CN112409452A - 包括胃肠癌和胃癌的几种肿瘤的新型免疫疗法 - Google Patents
包括胃肠癌和胃癌的几种肿瘤的新型免疫疗法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于免疫治疗方法的肽、核酸和细胞。特别是,本发明涉及癌症的免疫疗法。本发明还涉及单独使用或与其他肿瘤相关肽(刺激抗肿瘤免疫应答疫苗复合物的活性药物成分)联合使用的肿瘤相关细胞毒性T辅助细胞(CTL)肽表位。本发明涉及新型肽序列及其变体,它们源自可用于引发抗肿瘤免疫应答的疫苗组合物中的人肿瘤HLA‑I类分子。
Description
本申请是申请号为201510354965.5的中国申请的分案,其中201510354965.5是201180014644.0的分案,上述两申请的申请日均为2011年3月15日,发明名称为包括胃肠癌和胃癌的几种肿瘤的新型免疫疗法。
本发明涉及用于免疫治疗方法的肽、核酸和细胞。特别是,本发明涉及癌症的免疫疗法。本发明还涉及单独使用或与其他肿瘤相关肽(刺激抗肿瘤免疫应答疫苗复合物的活性药物成分)联合使用的由CD8+T细胞识别的肿瘤相关表位。本发明涉及33种新型肽序列及其变体,它们源自可用于引发抗肿瘤免疫应答的疫苗组合物中的人肿瘤HLA-I类分子,尤其是细胞毒性T细胞免疫应答。
发明背景
胃癌是恶性细胞在胃壁形成的一种疾病。胃癌可发生于胃部的任何部分,可能扩散到整个胃部以及其他器官;尤其是食道、肺和肝脏。胃癌是全球第四最常见的癌症,2002年有93万确诊病例。胃癌具有高死亡率(每年~80万),使之成为全球仅次于肺癌导致癌症死亡的第二大最常见原因。此病较常见于男性,更常见于亚洲国家和发展中国家。(http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/.)
在美国,胃癌约占每年所有新发癌症病例的2%(25500例),但在其他国家更常见。在韩国,胃癌是位于第一位的癌症,占恶性肿瘤的20.8%。在日本,胃癌仍是男性最常见的癌症。在美国,每年约有8000名男性和13000女性被诊断患有胃癌。大部分患者为70岁以上。
胃癌是全球第四大常见癌症,仅次于肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌和直肠癌。此外,胃癌仍是第二大最常见癌症死因。据美国癌症协会估计,2007年有一百万新发病例,其中近70%发生在发展中国家,大约80万例死亡。(http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/Global_Facts_and_Figures_2007_rev2.pdf.)
此疾病的全球发病率中存在巨大的地域差异。该疾病的发病率在亚洲和南美洲部分地区最高,在北美最低。根据记录,该疾病的死亡率在智利、日本、南美和前苏联最高。
除了日本通常进行早期检测外(在韩国以有限的方式进行),世界大部分地区均不进行筛查,因此,胃癌在得到确诊时通常已为晚期。因而,胃癌仍然对医疗保健专业人士带来重大挑战。胃癌的危险因素为幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)感染、吸烟、摄入高量盐分、以及其他饮食因素。少数胃癌(1%至3%)与胃癌遗传易感性症候群相关。在弥漫型胃癌常染色体显性遗传易感性家族中,大约25%发生上皮钙黏蛋白基因突变。这一亚群胃癌被称为遗传性弥漫性胃癌。12提供遗传咨询,并考虑在种系截断的年轻无症状携带者中进行预防性胃切除术可能是有益的。
胃壁由3层组织组成:粘膜(最内)层、肌(中间)层和浆膜(最外)层。胃癌首先发生于粘膜层内壁,随着生长而扩散至外层。有四种标准治疗方法可治疗胃癌。胃癌治疗方法包括手术、化疗、放疗或放化疗。手术是胃癌的主要治疗方法。手术的目的是进行完全切除,并使切缘为阴性(R0切除)。但是,大约有50%局部胃癌不能进行R0切除。R1切除表示在显微镜下可发现残留癌细胞(切缘阳性),R2切除表示有肉眼可见的残留癌细胞,但疾病未向远处转移。患者结果取决于诊断时发现的最初期别(NCCN肿瘤学临床实践指南TM)。
对于II期疾病的患者,治疗性手术切除后的5年生存率为30-50%,III期患者为10-25%。这些患者局部及全身复发的可能性极高。80-90%的胃癌患者均会发生转移,在较早期别得到确诊的患者中6个月生存率为65%,而在较晚期确诊的患者中不到15%。
因此,仍然需要对以下癌症患者实施安全有效、并且在不使用化疗药物或可能导致严重副作用的药物即可提升患者健康的新型治疗方案:胃癌、摄护腺(上皮)癌、口腔癌、口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)、急性髓性白血病(AML)、幽门螺旋杆菌引起的MALT淋巴瘤、结肠(上皮)癌/结直肠癌、胶质母细胞瘤、非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)、宫颈(上皮)癌、人乳腺癌、摄护腺癌、结肠癌、胰腺癌、胰腺导管腺癌、卵巢癌、肝细胞癌、肝癌、不同表型的脑肿瘤、急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)等白血病、肺癌、尤因氏肉瘤、子宫内膜癌、头颈部鳞状细胞癌、喉上皮癌、食管癌、口腔(上皮)癌、膀胱癌、卵巢(上皮)癌、肾细胞癌、非典型脑膜瘤、乳头状甲状腺癌、脑肿瘤、涎腺导管癌、宫颈癌、结外型T/NK细胞淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、肺癌和乳腺癌等恶性实体瘤、以及其他肿瘤。
本发明采用刺激免疫系统的肽以一种无创方式作为抗肿瘤制剂。
发明内容
是否能刺激免疫应答取决于是否存在被宿主免疫系统视为异物的抗原。发现肿瘤相关抗原的存在增加了运用宿主免疫系统干预肿瘤生长的可能性。对于癌症免疫疗法,目前正在探索各种利用免疫系统的体液和细胞免疫作用的机制,用于癌症免疫治疗。
细胞免疫应答的特定元素能特异性地识别和破坏肿瘤细胞。从肿瘤浸润细胞群或外周血中分离出的细胞毒性T-细胞(CTL)表明,这些细胞在癌症的天然免疫防御中发挥了重要作用。特别是CD8阳性T细胞(TCD8+)在这种反应中发挥重要作用,TCD8+能识别通常8至10个源自蛋白或位于细胞质的缺损核糖体产物(DRIP)的氨基酸残基的主要组织兼容性复合体(MHC)所载的肽中所含的I类分子。人MHC分子也称为人白细胞-抗原(HLA)。
MHC分子有两类:大部分有细胞核的细胞上都可发现的MHC-I类分子。MHC分子分别由一条α重链和β-2-微球蛋白(MHC-I类受体)或α和β链(MHC-II类受体)组成。其三维构造形成一个结合槽,用于与肽进行非共价相互作用。MHC I类分子提呈的肽主要为内源性的蛋白、DRIPS和较大肽裂解生成的。MHC II类分子主要发现于专业抗原提呈细胞(APC)上,它们主要提呈在内吞作用过程中由APC占据且随后被加工的外源性或跨膜蛋白的肽。肽和MHC I类分子的复合体由负载相应T细胞受体(TCR)的CD8阳性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞进行识别,而肽和MHC II类分子的复合体由负载相应TCR的CD4阳性辅助T细胞进行识别。本领域已熟知其中的TCR、肽和MHC按1:1:1的化学计量比例而存在。
对于引发细胞免疫应答的肽,它必须与MHC分子结合。这一过程依赖于MHC分子的等位基因以及肽氨基酸序列的特异性多态性。MHC-I类-结合肽的长度通常为8-12个氨基酸残基,并且在其与MHC分子相应结合沟槽相互作用的序列中通常包含两个保守残基(「锚」)。这样,每个MHC的等位基因都有「结合基序」,从而确定哪些肽能与结合沟槽特异性结合。
在MHC-I类依赖性免疫应答中,肽不仅能与肿瘤细胞表达的某些MHC-I类分子结合,而且它们还必须能被带有T细胞特异性受体的T细胞(TCR)识别。
肿瘤特异性CTL所识别的抗原,即它们的表位,可以是源自所有蛋白类型的分子,如酶、受体、转录因子等,它们在相应肿瘤的细胞中被表达,并且与同源未变的细胞相比,其表达上调。
目前将肿瘤相关肽分类为以下主要几组:
a)癌-睾丸抗原:T细胞能够识别的最先确认的TAA属于这一类抗原,由于其成员表达于组织学相异的人肿瘤中、正常组织中、仅在睾丸的精母细胞/精原细胞中、偶尔在胎盘中,因此,它最初被称为癌-睾丸(CT)抗原。由于睾丸细胞不表达HLA I类和II类分子,所以,在正常组织中,这些抗原不能被T细胞识别,因此在免疫学上可考虑为具有肿瘤特异性。CT抗原大家熟知的例子是MAGE家族成员或NY-ESO-1。
b)分化抗原:肿瘤和正常组织(肿瘤源自该组织)都含有TAA,大多数TAA发现于黑色素瘤和正常黑色素细胞中。许多此类黑色素细胞谱系相关蛋白参与黑色素的生物合成,因此这些蛋白不具有肿瘤特异性,但是仍然被广泛用于癌症的免疫治疗。实例包括,但不仅限于,黑色素瘤的酪氨酸酶和Melan-A/MART-1或摄护腺癌的PSA。
c)过量表达的TAA:在组织学相异的肿瘤中以及许多正常组织中都检测到了基因编码被广泛表达的TAA,一般表达水平较低。有可能许多由正常组织加工和潜在提呈的表位低于T细胞识别的阈值水平,而它们在肿瘤细胞中的过量表达能够透过打破先前确立的耐受性而引发抗癌反应。这类TAA的典型实例为Her-2/neu、生存素、端粒酶或WT1。
d)肿瘤特异性抗原:这些独特的TAA产生于正常基因(如β-联蛋白、CDK4等)的突变。这些分子变化中有一些与致瘤性转化和/或进展相关。肿瘤特异性抗原一般可在不对正常组织带来自体免疫应答风险的情况下诱导很强的免疫应答。另一方面,这些TAA在多数情况下只与其上确认了有TAA的确切肿瘤相关,并且通常在许多个体肿瘤之间并非共享TAA。
e)由异常转译后修饰产生的TAA:此类TAA可能由肿瘤中既不具有特异性也不过量表达的蛋白产生,但其仍然具有肿瘤相关性(该相关性由主要对肿瘤具有活性的转译后加工所致)。此类TAA产生于变糖基化模式的改变,导致肿瘤产生针对MUC1的新型表位或在降解过程中导致诸如蛋白拼接的事件,这可能具有也可能不具有肿瘤特异性。
f)肿瘤病毒蛋白:这些TTA是病毒蛋白,可在致癌过程中发挥关键作用,并且由于它们是外源蛋白(非人源蛋白),所以能够激发T细胞应答。这类蛋白的例子有人乳头状瘤16型病毒蛋白、E6和E7,它们在宫颈癌中表达。
对于被细胞毒性T淋巴细胞识别为肿瘤特异性抗原或相关性抗原以及用于治疗的蛋白质,必须具备特殊的先决条件。该抗原应主要由肿瘤细胞表达,而不由正常健康组织表达,或表达数量相对较少。更为适宜的情况是,该相应抗原不仅出现于一种肿瘤中,而且浓度(即每个细胞的相应肽拷贝数目)高。肿瘤特异性抗原和肿瘤相关抗原往往是源自直接参与因细胞周期控制或凋亡抑制中的一项功能而发生的正常细胞向肿瘤细胞转化的蛋白。另外,这些直接导致转化事件的蛋白的下游靶标可能会被上调,因此可能与肿瘤间接相关。这些肿瘤间接相关抗原也可能是预防接种方法的靶标(Singh-Jasuja H.,Emmerich N.P.,Rammensee H.G.,Cancer Immunol.Immunother.2004Mar;453(3):187-95)。在这两种情况中,至关重要的是,都要存在抗原氨基酸序列的表位,所以这种来自肿瘤相关抗原的肽(「免疫原性肽」)可导致体外或体内T细胞应答。
基本上,任何能与MHC分子结合的肽都可能充当一个T细胞表位。诱导体外或体内T细胞应答的前提是存在具有相应TCR的T细胞并且不存在对该特定表位的免疫耐受性。
因此,TAA是研发肿瘤疫苗的起点。识别和表征TAA的方法基于可从患者或健康受试者分离出来的CTL的使用情况,或基于肿瘤与正常组织肽之间差别转录特性或差别表达模式的产生。
然而,对肿瘤组织或人肿瘤细胞株中过量表达或选择性表达的基因的识别并不提供在免疫疗法中使用这些基因所转录抗原的准确信息。这是因为,有着相应TCR的T细胞必须要存在而且对这个特定表位的免疫耐受性必须不存在或为最低水平,因此,这些抗原的表位只有一部分适合这种应用。因此,只选择那些蛋白过量表达或选择性表达的肽,并且这些肽是与可找到对抗性功能性T细胞的MHC分子结合在一起被提呈,这一点非常重要。这种功能性T细胞被定义为在以特异性抗原刺激后能够克隆地扩展并能够执行效应子功能的T细胞(「效应子T细胞」)。
辅助T细胞在编排抗肿瘤免疫的CTL效应子功能中发挥着重要作用。触发TH1细胞应答的辅助T细胞表位支援CD8阳性杀伤T细胞的效应子功能,其中包括直接作用于肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性功能(该类肿瘤细胞表面显示有肿瘤相关肽/MHC复合体)。这样,单独形式的或与其他肿瘤相关肽形成组合物的肿瘤相关T辅助细胞肽表位可作为刺激抗肿瘤免疫应答疫苗组合物的活性药物成分。
附图说明
图1:证实CDC2-001提呈于原发性肿瘤样本GC2464的代表性质谱。NanoESI-LCMS在从GC样本2464中洗脱所得的肽库上进行。质量色谱m/z597.3501±0.001Da、z=2显示肽在保留时间151.63分钟时达到峰值。B)质量色谱中在151.63分钟时检测到峰值显示,信号在MS谱中为m/z 597.3501。C)nanoESI-LCMS实验中指定保留时间时所记录的选定前体的碰撞诱导衰变质谱为m/z597.3501,证实了GC2464肿瘤样本中提呈CDC2-001。D)合成CDC2-001参考肽的破碎模式进行了记录,并且与C所示的自然TUMAP破碎模式以验证序列。
图2:选定蛋白的mRNA在正常组织和25份胃癌样本中的表达谱
a)CDC2(Probeset ID:203213_at)
b)ASPM(Probeset ID:219918_s_at)
图3:I类TUMAP肽特异性体外免疫原性的典型结果。CD8+T细胞用分别载有相关(左图)和不相关肽(右图)的人工抗原提呈细胞引入。经过3个周期的刺激后,用相关和不相关的A*2402-多聚体二重染色法对肽反应性细胞进行检测。所示细胞在活CD8+淋巴细胞上得到门控,图中数字代表多聚体阳性细胞的百分比。
具体实施方式
除非另有说明,否则本文使用的所有术语定义如下。本文所用「肽」这一术语,系指一系列氨基酸残基,通常以α-氨基酸与相邻氨基酸的羰基团之间的肽键相互连接。这些肽的长度优选为9个氨基酸,但至短可为8个氨基酸长度,最长可为10、11、12、13或14个氨基酸长度。
本文使用的术语「寡肽」是指一系列氨基酸残基,通常以α-氨基酸与相邻氨基酸的羰基团之间的肽键相互连接。寡肽的长度对于本发明来说并不十分关键,只要在寡肽中保持正确的表位即可。通常,寡肽长度约小于30个氨基酸残基,约长于14个氨基酸。
「多肽」这一术语是指一系列氨基酸残基,通常以α-氨基酸与相邻氨基酸的羰基团之间的肽键相互连接。多肽的长度对于本发明来说并不十分关键,只要保持正确的表位即可。与术语肽或寡肽相对,「多肽」这一术语是指包含多于约30个氨基酸残基的分子。
一种肽、寡肽、蛋白质或编码该分子的核苷酸如果能诱导免疫应答,则具有「免疫原性」(因此是本发明中的一种「免疫原」)。在本发明的场合,免疫原性的更具体定义是诱导T细胞应答的能力。因此,「免疫原」是一种能够诱导免疫应答的分子,并且在本发明的情况下,是一种能诱导T细胞应答的分子。
T细胞「表位」要求的是一种结合至MHC I类受体上的短肽,从而形成一种三元复合体(MHC I类α链、β-2-微球蛋白和肽),其可由载有以相应亲和力结合至MHC/肽复合体的匹配T细胞受体的一种T细胞进行识别。结合至MHC I类分子的肽的典型长度为8-14个氨基酸,最典型为9个氨基酸长度。
在人类中,有三种编码MHC I类分子的不同基因位点(人MHC分子也是指定的人白细胞抗原(HLA)):HLA-A、HLA-B和HLA-C。HLA-A*01、HLA-A*02和HLA-A*024是可从这些基因位点表达的不同MHC I类等位基因的实例。
表1:HLA-A*024和最常见HLA*A02402血清类型的表达频率F。频率根据Mori等人(Mori et al.1017-27)使用的Hardy-Weinberg公式F=1-(1-Gf)2改编,从美国人群范围内的单体型频率中推导出。有关详细信息,请参阅Chanock等人的文献(Chanock et al.1211-23)。
全球血清型HLA*24和A*2402的表达频率
本文提到的DNA序列既包括单链DNA也包括双链DNA。因此,除非本文另有所指,否则具体的序列是该序列的单链DNA、该序列与其互补序列的双工(双链DNA)以及该序列的互补序列。「编码区」这一术语是指在基因的天然基因组环境中天然或正常编码该基因的表达产物的那部分基因,即,体内编码该基因的天然表达产物的区域。
编码区可来自非突变(「正常」)基因、突变基因或异常基因,甚至还可以来自DNA序列,完全可在实验室中使用本领域熟知的DNA合成方法合成。
术语「核苷酸序列」系指脱氧核苷酸的杂聚物。
编码特定肽、寡肽或多肽的核苷酸序列可为天然核苷酸序列,也可为合成核苷酸序列。一般来说,编码肽、多肽以及本发明蛋白的DNA片段由cDNA片段和短寡核苷酸衔接物,或一系列寡核苷酸组成,以提供一种合成基因,该基因能够在包含源自微生物或病毒操纵子的调节元素的重组转录单元中被表达。
「表达产物」这一术语是指多肽或蛋白,它是基因和遗传码退化并因而编码同样的氨基酸所造成的任何核酸序列编码同等物的转译产物。
「片断」这一术语,当指的是一种编码序列时,表示包含非完整编码区的DNA的一部分,其表达产物与完整编码区表达产物基本上具有相同的生物学功能或活性。
「DNA片段」这一术语是指一种DNA聚合物,以单独的片段形式或一种较大DNA结构的组分形式存在,它们从至少分离过一次的DNA中以基本纯净的形式获得,即不含污染性内源性材料,并且获得的数量或浓度能够使用标准生化方法,例如使用克隆载体,进行识别、操纵和回收该片段及其组分核苷酸序列。此等片段以开放阅读框架(未被内部未转译序列打断)或内含子(通常提呈于真核基因中)的形式存在。未转译DNA序列可能存在于开放阅读框架的下游,在那里其不会干预编码区的操纵或表达。
「引物」这一术语表示一种短核酸序列,其可与一个DNA链配对,并在DNA聚合酶开始合成脱氧核糖核酸链之处提供一个游离的3'-OH末端。
「启动子」这一术语表示参与RNA聚合酶的结合从而启动转录的DNA区域。
术语「分离」表示一种物质从其原来的环境(例如,如果是天然发生的则是天然环境)中被移走。例如,活体动物中的天然核苷酸或多肽不是分离的,但是,从天然系统中一些或所有共存物质中分离出来的核苷酸或多肽是分离的。此类多核苷酸可能是载体的一部分和/或此类多核苷酸和多肽可能是一种组合物的一部分,并且由于该载体或组合物不是其天然环境的一部分,因此它仍然是分离的。
本发明中披露的多核苷酸和重组或免疫原性多肽也可能以「纯化」的形式存在。术语「纯化」并非要求绝对的纯度;它只是一个相对的定义,可以包括高度纯化或部分纯化的制剂,相关领域技术人员能理解这些术语。例如,各个从已用传统方法纯化为具有电泳同质性的cDNA库中分离出的各种克隆物。明确考虑到将起始材料或天然物质纯化至少一个数量级,优选为两或三个数量级,更优选为四或五个数量级。此外,明确考虑到所述多肽的纯度优选为99.999%,或至少为99.99%或99.9%;更适宜者为以重量计99%或更高。
