CN112715961A - 一种有助于老年糖尿病人增肌的食品组合物 - Google Patents
一种有助于老年糖尿病人增肌的食品组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种有助于老年糖尿病人增肌食品组合物，该食品组合物包括活性成分为：浓缩乳清蛋白、分离乳清蛋白、肌酸、羟甲基丁酸(HMB)、异麦芽酮糖、藜麦粉、维生素D和维生素B6。根据本发明的所述食品组合物针对具有肌肉衰减问题的老年糖尿病人设计，可方便、安全、有效地改善糖尿病老年人的肌肉衰减症状。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及保健食品技术领域，更具体的说是涉及一种可有助于老年糖尿病人增肌食品组合物，该食品组合物可以同时维持合理的血糖水平。
背景技术
随着年纪的增长，几乎所有的老年人都会出现不同程度的老年性肌肉衰减，导致这种现象的主要原因是：骨骼肌蛋白质合成代谢低于分解代谢，内分泌激素和调节因子减少。此外，运动性因素(运动不足或不合理)、疾病因素(如消化吸收机能减退)以及饮食习惯的因素。老年性肌肉衰减最直接的影响就是活动能力下降，易导致行动性损伤及骨折，随着肌肉衰减老年人抵抗力也会有所下降，如老年人久坐不动的生活方式以及长时间卧床不起，是导致骨骼肌质量的丧失和萎缩的主要原因，而食物摄入不足和营养不良则导致骨骼肌维持受损。
有研究表明，糖尿病病人肌少风险相对于没有糖尿病的病人高出很多，糖尿病人肌少症大约占到14.8％，而无有糖尿病的健康人群是11.2％。线粒体功能障碍、胰岛素抵抗、高糖毒性和炎症被认为是与糖尿病相关的常见关联因素。
线粒体功能紊乱影响肌肉内蛋白的合成与分解，造成ATP合成障碍，并产生大量活性氧，从而对骨骼肌造成损害，增加肌少症的罹患率。骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗被认为是肌少症与糖尿病之间最重要的联系。胰岛素可以促进蛋白质合成，抑制蛋白质分解；糖尿病患者随着年龄增长，胰岛细胞功能逐渐减弱，胰岛素抵抗也逐渐增加，胰岛素分泌进行性不足，增加糖尿病罹患肌少症的风险。血糖控制不佳的患者，肌少症的发病率明显增高，这可能与高血糖导致的炎症反应有关。高糖导致终末糖基化产物生成增加，通过增加炎症因子和内皮功能紊乱影响骨骼肌微循环，从而导致肌力下降。另外，随着年龄的增大，糖尿病患者运动神经元的功能逐渐退化和缺失，导致神经传导速度减慢或传导障碍，从而使肌肉力量降低。
老年糖尿病肌肉减少症的治疗目前缺乏特效药物，目前所有关于降糖药物对预防和治疗对老年糖尿病肌少症患者的有效性及安全性研究仍处于初步探索阶段，其剂量、疗程、安全性和副作用尚需进一步研究。
基于药品具有一定的副作用，且市场上暂无改善糖尿病老年人肌肉衰减的功能食品。而糖尿病相关肌少症是老年人面临的重大健康挑战，降低了老年糖尿病患者的生活质量，开发一款改善糖尿病老年人肌肉衰减的功能食品具有较大的意义。
发明内容
针对上述现有技术存在的问题，根据本发明的一个方面，本发明的一个目的是提供一种有助于患有糖尿病的老年人增肌，改善老年糖尿病人肌肉衰减的功能性食品组合物，包括如下活性组分：
以重量份计，所述食品组合物中各原料的用量为：浓缩乳清蛋白20～50份，分离乳清蛋白10～15份，肌酸2～6份，羟甲基丁酸(HMB)0.01～1份，异麦芽酮糖15～45份，藜麦粉1～10份、维生素D 0.01～0.03份、维生素B6 0.001～0.003份。
优选地，以重量份计，所述食品组合物中各原料的用量为：乳清蛋白30份，分离乳清蛋白12份，肌酸4份，HMB 0.02份，异麦芽酮糖30份，藜麦粉5份、维生素D 0.025份、维生素B6 0.002份。
优选的，以重量份计，所述食品组合物中各原料的用量为：乳清蛋白50份，分离乳清蛋白10份，肌酸6份，HMB 0.01份，异麦芽酮糖15份，藜麦粉1份、维生素D 0.03份、维生素B6 0.003份。
