data and response data corresponding to page operation of a user, wherein the buried point data comprises input parameters and operation information;
step S102: aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data to generate test data;
step S103: automated testing of pages is performed using the test data.
When the embedded point data corresponding to the page operation of the user is acquired, the embedded point code can be written into the front end code during front end development and pushed to the data platform, so that the user operation data of the front end can be acquired through the embedded point. In general, the data embedding point is to add a statistical code to the product function code, record the operation behavior of the user, and when the user performs a certain operation, such as clicking a certain button, presenting a certain page, etc., the development will add the statistical code to the corresponding place, and the embedding point will generate a log record. But the buried point at the front end can only collect the times of clicking operations on the client side, and cannot obtain other information of the user on the page. The invention improves the embedded point code so that the operation information and the input parameters of the user can be collected through the embedded point, wherein the operation information of the user can comprise: button clicked by the user, and number of clicks, click time, etc.
After the user executes the page operation on the front-end page, the front-end sends a page operation generation request of the user to the server, and the server processes the request sent by the front-end page and returns response data corresponding to the page operation. According to the embodiment of the invention, the request data and the response data corresponding to the page operation can be acquired in a log or interface mode. Since there are multiple users accessing the system corresponding to the page at the same time, there will be many user operations, input parameters, request data and response data. After that, these data will be subjected to unified processing according to step S102.
In step S102, when aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data, and the response data, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the following steps may be specifically performed:
Step S1021: respectively acquiring operation information, input parameters, request data and data generation time of response data;
Step S1022: according to the operation information, the input parameters and the data generation time, determining request data and response data corresponding to each page operation, and taking the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data corresponding to each page operation as a piece of sample data;
Step S1023: and obtaining the user behavior category corresponding to the sample data according to the operation information, and classifying the sample data according to the user behavior category.
The matching of the sample data corresponding to each page operation can be performed according to the operation information, the input parameters and the data generation time. Then, the sample data are classified according to the operation information, so that the test data corresponding to different functions of the page are accumulated conveniently.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, when using test data to perform automated testing of pages, it may specifically be: and the automatic testing tool uses the test data to perform automatic testing of the page by establishing a mapping relation between the test data and the automatic testing tool. The data mapping relation between the test data and the automatic test tool is established, and the test data can be filled into the automatic test script, so that the automatic test of the page by using the test data is realized by running the automatic test script through the automatic test tool.
The following describes the implementation process of the present invention by taking the test of the function implementation of the home page of a certain system as an example.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a page test method according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown in fig. 2, according to the technical scheme of the present invention, the specific flow of the page test is as follows:
1. the user enters the home page of the xxx system, selects the city, name and price, and then clicks a "search" button;
2. The front end collects buried point data of user searching operation through buried points, wherein the buried point data comprises operation information and input parameters;
3. after the front end initiates a search request, response data returned by the server end is received, and the request data and the response data are obtained by analyzing the log or the interface data;
4. storing operation information, input parameters, request data and response data of the user search operation;
5. Aggregating page operation data of a plurality of users in the system to obtain sample data, and classifying the sample data according to the operation information to obtain test data;
6. an automated test tool reads test data, comprising: user operation behavior (operation information and input parameters) and data (request data, response data);
7. And executing the automatic test of the front page of the xxx system.
The implementation of the method for testing pages according to the present invention is described in connection with another embodiment. In this embodiment, the implementation process includes the following steps:
1. the user A enters the first page of the xxx system, selects the city-Beijing, the name-the palace, the price-60 and clicks a search button;
2. the embedded point data of the search operation of the user A collected by the front end is as follows: search_beijing_hometown_60;
3. saving buried point data of the search operation of the user A and request data and response data (for example, in json format) acquired through an interface;
4. B, C, D users respectively: city-Shanghai operation and price-70 operation, city-Tianjin search operation. The embedded point data of the page operation of the B user are as follows: the embedded point data of the page operation of the C user is: the buried point data of the page operation of the price_70, D user is: search_Tianjin;
5. The embedded point data and the request and response data of the 4 users A, B, C, D are aggregated and classified to obtain test data as follows:
searching: search_Beijing_Imperial_60, json data of request and response;
search_Tianjin, json data of request and response;
City: the city_Shanghai, json data of request and response;
Price of: price_70, json data of request and response;
from these data, A, B user performs search operation, C user performs city selection operation, D user performs price selection operation;
6. the automatic test tool establishes mapping with the test data and fills the script;
7. the automated test tool performs testing of the xxx system front page.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of main modules of an apparatus for testing a page according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 3, an apparatus 300 for testing a page according to an embodiment of the present invention mainly includes a data acquisition module 301, a data processing module 302, and a page testing module 303.