根据本发明公开的核酸和多肽表达产物,以及包含此类核酸和/或多肽的表达载体可能以「浓缩的形式」存在。本文使用的术语「浓缩」是指材料的浓度至少是其自然浓度的大约2、5、10、100或1000倍,有优势的是,按重量计为0.01%,优选为至少0.1%。也考虑了按重量计约为0.5%、1%、5%、10%和20%的浓缩制剂。序列、构型、载体、克隆物以及包含本发明的其他材料可有优势地以浓缩或分离的形式存在。
「活性片段」这一术语是指产生免疫应答的片段(即具有免疫原性活性),不论是单独或可选地与合适的佐剂一起给予一种动物,比如哺乳动物,例如兔子或小鼠,也包括人;这种免疫应答采用的形式是在接受动物(如:人)体内刺激T细胞应答。或者,「活性片段」也可用于诱导体外T细胞应答。
本文使用的「部分」(portion)、「节段」(segment)、「片段」(fragment)这几个术语,当与多肽相关地使用时是指残基的连续序列,比如氨基酸残基,其序列形成一个较大序列的子集。例如,如果一个多肽以任一种肽链内切肽酶(如胰蛋白酶或糜蛋白酶)进行处理,则该处理获得的寡肽会代表起始多肽的部分、节段或片段。这表示,任何此类片段必定包含与SEQ ID NO:1至33序列基本相同(如果不是完全相同)的一个节段、片段或部分作为其氨基酸序列的一部分,其对应于SEQ ID NO:1至33的天然蛋白或「亲本」蛋白。当与多核苷酸相关地使用时,这些术语系指用任何共同核酸内切酶处理所述多核苷酸产生的产物。
根据本发明,术语「百分等同度」或「百分等同性」,如果指的是序列,则表示在待对比序列(「被对比序列」)与所述序列或权利要求的序列(「参考序列」)对准之后将被对比序列与所述序列或权利要求的序列进行比较。然后根据下列公式计算百分等同度:
百分等同度=100[I-(C/R)]
其中C是参考序列与被对比序列之间对准长度上参考序列与被对比序列之间的差异数量,其中
(i)参考序列中每个硷基或氨基酸序列在被对比序列中没有对应的对准硷基或氨基酸;
(ii)参考序列中每个空隙,以及
(iii)参考序列中每个对准硷基或氨基酸与被比对比序列中对准硷基或氨基酸不同,即构成一个差异;并且R是参考序列与被对比序列对准长度上在参考序列中产生任何空隙也计算为一个硷基或氨基酸的参考序列中的硷基或氨基酸数目。
如果「被对比序列」和「参考序列」之间存在的一个对准按上述计算的百分等同度大致等于或大于指定的最低百分等同度,则被对比序列与参考序列具有指定的最低百分等同度,虽然可能存在按本文上述计算的百分等同度低于指定百分等同度的对准。
如果没有另外说明,那么本文公开的原始肽可以透过在肽链内的不同(可能为选择性)位点上取代一个或多个残基而被修饰。此取代可能是保守性的,例如,其中一个氨基酸被具有类似结构和特点的另一个氨基酸所取代,比如其中一个疏水性氨基酸被另一个疏水性氨基酸取代。更保守的取代是具有相同或类似的大小和化学性质的氨基酸间的取代,例如,亮氨酸被异亮氨酸取代。在天然同源蛋白质家族序列变异的研究中,某些氨基酸的取代往往比其他氨基酸更具有耐受性,这些氨基酸往往表现出与原氨基酸的大小、电荷、极性和疏水性之间的相似性相关,这是确定「保守取代」的基础。
在本文中,保守取代定义为在以下五种基团之一的内部进行交换:基团1-小脂肪族、非极性或略具极性的残基(Ala,Ser,Thr,Pro,Gly);基团2-极性、带负电荷的残基及其酰胺(Asp,Asn,Glu,Gln);基团3-极性、带正电荷的残基(His,Arg,Lys);基团4-大脂肪族非极性残基(Met,Leu,Ile,Val,Cys)以及基团5-大芳香残基(Phe,Tyr,Trp)。
较不保守的取代可能涉及一个氨基酸被另一个具有类似特点但在大小上有所不同的氨基酸所取代,如:丙氨酸被异亮氨酸残基取代。高度不保守的取代可能涉及一个酸性氨基酸被另一个具有极性或甚至具有碱性性质的氨基酸所取代。然而,这种「激进」取代不能认为是无效的而不予考虑,因为化学作用是不完全可预测的,激进的取代可能会带来其简单化学原理中无法预见的偶然效果。
当然,这种取代可能涉及普通L-氨基酸之外的其他结构。因此,D-氨基酸可能被本发明的抗原肽中常见的L-氨基酸取代,也仍在本公开的范围之内。此外,具有非标准R基团的氨基酸(即,除了天然蛋白的20个常见氨基酸之外的R基团)也可以用于取代之目的,以生产根据本发明的免疫原和免疫原性多肽。
如果在一个以上位置上的取代发现导致肽的抗原活性基本上等于或大于以下定义值,则对这些取代的组合进行测试,以确定组合的取代是否产生对肽抗原性的叠加或协同效应。肽内被同时取代的位置最多不能超过4个。
术语「T细胞应答」是指由一种肽在体外或体内诱导的效应子功能的特异性扩散和启动。对于MHC I类限制性CTL,效应子功能可能为溶解肽脉冲的、肽前体脉冲的或天然肽提呈的靶细胞、分泌细胞因子,优选为肽诱导的干扰素-γ、TNF-α或IL-2,分泌效应分子、优选为肽或脱颗粒作用诱导的颗粒酶或穿孔素。
优选情况是,当SEQ ID NO:1至33任何序列的肽特异性CTL相比于取代肽受到检测时,如果取代肽在相对于背景肽溶解度增加达到最大值的一半,则该肽浓度不超过约1mM,优选为不超过约1μM,更优选为不超过约1nM,再优选为不超过约100pM,最优选为不超过约10pM。另一个优选的情形为,取代肽被一个以上的CTL识别,最少为2个,更优选为3个。
因此,本发明所述的表位可能与天然肿瘤相关表位或肿瘤特异性表位相同,也可能包括来自参考肽的不超过4个残基的不同肽,只要它们有基本相同的抗原活性即可。
免疫治疗方法
是否能刺激免疫应答取决于是否存在被宿主免疫系统视为异物的抗原。发现肿瘤相关抗原的存在增加了运用宿主免疫系统干预肿瘤生长的可能性。对于癌症免疫疗法,目前正在探索控制免疫系统中的体液和细胞免疫的各种机制。
细胞免疫应答的特定元素能特异性地识别和破坏肿瘤细胞。从肿瘤浸润细胞群或外周血中分离出的细胞毒性T-细胞(CTL)表明,这些细胞在癌症的天然免疫防御中发挥了重要作用。特别是CD8阳性T细胞在这种反应中发挥重要作用,它能识别通常8至12个源自蛋白或位于细胞质的缺损核糖体产物(DRIP)的氨基酸残基的主要组织兼容性复合体(MHC)所带有的肽中所含的I类分子。人MHC分子也称为人白细胞-抗原(HLA)。
MHC-I类分子,在细胞核提呈因主要内源性、细胞质或细胞核蛋白质、DRIPS和较大肽蛋白裂解产生的肽的细胞上都能发现此类分子。然而,源自内体结构或外源性来源的肽也经常在MHC-I类分子上发现。这种I-类分子非经典提呈方式在文献中被称为交叉提呈。
对于被细胞毒性T淋巴细胞识别为肿瘤特异性抗原或相关性抗原以及用于治疗的蛋白质,必须具备特殊的先决条件。该抗原应主要由肿瘤细胞表达,而正常健康组织根本不表达或表达数量较少。更为适宜的情况是,该相应抗原不仅出现于一种肿瘤中,而且浓度(即每个细胞的相应肽拷贝数目)高。肿瘤特异性抗原和肿瘤相关抗原通常是源于由于细胞周期调控或凋亡等功能在正常细胞转化为肿瘤细胞中直接涉及的蛋白。另外,这些直接导致转化的蛋白的下游靶标也可能会被上调,因此间接与肿瘤相关。这些间接肿瘤相关抗原也可能是预防接种方法的靶标。至关重要的是,在这两种情况中,都存在抗原氨基酸序列的表位,所以这种来自肿瘤相关抗原的肽(「免疫原性肽」)可导致体外或体内T细胞应答。
基本上,任何能与MHC分子结合的肽都可能充当一个T细胞表位。诱导体外或体内T细胞应答的前提是存在具有相应TCR的T细胞并且不存在对该特定表位的免疫耐受性。
因此,TAA是研发肿瘤疫苗的起点。识别和表征TAA的方法基于对患者或健康受试者CTL的使用情况,或基于肿瘤与正常组织肽之间差别转录特性或差别表达模式的产生(Lemmel et al.450-54;Weinschenk et al.5818-27)。
然而,对肿瘤组织或人肿瘤细胞株中过量表达或选择性表达的基因的识别并不提供在免疫疗法中使用这些基因所转录抗原的准确信息。这是因为,有着相应TCR的T细胞必须存在且对这个特定表位的免疫耐受性必须不存在或为最低水平,因此,这些抗原的表位只有一部分适合这种应用。因此,只选择那些蛋白过量表达或选择性表达的肽,并且这些肽是与可找到对抗性功能性T细胞的MHC分子结合在一起被提呈,这一点非常重要。这种功能性T细胞被定义为在以特异性抗原刺激后能够克隆地扩展并能够执行效应子功能的T细胞(「效应子T细胞」)。
辅助T细胞在安排抗肿瘤免疫的CTL效应子功能中发挥着重要作用。触发TH1细胞应答的辅助T细胞表位支援CD8阳性杀伤T细胞的效应子功能,其中包括直接作用于肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性功能(该类肿瘤细胞表面显示有肿瘤相关肽/MHC复合体)。这样,肿瘤相关T辅助细胞表位单独使用或与其他肿瘤相关肽结合使用可作为刺激抗肿瘤免疫应答的疫苗化合物的活性药物成分。
由于CD8及CD4依赖型反应共同和协同促进抗肿瘤作用,因此,CD8阳性CTL(MHC-I分子)或CD4阳性CTL(MHC-II类分子)对肿瘤相关抗原的识别和鉴定对研发肿瘤疫苗非常重要。因此,提出含有与任一类MHC复合体结合的肽组合物是本发明的一个目标。
考虑到治疗癌症相关的严重副作用和费用,迫切需要更好的预后和诊断方法。因此,通常有必要确定代表癌症生物标志物的其他因子,尤其是胃癌。此外,通常有必要确定可用于治疗癌症的因子,尤其是胃癌。
此外,还没有确定的治疗设计,可用于根治性摄护腺切除术后生化性复发的胃癌患者,复发通常是由原发部位残留的肿瘤出现局部晚期肿瘤生长所致。需要能够降低发病率且疗效与现有治疗方法相当的新型治疗方法。
本发明提出了有利于治疗胃癌以及其他过量表达本发明肽的肿瘤肽。这些肽由质谱分析法直接显示出,而由HLA分子自然提呈于人原发性胃癌样本中(请参见实施例1和图1)。
衍生肽源基因在胃癌、肾细胞癌、结肠癌、非小细胞肺癌、腺癌、摄护腺癌、良性肿瘤和恶性黑色素瘤中与正常组织相比显示出高度过量表达(请参见实施例2和图2),这表明这些肽与肿瘤关联程度高,即这些肽大量提呈于肿瘤组织,而不提呈于正常组织。
HLA结合肽能够被免疫系统识别,特别是被T淋巴细胞/T细胞识别。T细胞可破坏提呈被识别的HLA/肽复合体的细胞(如:提呈衍生肽的胃癌细胞)。
本发明的所有与确认平台兼容的肽(见实例3)已被证明具有刺激T细胞应答的能力(参见实例3和图3)。因此,该等肽可用于在患者中产生免疫应答,从而能够杀死肿瘤细胞。患者的免疫应答能够透过直接给予患者所述肽或前体物质(如,加长肽、蛋白或编码这些肽的核酸),较理想是与加强免疫原性的制剂相结合,而进行诱导。源自该治疗性疫苗的免疫应答预期能够高度特异性地对抗肿瘤细胞,因为本发明的目标肽在正常组织上提呈的复制数目较少,防止患者发生对抗正常细胞的不良自体免疫应答的风险。
药物组合物包括游离形式或以一种药用盐形式存在的肽。此处使用的「药用盐」系指所公开的肽的一种衍生物,其中该肽由制被备药剂酸式或碱式盐进行改性。例如,酸式盐采用自由基(通常其中药物的中性形式具有一种中性-NH2基团)透过与合适酸发生反应而制得。适合制备酸盐的酸包括有机酸,如:乙酸、丙酸、羟基酸、丙酮酸、草酸、苹果酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、马来酸、富马酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸酸、肉桂酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、甲磺酸、苯磺酸、水杨酸等等、以及无机酸,如:盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸和磷酸等。相反,可在一种肽上提呈的酸性基团的碱式盐制剂使用药用硷基进行制备,如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铵、氢氧化钙、三甲胺等等。
在特别优选的实施例中,药物组合物包括乙酸(醋酸盐)或盐酸(氯化物)形式的肽。
本发明的肽除了用于治疗癌症,也可用于诊断。由于肽由胃癌细胞产生,并且已确定这些肽在正常组织中不存在,因此这些肽可用于诊断癌症是否存在。
组织切片中含专利申请范围的肽,可有助于病理师诊断癌症。用抗体、质谱或其他本领域内已知的方法检测某些肽可使病理师判断该组织为恶性的、炎症还是一般病变。肽基团的存在使得能对病变组织进行分类或进一步分成子类。
对病变标本中肽的检测使得能对免疫系统治疗方法的利益进行判断,特别是如果T-淋巴细胞已知或预计与作用机制有关。MHC表达的缺失是一种机制,充分说明了哪些受感染的恶性细胞逃避了免疫监视。因此,肽的存在表明,分析过的细胞并没有利用这种机制。
肽可用于分析淋巴细胞对肽的反应(如T细胞应答),或抗体对肽或MHC分子络合的肽发生的反应。这些淋巴细胞应答可以作为预后指标,决定是否采取进一步的治疗措施。这些反应也可以用作免疫疗法中的替代指标,旨在以不同方式诱导淋巴细胞应答,如接种蛋白疫苗、核酸、自体材料、淋巴细胞过继转移。基因治疗中,淋巴细胞对肽发生的反应可以在副作用的评估中考虑。淋巴细胞应答监测也可能成为移植疗法随访检查中的一种有价值的工具,如,用于检测移植物抗宿主和宿主抗移植物疾病。
肽可用于生成和研发出针对MHC/肽复合体的特定抗体。这些抗体可用于治疗,将毒素或放射性物质靶向病变组织。这些抗体的另一用途是为了成像之目的(如PET)将放射性核素靶向病变组织。这可有助于检测小转移灶或确定病变组织的大小和准确位置。
此外,可用它们在活检样本的基础上验证病理师对癌症的诊断。
表2显示了根据本发明的肽、它们各自的SEQ ID NO、以及可能产生这些肽的源蛋白。所有肽均与HLA A*024等位基因结合。
表2:本发明中的肽
本发明进一步令人感兴趣的HLA A*024肽
在本发明的另一个实施例中,披露了针对胃癌的HLA A*02结合肽。对A*02和/或A*24阳性人群来说,所披露的肽混合物可用来治疗胃癌。优选的为2到20个肽混合物以及2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19和20肽混合物。
细胞分裂周期2蛋白(CDC2)
CDC2,也称为Cdk1(细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶1),在细胞周期调控中发挥着关键作用。它是细胞从G2期至M期转换的主要调节基因。在间期结束时,它结合到A-型细胞周期蛋白。核膜破裂后,A-型细胞周期蛋白被B型细胞周期蛋白取代,形成有丝分裂促进因子(MPF),而Cdc2.MPF对于促进细胞完成有丝分裂至关重要。
Cdc2在有丝分裂的功能不具有冗余性,因此其他Cdk(如Cdk2、4和6)的活性不能对其进行补偿。与此相反,据报导,Cdc2在细胞周期的其他期别(如G1/S转换期)行使功能,并能够替代「相间激酶」。因此,有人提出Cdc2是细胞周期的唯一基本Cdk。
在多种癌症中发现有Cdc2过量表达,通常与不良预后相关。其中的癌症类型包括摄护腺癌、口腔癌、口腔鳞状癌(OSCC)、急性髓性白血病(AML)(Qian et al.),幽门螺旋杆菌引起的MALT淋巴瘤(Banerjee et al.217-25)和结肠癌(Yasui et al.36-41)。在胃癌中,已报告有过量表达和/或活性增强,可以有致病作用。Cdc2和其他Cdk的抑制剂被视为癌症治疗的候选药物(Shapiro 1770-83)。
异常纺锤状小头畸形相关蛋白(ASPM)
异常纺锤状小头畸形相关(ASPM)是果蝇异常纺锤(asp)蛋白的人直系同源基因。它牵涉到神经形成调节,且突变引起常染色体隐性原发性小头畸形。ASPM在有丝分裂期间位于纺锤体两极。有人建议将ASPM用作标志物和皮胶质细胞瘤的潜在的治疗靶标。siRNA介导的抑制而对ASPM的抑制性抑制了肿瘤细胞增殖和神经干细胞增殖。ASPM过度表达还可能预测扩散/转移可能性增加,肿瘤提前复发和肝细胞癌的不良预后。ASPM在永生细胞和非小细胞肺癌组织中表达上调(Jung,Choi,and Kim 703-13)。
基质金属蛋白酶3(MMP3)
MMP3,也称为明胶酶原或基质分解素1,是一种能够切割细胞外基质(ECM)成份的肽链内切酶,如纤维连接蛋白、层粘连蛋白、弹性蛋白,蛋白多糖核心蛋白和胶原非螺旋区。MMP对于需要ECM重新排列的几种生理过程非常重要,如:胚胎发育和组织重构期间的细胞迁移、血管形成、哺乳乳腺复旧和伤口愈合。MMP3还对血小板聚集起作用。涉及MMP3表达和分泌增强的病理条件包括自身免疫性炎症性条件和癌症。MMP3在有些肿瘤中过量表达,且在上皮间质转化(EMT)中起作用。它可能也有助于致癌的早期步骤,因为它触发基因外变化,导致产生恶性表型(Lochter et al.180-93)。与表达水平有关的MMP3启动子的被证明对某些癌症的风险和预后有影响,如食管腺癌(Bradbury et al.793-98)和口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)(Vairaktaris et al.4095-100)(Liu et al.430-35)。MMP3-和MMP7血清水平升高的幽门螺杆菌阳性胃癌患者中显示出较高的淋巴结浸润性以及较短的生存期。在一组74例胃癌患者中,27%的病例有MMP3表达(Murray et al.791-97)。
c-Met
c-Met介导肝细胞生长因子(HGF)分散因子的潜在致癌活性,包括促进细胞生长、运动、生存、细胞外基质溶解、和血管生成。HGF的结合启动下游信号事件,包括ras、磷脂酰肌醇3'-激酶、磷脂酶Cγ和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶相关途径(Dong et al.5911-18;Furge etal.10722-27;Furge,Zhang,and Vande Woude 5582-89;Montesano et al.355-65;Naldini et al.501-04;Ponzetto et al.4600-08)。c-Met主要在上皮细胞中表达。c-MET的致瘤启动(也出现在非上皮肿瘤组织中)可由扩增/过表达、启动突变、HGF/c-Met自分泌环的获得,或组成的磷酸化造成(Di Renzo et al.147-54;Ferracini et al.739-49;Fischer et al.733-39;Koochekpour et al.5391-98;Li et al.8125-35;Maulik etal.41-59;Qian et al.589-96;Ramirez et al.635-44;Tuck et al.225-32)(Nakaigawaet al.3699-705)。c-Met在HGF过量表达的转基因小鼠中的组成性活化促进形成了广泛的致瘤性(Takayama et al.701-06;Wang et al.1023-34)。沉默MET导致肿瘤生长和转移的抑制(Corso et al.684-93)。MET扩增与人胃癌进展相关(Lin et al.5680-89),(Yokozaki,Yasui,and Tahara 49-95)。
泛素羧基末端水解酶L5(UCHL5)