优选的，以重量份计，所述食品组合物中各原料的用量为：乳清蛋白20份,分离乳清蛋白15份，肌酸2份，HMB 1份，异麦芽酮糖45份，藜麦粉10份、维生素D 0.01份、维生素B60.001份。
根据本发明的所述食品组合物中的各原料均为粉状，所述食品组合物的制备过程为直接将各原料混合即可。
根据本发明的另一个方面，本发明的另一个目的是提供一种由所述食品组合物制备成的食品或保健品制剂，所述制剂可以为片剂、粉剂、胶囊、明胶糖果、压片糖果或颗粒剂等形式。
可选择地，根据本发明的所述食品组合物或包含食品组合物的制剂还可以根据需要包括所需的常规辅料。
本发明中的重量份数可以是ug、mg、g或kg等公认的重量单位。
有益效果
根据本发明的所述食品组合物针对具有肌肉衰减问题的老年糖尿病人设计，可方便、安全、有效地改善糖尿病老年人的肌肉衰减症状。
具体实施方式
以下，将详细地描述本发明。在进行描述之前，应当理解的是，在本说明书和所附的权利要求书中使用的术语不应解释为限制于一般含义和字典含义，而应当在允许发明人适当定义术语以进行最佳解释的原则的基础上，根据与本发明的技术方面相应的含义和概念进行解释。因此，这里提出的描述仅仅是出于举例说明目的的优选实例，并非意图限制本发明的范围，从而应当理解的是，在不偏离本发明的精神和范围的情况下，可以由其获得其他等价方式或改进方式。
以下实施例仅是作为本发明的实施方案的例子列举，并不对本发明构成任何限制，本领域技术人员可以理解在不偏离本发明的实质和构思的范围内的修改均落入本发明的保护范围。除非特别说明，以下实施例中使用的试剂和仪器均为市售可得产品。
本发明提供的所述有助于老年糖尿病人增肌的食品组合物包括浓缩乳清蛋白、分离乳清蛋白、肌酸、HMB、异麦芽酮糖、藜麦粉、维生素D、维生素B6组成。
糖尿病人胰岛素抵抗抑制可造成糖尿病患者机体蛋白质合成受限，高血糖水平是加速肌少症发生发展的重要危险因素。美国糖尿病学会指出，对于非透析的慢性肾病患者蛋白质摄入量应大约为0.8克/公斤/天，肌肉衰减综合征的患者蛋白质摄入推荐量为0.8克/公斤/天，并适量增加乳清蛋白等优质蛋白质。
乳清蛋白是牛乳中存在的一类蛋白质，其必需氨基酸种类齐全、数量充足且比例适当，是一种营养价值较高的优质蛋白，在维持机体肠道、肌肉组织的健康和补充体内的谷胱甘肽数量、抗氧化等方面有重要作用。乳清蛋白中还含有β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白、血清白蛋白、免疫球蛋白、乳铁传递蛋白以及乳过氧物酶等多种生物活性蛋白。这些物质参与构成机体非特异性防御屏障，在抗菌、抗病毒、免疫调节等方面发挥积极作用。此外，其高生物价、高消化率、高蛋白质功效比和高利用率的特点尤其适合消化吸收能力较弱的中老年慢性病人群。对于肌少症患者而言，乳清蛋白是最佳的蛋白源。乳清蛋白的特点是：1、快速消化，在循环中传递氨基酸，可用于蛋白质合成；2、高含量的亮氨酸；3、丰富的谷胱甘肽生成前体。这些在抗肌肉丢失上都有很好的作用。
分离乳清蛋白是在乳清蛋白的基础上经过进一步的工艺处理得到的高纯度乳清蛋白，纯度可达90％以上。它比浓缩乳清蛋白更容易消化吸收。同时分离乳清蛋白也含大量支链氨基酸，可以极为有效的补充肌肉所需的养分，是目前很适合增加肌肉成长的补充品。
肌酸可以帮助降低血糖水平。这可能通过增加GLUT4的功能而发生，GLUT4是一种将血糖带入肌肉的转运分子。研究表明服用肌酸和运动相结合的人比仅运动的人更能控制血糖水平。肌酸对老年人骨骼肌的作用可能比肌酸对年轻人的作用更深刻，因为老年人肌细胞内有较低的总肌酸水平，由于体内内源性总肌酸水平较低，所以肌酸的作用效果可能更大。配合一定强度的训练，老年人摄入肌酸有助于提高肌肉力量、肌纤维面积、去脂肪体质量，增大膝关节屈伸力量。从而减小肌肉衰减症的影响。