The data acquisition module 301 is configured to acquire buried point data, request data, and response data corresponding to a page operation of a user, where the buried point data includes an input parameter and operation information;
A data processing module 302, configured to aggregate and classify the operation information, the input parameters, the request data, and the response data to generate test data;
and the page test module 303 is used for automatically testing the page by using the test data.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the data processing module 302 may also be configured to:
respectively acquiring the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the data generation time of the response data;
According to the operation information, the input parameters and the data generation time, determining request data and response data corresponding to each page operation, and taking the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data corresponding to each page operation as a piece of sample data;
And obtaining the user behavior category corresponding to the sample data according to the operation information, and classifying the sample data according to the user behavior category.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the request data and the response data corresponding to the page operation may be obtained by means of a log or an interface.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the page test module 303 may also be configured to:
and establishing a mapping relation between the test data and the automatic test tool so that the automatic test tool uses the test data to perform automatic testing on the page.
According to the technical scheme of the embodiment of the invention, buried point data, request data and response data corresponding to page operation of a user are obtained, and the buried point data comprise input parameters and operation information; aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data to generate test data; the automatic test of the page is carried out by using the test data, so that the automatic test method based on the embedded point technology, the data and the automatic test tool is realized, the operation scene of the user can be reproduced by combining the front-end embedded point data, the request data and the response data corresponding to the page operation, the historical behavior data of the user can be obtained more accurately, the accumulation of the test data can be better realized, the efficient execution of the automatic test tool can be more conveniently and fully exerted, and the regression test can be carried out more effectively.
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary system architecture 400 of a method of testing pages or an apparatus for testing pages to which embodiments of the present invention may be applied.
As shown in fig. 4, the system architecture 400 may include terminal devices 401, 402, 403, a network 404, and a server 405. The network 404 is used as a medium to provide communication links between the terminal devices 401, 402, 403 and the server 405. The network 404 may include various connection types, such as wired, wireless communication links, or fiber optic cables, among others.
A user may interact with the server 405 via the network 404 using the terminal devices 401, 402, 403 to receive or send messages or the like. Various communication client applications, such as shopping class applications, web browser applications, search class applications, instant messaging tools, mailbox clients, social platform software, etc. (by way of example only) may be installed on the terminal devices 401, 402, 403.
The terminal devices 401, 402, 403 may be various electronic devices having a display screen and supporting web browsing, including but not limited to smartphones, tablets, laptop and desktop computers, and the like.
The server 405 may be a server providing various services, such as a background management server (by way of example only) providing support for shopping-type websites browsed by users using the terminal devices 401, 402, 403. The background management server may analyze and process the received data such as the product information query request, and feedback the processing result (e.g., the target push information, the product information—only an example) to the terminal device.
It should be noted that, the method for testing a page provided in the embodiment of the present invention is generally executed by the server 405, and accordingly, the device for testing a page is generally disposed in the server 405.
It should be understood that the number of terminal devices, networks and servers in fig. 4 is merely illustrative. There may be any number of terminal devices, networks, and servers, as desired for implementation.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is illustrated a schematic diagram of a computer system 500 suitable for use in implementing a terminal device or server in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The terminal device or server shown in fig. 5 is only an example, and should not impose any limitation on the functions and scope of use of the embodiments of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 5, the computer system 500 includes a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 501, which can perform various appropriate actions and processes according to a program stored in a Read Only Memory (ROM) 502 or a program loaded from a storage section 508 into a Random Access Memory (RAM) 503. In the RAM 503, various programs and data required for the operation of the system 500 are also stored. The CPU 501, ROM 502, and RAM 503 are connected to each other through a bus 504. An input/output (I/O) interface 505 is also connected to bus 504.
The following components are connected to the I/O interface 505: an input section 506 including a keyboard, a mouse, and the like; an output portion 507 including a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), and the like, and a speaker, and the like; a storage portion 508 including a hard disk and the like; and a communication section 509 including a network interface card such as a LAN card, a modem, or the like. The communication section 509 performs communication processing via a network such as the internet. The drive 510 is also connected to the I/O interface 505 as needed. A removable medium 511 such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, a semiconductor memory, or the like is mounted on the drive 510 as needed so that a computer program read therefrom is mounted into the storage section 508 as needed.
In particular, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the processes described above with reference to flowcharts may be implemented as computer software programs. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure include a computer program product comprising a computer program embodied on a computer readable medium, the computer program comprising program code for performing the method shown in the flow chart. In such an embodiment, the computer program may be downloaded and installed from a network via the communication portion 509, and/or installed from the removable media 511. The above-described functions defined in the system of the present invention are performed when the computer program is executed by a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 501.