UCHL5,也称为泛素C-末端水解酶(UCH37)或INO80R,是与蛋白酶体相关的脱泛素酶。它透过切割C-端Cys76和Lys48之间的异肽键而使蛋白连接多聚泛素链与远端分开(Nishio et al.855-60)。在细胞核中,UCHL5也与Ino80染色质重构复合体相关。蛋白酶体结合后,它被启动并可能有助于转录调节或表明由Ino80和蛋白酶体介导的DNA修复。
泛素特异性蛋白酶,如UCHL5参与了细胞周期进展的控制、分化、DNA复制和修复、转录、蛋白质质量控制、免疫应答和细胞凋亡等几个过程。UCHL5可能对恶性转化有贡献。UCHL5在人宫颈癌组织中的活性与相邻正常组织相比已被证明为上调。它能够去泛素化,并使TGF-β受体及其下游调节因子Smad稳定,从而增强TGF-β信号传导。TGF-β信号传导增强在癌症进展晚期充当一种肿瘤启动子,尽管它具有双重功能、并且在癌症早期和启动之前也可能是一种肿瘤抑制因子(Bierie and Moses 29-40;Horton et al.138-43;Wicks etal.8080-84;Wicks et al.761-63)。
巨噬细胞刺激蛋白受体(MST1R)
MST1R(别名RON)受体是细胞表面受体酪氨酸激酶Met家族的一员,主要表达于上皮细胞和巨噬细胞上。作为对其配体的应答,MST1R能够诱导细胞迁移、侵袭、增殖和生存。在体外以及动物模型体内试验中已显示致癌活性。它通常在人癌症中被解调控(Dussaultand Bellon,2009)。临床研究表明,MST1R过量表达与诊断不佳以及转移相关。MST1R在胃癌组织和相应的瘤旁组织表达显著,但未在正常胃黏膜中观察到(Zhou et al.236-40)。与体外以及肿瘤生长降低和原位移植到体内摄护腺后微血管密度下降的MST1R表达细胞相比,摄护腺癌细胞中的MST1R抑制可导致体内血管内皮细胞趋化作用降低并降低肿瘤生长和原位移植到体内摄护腺后微血管密度。与对照细胞相比,在高度致瘤性结肠癌细胞系中,siRNA介导的MST1R抑制可导致增殖下降。
驱动蛋白样蛋白质(KIF2C)
KIF2C是一种微管解离酶,在纺锤体形成过程中调节动粒-微管的适当连结。它对细胞分裂后期染色体分离很重要,微管在动粒处连结的扰动导致染色体分离不当和非整倍性,这已在大多数实体瘤中观察到(Maney et al.67-131;Moore and Wordeman 537-46)。KIF2C在乳腺癌细胞(Shimo et al.62-70)、结肠癌、结直肠癌和胃癌(Nakamura etal.543-49)中过量表达。与模拟转染细胞相比,稳定表达KIF2C的胃癌细胞株(AZ521)显示增殖和迁移增加。KIF2C在胃癌组织中表达升高可能与淋巴管浸润、淋巴结转移和预后差相关。用干扰KIF2C的小RNA治疗乳腺癌细胞可抑制了其生长。
染色体结构维持蛋白4(SMC4)
SMC蛋白是染色体ATP酶,在高级染色体的组织和动力学方面发挥作用。SMC4是凝聚蛋白的核心组成部分,在染色质凝聚中发挥作用,还与细胞核仁分离、DNA修复和染色质支架的维持相关。现已发现,SMC4基因在正常摄护腺和唾液腺中呈高表达,在结肠、胰腺和小肠中表达很弱,在其他组织中无表达。RNA在很多癌细胞系和癌症标本中呈高表达,包括乳腺癌、摄护腺癌、结肠癌和胰腺癌(Egland et al.5929-34)。
Ephrin蛋白A型受体2(EPAH2)
Eph受体是受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK)的独特家族,在正常胚胎形成过程中,对胚胎模式建立、神经元靶向作用和血管发育起着关键作用。配体(ephrin-A1)对EphA2的刺激导致EphA2自磷酸化,刺激逆转致癌转化。Eph受体及其配体ephrin通常在各种癌症中过量表达,EphA2受体酪氨酸激酶在侵袭性肿瘤细胞中通常呈高表达和功能性改变,并被认为透过加强细胞-细胞外基质的粘附、增加锚定依赖性生长和促进血管生成而促进肿瘤生长。这些变化可促使形成转移性特征。Eph受体在肿瘤细胞和肿瘤微观环境(即,肿瘤基质和肿瘤血管)中均介导细胞之间的相互作用。在胃肿瘤中,已证明EphA2和EphrinA-1有过度表达,与肿瘤浸润的深度、肿瘤淋巴结转移(TNM)分期、淋巴结转移以及不良预后呈正相关性(Yuan etal.2410-17)。
ATAD2
ATAD2(也称作ANCCA)是AAA+ATP酶家族蛋白的新成员。它增强抗原受体(AR)和雌激素受体(ER)的转录活性,分别导致包括IGF1R、IRS-2、SGK1基因的转录和存活(AR)以及cyclin D1、c-myc和E2F1(ER)的基因转录。
ATAD2在几种人肿瘤中呈高表达,如乳腺癌、摄护腺癌和骨肉瘤。表达与不良预后相关。
AVL9
令人惊讶的是,该蛋白为源蛋白,关于AVL9蛋白和相应基因功能的相关资料非常少和有限。
胶原蛋白α-1(XII)链蛋白(Col12A1)
胶原蛋白α-1(XII)链是由COL12A1基因编码的人类蛋白。该基因编码XII型胶原蛋白的α链,而XII型胶原蛋白是FACIT(三螺旋区不连续的纤维相关性胶原蛋白)胶原蛋白的家族成员。XII型胶原蛋白是I型胶原蛋白中存在的一种同源三聚体,被认为可修饰胶原蛋白I纤维与周围基质之间的相互作用。另外也确定了编码不同异构体的剪接转录变体。
胶原蛋白α-3(VI)链蛋白(COL6A3)
COL6A3编码VI型胶原三种α链之一的α-3链。该蛋白结构域已被证明与细胞外基质蛋白相结合,这是一种相互作用,可说明此胶原在组织基质成分中的重要性。在卵巢癌细胞中表达促进顺铂耐药的VI型胶原而重组细胞外基质。胶原VI是否存在与肿瘤分级相关,它是卵巢癌的一种预后因子(Sherman-Baust et al.377-86)。COL6A3在结直肠肿瘤(Smithet al.1452-64)、唾液腺癌(Leivo et al.104-13)中过量表达,在胃癌中表达有差异(Yanget al.1033-40)。COL6A3已被确定为含肿瘤特异性剪接变体的七种基因之一。经验证的肿瘤特异性剪接变化高度一致,从而能够使正常和癌症样本明显区分,甚至可明确区分肿瘤不同分期(Thorsen et al.1214-24)。
范可尼贫血,互补群I(FANCI)
作为对DNA损伤的应答,范可尼蛋白局限于染色质中并与DNA修复有关(Smogorzewska et al.289-301)。范可尼基因的突变引起范可尼贫血,这是一种遗传上非均一的退化性疾病,其特征是细胞遗传不稳定、对DNA交联剂过度敏感、染色体断裂增加以及DNA修复缺陷。范可尼替代拼接造成两个编码不同同形的转录变体。
热休克蛋白90kDaβ成员蛋白1(HSP90B1)
HSP90(亦称为葡萄糖调节的蛋白94,Grp94)是一种人伴侣蛋白。它参与ER相关的进程:转译、蛋白质量控制和ER相关的降解(ERAD)、ER压力感应以及ER中钙结合/钙滞留(Christianson et al.272-82;Fu and Lee 741-44),HSP90包含ER蛋白典型的KDEL序列,但它也出现在肿瘤细胞表面(Altmeyer et al.340-49)以及细胞外。HSP已知从坏死(但未凋亡)的细胞以及受各种刺激(如热休克和氧化应激)的细胞中释放,并且可发生于循环中(Basu et al.1539-46;Tsan and Gao 274-79)。在细胞外,HSP90调节(主要是刺激)免疫应答,并参与抗原提呈。
在细胞表面,它可作为病原体进入和/或信号传导的受体(Cabanes et al.2827-38),在肿瘤特异性细胞表面表达或释放时,可诱导抗肿瘤免疫性(Zheng et al.6731-35)。在预防和治疗方案中,基于HSP90的疫苗已被证明对癌症和感染有免疫作用(见(Bolhassani and Rafati 1185-99;Castelli et al.227-33;Murshid,Gong,andCalderwood 1019-30)的评论)。
但是,HSP90还可视为肿瘤治疗的靶标,因为:1)它与肿瘤进展密切相关,并导致对细胞凋亡的抵抗,这也取决于放疗或化疗治疗方法,2)它在很多肿瘤中过量表达,包括胃癌、骨肉瘤(Guo et al.62-67)、乳腺癌(Hodorova et al.31-35),HSP90的过量表达与胃癌侵袭性行为和预后差相关(Wang,Wang,and Ying 35-41;Zheng et al.1042-49)。HSP90在胃癌中表达下调导致癌细胞凋亡(Sheu,Liu,and Lan e1096)。
Muc 6
MUC6在黏膜细胞中表达。其主要功能被认为是保护易受伤害的上皮表面免受不断暴露于各种内源性腐蚀剂或蛋白水解剂的破坏性影响(Toribara et al.,1997)。MUC6可能在上皮器官形成中也发挥著作用(Reid and Harris,1999),在正常的胃黏膜中发现了MUC6的表达。它在一些癌组织呈过量表达,如肠腺瘤和癌、肺癌(Hamamoto et al.891-96)、大肠息肉(Bartman et al.210-18)、以及乳房癌(Pereira et al.210-13),尽管在以上各自正常组织中并不表达。MUC6在黏液癌中的高表达率表明,它可能作为癌性扩散的屏障,使其细胞生物学行为的侵袭性下降(Matsukita et al.26-36)。MUC6在胃癌中的表达低于在腺瘤或正常粘膜中的表达并且与肿瘤大小、浸润深度、淋巴管和静脉侵犯、淋巴结转移和UICC分期呈负相关。MUC6的表达下调可能促进胃上皮细胞的恶性转化,并成为胃癌生长、浸润、转移和分化的分子学基础(Zheng et al.817-23)。还有证据表明,胃癌主要原因之一的幽门螺杆菌感染与MUC6表达降低有关(Kang et al.29-35;Wang and Fang 425-31)。
动粒蛋白Nuf2
NUF2(CDCA-1)基因编码一种与酵母Nuf2非常类似的蛋白,这是与着丝粒相关的一种保守蛋白复合物的组成部分。在减数分裂前期,当着丝粒与纺锤极体断开连接时,酵母Nuf2从着丝粒中消失,并在染色体分离中发挥着调节作用。研究表明,生存素和hNuf2csiRNA暂时抑制其mRNA,分别透过阻滞有丝分裂导致多核化和细胞死亡(Nguyen etal.394-403)。Nuf2和Hec1均是外板稳定微管正端微管结合点组织时所需要的,而这些结合点需要动粒蛋白中双轴取向所需的持续极向力(DeLuca et al.519-31)。
已发现Nuf2蛋白在NSCLC中呈过量表达,与预后不良有关(Hayama et al.10339-48),并在宫颈癌中过量表达(Martin et al.333-59)。在手术切除胃癌组织(弥漫型,6;肠型,4)中,2种NUF2变体表达上调。在本研究中发现的两种选择性剪接变体表明,这些变体可能用作抗癌疗法的诊断标志物和/或新型靶标(Ohnuma et al.57-68)。
现已发现,siRNA介导的对NUF2的抑制可抑制细胞增殖以及在NSCLC、卵巢癌、宫颈癌、胃癌、结直肠癌和神经胶质瘤中抑制细胞凋亡的诱发(Kaneko et al.1235-40)。
磷酸酯磷酸水解酶2(PPAP2C)
磷脂酸磷酸酶(PAP)将磷脂酸转化为甘油二酯,并在新合成甘油脂以及磷脂酶D介导的受体启动信号转导中发挥作用。已经报告有三种编码不同异构体的选择性剪接转录变体。PPAP2C在转化的原发性成人间质干细胞(MSC)以及许多癌症中上调。可能需要提升细胞增殖。PPAP2C的过表达,但不是一个催化不活动的诱变剂,造成过早进入S相,并伴有细胞周期蛋白A的过早积聚。抑制透过延迟进入S相而降低细胞增殖(Flanagan et al.249-60)。
40S核糖体蛋白S11是一种蛋白(RPS11)
核糖体由一种小的40S亚基和一个大的60S亚基构成。这些亚基由4种RNA和约80种结构不同的蛋白质组成。RPS11基因编码一种核糖体蛋白,40S亚基是其组成部分。RPS11是在筛选基于粪便RNA标志物用于结直肠癌诊断中发现的六个基因之一。具体来说,它是在癌症患者的结肠细胞中发现的(Yajima et al.1029-37)。
E3泛素蛋白连接酶SIAH2(Seven in absentia homolog 2)
SIAH2是一种E3泛素连接酶。其基质中有β-catenin、TRAF2、和DCC(结直肠癌中缺失)(Habelhah et al.5756-65;Hu and Fearon 724-32;Nakayama,Qi,and Ronai443-51)。SIAH2也导致核蛋白质repp86的退化,造成由这种蛋白过量表达诱导的有丝分裂阻滞的消失(Szczepanowski et al.485-90)。SIAH2透过两种主要途径具有促进肿瘤和转移的属性,见综述(Nakayama,Qi,and Ronai 443-51):
首先,它导致组织缺氧应答通道中的蛋白质的泛素化和降解,因而导致组织缺氧可诱导的因子(HIF)的转录活性增强(Nakayama,Qi,and Ronai 443-51)。第二,它抑制Sprouty2,Sprouty2是Ras/ERK信号传导的一种特异性抑制因子。SIAH2的活性可能透过其对Ras信号的正面影响而与胰腺肿瘤的发展相关(Nakayama,Qi,and Ronai 443-51)。
尽管SIAH2在癌症方面的作用是有一些争议的,有些报告显示,SIAH2低水平与不良预后或治疗反应有关(Confalonieri et al.2959-68)(Jansen et al.263-71),其他报告则显示其有致癌功能(Frasor et al.13153-57)。SIAH2抑制已被当作一种抗癌治疗,并已被证明能够抑制黑色素瘤小鼠模型移植瘤(Qi et al.16713-18;Shah et al.799-808)、嫁接至裸鼠的人肺癌细胞株的生长(Ahmed et al.1606-29)。
钠和氯依赖性牛磺酸转运体(SLC6A6)
SLC6A6是一种钠和氯依赖性牛磺酸报导因子(TauT)(Han et al.,2006)。牛磺酸报导因子剔除(taut-/-)小鼠因牛磺酸缺乏而罹患慢性肝病,这可能涉及线粒体功能障碍(Warskulat et al.,2006)。
SLC6A6的表达受p53肿瘤抑制基因的抑制,并且被WT1、c-Jun和c-Myb等原癌基因反式启动。SLC6A6的过量表达保护肾细胞免受顺铂引起的肾毒性影响(Han et al.,2006;Han and Chesney,2009)。在人肠上皮Caco-2细胞中,SLC6A6mRNA的表达被肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)上调(Mochizuki et al.,2005)。
泛醇-细胞色素c还原酶结合蛋白(UQCRB)
UQCRB-基因编码的蛋白是泛醇-细胞色素c氧化还原酶复合物的一部份。它与泛醇结合,并参与电子转移。此基因的突变与线粒体复合物III缺乏相关。在X染色体上已经描述有一种假基因。
UQCRB基因可能是胰腺导管腺癌中一种潜在的癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因(Harada etal.13-24)。它被发现在肝细胞癌中过量表达(Jia et al.1133-39)。
人表皮生长因子受体3(ERBB3)
ERBB3编码受体酪氨酸激酶的表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)家族的一员。它被神经调节蛋白、其他ERBB和非ERBB受体、以及其他激酶、并以新颖机制启动。在其下游,其明显与磷酸肌醇3-激酶/AKT生存/促有丝分裂途径存在交互作用,而且还与GRB、SHC、SRC、ABL、rasGAP、SYK和转录调节因子EBP1相互作用(Sithanandam and Anderson 413-48)。现已发现,ERBB3在很多癌症包括胃癌中过量表达,其中它可能一个关键的病因作用并对预后产生负面影响(Kobayashi et al.1294-301)(Slesak et al.2727-32)。(Zhang et al.2112-18)发现,ERBB3过量表达在弥散性胃癌(26.2%)中比在肠型(5.0%)中更常见。癌症治疗中以ERBB3为靶标的方法包括RNA核酸适体到细胞外结构域(Chen et al.9226-31),合成转录因子阻断其基因表达(Lund et al.9082-91)、小分子抑制剂如维他命E异构体γ-生育三烯酚(Samant and Sylvester 563-74)、miRNA(Scott et al.1479-86)和siRNA(Sithanandamet al.1847-59)。
Prominin 1(Prom1)
功能:Prominin-1,也称为CD133,被认为是CD34+造血祖细胞的一种特定分子(Yinet al.,1997),并被证明是各种组织正常干细胞和癌干细胞(CSC)的一种标志物。它主要位于浆膜的突出部位,可能涉及膜局部解剖学的组织或浆膜脂质组成的维持。有人指出,称为AC133-2的prominin-1的剪接异构体且缺少一个27氨基酸外显子可能是更佳的干细胞标志物(Mizrak et al.,2008;Bidlingmaier et al.,2008)。
只有一小部分肿瘤细胞的prominin-1通常为阳性,预期作为一种CSC标志物。根据不同肿瘤类型,每个肿瘤阳性细胞数达到1至15%,主要为2%左右。Prominin-1已被与肿瘤生长、血官生成和化学抗性有关(Zhu et al.,2009a)(Bruno et al.,2006;Hilbe et al.,2004)(Bertolini et al.,2009)。但是,Prominin-1阳性细胞可能被免疫系统侵入,正如它们可被NK细胞灭杀一样(Castriconi et al.,2007;Pietra et al.,2009)and cytotoxicT cells(Brown et al.,2009)。
尽管对很多癌症实体来说,已经证明,Prominin-1阳性细胞功能上为CSC,且表达通常与预后不良相关,但是,仍然有争议。有的报告指出,对于识别CSC来说,它既非必要,也不充分(Cheng et al.,2009;Wu and Wu,2009)。很可能,prominin-1与其他分子如CD44组合,甚至多种组合,如prom1(+),CD34(+),CD44(+),CD38(-),CD24(-)可作为更佳的CSC标志物(Zhu et al.,2009b;Fulda and Pervaiz,2010)。
在弥漫性GC中,硅片分析表明有PROM1表达(Katoh and Katoh,2007),并且(Smithet al.,2008)报导了在蛋白水瓶上与正常胃组织相比在GC中过量表达。然而,(Boegl andPrinz,2009)报告了prominin-1表达在GC中降低,尤其是在胃癌后期,并声称prominin-1表达与血管生成密切相关,在后期也降低,而与肿瘤生长无关。使用胃癌细胞株的一项研究(Takaishi et al.1006-20)声称,CD44是GC中的一种CSC标志物,而prominin-1不是。
基质金属蛋白酶11(MMP11)
与其他MMP一样,MMP11是一种带有在需要组织再造过程中需要的功能的肽联内切酶,如发育、伤口愈合和瘢痕形成。它可能透过脂肪细胞分化而负调控脂肪的动态平衡。与其他的MMP相反,它不能以裂解典型性细胞外基质分子-胶原VI除外。然而,已确认了其他基质,如α2-巨球蛋白,某些丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(serpin),包括α1抗胰蛋白酶、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白1和层粘连蛋白受体。
