CN112442034B - 一种含磺酸根季铵盐的共轭小分子内盐及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种含磺酸根季铵盐的共轭小分子内盐及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
- C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D471/06—Peri-condensed systems
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- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
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- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种含磺酸根季铵盐的新型共轭小分子内盐及其制备方法与应用。所述共轭小分子内盐,其结构式如式Ⅰ所示。本发明共轭小分子内盐能够作为有机太阳能电池的阴极界面层,取代氧化锌,能够提高器件的稳定性,并实现较高的光电转换效率。本发明共轭小分子内盐还可应用于有机发光二极管、有机场效应晶体管等光伏器件。本发明含磺酸根季铵盐的有机共轭小分子内盐,不仅是一种性能优异的电子传输材料,同时能在极大程度上提高器件的稳定性,并实现较高的光电转换效率。解决了传统有机太阳能电池稳定性较差,无法长时间运行的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种含磺酸根季铵盐的新型共轭小分子内盐及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
随着人类社会不断发展,传统能源渐渐难以满足人类的需求,同时解决环境污染问题也迫在眉睫。然而诸如水力发电和火力发电等传统的发电方法对环境并不友好,存在一定的破坏性。因此,大力发展新能源变得尤为迫切。太阳能具有清洁、绿色无污染、在地球上分布广泛、取之不尽、用之不竭等优点而最具发展前景,开发和利用太阳能将是一种有效应对能源问题的解决方法。有机太阳能电池因具有轻质,低成本,可溶液加工以及柔性的优点,受到了广泛的关注。随着有机光伏材料的快速发展,有机太阳能电池的光电转换效率(效率从最开始的4%提升到了16%(Y.Zou,J.Yuan,Y. Zhang,L.Zhou,G.Zhang,H.-L.Yip,T.-K.Lau,X.Lu,C.Zhu,H.Peng,P.A.Johnson,M. Leclerc,Y.Cao,J.Ulanski,Y.Li,Joule2019,3,1140.),展现出了极好的应用潜质。
然而,尽管上述材料实现了较高的光电转换效率,但是就目前的发展状况而言,有机太阳能电池存在着一项不容忽视的问题,那就是器件的稳定性问题。在传统的正向器件结构中,使用的正极界面层材料通常为聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩:聚苯乙烯磺酸盐,其具有吸湿性,易造成器件不稳定。而反向器件结构中,使用的阴极界面层材料通常为氧化锌,其具有光氧化性,容易氧化活性层,破坏器件的稳定性。有机太阳能电池稳定性存在的问题很大程度上限制了其在进一步商业化。因此,需要提供一种能提高有机太阳能电池稳定性的阴极界面层材料。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种含磺酸根季铵盐的新型共轭小分子内盐,其可用作有机太阳能电池反向器件的阴极界面层来取代氧化锌,提高器件的稳定性,并实现较高的光电转换效率;所述磺酸根季铵盐的新型共轭小分子还可应用于有机发光二极管、有机场效应晶体管等光伏器件。
本发明提供的含磺酸根季铵盐的共轭小分子内盐,其结构式如式Ⅰ所示,
式Ⅰ中,Ar表示共轭基团,选自未取代或含有取代基的下述基团:苯、噻吩、萘、蒽、苝、芴、三苯胺、吩噻嗪、吡咯、吡嗪、噻唑、吡啶、联吡啶、喹啉、呋喃、联苯、卟啉、亚卟啉、噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩、噻吩并[3,4-b]噻吩、噻吩并[2,3-b]噻吩、双噻吩并[3,2-b:2’,3’-d]噻吩、咔唑、吲哚、4H-环丙基[2,1-b:3,4-b’]双噻吩、4,8-双烷氧基苯唑[1,2-b:4,5-b’]双噻吩、4,4’-双烷基双噻吩并[3,2-b:2’,3’-d]噻咯、苯并[1,2-b:4,5-b’]二噻吩、苯并[1,2-b:4,5-b’]二[噻吩并[2,3-b]噻吩]、苯并[5,6-b]萘并[2,3-d]噻吩、萘并 [4,5-b:8,9-b’]二噻吩、萘酰亚胺、苝酰亚胺、苯酰亚胺;优选为萘酰亚胺或苝酰亚胺;
R1和R2相同或不同,各自独立地选自氢或C1-C20烷基、C1-C20烷氧基、C1-C20 酯基、C1-C20胺基及酰亚胺基、C6芳基、C6-C20芳烷基、磺酸根、季铵盐、C2-C20 烯基、由单键、双键、三键或其组合的取代基取代的芳基;
n为1~20之间的自然数,m为1~20之间的自然数;
X、Y和Z独立地选自氢和C1-C7烷基。
所述共轭小分子内盐具体如式Ⅱ所示:
式Ⅱ中,X、Y、Z、m和n的定义同式Ⅰ中;
进一步地,X优选C1-C3烷基,进一步优选甲基,Y优选甲基C1-C3烷基,进一步优选甲基,Z优选H或C1-C3烷基,进一步优选氢或甲基;