HMB(羟甲基丁酸，β-methylbutyate)是一种亮氨酸代谢物，在人体内自然存在。在骨骼肌中，亮氨酸和HMB都被认为是有效的蛋白质合成促进剂。HMB对骨骼肌的影响主要有五个方面，即抑制蛋白质分解从而降低肌肉降解；内质网钙释放增加；骨骼肌脂肪含量降低；氧代谢增加和刺激卫星细胞，促肌肉再生等。
增肌需要适当补充能量，异麦芽酮糖作为一种低GI(≤35)碳水来源，具有供能平稳、不易造成脂肪积累的特点，有研究表明糖尿病患者口服异麦芽酮糖后其血糖峰值、胰岛素和C肽峰值，以及血糖、胰岛素和C肽曲线下面积均明显低于口服蔗糖后。异麦芽酮糖可以安全地应用于血糖控制良好糖尿病患者。适合老年人或具有慢病风险人群适当补充碳水，维持合理的胰岛素水平，促合成抗分解。
藜麦的升糖指数较其他谷物低。藜麦中含有丰富的蛋白质，可以提供人体需要的氨基酸。藜麦还含有丰富的铁、钙、镁、磷等矿物质，能满足人体对微量元素的需要，尤其是镁元素，有缓解血管压力，保护心血管的作用。藜麦中的矿物质参与机体的代谢，有助于组织细胞的利用葡萄糖、促进胰岛细胞分泌胰岛素，对于二型糖尿病来说，藜麦有辅助食疗的作用。
维生素D对糖尿病的发生和发展存在有益的影响。维生素D是生理条件下葡萄糖刺激胰岛素的分泌，维持正常的糖耐量所必须的物质。缺乏维生素D，会造成胰岛素分泌相对不足或者是缺乏，导致血糖升高，进而出现糖尿病。维生素D也可以通过基因组和非基因组途径影响肌肉功能。除了肌细胞(II型纤维)外，维生素D还能影响神经肌肉活动。通过不同的方法研究，如mRNA、钙结合蛋白和维生素D受体(VDR)抗体等均能在肌肉细胞和细胞系中发现了维生素D受体(VDR)存在的证据。免疫组化显示VDR在肌肉细胞中有表达，随着年龄的增长，受体的数量逐渐减少。
维生素B6的摄入对糖尿病，特别是中老年2型糖尿病人来说是非常必要的，这个必要主要来源于维生素B6生成的辅酶“磷酸吡哆醛”，磷酸吡哆醛对葡萄糖转化成6—磷酸葡萄糖有较好的催化作用。葡萄糖(GS)只有进入人体细胞内才能被氧化分解生成能量、水及二氧化碳，但葡萄糖进入细胞的速度取决于细胞膜对葡萄糖(GS)的通透性以及细胞内自由葡萄糖的浓度，而细胞内自由葡萄糖(GS)的浓度又取决于其自身转化为6—磷酸葡萄糖的速度，因为这是葡萄糖在细胞内被氧化分解的唯一途径，不管是胰岛素作用或者是无氧酵解，或者是磷酸戊糖通路的分解代谢，都以首先生成6-磷酸葡萄糖为基础。与此同时，维生素B6参与蛋白质合成与分解代谢，参与肌糖原和肝糖原的转化，促进机体的合成代谢。
实施例1
本实施例涉及由本申请的食品组合物制备而成的复合粉剂。
所述食品组合物中的各组分为：
乳清蛋白30份，分离乳清蛋白12份，肌酸4份，HMB 0.02份，异麦芽酮糖30份，藜麦粉5份、维生素D 0.025份、维生素B6 0.002份。
制备方法：将各原辅料混合均匀，即得。
实施例2
本实施例涉及由本申请的食品组合物制备而成的复合粉剂。
所述食品组合物中的各组分为：
乳清蛋白50份，分离乳清蛋白10份，肌酸6份，HMB 0.01份，异麦芽酮糖15份，藜麦粉1份、维生素D 0.03份、维生素B6 0.003份。
制备方法：将各原辅料混合均匀，即得。
实施例3
本实施例涉及由本申请的食品组合物制备而成的复合粉剂。
所述食品组合物中的各组分为：
乳清蛋白20份,分离乳清蛋白15份，肌酸2份，HMB 1份，异麦芽酮糖45份，藜麦粉10份、维生素D 0.01份、维生素B6 0.001份。
实验例1：
研究老年II型糖尿病患者人肌肉衰减改善情况的功效实验。
实验目的：研究服用根据本发明的食品组合物产品后被试者的骨骼肌含量、握力、血糖的变化。
实验对象和方式
2.1实验对象：年龄≥50岁，糖尿病病程至少半年以上。近3个月内血糖的治疗方案无明显调整。近半年内无主要生活方式改变(如近期戒烟、戒酒、运动习惯改变等)。
2.2试验方法
2.2.1实验测试主要包括：受试者骨骼肌含量、握力、血糖变化。