癌症中,MMP11大多在癌症周围的基质细胞中表达。这一点已为无数实体瘤所证实。研究指出,MMP11在大多数浸润性人癌症的基质中过量表达,但在肉瘤和其他非上皮肿瘤中很少表达,在大多数但并非所有场合,MMP11主要表达于与肿瘤直接相邻的基质细胞中,而肿瘤本身、正常组织和肿瘤远处的基质细胞为阴性。MMP11水平较高与恶性表型/较高侵袭性及预后不良相关。然而,在乳头状甲状腺癌中,MMP11表达与浸润性特点呈负相关。MMP11发现于肿瘤组织以及胃癌患者血清中,并且表达与转移相关(Yang et al.)。此外,(Deng et al.274-81)证明,MMP11在胃癌肿瘤细胞系和原发肿瘤中呈高表达,与其他类型癌症相反,它并非仅在基质中表达,并且MMP11似乎提高肿瘤细胞增殖。
核转录因子Y亚基β(NFYB)
NFYB,也称为CBF-B或CBF-A,除了NFYA和NFYC外,其他均是异三聚体基础转录因子NF-Y(也是CCAAT结合因子或CBF)的一部分,与许多基因启动子和增强子中的CCAAT基序(或反向基序ATTGG,称为Y-box)结合。NF-Y靶标基因为MHC II类基因、PDGFβ受体、若干热休克蛋白、错配修复基因hMLH1以及拓扑异构酶IIα。
NFYB并不是经典的致癌基因,但其作用可能有助于肿瘤发生。首先,许多细胞周期,如:细胞周期蛋白A、细胞周期蛋白B1、Aurora A和cdk1均是NF-Y的靶标。细胞阻滞于G2/M期而无功能性NFYB。(Park et al.)显示,结直肠腺癌中细胞周期蛋白B2和其他细胞周期相关基因的上调是由于NF-Y的活性造成的。其次,NF-Y活性抵消了凋亡。由于p53的启动和启动子(如Bcl-2)含CCAAT-box的抗凋亡基因转录下降,缺乏NF-Y的细胞凋亡(Benatti etal.1415-28)。第三,其致瘤特性在与其他转录因子结合时增强。例如,突变p53与NF-Y和p300蛋白结合,这增加了NF-Y诱导的细胞周期基因的表达。
ABL1
酪胺酸激酶蛋白C-Abl在核和细胞质室之间穿梭。细胞核c-Abl参与细胞生长抑制和细胞凋亡,而c-Abl在形态形成和F-肌动蛋白动力学发挥作用,并且在生长因子和整合素配体等细胞外刺激诱导的信号传导中发挥作用。据报告,细胞质c-Abl可促进有丝分裂。
c-Abl蛋白的活性受其SH3域负调节,并且SH3域缺失使ABL1成为一种癌基因。在慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)中,该基因在22号染色体上的BCR(断点簇区)基因内易位而被启动。这使融合蛋白BCR-ABL易位到胞液中并使细胞增殖而不受细胞因子调节(Zhao et al.)。c-Abl活性在实体瘤中也被上调,如乳腺癌和NSCLC所显示。过量表达未达到充分的程度,并且组成性激酶活性需要蛋白磷酸化。在乳腺癌细胞中,c-Abl磷酸化由细胞膜酪氨酸激酶(包括SFK、EGFR家族成员和IGF-1受体)诱导。在实体肿瘤中没有发现ABL融合蛋白(Lin andArlinghaus,2008)。ABL1已被证明在胃癌和相关的微血管中表达,表明可能在血管生成过程中起作用。值得注意的是,幽门螺杆菌细胞毒素相关的基因A(CagA)导致c-Abl的启动,这随后又磷酸化EGFR,因此阻断内吞作用(Bauer,Bartfeld,and Meyer 156-69)。几种酪氨酸抑制剂或多或少都对Abl有特异性。Imatinib(Gleevec)被用作CML的一线治疗,并被批准用于晚期胃肠基质瘤(GIST)患者,因为它也以KIT为靶标(Pytel et al.66-76)(Croom andPerry,2003)。用于癌症治疗的其他抑制剂有达沙替尼和尼罗替尼(Pytel et al.66-76)(Deremer,Ustun,and Natarajan 1956-75)。
Polo样激酶4(Plk4)
Polo激酶家族成员(Plk1-4)在细胞分裂过程中非常重要,在有丝分裂过程中调节几个步骤。Plk4是中心体形成和复制的组织者(Rodrigues-Martins et al.1046-50)。尽管Plk1是明确的癌症基因,Plk4在癌症方面的作用却很模糊。Plk4下调以及过量表达与人体、小鼠和苍蝇中癌症相关(Cunha-Ferreira et al.43-49)。例如,在结直肠癌中,Plk4被发现过度表达,但有少数患者显示很强的Plk4下调(Macmillan et al.729-40)。这可透过这样的事实来解释,即过量表达和不足均会导致异常中心粒形成,造成常常在肿瘤细胞中被检测到的异常中心体数目和结构,并对引起染色体分离不当和非整倍性的有丝分裂异常有贡献(Peel et al.834-43)(Kuriyama et al.2014-23)(Korzeniewski et al.6668-75)。
含GTP酶启动蛋白3的IQ基序(IQGAP3)
IQGAP参与细胞信号通路以及细胞骨架结构和细胞粘附。它们含有与RasGAP相似序列的域,因此,与小GTP酶结合。然而,尽管它们有这样的名称,但是没有一个具有GTP酶启动活性。对于IQGAP1和IQGAP2,现已证明,它们甚至可稳定Rac1和Cdc42的GTP结合状态,并且IQGAP3被认为可稳定启动的Ras(Nojima et al.971-78;White,Brown,and Sacks 1817-24)。透过它们的IQ域,它们与钙/钙调蛋白结合,并透过调甯蛋白同源域与肌动蛋白丝结合(White,Brown,and Sacks 1817-24)。(Wang et al.567-77)报告IQGAP3在大脑中表达,与肌动蛋白丝以及Rac1和Cdc42相关。它积聚于轴突的远端区域,并促进Rac1/Ccd42依赖型轴突向外生长。IQGAP与癌症相关。IQGAP1被视为一种致癌基因。它增强了多个与癌症相关的通道,如MAP激酶、β-catenin和VEGR介导的信号传导并在很多肿瘤中过量表达。IQGAP2似乎起着抑制肿瘤的作用,且在预后差的胃癌中下降(White,Brown,and Sacks 1817-24)。关于IQGAP3的信息很少。(Skawran et al.505-16)发现它是一种在肝细胞癌显著上调的基因。两项研究报导,IQGAP3在小鼠小肠、结肠和肝脏的增殖(Ki67+)细胞中特异表达(Nojima etal.971-78)(Kunimoto et al.621-31)。
含88a的卷曲螺旋结构域(CCDC88A)
CCDC88A是一种肌动蛋白结合的Akt底物,在肌动蛋白组织和Akt依赖性成纤维细胞细胞活力方面起作用。CCDC88A/Akt通路在VEGF-介导的新生期后血管生成方面也很关键。
CCDC88A也在各种人类恶性组织中高度表达,包括乳癌、结肠癌、肺癌和宫颈癌。它在Akt信号通路异常启动时的肿瘤进展方面起到重要作用。
Cyclin B1(CCNB1)
CCNB1在有丝分裂G2/M期受到诱导,形成有丝分裂促进因子(MPF)和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶1(Cdk1)/Cdc2。过度表达见于各种肿瘤,常与预后不良相关,例如乳腺癌(Aaltonen et al.,2009;Agarwal et al.,2009;Suzuki et al.,2007)、成神经管细胞瘤(de et al.,2008)、NSCLC(Cooper et al.,2009)、宫颈癌(Zhao et al.,2006)和其他肿瘤。它是在包括在11基因签名中的其中一个基因,这种基因签名据发现可预测12种不同类型的癌症患者疾病复发的短期间隔(Glinsky,2006)。未发现有关胃癌的特定信息。
细胞周期蛋白D2(CCND2)
与其他D型细胞周期蛋白(D1和D3)一样,CCND2结合并启动细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4(Cdk4)或Cdk6。这是G1/S转换所需要的。据发现CCND2在很多肿瘤中过度表达,包括睾丸和卵巢肿瘤(Sicinski et al.,1996)、血液恶性肿瘤(Hoglund et al.,1996;Gesk etal.,2006)和胃癌,胃癌可能是由幽门螺杆菌感染引起的,CCND2与预后不良相关(Yu etal.,2003)(Yu et al.,2001)(Oshimo et al.,2003)(Takano et al.,1999)(Takano etal.,2000)
细胞周期蛋白E2(CCNE2)
与其他E型细胞周期蛋白CCNE1一样,CCNE2结合并启动Cdk2。这种活性在G1/S周期转换时达到峰值。在健康状况下,CCNE2在静止期细胞中不可测,仅可见于活跃分裂组织(Payton and Coats,2002)。它常在肿瘤中异常表达,如乳腺癌,与预后不良相关(Desmedtet al.,2006;Ghayad et al.,2009;Payton et al.,2002;Sieuwerts et al.,2006),以及转移性前列腺癌(Wu et al.,2009)。
癌胚抗原相关的细胞黏附分子1、5和6(CEACAM 1、5和6)
CEACAM是膜锚定糖蛋白,介导细胞相互作用并启动整联蛋白信号通路(Chan andStanners,2007)。它们也起到大肠杆菌等病菌受体的作用(Berger et al.,2004)(Haucket al.,2006),并参与免疫调节(Shao et al.,2006)。
CEACAM5和CEACAM6具有促癌功能。它们抑制失巢凋亡现象(Ordonez et al.,2000),促进转移(Marshall,2003;Ordonez et al.,2000),并破坏细胞极化和组织结构(Chan and Stanners,2007)。CEACAM1在癌症中的作用不明。它在早期可能是肿瘤抑制剂,并在后期有助于形成转移、肿瘤免疫逃避和血管生成(Hokari et al.,2007;Liu et al.,2007;Moh and Shen,2009)。其功能作用依赖于亚型,因为CEACAM1有11种剪接变体,其比例决定信号转导结果(Gray-Owen and Blumberg,2006;Leung et al.,2006;Neumaier etal.,1993;Nittka et al.,2008)。剪接变体的比例在肿瘤中可能改变(Gaur et al.,2008)。
CEACAM5或CEACAM6或两者同时均在多达70%的所有人类肿瘤中过度表达,常与预后不良相关(Chan and Stanners,2007;Chevinsky,1991)。血清CEACAM5是一种确定的结肠和直肠癌临床标志物,高水平表明预后不良或复发(Chevinsky,1991;Goldstein andMitchell,2005)。它也被建议用作包括胃癌在内的其他实体肿瘤的标志物,然而预后能力有限(Victorzon et al.,1995)。CEACAM1可在肿瘤中得到上调或下调,取决于实体瘤(Kinugasa et al.,1998)(Dango et al.,2008)(Simeone et al.,2007)。(Han et al.,2008)在9种胃癌细胞系中发现高水平的CEACAM5和CEACAM6,而CEACAM1检测不到。相比之下,对222例患者的原发肿瘤样本的分析显示了CEACAM1的细胞质或细胞膜染色。膜结合型与血管生成增强有关(Zhou et al.,2009)。(Kinugasa et al.,1998)的研究也显示在胃腺癌中呈上调。
在某些肿瘤中,CEACAM1在肿瘤细胞中呈下调,导致VEGF上调,VEGF或缺氧条件可能相邻内皮中诱导CEACAM1。相应地,抗CEACAM1的单克隆抗体阻止VEGF诱导的内皮血管生成(Oliveira-Ferrer et al.,2004;Tilki et al.,2006;Ergun et al.,2000)。
特别是,CEACAM5已与其他物质一起作为抗癌药物靶标透过疫苗技术进行试验。这些研究表明CEACAM5可成为细胞免疫反应的靶标(Cloosen et al.,2007;Marshall,2003)。有关CEACAM5 T细胞表位的综述见(Sarobe et al.,2004)。
氯离子通道3(CLCN3)
CLCN3是一种Cl-通道,可体积门控,有助于调节性体积减少(RVD),RVD是一种对细胞周期或低渗状况时细胞体积增加的反应(Lemonnier et al.,2004;Sardini et al.,2003)。然而,这一点引起了争论(Wang et al.,2004),并且细胞凋亡时启动的体积减少通道与CLCN3不同(Okada et al.,2006)。
CLCN3表达在细胞周期期间有所变化,在S期达到峰值(Wang et al.,2004)。CLCN3电流可能在对CLCN3上调的神经胶质瘤等实体肿瘤的癌症相关过程起到重要作用:肿瘤细胞需要处理增殖性体积增加,遭遇低渗状况,如瘤周水肿(Ernest et al.,2005;Olsen etal.,2003;Sontheimer,2008)。
此外,据报导CLCN3透过增加晚期细胞内吞小体的酸度从而提高依托泊苷耐药性(Weylandt et al.,2007)。在体外试验中,siRNA介导的CLCN3抑制减少鼻炎癌细胞迁移(Mao et al.,2008)。
DNAJC10
DNAJC10是内质网相关降解(ERAD)超分子复合物的一部分,识别并展开折叠错误的蛋白,使其有效地逆向易位(Ushioda et al.,2008)。据证明该蛋白在肝细胞癌中水平升高(Cunnea et al.,2007)。在神经外胚层肿瘤细胞中siRNA抑制DNAJC10,增加对化疗药物芬维A胺的细胞凋亡反应(Corazzari et al.,2007)。据证明ERdj5透过下调未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)降低成神经细胞瘤存活率(Thomas and Spyrou,2009)。
真核细胞转译起始因子2,亚基3γ(EIF2S3)
EIF2S3是蛋白复合物(EIF2)的最大的亚基,可将起始的甲硫氨酰-tRNA招募至40S核糖体亚基(Clemens,1997)。RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(PKR)等下调EIF活性的激酶的活动可能促进细胞凋亡并抑制肿瘤(Mounir et al.,2009)。据报导胃癌中存在较高水平的磷酸化和未磷酸化的EIF2,并观察到在细胞核中的重新分配。这种调控异常表明eIF2α与胃肠癌相关(Lobo et al.,2000)。
真核细胞转译起始因子3亚基L(EIF3L)
EIF3L是EIF3的10-13个亚基之一,与核糖体小亚基有关。EIF3在阻止核糖体大亚基过早结合方面起到重要作用。EIF3L是已报导对于EIF3形成并不关键的五种亚基之一(Masutani et al.,2007)。用反义文库筛查表明下调EIFL促进5-氟尿嘧啶对肝细胞癌细胞的抗肿瘤活性(Doh,2008)。
Epiplakin1(EPPK1)
EPPK1是一种血小板溶素家族基因,具有很多未知功能。血小板溶素基因已知起到使细胞骨架细丝相互连接并使其锚定在浆膜相关的黏附连接点处的作用(Yoshida etal.,2008)。
G蛋白偶联受体39(GPR39)
GPR39是一种Gq蛋白偶联受体,据认为参与胃肠和代谢功能(Yamamoto et al.,2009)。其信号传导启动cAMP和血清应答元件(Holst et al.,2004)。GPR39的内源性配体可能是锌(Chen and Zhao,2007)。GPR39是一种新的细胞死亡抑制剂,可能提供参与细胞凋亡和内质网应激如癌症过程相关的治疗靶标(Dittmer et al.,2008)。据发现GPR39在人胎儿肾脏HFK和芽基富集的干细胞状wilms移植瘤的微阵列中均上调(Metsuyanim et al.,2009),在海马细胞系中抵抗各种细胞死亡刺激物(Dittmer et al.,2008)。
ERBB2/HER2/NEU
ERBB2是受体酪氨酸激酶的EGFR家族的一员。其配体未知,但它是HER家族其他成员的异源二聚化的首选伴侣(Olayioye,2001)。在癌中,HER2起到致癌基因的作用,主要是由于该基因在细胞膜中高水平扩增诱导蛋白过度表达,并随后获得对恶性细胞有利的特点(Slamon et al.,1989)。据观察在包括胃癌在内的很多癌症中出现过度表达,占有一定的百分数。它通常与预后不良相关(Song et al.,2010)(Yonemura et al.,1991)(Uchino etal.,1993)(Mizutani et al.,1993)。
ERBB2是单克隆抗体曲妥珠单抗(商品名为赫塞汀),已建议其联合化疗作为HER2阳性晚期胃癌患者的治疗选择(Meza-Junco et al.,2009;Van Cutsem et al.,2009)。另一种单克隆抗体帕妥珠单抗抑制HER2和HER3受体的二聚化,正处于后期临床试验阶段(Kristjansdottir and Dizon,2010)。HER2和HER3在两者组织学类型的胃癌(肠型和扩散型)中的选择性过度表达与预后不良紧密相关(Zhang et al.,2009)。
β-4整联蛋白(ITGB4)
整联蛋白介导细胞黏附作用以及由外到内和由内到外的信号转导。整联蛋白β-4亚基与α-6亚基异源二聚化。所得整联蛋白促进细胞内角蛋白细胞骨架和基膜之间形成半桥粒(Giancotti,2007)。整联蛋白β-4在癌中具有双重功能,因为一方面它能介导稳定黏附,另一方面介导促侵袭信号转导(包括Ras/Erk和PI3K信号转导)和血管生成(Giancotti,2007;Raymond et al.,2007)。它在很多肿瘤以及血管生成内皮细胞中过度表达,常与进展和转移相关。已证明在胃癌中有高水平表达,尤其是在基质侵袭细胞中(Giancotti,2007;Tani et al.,1996)。然而,它在未分化类型的胃癌中下调,因为这种肿瘤侵袭较深,可能是由于逐渐的上皮-间质转换,因为β-4整联蛋白是一种上皮整联蛋白(Yanchenko et al.,2009)。
脂质运载蛋白(LCN2)
LCN2或嗜中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)是一种铁调节蛋白,存在形式为单体、同源二聚体或二硫键连接的与MMP9形成的异源二聚体(Coles et al.,1999;Kjeldsen et al.,1993)。在多种癌中表达增加,某些情况下与进展相关。从机制上来看,它可稳定MMP9并改变E-钙黏着蛋白介导的细胞间黏附作用,因此增加侵袭。MMP-9与LCN2的复合物与胃癌存活恶化相关(Kubben et al.,2007)(Hu et al.,2009)。虽然在人多种肿瘤中观察到促肿瘤效应,但某些研究已证明LCN2可抑制促肿瘤因子HIF-1α、FA激酶磷酸化,也抑制VEGF合成,因此提示,在其他条件下,LCN2在癌症方面也反常地具有抗肿瘤和抗转移效应,例如结肠癌、卵巢癌和胰腺癌。(Bolignano et al.,2009;Tong et al.,2008)。对于表现出ras启动的癌,LCN2可能有助于抑制肿瘤血管生成,还有助于抑制肿瘤转移(Venkatesha et al.,2006)。