m优选1~5,进一步优选2或3,n优选1~5,进一步优选2。
式Ⅱ所示共轭小分子内盐具体如式Ⅱ-1、式Ⅱ-2或式Ⅱ-3所示:
本发明还提供了所述共轭小分子内盐的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
式Ⅲ所示化合物与式Ⅳ或式Ⅴ所示化合物进行反应即得;
式Ⅲ中,Ar、R1、R2、X、Y和n的定义同式Ⅰ中;
式Ⅳ中,Z的定义同式Ⅰ中,o为1~18之间的自然数;
式Ⅴ中,W为氟、氯、溴或碘,o为1~18之间的自然数。
上述的制备方法中,所述反应在如下溶剂中进行:
四氢呋喃、甲醇、乙醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、氯仿、水、甲苯或由上述溶剂组成的混合溶剂。
上述的制备方法中,所述反应在惰性气氛下进行;
所述反应的温度为40~200℃;
所述反应的时间为4~72小时。
本发明还提供式式II-1所示共轭小分子(NDI-N-SO3)的制备方法,包括两种:
其一:将(N,N-二甲基氨基)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺(式III-1)和1,3-丙磺酸内酯(式IV-1)溶解于有机溶剂(优选为甲醇)中,反应24~48小时制得式II-1结构的共轭小分子内盐;
具体反应如下式所示:
所述反应温度为40~70℃,优选为50~60℃;
其二:将(N,N-二甲基氨基)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺(式III-1)和3-溴丙烷-1-磺酸钠(式V-1)溶解于共混溶剂(优选为乙醇:水=1:1)中,反应24-48小时制得式II-1结构的共轭小分子内盐;
具体反应如下式所示:
其中,式III-1所示化合物通过如下方法制备:
将1,4,5,8-萘四甲酸酐和3-二甲胺基丙胺溶解于有机溶剂(如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺), 120摄氏度下维持反应(优选24小时),以卤代烃(优选为二氯甲烷)为淋洗剂过柱色谱分离,得到式III-1所示化合物:(N,N-二甲基氨基)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺;
具体的反应式如下所示:
根据本发明,所述式V-1所示化合物通过如下方法制备:
将1,3-二溴丙烷和亚硫酸钠溶解于有机溶剂(优选为乙醇),45摄氏度下维持反应(优选18小时),以乙醇、水的混合溶液重结晶,得到式V-1所示化合物:3-溴丙烷 -1-磺酸钠;
具体的反应式如下所示:
本发明提供的共轭小分子内盐能够作为有机太阳能电池的阴极界面层,取代氧化锌,能够提高器件的稳定性,并实现较高的光电转换效率。
本发明提供的共轭小分子内盐还可应用于有机发光二极管、有机场效应晶体管等光伏器件。
本发明提供的含磺酸根季铵盐的有机共轭小分子内盐,不仅是一种性能优异的电子传输材料,同时能在极大程度上提高器件的稳定性,并实现较高的光电转换效率。解决了传统有机太阳能电池稳定性较差,无法长时间运行的问题。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所制得的式Ⅱ-1共轭小分子内盐的核磁共振氢谱图。
图2为实施例2所制得的式Ⅱ-2共轭小分子内盐的核磁共振氢谱图。
图3为实施例3所制得的式Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐的核磁共振氢谱图。
图4为实施例1所制得的式Ⅱ-1共轭小分子内盐的吸收光谱图。
图5为实施例2所制得的式Ⅱ-2共轭小分子内盐的吸收光谱图。
图6为实施例3所制得的式Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐的吸收光谱图。
图7为在铂电极上实施例1~3中所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内在0.1mol/L四丁基六氟磷酸铵的乙腈溶液中的电化学循环伏安图;其中,带有圆点的曲线代表式Ⅱ-1的电化学循环伏安图,带有正方形的曲线代表式Ⅱ-2的电化学循环伏安,带有三角形的曲线代表式Ⅱ-3的电化学循环伏安。
图8为基于实施例1所制得的式Ⅱ-1共轭小分子内盐制作的具有结构为ITO/式Ⅱ-1/PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11/MoO3/Al的有机太阳能电池的电压-电流(I-V)曲线。
图9为基于实施例2所制得的式Ⅱ-2共轭小分子内盐制作的具有结构为ITO/式Ⅱ-2/PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11/MoO3/Al的有机太阳能电池的电压-电流(I-V)曲线。
图10为基于实施例3所制得的式Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐制作的具有结构为ITO/式Ⅱ-3/PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11/MoO3/Al的有机太阳能电池的电压-电流(I-V)曲线。