2.2.2实验分组如下：A组20人，男女各10位，每日2袋(10g)，早晚各用温开水冲饮实施例1样品1袋，连续服用3月。B组20人，男女各10位，每日2袋(10g)，早晚各用温开水冲饮实施例2样品2袋，连续服用3月。C组20人，男女各10位，每日2袋(10g)，早晚各用温开水冲饮实施例3样品1袋，连续服用3月。D组20人，男女各10位，每日2袋(10g)，早晚各用温开水冲饮安慰剂(膳食纤维)样品1袋，连续服用3月。
2.2.3所有被试者在服用前一天早上和服用3月后一早睡前进行身高、体重、骨骼肌质量、握力、空腹血糖的测试。
2.2.4结果统计
所有测得数据均用均数±标准差(X±SD)表示，采用SPSS22.0软件进行统计与分析。组间各项指标变化采用独立样本t检验，组内各项指标变化采用配对样本t检验。
2.2.5实验结果
表1. 3个月试验前后受试者肌肉及身体指标变化情况
表1是3个月试验前后受试者肌肉状况及身体指标变化情况(*表示与干预前相比P<0.05，有显著差异)。由表1可以得出，分别服用实施例1至3产品的A至C组的被试者在服用产品后，四肢骨骼肌含量、握力较服用前有显著性上升，说明根据本发明的食品组合物达到了改善肌肉质量和力量的效果；服用安慰剂被试者四肢骨骼肌含量、握力较服用前未有显著性改变；各组试验前后血糖均无显著差异。四肢骨骼肌含量最佳效果的最佳重量份配比为乳清蛋白30份，分离乳清蛋白12份，肌酸4份，HMB 0.02份，异麦芽酮糖30份，藜麦粉5份、维生素D 0.025份、维生素B6 0.002份。
从整个实验过程看，受试者3个月定量服用本发明的产品后，四肢骨骼肌含量、握力较服用前有显著性上升，而血糖无显著差异。这表明服用根据本发明的食品组合物可帮助糖尿病的老年人增肌，同时维持合理的血糖水平。此外，根据本发明的食品组合物的原料主要为食品原料或来源于食品，从而确保食品组合物的健康性和可持续性。
Claims (7)
1.一种有助于老年糖尿病人增肌的食品组合物，包括如下活性组分：
以重量份计，所述食品组合物中各原料的用量为：浓缩乳清蛋白20～50份，分离乳清蛋白10～15份，肌酸2～6份，羟甲基丁酸(HMB)0.01～1份，异麦芽酮糖15～45份，藜麦粉1～10份、维生素D 0.01～0.03份、维生素B60.001～0.003份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的食品组合物，其特征在于，以重量份计，所述食品组合物中各原料的用量为：乳清蛋白30份，分离乳清蛋白12份，肌酸4份，HMB 0.02份，异麦芽酮糖30份，藜麦粉5份、维生素D 0.025份、维生素B6 0.002份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的食品组合物，其特征在于，以重量份计，所述食品组合物中各原料的用量为：乳清蛋白50份，分离乳清蛋白10份，肌酸6份，HMB 0.01份，异麦芽酮糖15份，藜麦粉1份、维生素D 0.03份、维生素B6 0.003份。
4.根据权利要求1所述的食品组合物，其特征在于，以重量份计，所述食品组合物中各原料的用量为：乳清蛋白20份,分离乳清蛋白15份，肌酸2份，HMB 1份，异麦芽酮糖45份，藜麦粉10份、维生素D 0.01份、维生素B6 0.001份。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任意一项所述的食品组合物制备成的食品或保健品制剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的食品或保健品制剂，其特征在于，所述制剂为片剂、粉剂、胶囊、明胶糖果、压片糖果或颗粒剂形式。
7.根据权利要求5所述的食品或保健品制剂，其特征在于，所述制剂还包括常规辅料。
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