琥珀酸脱氢酶复合物,亚基C(SDHC)
SDHC是琥珀酸脱氢酶(线粒体复合物II)四种核编码的亚基之一,该酶将电子从琥珀酸转移至泛醌,生成富马酸和泛醇。琥珀酸脱氢酶缺乏症可能引起GIST(McWhinney etal.,2007)。家族性胃肠道间质瘤可能是亚基基因SDHB、SDHC和SDHD突变引起的,与胃肠道肿瘤相关的腹腔神经节细胞瘤可能是唯一由SDHC突变引起的(Pasini et al.,2008)。转基因小鼠SDHC突变蛋白产生氧化应激并可促进核DNA损伤、诱变作用并最终生成肿瘤(Ishiiet al.,2005)。据认为琥珀酸脱氢酶是一种肿瘤抑制剂(Baysal,2003;Gottlieb andTomlinson,2005)。这种酶复合物的水平下降可能导致肿瘤发生(Eng et al.,2003)。
PDZ连接激酶(PBK)
PBK是一种MEK3/6相关的MAPKK,启动p38 MAP激酶,如生长因子受体下游(Abe etal.,2000;Ayllon and O'connor,2007)。JNK可能是一个次要靶标(Oh et al.,2007)。由于在成人体内PBK在睾丸中表达(见下文),因此已提出其具有精子发生功能(Abe et al.,2000;Zhao et al.,2001)。除此以外,它有助于肿瘤细胞增殖和凋亡抑制:它在有丝分裂期间受到磷酸化并启动,这是纺锤体形成和胞质分裂所必需的(Gaudet et al.,2000;Matsumoto et al.,2004;Park et al.,2009)(Abe et al.,2007)。其他促生长和抗细胞凋亡功能包括p53下调和组胺磷酸化(Park et al.,2006;Zykova et al.,2006)(Nandi etal.,2007)。已将PBK划分为癌-睾丸抗原(Abe et al.,2000;Park et al.,2006),据发现其在很多癌中过度表达。
聚合酶(DNA指导的),δ3,辅助亚基(POLD3)
DNA聚合酶δ复合物参与DNA复制和修复。它由增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、多亚基复制因子C和4亚基聚合酶复合物组成,此复合物包括:POLD1、POLD2,、POLD3和POLD4(Liu andWarbrick,2006)。POLD3在DNA复制延伸期聚合酶δ的结合-解离循环中PCNA的有效回收方面发挥关键作用(Masuda et al.,2007)。
蛋白酶体(前体,巨蛋白因子)26S亚基,14(PSMD14)
PSMD14是26S蛋白酶体的一个元件。它属于19S复合物(19S帽状蛋白;PA700),该复合物负责蛋白酶体降解期间的底物去泛素化(Spataro et al.,1997)。PSMD14在哺乳细胞中过度表达影响细胞增殖和对长春硷、顺铂、多柔比星等细胞毒性药物的应答(Spataro etal.,2002)。siRNA在HeLa细胞中抑制PSMD14,导致细胞活力下降和多泛素化蛋白水平升高(Gallery et al.,2007)。siRNA对PSMD14的下调对细胞活力有明显影响,在G0-G1期造成细胞抑制,最终导致衰老(Byrne et al.,2010)。
蛋白酶体(前体,巨蛋白因子)26S亚基,ATP酶2(PSMC2)
PSMC2是26S蛋白酶体系统的一部分。它是ATP酶3A家族的一员,具有类分子伴侣活性。已有研究表明该亚基可与数种基础转录因子作用,因此除参与蛋白酶体功能外,该亚基可能还参与转录调节。有研究表明骨骼肌中的26S蛋白酶体系统可由TNF-α启动(Tan etal.,2006)。HBx转基因小鼠种系携带B型肝炎调节基因HBx并患有HCC,PSMC2和其他蛋白酶体亚基在肿瘤组织中上调(Cui et al.,2006)。在癌性恶病质中,19S复合物的ATP酶亚基PSMC2的mRNA水平升高(Combaret et al.,1999)。
蛋白酪氨酸激酶2(PTK2)
PTK2是一种非受体酪氨酸激酶,调节整联蛋白信号转导并可促进肿瘤生长、进展和转移((Giaginis et al.,2009);(Hauck et al.,2002);(Zhao and Guan,2009))。研究表明PTK2是一种癌发生和癌进展的标志物(Su et al.,2002;Theocharis et al.,2009;Jan et al.,2009)。其过度表达和/或活性增加见于包括胃癌在内的很多人类癌症。PTK2也转导促胃液素受体下游信号,有助于胃癌细胞增殖(Li et al.,2008b)。已有研究表明8%的胃癌携带EB病毒(EBV)。EBV干扰的人胃癌细胞系亚系呈现PTK2磷酸化增多(Kassis etal.,2002)。cagA阳性的幽门螺旋杆菌产物使胃上皮细胞中PTK2酪氨酸磷酸化水平下降。
四跨膜蛋白1(TSPAN1)和四跨膜蛋白8(TSPAN8)
TSPAN1和TSPAN8属于四跨膜蛋白家族,其特征在于四个跨膜区和一个细胞外N末端与一个C末端,在许多过程中发挥作用,包括细胞黏附、运动、启动和肿瘤侵袭。它们常在细胞表面与整联蛋白等其他蛋白形成大分子复合物(Tarrant et al.,2003;Serru etal.,2000)。TSPAN1的功能尚不清楚,可能包括分泌作用(Scholz et al.,2009)。TSPAN1在多种癌中过度表达,常与分期、进展和临床结局恶化相关。特别是,据报导其在86例胃癌中过度表达率为56.98%,过度表达与临床分期、浸润和淋巴结状况呈正相关,与存活率和肿瘤分化程度呈负相关(Chen et al.,2008)。已有研究报导TSPAN8是一种存在于很多类型肿瘤中的转移相关基因(PMID:16467180)。在胃肠癌中,TSPAN8表达与预后不良相关(PMID:16849554)。
锌指蛋白598(ZNF598)
ZNF598是一种功能尚不清楚的锌指蛋白。
一种解离素和金属蛋白酶10(ADAM10)
ADAM10在血管生成、进展和肿瘤发生方面起作用。它在胃癌中过度表达。抑制ADAM-10的选择性ADAM抑制剂正在进行治疗癌症的临床试验。(PMID:19408347)。
基质金属蛋白酶12(MMP12)
MMP12是一种锌肽链内切酶,降解弹性蛋白和很多其他基质及非基质蛋白,参与巨噬细胞迁移和血管生成抑制(Chakraborti et al.,2003;Chandler et al.,1996;Sang,1998)。它在组织破坏的病理过程中发挥作用,如哮喘、肺气肿与慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、类风湿性关节炎和肿瘤生长(Cataldo et al.,2003;Wallace et al.,2008)。有研究讨论将MMP12作为这些疾病的治疗药物(Churg et al.,2007;Norman,2009)。MMP12常在癌中过度表达,其在癌中可能具有的功能不明。尽管它可能参与基质溶解,因此参与转移,但它也透过产生血管抑制素抑制肿瘤生长,血管抑制素对肿瘤发生有不利影响。据报告GC中存在MMP12表达增强,据证明是有利的:它与微血管密度、VEGF、肿瘤分化程度、血管浸润、淋巴结转移和复发呈负相关。MMP12过度表达的患者存活率显著更高(Cheng et al.,2010;Zhanget al.,2007b;Zhang et al.,2007a)。
核苷酸还原酶M2(RRM2)
RRM2是核苷酸还原酶的两个亚基之一,此酶用核苷酸生成脱氧核苷酸。RRM2过度表达已见于包括胃癌在内的肿瘤中,可提高转移的可能性(PMID:18941749)(PMID:19250552)。在很多物种体内(小鼠、大鼠、猴)RRM2的siRNA抑制使肿瘤生长变缓(PMID:17929316)(PMID:17404105)。
跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶4(TMPRSS4)
TMPRSS4是一种II型跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶,发现于细胞表面,在多种肿瘤组织中高度表达,包括胰腺癌、结肠癌和胃癌。TMPRSS4在癌中的生物学功能尚不清楚。TMPRSS4有四种剪接变体(Scott et al.,2001;Sawasaki et al.,2004)。其在卵巢癌中的表达与分期相关(Sawasaki et al.,2004)。TMPRSS4在肺癌组织中升至高水平,在肺和结肠癌细胞系中透过小干扰RNA治疗实现TMPRSS4的siRNA抑制,与细胞侵袭、细胞-基质黏附以及细胞增殖调节减少相关(Jung et al.,2008)。
II型脱碘酶碘化甲腺氨酸(DIO2)
DIO2将前激素甲状腺素(T4)转换为具有生物活性的3,3',5-三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)。它在甲状腺中高度表达,发现其表达和/或活性在甲状腺癌中调控失常(de SouzaMeyer et al.,2005)(Arnaldi et al.,2005)。然而,它也见于其他组织,如正常的肺和肺癌(Wawrzynska et al.,2003),以及脑肿瘤中(Murakami et al.,2000)。
胰岛素样生长因子2mRNA结合蛋白3(IGF2BP3)
IGF2BP3主要存在于细胞核中,在核中它结合IGF2 mRNA并使其转录受到抑制。它在胚胎发生方面起作用,在成人组织中下调。在肿瘤细胞中它可上调,因此,被视为一种癌胚蛋白(Liao et al.2005)。在包括胃癌在内的很多癌中发现其过度表达,与预后不良相关(Jeng et al.2009)(Jiang et al.2006)。在癌疫苗研究中对由IGF2BP3得到的肽类进行试验(Kono et al.2009)。
核纤层蛋白B1(LMNB1)
核纤层蛋白B1是一种核纤层基质蛋白,与核稳定性、染色质结构和基因表达有关。在细胞凋亡早期,核纤层蛋白降解(Neamati et al.1995)(Sato et al.2008b;Sato etal.2008a;Sato et al.2009)。LMNB1基本上在所有正常体细胞中有一定程度的表达,初步研究表明在包括胃癌在内的某些癌的发病机制中它可受到降解(Moss et al.1999)。在肝细胞癌等某些癌中,据发现LMNB1上调,与肿瘤分期、大小和结节数量呈正相关(Lim etal.2002)。
无翅型MMTV整合位点家族,成员5A
WNT5A是一种分泌信号蛋白,与进展过程和肿瘤发生相关。经过卷曲蛋白和LRP5/LRP6受体的经典WNT5A信号转导使干细胞和祖细胞得到维持,而经过卷曲蛋白和ROR2/PTK/RYK受体的非经典WNT5A信号转导控制细胞极性、细胞黏附或运动,如在肿瘤-基质界面,导致侵袭(Katoh and Katoh,2007)。它可能是某些癌的肿瘤抑制剂,但在包括胃癌在内的其他癌中上调,并有助于进展和转移,导致预后不良(Li et al.,2010)(Yamamoto et al.,2009)(Kurayoshi et al.,2006)。
成纤维细胞启动蛋白α(FAP)
FAP是一种整合酶明胶酶。其假设的丝氨酸酶活性可能在发生、组织修复和上皮癌发生过程中控制成纤维细胞生长或上皮间质相互作用方面起作用(Scanlan et al.1994)。FAP可能在借助细胞黏附和迁移过程的癌生长、转移和血管生成以及ECM组件迅速降解方面发挥作用。它见于侵袭ECM的肿瘤细胞、活性癌相关成纤维细胞和参与血管生成的上皮细胞,但未见于相同类型的不活跃细胞。(Dolznig et al.2005;Kennedy et al.2009;Rettiget al.1993;Rettig et al.1994;Scanlan et al.1994;Zhang et al.2010)。FAP表达已见于胃癌细胞和相关的间质成纤维细胞(Zhi et al.2010)(Chen et al.2006)(Mori etal.2004;Okada et al.2003)。在小鼠模型中显示FAP表达细胞是肿瘤微环境的一种非多余的免疫抑制元件(Kraman et al.2010)。在肿瘤疫苗接种小鼠模型中,FAP成功用作CD8+和CD4+T细胞应答的靶标(Loeffler et al.2006;Wen et al.2010)(Lee et al.2005)(Fassnacht et al.2005)。
外被体蛋白复合物γ亚基(COPG);
外被体蛋白复合物γ亚基2(COPG2);
外被体蛋白复合物β亚基1(COPB1);
COPG、COPG2和COPB1是外被体复合物(也称作外壳蛋白复合物1(COPI))的亚基,与非网格蛋白包被小泡有关。COPI包被小泡介导从高尔基体逆向转运回内质网和高尔基体内转运(Watson et al.,2004)。它们可能也参与正向转运(Nickel et al.,1998)。逆向运输调节EGFR的EGF依赖性核转运,EGFR与COPG结合(Wang et al.,2010)。据发现COPG在肺癌细胞和肺癌相关的微血管内皮细胞中过度表达(Park et al.,2008)。
泛表达的COPG2的序列与GOPG有80%相同(Blagitko et al.,1999)。COPG2可形成COPI样复合物,取代在功能上可能多余的GOPG(Futatsumori et al.,2000)。
表达细胞系的囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子(CFTR)中的COPB1的抑制表明,外被体复合物参与CPTR转运至浆膜的过程(Denning et al.,1992)(Bannykh et al.,2000)。
泛素结合酶E2S(UBE2S)
UBE2S是后期促进复合物(APC)的一个辅助因子,该复合物是一种E3泛素连接酶,透过定位细胞周期调控因子调控有丝分裂退出和G1。在其他组件将底物预泛素化后,UBE2S使泛素链延长(Wu et al.,2010)。UBE2S也为与蛋白酶体相关的降解定位VHL蛋白,从而稳定HIF-1α(Lim et al.,2008),并可能支持增殖、上皮细胞-间质转变和转移(Chen et al.,2009)(Jung et al.,2006)。UBE2S在数种实体瘤中过度表达。
驱动蛋白家族成员11(KIF11)
KIF11是双极有丝分裂纺锤体组装必需的。已有研究发现其在多种癌中上调,常与临床病理学参数相关(Liu et al.,2010)(Peyre et al.,2010)。KIF11样S-三苯甲基-L-半胱氨酸(STLC)的小分子抑制剂在有丝分裂中使细胞停滞并促进癌细胞凋亡,已作为潜在抗癌药进行研发(Tsui et al.,2009)(Wiltshire et al.,2010)(Ding et al.,2010)。在临床上,KIF11抑制剂仅显示出适度的活性(Kaan et al.,2010;Tunquist et al.,2010;Wiltshire et al.,2010;Zhang and Xu,2008)。
一种解离素和金属蛋白酶结构域8(ADAM8)
最初认为ADAM8是一种免疫特异性ADAM,但也见于其他细胞类型,常在与炎症和ECM重建有关的状况下见到,包括癌症和哮喘等呼吸疾病(Koller et al.2009)。很多ADAM类型,包括AMAM8,在人恶性肿瘤中表达,其中它们参与生长因子活性调控,导致促进细胞生长和侵袭,尽管这些活动的精确机制目前尚不清楚(Mochizuki and Okada 2007)。在小鼠胃肿瘤中,ADAM8和其他ADAM水平升高,可能是由于EGFR信号转导增强的原因(Oshima etal.2011)。
细胞分裂周期6同源物(酿酒酵母)(CDC6)
CDC6是DNA复制起始所必需的。它在G1期停留在核内,但S期开始时转移至细胞质。CDC6透过与ATR相互作用也调控复制检控点启动(Yoshida et al.2010)。CDC6调控失常可能引起INK4/ARF基因座失活,该基因座编码三个重要的肿瘤抑制基因:p16INK4a和p15INK4b,和ARF两者均是成视网膜细胞瘤通路的启动剂;,一种p53启动剂(Gonzalez etal.2006)。CDC6的siRNA抑制能阻止增殖并促进细胞凋亡(Lau et al.2006)。CDC6在包括胃癌在内的癌中上调(Nakamura et al.2007)(Tsukamoto et al.2008)。
F2R凝血因子II(凝血酶)受体(F2R)
F2R也称为蛋白酶启动受体(PAR1),是一种G蛋白偶联受体。PAR1、PAR2和PAR4的信号可调控钙释放或丝裂原活化蛋白激酶活化并导致血小板聚集、血管舒张、细胞增殖、细胞因子释放和炎症(Oikonomopoulou et al.2010)。据认为F2R参与内皮和肿瘤细胞增殖和血管生成,在很多类型的侵袭性和转移性肿瘤中过度表达。表达水平与癌侵袭程度直接相关(Garcia-Lopez et al.2010)(Lurje et al.2010)。在胃癌细胞中,F2R启动可触发一系列反应,促进肿瘤细胞生长和侵袭,如NF-kappaB、EGFR和Tenascin-C(TN-C)的过度表达(Fujimoto et al.2010)。相应地,据发现胃癌中F2R表达与壁侵袭、腹膜传播和预后不良相关(Fujimoto et al.2008).小鼠单克隆抗人PAR1抗体(ATAP-2)识别凝血酶受体N末端内的表位(SFLLRNPN),与PAR1激动肽TFLLRNPNDK一同被描述(Hollenberg and Compton 2002;Mari et al.1996;Xu et al.1995)。
嗅质蛋白4(OLFM4)
OLFM4在发炎的结肠上皮和大量人肿瘤类型(特别是消化系统类型)中过度表达,其功能大部分未知(Koshida et al.,2007)。OLFM4是一种人肠干细胞的良好标志物,标志一种结肠直肠癌细胞的亚群(van der Flier et al.,2009)。OLFM4抑制促凋亡蛋白GRIM-19(Zhang et al.,2004)(Huang et al.,2010),调控细胞周期并促进癌细胞增殖时的S期过渡。此外,OLFM4还与癌黏附和转移相关(Yu et al.,2011b)。OLFM4在鼠前列腺肿瘤细胞中强制过度表达,使同基因宿主中肿瘤更快形成(Zhang et al.,2004)。据发现OLFM4在GC中过度表达(Aung et al.,2006)。在胃癌细胞中在细胞毒性药存在的情况下OLFM4表达抑制可诱导细胞凋亡(Kim et al.,2010)。术前GC患者体内的血清OLFM4浓度也比健康献血者高(Oue et al.,2009)。有研究将OLFM4确定为视黄酸(RAs)和去甲基化剂(RA)5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷的新靶标。这两种药物已证明可有效治疗某些骨髓性白血病患者(Liu et al.,2010)。