图11为基于实施例1中所制得的式Ⅱ-1共轭小分子内盐制作的具有结构为ITO/式Ⅱ-1/PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11/MoO3/Al的有机太阳能电池的外量子效率(EQE)曲线。
图12为基于实施例2所制得的式Ⅱ-2共轭小分子内盐制作的具有结构为ITO/式Ⅱ-2/PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11/MoO3/Al的有机太阳能电池的外量子效率(EQE)曲线。
图13为基于实施例3所制得的式Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐制作的具有结构为ITO/式Ⅱ-3/PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11/MoO3/Al的有机太阳能电池的外量子效率(EQE)曲线。
图14为基于实施例1所制得的式Ⅱ-1共轭小分子内盐制作的具有结构为ITO/式Ⅱ-1/PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11/MoO3/Al的有机太阳能电池在氮气中储存的能量转换效率变化曲线。
图15为基于实施例2所制得的式Ⅱ-2共轭小分子内盐制作的具有结构为ITO/式Ⅱ-2/PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11/MoO3/Al的有机太阳能电池在氮气中储存的能量转换效率变化曲线。
图16为基于实施例3所制得的式Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐制作的具有结构为ITO/式Ⅱ-3/PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11/MoO3/Al的有机太阳能电池在氮气中储存的能量转换效率变化曲线。
具体实施方式
下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法。
下述实施例中所用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。
本发明可采用本领域技术内的有机化学的常规技术。在以下实施例中,努力确保所用数字(包括量、温度、反应时间等)的准确性,但应考虑一些实验误差和偏差。在以下实施例中所用的温度(单位为摄氏度)以℃表示,压力为大气压或接近大气压。所有溶剂都是以HPLC级购得,并且所有反应在氩气惰性气氛下进行。除非另外指出,否则所有试剂都是商业获得的。
实施例1、(N,N,N-二甲基铵基丙基-1-磺酸根)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺(式II-1) 的合成
(1)(N,N-二甲基氨基)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺的合成
在氩气保护下,将2.68g(10mmol)1,4,5,8-萘四甲酸酐溶解于200mlN,N-二甲基甲酰胺,随后加入4.1g(40mmol)3-二甲胺基丙胺,120℃下维持反应24小时。反应结束后,冷却至室温析出固体,抽滤得到棕黑色固体粗产物。以二氯甲烷为淋洗剂过柱色谱分离,得到2.62g金黄色固体,即(N,N-二甲基氨基)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺,产率60%。
(2)3-溴丙烷-1-磺酸钠。
氩气保护下,将2.02g(10mmol)1,3-二溴丙烷和2.77g(22mmol)亚硫酸钠溶解于200ml乙醇,45℃下维持反应18小时。反应结束后,旋蒸浓缩反应液,将反应液逐滴滴入300ml丙酮,沉降析出固体。抽滤得到灰白色固。以乙醇、水的混合溶液重结晶,得到1.8g白色固体,即3-溴丙烷-1-磺酸钠,产率80%。
(3)(N,N,N-二甲基铵基丙基-1-磺酸根)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺的合成
在氩气保护下,将1.31g(3mmol)(N,N-二甲基氨基)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺和1.39g(6.2mmol)3-溴丙烷-1-磺酸钠溶解于140ml甲醇和水的混合溶液中(甲醇:水=6:1), 60℃反应48小时。反应结束后,冷却至室温析出固体,抽滤得到黄白色固体粗产物。分别以100ml乙醇,100ml丙酮洗涤粗产物。将粗产品用甲醇:水=2:1的混合溶剂溶解,过反向柱,淋洗剂为甲醇:水=2:1,得到1.16g白色固体,即(N,N,N-二甲基铵基丙基-1-磺酸根)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺,产率57%。
核磁共振氢谱结构表征:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O,δ):8.51(s,4H),4.22(t,4H),3.54(m,8H),3.16(s,12H),2.97(t,4H),2.27(m,8H),谱图如图1所示。
元素分析(%):C30H40N4O10S2:计算值:C 52.93,H5.92,N 8.23,O 23.50,S 9.42;实测值:C 50.95,H 5.17,N 7.46,O 28.56,S 7.86.