The computer readable medium shown in the present invention may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium, or any combination of the two. The computer readable storage medium can be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or a combination of any of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer-readable storage medium may include, but are not limited to: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. In the present invention, however, the computer-readable signal medium may include a data signal propagated in baseband or as part of a carrier wave, with the computer-readable program code embodied therein. Such a propagated data signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable signal medium may also be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to: wireless, wire, fiber optic cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems which perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
The units or modules involved in the embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in software or in hardware. The described units or modules may also be provided in a processor, for example, as: a processor includes a data acquisition module, a data processing module, and a page test module. The names of these units or modules do not limit the units or modules themselves in some cases, and for example, the data acquisition module may also be described as "a module for acquiring buried point data, request data, and response data corresponding to a page operation of a user".
As another aspect, the present invention also provides a computer-readable medium that may be contained in the apparatus described in the above embodiments; or may be present alone without being fitted into the device. The computer readable medium carries one or more programs which, when executed by a device, cause the device to include: acquiring buried point data, request data and response data corresponding to page operation of a user, wherein the buried point data comprises input parameters and operation information; aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data, and the response data to generate test data; and carrying out automatic testing on the page by using the testing data.
According to the technical scheme of the embodiment of the invention, buried point data, request data and response data corresponding to page operation of a user are obtained, and the buried point data comprise input parameters and operation information; aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data to generate test data; the automatic test of the page is carried out by using the test data, so that the automatic test method based on the embedded point technology, the data and the automatic test tool is realized, the operation scene of the user can be reproduced by combining the front-end embedded point data, the request data and the response data corresponding to the page operation, the historical behavior data of the user can be obtained more accurately, the accumulation of the test data can be better realized, the efficient execution of the automatic test tool can be more conveniently and fully exerted, and the regression test can be carried out more effectively.
The above embodiments do not limit the scope of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alternatives can occur depending upon design requirements and other factors. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method of testing a page, comprising:
Acquiring buried point data, request data and response data corresponding to page operation of a user, wherein the buried point data comprises input parameters and operation information;
Aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data, and the response data to generate test data;
carrying out automatic testing on the page by using the test data;
Aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data, and the response data includes: respectively acquiring the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the data generation time of the response data; according to the operation information, the input parameters and the data generation time, determining request data and response data corresponding to each page operation, and taking the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data corresponding to each page operation as a piece of sample data; and obtaining the user behavior category corresponding to the sample data according to the operation information, and classifying the sample data according to the user behavior category.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the request data and the response data corresponding to the page operation are obtained by means of a log or an interface.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein performing automated testing of pages using the test data comprises:
and establishing a mapping relation between the test data and the automatic test tool so that the automatic test tool uses the test data to perform automatic testing on the page.
4. An apparatus for testing a page, comprising:
The data acquisition module is used for acquiring buried point data, request data and response data corresponding to page operation of a user, wherein the buried point data comprises input parameters and operation information;
the data processing module is used for aggregating and classifying the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data to generate test data;
The page test module is used for automatically testing the page by using the test data;
The data processing module is further configured to: respectively acquiring the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the data generation time of the response data; according to the operation information, the input parameters and the data generation time, determining request data and response data corresponding to each page operation, and taking the operation information, the input parameters, the request data and the response data corresponding to each page operation as a piece of sample data; and obtaining the user behavior category corresponding to the sample data according to the operation information, and classifying the sample data according to the user behavior category.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the request data and the response data corresponding to the page operation are obtained by means of a log or an interface.
6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the page test module is further to:
and establishing a mapping relation between the test data and the automatic test tool so that the automatic test tool uses the test data to perform automatic testing on the page.
7. An electronic device for testing a page, comprising:
One or more processors;
Storage means for storing one or more programs,
When executed by the one or more processors, causes the one or more processors to implement the method of any of claims 1-3.
8. A computer readable medium, on which a computer program is stored, characterized in that the program, when being executed by a processor, implements the method according to any of claims 1-3.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201911083317.5A CN112783754B (en) | 2019-11-07 | 2019-11-07 | Method and device for testing page |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911083317.5A CN112783754B (en) | 2019-11-07 | 2019-11-07 | Method and device for testing page |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN112783754A CN112783754A (en) | 2021-05-11 |
| CN112783754B true CN112783754B (en) | 2024-09-20 |
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| CN109062780A (en) * | 2018-06-25 | 2018-12-21 | 深圳市远行科技股份有限公司 | The development approach and terminal device of automatic test cases |
| CN109101414A (en) * | 2018-06-14 | 2018-12-28 | 挖财网络技术有限公司 | Based on the magnanimity UI Self -adaptive method and device thereof for burying point data |
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| CN109308266A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-02-05 | 北京微播视界科技有限公司 | Construction method, test method, device, equipment and the medium of test case |
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| CN109101414A (en) * | 2018-06-14 | 2018-12-28 | 挖财网络技术有限公司 | Based on the magnanimity UI Self -adaptive method and device thereof for burying point data |
| CN109062780A (en) * | 2018-06-25 | 2018-12-21 | 深圳市远行科技股份有限公司 | The development approach and terminal device of automatic test cases |
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