Thy-1细胞表面抗原(THY1)
Thy-1(CD90)是一种GPI锚定糖蛋白,见于很多细胞类型,包括T细胞、神经元、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞。Thy-1参与的过程包括黏附、神经再生、肿瘤生长、肿瘤抑制、迁移、细胞死亡和T细胞启动。(Rege and Hagood 2006b;Rege and Hagood 2006a)(Jurisic etal.2010)。Thy-1似乎是成人的标志物,但不标志胚胎血管生成(Lee et al.1998)。而且,有研究将其视为各种干细胞(间质干细胞、肝干细胞(“卵圆细胞”)(Masson et al.2006)、角质形成细胞干细胞(Nakamura et al.2006)和造血干细胞(Yamazaki et al.2009))的标志物。Thy-1在包括胃癌和GIST在内的多种癌中上调,有研究提出它是这些癌的标志物(Yangand Chung 2008;Zhang et al.2010)(Oikonomou et al.2007)。
中心体蛋白250kDa(CEP250)
Cep250在微管组织中心内聚方面发挥作用(Mayor et al.,2000)。它也称为中心体Nek2关联蛋白或C-Nap1,因为它
与丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶Nek2共位且是其底物。Nek2激酶及其底物调控中心体之间的连接(Bahmanyar et al.,2008)。在有丝分裂开始时,中心体分离以形成双极纺锤体,C-Nap1被磷酸化,随后从中心体解离。体外试验表明Cep250过度表达损害中心体微管组织(Mayor et al.,2002)。
缺氧诱导因子1,α亚基(碱性-螺旋-环-螺旋转录因子)(HIF1A)
HIF1A是缺氧诱导因子(HIF)的氧敏感亚基,HIF是一种缺氧条件下活跃的转录因子,在肿瘤中常见。它介导与存活、葡萄糖代谢、侵袭、转移和血管生成(如VEGF)相关的60多种基因的转录。HIF1在很多癌中过度表达,常与预后不良相关,据认为是一种令人感兴趣的药理操纵靶标(Griffiths et al.2005;Quintero et al.2004;Stoeltzing et al.2004)(Zhong et al.1999)。
在胃癌中,HIF1A有助于血管生成(Nam et al.2011),与肿瘤大小、低分化、肿瘤分期、存活期短(Qiu et al.2011)和转移(Wang et al.2010)(Han et al.2006;Kim etal.2009;Oh et al.2008;Ru et al.2007)相关。也有研究认为它透过抑制药物诱导的细胞凋亡并减少细胞外药物累积,导致对5-FU等化疗药物的耐药性(Nakamura et al.2009)(Liu et al.2008)。HIF-1α-抑制剂2-甲基-雌二醇显著降低胃癌细胞的转移性(Rohwer etal.2009)。
v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(KRAS)
KRAS是小GTP酶超家族的一员,是一种参与很多信号转导通路早期步骤的原癌基因,如MAPK-和AKT介导的通路,这些通路可能致癌。单个氨基酸取代导致启动突变,生成一种转化蛋白,它在包括胃癌在内的各种恶性肿瘤中起到关键作用(Capella et al.,1991)。KRAS的致癌突变在胃癌中不常见。在一种胃癌亚型中,KRAS基因座扩增,导致KRAS蛋白过度表达。因此,基因扩增可能构成胃癌中KRAS过度表达的分子基础(Mita et al.,2009)。KRAS突变等位基因有助于缺氧驱动的VEGF诱导(Kikuchi et al.,2009;Zeng et al.,2010)。在胃癌患者血清或血浆中也检出KRAS突变体,因此有研究提出其是一种容易获得的肿瘤标志物(Sorenson,2000)。肽KRAS-001是仅从两种剪接突变体中的一种-NP_004976(188氨基酸)得到的,从剪接突变体-NP_203524(189氨基酸)未得到肽KRAS-001。这两种剪接突变体的最后一个外显子不同,KRAS-001位于其上。
非SMC凝聚蛋白复合物亚基G(NCAPG)
NCAPG是凝聚蛋白I复合物的一部分,钙复合物由染色体结构维持(SMC)蛋白和非SMC蛋白构成,调控有丝分裂期间的染色体凝聚和分离(Seipold et al.,2009)。NCAPG过度表达见于包括鼻咽癌、肝细胞癌(Satow et al.,2010)和黑素瘤(Ryu et al.,2007)在内的多种肿瘤(Li et al.,2010)。在正常组织中,NCAPG在睾丸中表达水平最高。有研究提出其在癌症方面是一种可能的增殖标志物和可能的预后指标(Jager et al.,2000)。
拓扑异构酶(DNA)IIα(TOP2A)和拓扑异构酶(DNA)IIβ(TOP2B)
TOP2A和TOP2B编码一种DNA拓扑异构酶高度相似的亚型,该酶在转录期间控制并改变DNA的拓扑状态并参与染色体浓缩、染色单体分离、复制和转录。拓扑异构酶是蒽环类药物等数种抗癌药的靶标,已有研究表明大量突变与耐药相关(Kellner et al.,2002)(Jarvinen and Liu,2006)。TOP2A(非TOP2B)对细胞增殖很关键。其位点接近HER2致癌基因并在绝大多数HER2扩增的乳腺肿瘤中扩增,但也在很多无HER2扩增的肿瘤(Jarvinen andLiu,2003)和很多其他实体瘤中扩增。在小部分胃癌中,发现TOP2A常与HER2一起扩增并过度表达(Varis et al.,2002)(Liang et al.,2008)。
层黏连蛋白γ2(LAMC2)
层黏连蛋白是基膜的主要非胶原组分。它们参与细胞黏附、分化、迁移、信号转导和转移。γ2链与α3和β3链一同构成层黏连蛋白5.LAMC2在体外促进人肿瘤细胞侵袭性生长。它在侵袭前沿由人癌高度表达,其表达与预后不良相关(Tsubota et al.,2010)。层黏连蛋白5的一种MMP-2产生的裂解产物能启动EGFR信号转导并促进细胞运动(Schenk etal.,2003)。在胃癌中,LAMC2可受到EGFR家族成员或Wnt5a的诱导,研究显示侵袭活动依赖于LAMC2(Tsubota et al.,2010)(Yamamoto et al.,2009)。
芳烃受体(AHR)
AHR连接TCDD(2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-p-二恶英)等平面芳烃,介导基因转录,包括细胞色素P450酶在内的外源物代谢酶。它也在细胞周期进程中也发挥作用(Barhoover etal.2010)。据认为AhR与二恶英的肿瘤促进活性部分相关,因为它具有促增殖和抗细胞凋亡功能,并可能导致细胞间接触调控失常、去分化和运动增强(Watabe et al.2010)(Dietrich and Kaina 2010)(Marlowe et al.2008)。AHR可受到TGF-β的下调(Dohr andAbel 1997;Wolff et al.2001)并受到Wnt或β连环蛋白信号的诱导(Chesire etal.2004)。AHR过度表达见于包括胃癌在内的很多癌症,其中它与CYP1A1频繁表达相关(Maet al.2006)。胃癌中的AHR表达和核移位高于正常组织,在癌发生期间表达逐渐增多(Penget al.2009a)。AhR通路可能透过MMP-9的c-Jun依赖性诱导增强胃癌细胞侵袭力(Peng etal.2009b)。在小鼠模型中,组成性活性突变体的芳烃受体(CA-AhR)使胃部肿瘤发生,与活动增加相关(Andersson et al.2002;Kuznetsov et al.2005)。AhR在癌中的功能不明,因为某些研究也指向肿瘤抑制活性(Gluschnaider et al.2010)(Fan et al.2010)。
透明质酸介导的运动性受体(RHAMM)(HMMR)
HMMR可出现在细胞表面,其中它结合透明质酸(HA)并与HA受体CD44相互作用。这种相互作用在细胞运动、伤口愈合和侵袭等过程中发挥作用(Gares and Pilarski,2000)。在细胞内部,HMMR结合细胞骨架、微管、中心体和有丝分裂纺锤体,并有助于控制有丝分裂纺锤体完整。HMMR在多种实体瘤中过度表达(Sohr and Engeland,2008)。有研究提出HA包括肿瘤细胞免受免疫攻击。转移患者体内血清HA常升高(Delpech et al.,1997)。有研究将HMMR确定为有希望的肿瘤相关抗原和可能的AML与CLL预后因子。从HMMR得到的肽已用于抗白血病疫苗。也检测了HMMR-001的体外免疫原性,但未用于疫苗接种(Tzankov et al.,2011)(Greiner et al.,2010;Schmitt et al.,2008;Tabarkiewicz and Giannopoulos,2010)(Greiner et al.,2005)。HMMR过度表达也见于多种其他癌症,常与预后不良相关。HMMR也常在胃癌中与CD44一同过度表达,据认为有利于侵袭和转移(Li et al.,1999)(Liet al.,2000a)(Li et al.,2000b)。
TPX2,微管关联同源物(非洲有爪蟾蜍)(TPX2)
TPRX2是一种增殖相关蛋白,在细胞周期的S、G(2)和M期表达,据认为是一种增殖标志物(Cordes et al.,2010)。
它是正常微管成核现象所必需的,如有丝分裂纺锤体的组装。TPX2招募并活化Aurora A(Bird and Hyman,2008;Moss et al.,2009)。Polo样激酶1使TPX2磷酸化,可增强期活化Aurora A的能力(Eckerdt et al.,2009)。TPX2也在很多肿瘤类型中过度表达并常与Aurora A一同过度表达(Asteriti et al.,2010)。发现的TPX2过度表达(常与预后不良或较后期相关)的例子为脑膜瘤(Stuart et al.,2010)、肺癌(Kadara et al.,2009)(Linet al.,2006;Ma et al.,2006)(Manda et al.,1999)和肝细胞癌(Shigeishi et al.,2009b)(Satow et al.,2010)(Wang et al.,2003)。
因此,本发明涉及一种肽,包含选自SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.95组的一个序列或该序列与SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.95具有80%同源性的一种变体,或诱导与所述变异肽发生T细胞交叉反应的一种变体,其中,所述肽不是全长多肽。
本发明进一步涉及一种肽,包含选自SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.95组的一个序列、或与SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.95具有至少80%同源性的一种变体,其中所述肽或变体的总长度为8至100个、优选为8至30个、最优选为8至14个氨基酸。
本发明进一步涉及先前所述肽,其具有与主要组织兼容性复合体(MHC)I或II类分子结合的能力。
本发明进一步涉及先前所述肽,其中该肽系由或基本系由根据SEQ ID NO 1至SEQID NO 95的一个氨基酸序列组成。
本发明进一步涉及先前所述肽,其中该肽被修饰和/或包含非肽键。
本发明进一步涉及先前所述肽,其中该肽为融合蛋白,特别是含HLA-DR抗原相关不变链(Ii)的N-端氨基酸。
本发明进一步涉及一种核酸,其编码先前所述肽,前提是该肽并非完整的人蛋白。
本发明进一步涉及一种先前所述的核酸,为DNA、cDNA、PNA、CAN、RNA,也可能为其组合物。
本发明进一步涉及一种能表达先前所述核酸的表达载体。
本发明进一步涉及供药物中使用的一种先前所述肽、一种先前所述核酸或一种先前所述表达载体。
本发明进一步涉及含前述核酸或前述表达载体的一种宿主细胞。
本发明进一步涉及为一种抗原提呈细胞的所述宿主细胞。
本发明进一步涉及所述宿主细胞,其中抗原提呈细胞为树突状细胞。
本发明进一步涉及一种配制一种所述肽的方法,该方法包括培养所述宿主细胞和从宿主细胞或其培养基中分离肽。
本发明进一步涉及一种体外制备启动的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的方法,该方法包括将CTL与载有抗原的人I或II类MHC分子进行体外连接,这些分子在合适的抗原提呈细胞表面表达足够长的一段时间从而以抗原特异性方式启动CTL,其中所述抗原为任何一种所述肽。
本发明进一步涉及所述方法,其中抗原透过与足够量的含抗原提成细胞的抗原结合被载入表达于合适抗原提呈细胞表面的I或II类MHC分子。
本发明进一步涉及所述方法,其中该抗原提呈细胞包括一个表达载体,该载体有能力表达含SEQ ID NO 1至SEQ ID NO 33的肽或所述变体氨基酸序列。
本发明进一步涉及以所述方法制备的启动细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL),该淋巴细胞有选择性地识别一种细胞,该细胞异常表达含一种所述氨基酸序列的多肽。
本发明进一步涉及一种杀伤患者靶细胞的方法,其中患者的靶细胞异常表达含所述任何氨基酸序列的多肽,该方法包括给予患者上面定义的有效量的毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)。
本发明进一步涉及任何所述的肽、所述的一种核酸、所述的一种表达载体、所述的一种细胞、所述的一种作为药剂或制造药剂的启动细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的用途。
本发明进一步涉及一种所述使用方法,其中药剂为一种疫苗。
本发明进一步涉及一种所述使用方法,其中药剂具有抗癌活性。
本发明进一步涉及一种所述用途,其中所述癌细胞为胃癌细胞、胃肠道癌细胞、结直肠癌细胞、胰腺癌细胞、肺癌细胞或肾癌细胞。
本发明进一步涉及可用于胃癌预后的特殊标志物蛋白。
此外,本发明涉及这些供癌症治疗使用的新靶标。
正如本文所述,与文献中正常胃组织和其他重要组织(如肝脏、肾脏、心脏)相比,被ABL1,ADAM10,AHR,CCND2,CDC6,CDK1,CEACAM1,CEACAM5,CEACAM6,CEACAM6,COL6A3,EIF2S3,LOC255308,EPHA2,ERBB2,ERBB3,F2R,FAP,HMMR,HSP90B1,IGF2BP3,ITGB4,KIF2C,KRAS,LAMC2,LCN2,MET,MMP11,MMP12,MMP3,MST1R,NUF2,OLFM4,PROM1,RRM2,THY1,TMPRSS4,TOP2A,TSPAN1,WNT5A,HIF1A以及PTK2编码的所述蛋白质在胃癌中过量表达。
被ABL1,ADAM10,ADAM8,AHR,ASPM,CDC2ATAD2,CCDC88A,CCNB1,CCND2,CCNE2,CDC6,CDK1,CEACAM1,CEACAM5,CEACAM6,CEACAM6,CLCN3,COL6A3,EPHA2,ERBB2,ERBB3,F2R,FAP,HIF1A,HMMR,HSP90B1,IGF2BP3,IQGAP3,ITGB4,KIF11,KIF2C,KRAS,LAMC2,LCN2,MET,MMP11,MMP3,MST1R,MUC6,NCAPG,NFYB,NUF2,OLFM4,PBK,PLK4,PPAP2C,PROM1,PTK2,RRM2,SIAH2,THY1,TOP2A,TPX2,TSPAN1,TSPAN8,UBE2S,UCHL5,以及WNT5A编码的蛋白质显示在肿瘤发生中发挥重要作用,因为它们参与恶性转化、细胞生长、增殖、血管生成或侵袭入正常组织。另外,对为DNAJC10,EIF2S3,EIF3L,POLD3,PSMC2,PSMD14和TMPRSS4所编码的蛋白质来说,有一些证据表明它们具有与癌症相关的功能。
被PROM1、WNT5A、SMC4、PPAP2C、GPR38,OLFM4和THY1编码的蛋白质显示在干细胞或癌干细胞中高度表达。虽然资料尚有争议,PROM1已被作为胃癌干细胞标志物加以讨论。癌症干细胞是一种肿瘤细胞亚群,具有肿瘤持续生长所需的自我更新潜能。这些细胞存在于专门的和高度组织的结构中,即所谓的癌症干细胞巢,它们是维持癌症干细胞自我更新潜能所必需的。
肿瘤中蛋白AHR,ASPM,ATAD2,CCNB1,CCND2,CCNE2,CDK1(CDC2),CEACAM1,CEACAM5,CEACAM6,CEACAM6,COL6A3,EPHA2,ERBB2,ERBB3,F2R,FAP,HIF1A,HMMR,HSP90B1,IGF2BP3,ITGB4,KIF11,KIF2C,KRAS,LAMC2,LCN2,LMNB1,MET,MMP11,MMP3,MST1R,PROM1,MMP11,MUC6,NCAPG,NUF2,OLFM4,PBK,PPAP2C,ABL1,NUF2,MUC6,EPHA2PROM1,PTK2,TMPRSS4,TPX2,TSPAN1和WNT5A过量表达已被证明与疾病期别的晚期以及患者预后较差相关。
因此,本发明提出了识别一种动物的方法,优选为可能有胃癌的人类。在一个实施例中,该可能性确定为80%至100%。一种此类方法包括确定来自受试动物肿瘤样本中的蛋白MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6中至少一种蛋白的水平。在一个实施例中,样本透过根治性手术获得。在另一个实施例中,样本透过针刺活检获得。
当MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6测定的水平相对于同一标本的良性上皮细胞中的测定水平上调20%或以上时,则该受试动物被确定为可能有胃癌。
由MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6组成的一组蛋白中不同蛋白上调越多,则受试动物有有胃癌的可能性越高。
在一个实施例中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水平在原位测定。在另一个实施例中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水平在体外测定。在另一个实施例中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水平在体内测定。在一优选实施例中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水平采用激光捕获显微镜结合免疫印迹法测定。