实施例2、(N,N,N-二甲基铵基丁基-1-磺酸根)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺(式Ⅱ-2) 的合成
在氩气保护下,将1.31g(3mmol)(N,N-二甲基氨基)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺和1.22g(9mmol)2,4-丁烷磺内酯溶解于120ml甲醇中,60℃反应48小时。反应结束后,冷却至室温析出固体,抽滤得到黄白色固体粗产物。分别以100ml乙醇,100ml丙酮洗涤粗产物,之后用乙醇:水=6:1的混合溶剂重结晶,得到0.85g白色固体,即(N,N,N- 二甲基铵基丁基-1-磺酸根)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺,产率40%。
核磁共振氢谱结构表征:1H NMR(400MHz,D2O,δ):8.47(s,4H),4.27(t,4H),3.54(m,4H),3.41(t,4H),3.16(s,12H),2.30(m,4H),1.92(m,4H),1.21(t,4H),谱图如图2所示。
元素分析(%):C32H44N4O10S2:计算值:C 54.22,H6.26,N 7.90,O 22.57,S 9.05;实测值:C 50.97,H 6.44,N 7.43,O 27.25,S 7.91.
实施例3、(N,N,N-二甲基铵基丁基-2-磺酸根)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺(式Ⅱ-3) 的合成
在氩气保护下,将1.31g(3mmol)(N,N-二甲基氨基)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺和1.22g(9mmol)2,4-丁烷磺内酯溶解于120ml甲醇中,60℃反应48小时。反应结束后,冷却至室温析出固体,抽滤得到黄白色固体粗产物。分别以100ml乙醇,100ml丙酮洗涤粗产物,之后用乙醇:水=6:1的混合溶剂重结晶,得到0.94g白色固体,即(N,N,N- 二甲基铵基丁基-2-磺酸根)丙基萘二甲酰亚胺,产率44%。
核磁共振氢谱结构表征:1H NMR(300MHz,D2O,δ):8.60(s,4H),4.28(t,4H),3.58(m,8H),3.12(s,12H),3.00(m,2H),2.11(m,8H),1.37(d,6H),谱图如图3所示。。
元素分析(%):C32H44N4O10S2:计算值:C 54.22,H6.26,N 7.90,O 22.57,S 9.05;实测值:C 48.94,H 6.10,N 7.49,O 28.75,S 8.72.
实施例4、由实施例1~3所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐的紫外可见吸收光谱的测量
将实施例1~3中所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐分别溶解于水中,分别旋涂于石英片上制得固体薄膜,用紫外可见吸收光谱仪测定它们的吸收光谱分别示于图4、图5、图6,可以看出,式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐在380nm波长附近均具有较强的吸收,同时在可见光区没有吸收,表明式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐在光谱上均适合作为界面层材料。
实施例5、利用电化学循环伏安法测定实施例1~3中所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐的最低分子未占据轨道(LUMO)。。
将实施例1~3所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐分别溶解于水中,然后将该溶液滴加至工作电极如铂片上;使用0.1mol/L四丁基六氟磷酸铵的乙腈溶液作为电解液;以铂丝作为对电极;以银丝作为参比电极,使用电化学循环伏安法在该体系中进行测量。式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐的循环伏安数据示于图7。得知式Ⅱ -1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐的LUMO能级分别是-3.53eV、-3.41eV和-3.45eV,均高于受体材料BTP-eC9-4.08eV的LUMO能级,表明在有机太阳能电池器件中,电子易于从受体材料BTP-eC9传输至式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐。
实施例6、由实施例1~3所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐进行有机太阳能电池器件的制作
将1mg由实施例1~3所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐分别溶解于0.25ml 的去离子水中,升温至50℃加热溶解1小时得到4mg/ml的溶液。随后将上述溶液以旋涂成膜的方式涂覆在氧化钢锡(ITO)导电玻璃上,制得约10nm厚的界面层薄膜。之后将10mg/ml的BTP-eC11、PBDB-TF的共混溶液以旋涂成膜的方式涂覆在前述界面层薄膜上。接着将其放入高真空镀膜仓中,在约10-4Pa的真空度下,用真空蒸镀的方式蒸镀上10nm厚的三氧化钼作为阳极界面层。最后蒸镀上100nm厚的铝作为顶电极,并在氙灯模拟太阳光源(AM1.5强度,100mW/cm2)的照射下,测量器件的电压-电流曲线,得到该器件的开路电压(Voc)、短路电流(Jsc)和填充因子(FF)值,进而得到该器件的光电转换效率(PCE)。氙灯太阳能模拟器在国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)中使用硅二极管(具有KG5可见滤光器)校正。
基于实施例1~3所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐的聚合物太阳能电池器件的电压-电流(I-V)曲线分别示于图8、图9、图10。其中,实施例1所制得的式Ⅱ -1共轭小分子内盐的开路电压Voc=0.85V,短路电流Jsc=25.72mA/cm2,填充因子 FF=73.82%,转化效率PCE=16.20%;实施例2所制得的式Ⅱ-2共轭小分子内盐的开路电压Voc=0.85V,短路电流Jsc=25.74mA/cm2,填充因子FF=74.60%,转化效率 PCE=16.38%;实施例3所制得的式Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐的开路电压Voc=0.85V,短路电流Jsc=25.77mA/cm2,填充因子FF=74.16%,转化效率PCE=16.22%。
实施例7、测试基于实施例1~3所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐的有机太阳能电池器件的外量子转化效率
将基于实施例1~3所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐,按照实施例6的步骤制备的聚合物太阳能电池器件,使用台湾光焱公司的Enli外量子效率测试仪测试其外量子效率曲线,结果分别示于图11、图12、图13。可以看出,基于实施例1~3的太阳能电池器件的外量子效率在整个光谱范围内基本都大于70%。显示了该类材料可以有效促进激子解离。
实施例8、测试基于实施例1~3所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐的有机太阳能电池器件的储存稳定性的测试
将基于实施例1~3所制得的式Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3共轭小分子内盐,按照实施例6的步骤制备的聚合物太阳能电池器件保存在填充N2的手套箱中,并且每隔24小时使用AAA 级太阳光模拟器在AM1.5强度,100mW/cm2下对所制备聚合物太阳能电池的开路电压、短路电流、填充因子和能量转换效率进行测试。持续60天,60天后器件的转换效率仍能保持初始值的90%以上,极大地提升了器件的稳定性,器件效率随时间变化情况分别示于图14、图15、图16。
本发明通过上述实施例予以说明。但本领域技术人员了解,下述实施例不是对本发明保护范围的限制,本领域普通技术人员应认识到,基于本文的教导,在不偏离权利要求书所限定的本发明的范围下可进行许多改变和替代。任何在本发明基础上做出的改进和变化,都在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
4.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述反应在如下溶剂中进行:
四氢呋喃、甲醇、乙醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、氯仿、水、甲苯或由上述溶剂组成的混合溶剂。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述反应在惰性气氛下进行;
所述反应的温度为40~200℃;
所述反应的时间为4~72小时。
6.一种反向有机太阳能电池,其阴极界面层由权利要求1或2所述共轭小分子内盐制成。
7.权利要求1或2所述共轭小分子内盐在制备反向有机太阳能电池中的应用。
8.权利要求1或2所述共轭小分子内盐在制备下述有机光电功能器件中的应用:
有机光伏器件、有机场效应晶体管以及有机发光二极管。
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