在一个优选实施例中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水平采用MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6的特异抗体测定。在一个优选实施例中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水平以含引物的PCR方法测定,其中引物为编码MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6的mRNA的特异引物。在另一优选实施例中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水平以含引物的核苷酸探针测定,其中探针为编码MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6的mRNA的特异探针。在一此类实施例中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水平使用Northern印迹法测定。在另一个实施例中,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6水平使用核糖核酸酶保护法测定。在其他实施例中,如酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)、放射性免疫测定(RIA)以及Western印迹法等免疫学测试可能用于检测体液样本(如血液、血清、痰液、尿液或腹腔液)中的MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽。检体、组织样本和细胞样本(如卵巢、淋巴结、卵巢表面上皮细胞碎屑、肺检体,肝检体、以及任何含有细胞的液体样本(如腹腔液、痰液和胸腔积液)均可透过分解和/或溶解组织或细胞样本以及使用免疫法(如:ELISA、RIA或Western印迹法)检测多肽而进行测试。此类细胞或组织样本也可使用基于核酸的方法分析,例如,反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增,Northern杂交,或槽或点印迹法。为了能看到肿瘤细胞在组织样本中的分布,可分别使用保存样本组织结构的诊断测试(例如,免疫组织化学染色、RNA原位杂交或原位RT-PCR技术)来检测胃癌标志物多肽或mRNA。对于肿瘤的体内定位,可使用影像学检查,如磁共振成像(MRI),向受试者导入一种与MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽(尤其是局限于细胞表面的多肽)特异性结合的抗体,其中所述抗体共价结合或以其他方式耦合到顺磁示踪剂(或其他合适的可检测基元,这取决于所使用的影像技术);另外,未标记的肿瘤标志物特异性抗体的位置可使用与可检测到的基元耦合的二抗检测。
此外,本发明进一步提出了组成MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽、及其片段(包括功能性、蛋白裂解性和抗原性片段)的嵌合/融合蛋白/肽。
杂合分子的融合伙伴或片段提供了刺激CD4+T细胞的适当表位。CD4+刺激表位为本领域所熟知,并包括破伤风类毒素中确定的表位。在进一步优选的实施例中,所述肽为融合蛋白,尤其包含HLA-DR抗原相关不变链(Ii)的N-端氨基酸。在一个实施例中,本发明的肽为一蛋白片段和另一多肽部分(如果人体多肽部分含有一个多个发明的氨基酸序列)的一种截短型人蛋白或融合蛋白。
本发明还包括MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽的抗体,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽组成的嵌合/融合蛋白的抗体,以及MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽片段(包括蛋白裂解性和抗原性片段)的抗体以及组成这些片段的嵌合/融合蛋白/肽的抗体。此外,针对癌症、特别是针对胃癌预后的这些抗体的使用方法也是本发明的一部分。
本发明的抗体可为多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体和/或嵌合抗体。产生本发明单克隆抗体的永生细胞株也是本发明的一部分。
本领域的普通技术人会明白,在某些情况下,作为肿瘤标志物基因的MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6较高表达提示患有胃癌的受试者预后较差。例如,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6较高水平的表达可能提示肿瘤体积相对较大、肿瘤负荷较高(例如,更多转移)、或者肿瘤表型恶性程度相对较高。
由MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6组成的一组蛋白中,过量表达不同蛋白越多,预后越差。
本发明的诊断和预后方法涉及使用已知的方法,例如:基于抗体的方法,以检测MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽,以及核酸杂交和/或基于扩增的方法来检测MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6的mRNA。
此外,由于肿瘤细胞快速破坏往往导致自身抗体产生,本发明的胃癌肿瘤标志物可用于血清学检测(例如,受试者血清的ELISA测试),以检测受试者中抗MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6的自身抗体。MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽特异性抗体的水平比对照样本至少约高3倍(优选为至少5倍或7倍,最优选为至少10倍或20倍),该水平提示有胃癌。
细胞表面局部、细胞内、和分泌的MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽都可能用于活检分析,例如,组织或细胞样本(包括诸如从腹腔液中获得的液体样本)以确定含有胃癌细胞的组织或细胞检体。检体可作为完整的组织或整个细胞样本进行分析,组织或细胞样本也可能按特定类型诊断测试所需被分解和/或溶解。例如,检体或样本可能对MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽或mRNA水平进行整个组织或整个细胞分析,方法为原位法、免疫组织化学法、原位杂交mRNA法或原位RT-PCR。技术人员知道如何处理组织或细胞进行多肽或mRNA水平分析,使用方法为免疫方法(如ELISA、免疫印迹或等效方法),或使用基于核酸的分析方法(如RT-PCR、Northern杂交或槽或斑点印迹法)分析mRNA水平。
测量MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6表达水平的试剂盒。
本发明提出了检测作为受试者胃癌标志物基因的MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6表达水平升高所用的试剂盒。一种检测胃癌标志物多肽的试剂盒优选包含一种特异性结合选定的胃癌标志物多肽的抗体。一种检测胃癌标志物mRNA的试剂盒最好包含可特异性与MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6 mRNA杂交的一个或多个核酸(例如,一个或多寡核苷酸引物或探针、DNA探针、RNA探针、或产生RNA的探针模板)。
特别地,基于抗体的试剂盒可用于检测是否存在、和/或测量与抗体或其免疫应答性片段特异性结合的MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6。该试剂盒可包含与抗原反应的抗体以及检测含抗原的抗体的反应。该试剂盒可为ELISA试剂盒,可包含对照(例如,指定量的特定胃癌标志物多肽)、一抗和二抗(适当时)、任何其他上文所述必需的试剂,如:可检测基元、酶底物和有色试剂。另外,诊断试剂盒可为一般由本文所述的成分和试剂组成的免疫印迹试剂盒。
基于核酸的试剂盒可用于透过检测和/或测量样本中(如组织或细胞检体)中的BMST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6的mRNA,而检测和/或测量出MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6的表达水平。例如,检测MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6表达升高的RT-PCR试剂盒优选为包含足够的寡核苷酸引物以将胃癌mRNA反转录为cDNA以及对胃癌标志物cDNA进行PCR扩增,还优选为包含对照PCR模板分子和引物以对量化进行适当的阴性和阳性对照以及内部对照。本领域的普通技术人会明白如何选择合适的引物以进行反转录和PCR反应,以及合适的对照反应。该指南可发现于,例如,F.Ausubel等所着的《Current Protocols in Molecular Biology》,New York,N.Y.,1997。RT-PCR的许多突变体为本领域熟知。可将免疫毒素靶向传递至MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6,作为胃癌防治的治疗性靶标。例如:一种特异性结合细胞表面局限性MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽的抗体分子可与放射性同位素或其他有毒化合物共价结合。给予受试者抗体共轭物以便该抗体与其同源胃癌多肽的结合导致治疗性化合物向胃癌细胞靶向传递,从而治疗卵巢癌。
治疗成分可以是毒素、放射性同位素、药物、化学物质或蛋白质(参见,例如,Beraet al."Pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of a bivalent disulfide-stabilized Fv immunotoxin with improved antigen binding to erbB2"CancerRes.59:4018-4022(1999)).例如,该抗体可链结或共价结合至一种细菌毒素(如:白喉毒素、绿脓杆菌外毒素A、霍乱毒素)或植物毒素(如蓖麻毒素),以将毒素靶向传递至表达MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6的细胞。这种免疫毒素可被传递至细胞,并且一旦与细胞表面局限性胃癌标志物多肽结合,共轭至胃癌标志物特异性抗体的毒素将被传递至该细胞。
此外,对于任何含有特定配体(例如:与细胞表面局限性蛋白结合的配体)的任何MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽,该配体均可取代抗体以将毒性化合物靶向作用于胃癌细胞,如上文所述。
本文中术语「抗体」为广义上的定义,既包括多克隆也包括单克隆抗体。除了完整的免疫球蛋白分子,「抗体」这一术语还包括这些免疫球蛋白分子和人源化免疫球蛋白分子的片段或聚合物,只要它们表现出本文所述的任何期望属性(例如,胃癌标志物多肽的特异性结合、将毒素传递给胃癌标志物基因表达水平增加时的胃癌细胞和/或胃癌标志物多肽的活性)。
只要有可能,本发明的抗体可从商业来源购买。本发明的抗体也可能使用已知的方法制得。技术人员会了解全长胃癌标志物多肽或其片段可用于制备本发明的抗体。用于产生本发明抗体的多肽可部分或全部地由天然源经纯化而得,也可利用重组DNA技术生产。例如,编码MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽的cDNA或其中一个片段,可在原核细胞中(如:细菌)或真核细胞(如:酵母、昆虫或哺乳动物细胞)中表达,之后,可纯化重组蛋白,并用于产生一种特异性结合用于产生该抗体的胃癌标志物多肽的单克隆或多克隆抗体制剂。
本领域的技术人员会明白,两种或两种以上不同集合的单克隆抗体或多克隆抗体能最大限度地增加获得一种含预期用途所需的特异性和亲和力(例如,ELISA法、免疫组织化学、体内成像、免疫毒素疗法)的抗体的可能性。根据抗体的用途,用已知的方法对其期望活性进行测试(例如,ELISA法、免疫组织化学、免疫治疗等;要获取产生和测试抗体的进一步指导,请参阅,例如,Harlow and Lane,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.,1988)。例如,该抗体可用ELISA法、免疫印迹法、免疫组织化学染色福尔马林固定的胃癌样本或冰冻的组织切片进行检测。在初次体外表征后,用于治疗或体内诊断用途的抗体根据已知的临床测试方法进行检测。
此处使用的术语「单克隆抗体」系指从大量同质抗体中获得的一种抗体,即,由相同的抗体组成的抗体群,但可能少量提呈的自然突变除外。此处所述的单克隆抗体具体包括「嵌合」抗体,其中一部分重链和/或轻链与从特定物种中获得的抗体或属于特定抗体类型和分类型抗体的相应序列相同(同质),同时,剩余链与从其他物种中获得的抗体或属于特定抗体类型和子类型抗体的相应序列以及这些抗体的片段相同(同质),只要它们表现出预期的拮抗活性(美国4816567号专利)。
本发明的单克隆抗体可能使用杂交瘤方法制得。在杂交瘤方法中,小鼠或其他适当的宿主动物,通常用免疫制剂以引发产生或能产生将特异性结合至免疫制剂的抗体。或者,淋巴细胞可在体外进行免疫。
单克隆抗体也可由DNA重组方法制得,如:美国4816567号专利所述。编码本发明单克隆抗体的DNA可很容易地使用传统程序进行分离和测序(例如:透过使用能与编码鼠抗体重链和轻链的基因特异性结合的寡核苷酸探针)。
体外方法也适用于制备单价抗体。抗体消化以产生抗体的片段,尤其是Fab片段,可以透过使用本领域已知的常规技术完成。例如,可以透过使用木瓜蛋白酶完成消化。木瓜蛋白酶消化的例子在1994年12月22日公布的WO 94/29348和美国4342566号专利中有描述。抗体的木瓜蛋白酶消化通常产生两种相同的抗原结合性片段,称为Fab片段(每个片段都有一个抗原结合点)和残余Fe片段。胃蛋白酶处理产生一个片段,它有两个抗原结合位点,并仍具有交联抗原的能力。
抗体片段,不论其是否附着于其他序列,均可包括特定区域或特定氨基酸残基的插入、删除、替换、或其他选择性修饰,但前提是,片段的活性与非修饰的抗体或抗体片段相比没有显著的改变或损害。这些修饰可提供一些额外的属性,如:删除/添加可与二硫键结合的氨基酸,以增加其生物寿命、改变其分泌特性等。在任何情况下,抗体片段必须拥有生物活性的特性,如:结合活性、调节结合域的结合力等。抗体的功能性或活性区域可透过蛋白特定区域的基因突变、随后表达和测试所表达的多肽进行确定。这些方法为本行业技术人员所熟知,可包括编码抗体片段的核酸的特定位点基因突变。
本发明的抗体可进一步包括人源化抗体或人抗体。非人(如:鼠)抗体的人源化形式为嵌合抗体免疫球蛋白、免疫球蛋白链或其片段(如:Fv、Fab、Fab'或抗体的其他抗原结合序列),其中包含从非人免疫球蛋白中获得的最小序列。人源化抗体包括人免疫球蛋白(受体抗体),其中来自受体互补决定区(CDR)的残基被来自非人物种(供体抗体)(如具有与其特异性、亲和力和能力的小鼠、大鼠或兔子)CDR的残基取代。在某些情况下,人类免疫球蛋白的Fv框架(FR)残基被相应的非人残基取代。人源化抗体可能还包括既非受体抗体、也非输入CDR或框架序列中发现的残基。一般来说,人源化抗体将包括几乎所有的至少一个、通常为二个可变域,其中,全部或几乎全部的CDR区域均对应于非人免疫球蛋白的区域并且全部或几乎全部的FR区域均为人免疫球蛋白相同序列的区域。理想情况是,人源化抗体还将包括至少免疫球蛋白恒定区(Fc)的一部分,通常是人免疫球蛋白的恒定区的一部分。
人源化非人抗体的方法为本行业所熟知。一般来说,人源化抗体具有一个或多个从非人源引入的氨基酸残基。这些非人氨基酸残基往往被称为「输入」残基,通常从「输入」可变域中获得。人源化基本上可以透过将啮齿动物CDR或CDR序列取代为相应的人抗体序列而完成。因此,这种「人源化」抗体为嵌合抗体(美国4816567号专利),其中大大少于完整的人可变域被来自于非人物种的相应序列取代。在实践中,人源化抗体通常为人抗体,其中有些CDR残基以及可能的一些FR残基被来自啮齿动物抗体中的类似位点的残基取代。
可使用免疫后在内源性免疫球蛋白产生缺失时能产生完整人抗体的转基因动物(如:小鼠)。例如,它被描述为,嵌合和种系突变小鼠中的抗体重链连接区域基因的纯合性缺失导致内源性抗体生成的完全抑制。在此种系变种小鼠中人种系免疫球蛋白基因阵列的转移在抗原挑战后将导致人抗体的生成。人抗体也可在噬菌体展示库中产生。
本发明的抗体优选为透过药用载体的形式给予受试者。通常,在制剂中使用适量的药用盐,以使制剂等渗。药用载体的例子包括生理盐水、林格氏液和葡萄糖溶液。溶液的pH值优选为约5至8,更优选为约7至7.5。此外,载体还包括缓释制剂,如:含有抗体的固体疏水性聚合物半透性基质,其中基质为有形物品形式,如:薄膜、脂质体或微粒。本行业的技术人员熟知,某些载体可能为更优选,取决于例如,抗体的给药途径和浓度。
该抗体可透过注射(如:静脉内、腹腔内、皮下、肌肉内)或透过输注等其他方法给予受试者、患者或细胞,确保其以有效的形式传输到血液中。这些抗体也可以透过瘤内或瘤周途径给予,从而发挥局部和全身的治疗作用。局部或静脉注射为优选。
抗体给药的有效剂量和时间表可根据经验确定,并且作出此类决定属本行业的技术范围内。本行业的技术人员会明白,必须给予的抗体剂量根据以下因素会有所不同,例如:接受抗体的受试者、给药途径、使用的抗体以及其他正在使用的药物的特定类型。单独使用的抗体的通常日剂量可能为约1μg/kg至最多100mg/kg体重或更多,这取决于上述因素。给予抗体治疗胃癌后,治疗抗体的疗效可透过技术人员熟知的不同方法评估。例如:接受治疗的受试者胃癌的大小、数量和/或分布可使用标准肿瘤成像技术进行监测。因治疗而给予的抗体与不给予抗体时的病程相比,可阻止肿瘤生长、导致肿瘤缩小、和/或阻止新肿瘤的发展,这样的抗体是一种有效治疗胃癌的抗体。
由于蛋白质ABL1,ADAM10,AHR,CCND2,CDC6,CDK1,CEACAM1,CEACAM5,CEACAM6,CEACAM6,COL6A3,EIF2S3,LOC255308,EPHA2,ERBB2,ERBB3,F2R,FAP,HMMR,HSP90B1,IGF2BP3,ITGB4,KIF2C,KRAS,LAMC2,LCN2,MET,MMP11,MMP12,MMP3,MST1R,UCHL5,SMC4,NFYB,PPAP2C,AVL9,UQCRBNUF2,OLFM4,PROM1,RRM2,THY1,TMPRSS4,TOP2A,TSPAN1,WNT5A,HIF1和PTK2已被证明,与正常组织相比,至少在胃癌的一个亚组中高度表达,它们的表达或活性的抑制可整合到任何治疗方案中,以治疗或预防胃癌。
反义治疗的原理是基于这样的假设:基因表达的序列特异性抑制(透过转录或转译)可能是透过基因组DNA或mRNA与互补反义物种之间的杂交而实现。这种杂交核酸双链体的形成干扰目标肿瘤抗原编码基因组DNA的转录,或目标肿瘤抗原mRNA的加工/运输/转译和/或稳定性。
反义核酸可用各种方法传递。例如,反义寡核苷酸或反义RNA可以让肿瘤细胞吸收的方式直接给予(例如,透过静脉注射)受试者。另外,编码反义RNA(或RNA片段)的病毒或质粒载体可导入体内细胞。还可透过有义序列诱发反义效果;然而,表型变化的程度大不相同。透过有效的反义治疗诱导的表型变化可根据,例如,靶mRNA水平、靶蛋白水平、和/或靶蛋白活性水平的变化进行评估。
在一个具体的实例中,可透过直接向受试者给予反义胃癌标志物RNA而实现反义基因治疗抑制胃癌标志物的功能。肿瘤标志物反义RNA可透过任何标准技术制造和分离,但最容易的制造方法是在控制高效启动子(例如,T7启动子)的情况下使用肿瘤标志物反义cDNA经体外转录制得。肿瘤标志物反义RNA给到细胞可透过下文所述的核酸直接给药方法中的任何一种进行。
使用基因治疗方法抑制MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6的可选策略涉及抗-MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6抗体或抗-MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6抗体一部分的细胞内表达。例如,在核酸表达载体内,编码特异性结合至MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6多肽并抑制其生物活性的单克隆抗体的基因(或基因片段)被置于一个特异性(例如:组织特异性或肿瘤特异性)基因调节序列的转录控制之下。然后,载体给予受试者,以便被胃癌细胞或其他细胞吸收,之后,这些细胞分泌抗-MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6抗体而且阻滞MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6多肽的生物活性。优选情况是,MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6出现于胃癌细胞的细胞外表面。
在上述方法中,其中包括将外源性DNA给入受试者的细胞并被其吸收(即基因转导或转染),本发明的核酸可为裸露DNA形式或核酸可位于载体中将核酸传递至细胞以抑制胃癌标志物蛋白的表达。该载体可以是一种市售的制剂,如腺病毒载体(量子生物技术公司,Laval,Quebec,Canada)。核酸或载体可透过多种机制传递至细胞中。例如,可使用市售的脂质体,如:LIPOFECTIN、LIPOFECTAMINE(GIBCO-25BRL公司,Gaithersburg,Md.)、SUPERFECT(Qiagen公司,Hilden,Germany)和TRANSFECTAM(Promega Biotec公司,Madison,Wis.)以及根据本领域标准程序研发的其他脂质体,透过这些脂质体传递。此外,本发明的核酸或载体可透过体内电穿孔传递,该技术可从Genetronics公司(San Diego,Calif.)获得,以及透过SONOPORATION机(ImaRx制药公司,Tucson,Arizona)的方式传递。
例如,载体可透过病毒系统(如可包裹重组逆转录病毒基因组的逆转录病毒载体系统)传递。重组逆转录病毒可用于感染,从而传递至抑制MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB或MUC6表达的受感染细胞反义核酸。当然,将改变的核酸准确地导入至哺乳动物细胞内并不限于使用逆转录病毒载体。对于这一程序有广泛的其他技术可供使用,包括使用腺病毒载体、腺相关病毒(AAV)载体、慢病毒载体、假型逆转录病毒载体。也可使用物理转导技术,如脂质体传递和受体介导的及其他内吞作用机制。本发明可与这些技术或其他常用基因转移方法中的任何方法配合使用。
该抗体也可用于体内诊断实验。一般来说,抗体用放射性核素标记(如:111In、99Tc、14C、131I、3H、32P或35S),从而可使用免疫闪烁扫描法使肿瘤局限化。在一个实施例中,其中的抗体或片段与两个或两个以上MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6靶标的细胞外域结合,并且亲和力值(Kd)低于1x10μM。
诊断用抗体可透过各种影像学方法使用适合检测的探针进行标记。探针检测方法包括但不限于荧光、光、共聚焦和电镜方法;磁共振成像和光谱学技术;透视、计算机断层扫描和正电子发射断层扫描。合适的探针包括但不限于荧光素、罗丹明、曙红及其他荧光团、放射性同位素、黄金、钆和其他镧系元素、顺磁铁、氟-18和其他正电子发射放射性核素。此外,探针可能是双功能或多功能的,并且用一种以上的上述方法可进行检测。这些抗体可用所述的探针直接或间接进行标记。抗体与探针的连接包括探针的共价连接、将探针融合入抗体、以及螯合化合物的共价连接从而结合探针、以及其他本行业熟知的方法。对于免疫组织化学方法,疾病组织样本可能是新鲜或冷冻或可能包埋于石蜡中以及用福尔马林等防腐剂固定。固定或包埋的切片包括与标记一抗和二抗接触的样本,其中该抗体用于原位检测MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6蛋白的表达。
因此,本发明提供一种肽,其包含选自SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95的组的一个序列或该序列的与SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95 85%同源的变体,优选为90%,更优选为96%,或该序列的可诱导T细胞与所述肽发生交叉反应的变体。
本发明所诉的肽具有与主要组织兼容性复合体(MHC)I类分子结合的能力。
在本发明中,「同源性」一词系指两个氨基酸序列之间的同一度,如肽或多肽序列。前文所述的「同源」是透过将理想条件下调整的两个序列与待比较序列进行比对后确定的。此处,待比较序列可能在两个序列的最佳对准中有增加或删除(例如,空隙等)。此类序列同源性可透过使用ClustalW等算法创建一个排列而进行计算。也可用使用一般序列分析软件,更具体地说,是Vector NTI、GENETYX或由公共数据库提供的分析工具。
本领域技术人员能评估特定肽变体诱导的T细胞是否可与该肽本身发生交叉反应(Fong et al.8809-14);(Appay et al.1805-14;Colombetti et al.2730-38;Zaremba etal.4570-77)。
发明人用给定氨基酸序列的「变体」表示一个或多个氨基酸残基等的侧链透过被另一个天然氨基酸残基的侧链或其他侧链取代而发生改变,这样,这种肽仍然能够以含有给定氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:1至33的肽大致同样的方式与HLA分子结合。例如,一种肽可能被修饰以便至少维持(如果不提升的话)其与HLA-A或-DR等合适MHC分子的结合槽相互作用和结合,以及至少维持(如果不提升的话)其与启动CTL的TCR结合。
随后,这些CTL可与细胞和杀伤细胞发生交叉反应,这些细胞表达多肽(其中包含本发明中定义的同源肽的天然氨基酸序列)。正如科学文献(Rammensee,Bachmann,andStevanovic)和数据库(Rammensee et al.213-19)中所述,HLA结合肽的某些位点通常为锚定残基,可形成一种与HLA结合槽的结合基序相称的核心序列,其定义由构成结合槽的多肽链的极性、电物理、疏水性和空间特性确定。因此,本领域技术人员能够透过保持已知的锚残基来修饰SEQ ID No:1至95提出的氨基酸序列,并且能确定这些变体是否保持与MHC-I或II类分子结合的能力。本发明的变体保持与启动CTL的TCR结合的能力,随后,这些CTL可与表达一种包含本发明定义的同源肽的天然氨基酸序列的多肽细胞发生交叉反应并杀死此等细胞。
这些基本不与T细胞受体互动的氨基酸残基可透过取代另一个几乎不影响T细胞应答并不妨碍与相关MHC结合的氨基酸而得到修饰。因此,除了特定限制性条件外,本发明的肽可能为任何包括给定氨基酸序列或部分或其变体的肽(发明人所用的这个术语包括寡肽或多肽)。
表3:根据SEQ ID NO:1至33的肽變體和基序
较长的肽也可能适合。MHC I类表位(通常长度为8至11个氨基酸)也可能由肽从较长的肽或包含实际表位的蛋白中加工而产生。两侧有实际表位的残基优选为在加工过程中几乎不影响暴露实际表位所需蛋白裂解的残基。
因此,本发明还提出了MHC I类表位的肽和变体,其中所述肽或抗体的总长度为8至100个、优选为8至30个、最优选为8至14个(即8、9、10、11、12、13、14个)氨基酸。
当然,本发明的肽或变体能与人主要组织兼容性复合体(MHC)I或II类分子结合。肽或变体与MHC复合体的结合可用本领域内的已知方法进行测试。
在本发明的一个特别优选实施例中,肽系由或基本系由根据SEQ ID NO:1至SEQID NO:95的氨基酸組成。
「基本由...构成」系指本发明的肽,除了根据SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95中的任一序列或其变体构成外,还含有位于其他N和/或C端延伸处的氨基酸,而它们不一定能形成作为MHC分子表位的肽。
但这些延伸区域对有效将本发明中的肽引进细胞具有重要作用。在本发明的一个实施例中,肽为融合蛋白,含来自NCBI、GenBank登录号X00497的HLA-DR抗原相关不变链(p33,以下称为「Ii」)的80个N-端氨基酸等。
此外,该肽或变体可进一步修饰以提高稳定性和/或与MHC分子结合,从而引发更强的免疫应答。肽序列的该类优化方法是本领域内所熟知的,包括,例如,反式肽键和非肽键的引入。
在反式肽键氨基酸中,肽(-CO-NH-)并未连接其残基,但是其肽键是反向的。这种逆向反向模拟肽(retro-inverso peptidomimetics)可透过本领域已知的方法制备,例如:Meziere等人(1997)在《免疫学杂志》(J.Immunol.159,3230-3237)中所述的方法,此处以引用的方式纳入本文。这种方法涉及制备包含骨架(而并非侧链)改变的模拟肽。Meziere等人(1997)的研究显示,这些类比肽有利于MHC的结合和辅助性T细胞的应答。以NH-CO键替代CO-NH肽键的逆向反向肽大大地提高了抗水解性能。
非肽键为-CH2-NH、-CH2S-、-CH2CH2-、-CH=CH-、-COCH2-、-CH(OH)CH2-和-CH2SO-等。美国4897445号专利提出了多肽链中非肽键(-CH2-NH)的固相合成法,该方法涉及按标准程序合成的多肽以及透过氨基醛和一种含NaCNBH3的氨基酸相互作用而合成的非肽键。
含上述序列的肽可与其氨基和/或羧基末端的其他化学基团进行合成,从而提高肽的稳定性、生物利用度、和/或亲和力等。例如,苄氧羰基、丹酰基等疏水基团或叔丁氧羰基团可加入肽的氨基末端。同样,乙酰基或9-芴甲氧羰基可能位于肽的氨基末端。此外,疏水基团、叔丁氧羰基团或氨基团都可能被加入肽的羧基末端。
另外,本发明中的所有肽都可能经合成而改变其空间构型。例如,可能使用这些肽的一个或多个氨基酸残基的右旋体,通常不是其左旋体。更进一步地,本发明中肽的至少一个氨基酸残基可被熟知的一个非天然氨基酸残基取代。诸如此类的改变可能有助于增加本发明肽的稳定性、生物利用度和/或结合作用。
同样,本发明中的肽或变体可在合成肽之前或之后透过特异氨基酸的反应而进行化学修饰。此类修饰的实例为本领域所熟知,例如,在R.Lundblad所着的《ChemicalReagents for Protein Modification》(3rd ed.CRC Press,2005)中有概述,此处透过引用将其纳入本文。虽然氨基酸的化学修饰方法无限制,但其包括(但不限于)透过以下方法修饰:酰基化、脒基化、赖氨酸吡哆基化、还原烷基化、以2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)三硝基苯基化氨基团、透过将半胱氨酸过甲酸氧化为磺基丙氨酸而对羧基团和巯基进行氨基修饰、形成易变衍生物、与其他巯基化合物形成混合二硫化合物、与马来酰亚胺反应,与碘乙酸或碘乙酰胺羧甲基化、在碱性pH值下与氰酸盐甲氨酰化。在这方面,建议熟练技术人员参考《Current Protocols In Protein Science》(Eds.Coligan et al.(John Wiley&SonsNY 1995-2000))中第15章所述的在蛋白质化学修饰相关的广泛方法。
简言之,修饰蛋白质的精氨酰残基等往往基于与邻二羰基化合物(如苯甲酰甲醛、2,3–丁二酮以及1,2-烯巳二酮)的反应而形成加合物。另一个实例是丙酮醛与精氨酸残基的反应。半胱氨酸可在赖氨酸和组氨酸等亲核位点不作随同修饰的情况下就得到修饰。因此,有大量试剂可进行半胱氨酸的修饰。Sigma-Aldrich(http://www.sigma-aldrich.com)等公司的网站含有具体试剂的信息。
蛋白质中二硫键的选择性还原也很普遍。二硫键可在生物制药热处理中形成和氧化。
伍德沃德氏试剂K可用于修饰特定的谷氨酸残基。N-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-N′-乙基-碳二亚胺可用于形成赖氨酸残基和谷氨酸残基的分子内交联。
例如:焦碳酸二乙酯是修饰蛋白质组氨酸残基的试剂。组氨酸也可使用4-羟基-2-壬烯醛进行修饰。
赖氨酸残基与其他α-氨基团的反应,例如,有利于肽结合到蛋白/肽的表面或交联处。赖氨酸是聚(乙烯)乙二醇的附着点,也是蛋白质糖基化的主要修饰位点。
蛋白质的蛋氨酸残基可透过碘乙酰胺、溴乙胺、氯胺T等被修饰。
四硝基甲烷和N-乙酰基咪唑可用于酪氨酸残基的修饰。经二酪氨酸形成的交联可透过过氧化氢/铜离子完成。
对色氨酸修饰的最近研究中使用了N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺、2-羟基-5-硝基苄溴或3-溴-3-甲基-2-(2-硝苯巯基)-3H-吲哚(BPNS-粪臭素)。
当蛋白与戊二醛、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯和甲醛的交联用于配制水凝胶时,治疗性蛋白和含聚乙二醇的肽的成功修饰往往可延长循环半衰期。用于免疫治疗的变态反应原化学修饰往往透过氰酸钾的氨基甲酰化实现。
一种肽或变体,其中肽被修饰或含非肽键,优选为本发明的实施例。一般来说,肽和变体(至少含氨基酸残基之间的肽联接)可使用Lu等人(1981年)以及此处列出的参考文献所披露的固相肽合成Fmoc-聚酰胺模式进行合成。芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)基团对N-氨基提供临时保护。使用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的20%二甲基呱啶中对这种硷高度敏感的保护基团进行重复分裂。由于它们的丁基醚(在丝氨酸苏氨酸和酪氨酸的情况下)、丁基酯(在谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸的情况下)、叔丁氧羰基衍生物(在赖氨酸和组氨酸的情况下)、三苯甲基衍生物(在半胱氨酸的情况下)及4-甲氧基-2,3,6-三甲基苯磺酰基衍生物(在精氨酸的情况下),侧链功能可能会受到保护。只要谷氨酰胺和天冬酰胺为C-末端残基,侧链氨基功能保护所使用的是4,4'-二甲氧基二苯基团。固相支撑基于聚二甲基丙烯酰胺聚合物,其由三个单体二甲基丙烯酰胺(骨架单体)、双丙烯酰乙烯二胺(交联剂)和N-丙烯酰肌胺酸甲酯(功能剂)构成。使用的肽-树脂联剂为酸敏感的4-羟甲基苯氧乙酸衍生物。所有的氨基酸衍生物均作为其预制对称酸酐衍生物加入,但是天冬酰胺和谷氨酰胺除外,它们使用被逆转的N,N-二环己基碳二亚胺/1-羟基苯并三唑介导的耦合程序而加入。所有的耦合和脱保护反应用茚三酮、硝基苯磺酸或isotin测试程序监测。合成完成后,用浓度为95%含50%清道夫混合物的三氟醋酸,在同时去除侧链保护基团的情况下从树脂支承物中裂解肽。常用的清道夫混合物包括乙二硫醇、苯酚、苯甲醚和水,准确的选择依据合成肽的氨基酸组成。此外,固相和液相方法结合使用对肽进行合成是可能的(请参阅,例如(Bruckdorfer,Marder,andAlbericio 29-43)以及其中所引用之文献)。
三氟乙酸在真空中蒸发、随后用二乙基乙醚研磨,即得粗肽。用简单萃取程序(水相冻干后,该程序制得不含清道夫混合物的肽)清除任何存在的清道夫混合物。肽合成试剂一般可从Calbiochem-Novabiochem(英国)公司(NG7 2QJ,英国)获得。
纯化可透过以下技术的任何一种或组合方法进行,如:再结晶法、体积排阻色谱法、离子交换色谱法、疏水作用色谱法以及(通常)反相高效液相色谱法(如使用乙腈/水梯度分离)。
肽分析可使用以下方法进行:薄层色谱法、电泳法、特别是毛细管电泳法、固相萃取法(CSPE)、反相高效液相色谱法、酸水解后的氨基酸分析、快原子轰击(FAB)质谱分析法以及MALDI、ESI-Q-TOF质谱分析法。
另一方面,本发明提出了一种编码本发明中肽或肽变体的核酸(如多聚核苷酸)。多聚核苷酸可能为,例如,DNA、cDNA、PNA、CNA、RNA或其组合物,它们可为单链和/或双链、或多聚核苷酸的原生或稳定形式(如:具有硫代磷酸骨架的多聚核苷酸),并且只要它编码肽,就可能包含也可能不包含内含子。当然,多聚核苷酸只能编码加入天然肽键并含有天然氨基酸残基的肽。另一个方面,本发明提出了一种可根据本发明表达多肽的表达载体。
对于连接多核苷酸,已经研发出多种方法,尤其是针对DNA,可透过向载体补充可连接末端等方法进行连接。例如,可向DNA片段加入补充性均聚物束,之后DNA片段被插入到载体DNA。然后,透过补充性均聚物尾巴的氢键结合,将载体和DNA片段结合,从而形成重组DNA分子。
含有一个或多个限制性酶切位点的合成接头为DNA片段与载体连接提供了另一种方法。含各种限制性核酸内切酶的合成接头可透过多种渠道购得,其中包括从国际生物技术公司(International Biotechnologies Inc,New Haven,CN,美国)购得。
编码本发明多肽的DNA理想修饰方法是使用(Saiki et al.487-91)所采用的聚合酶链反应方法。此方法可用于将DNA引入合适的载体(例如,透过设计合适的限制性酶切位点),也可用于本领域已知的其他有用方法修饰DNA。如果使用病毒载体,痘病毒载体或腺病毒载体为优选。
之后,DNA(或在逆转录病毒载体情况下,RNA)可能表达于合适的宿主,从而制成含本发明肽或变体的多肽。因此,可根据已知技术使用编码本发明肽或变体的DNA,用本文所述方法适当修饰后,构建表达载体,然后表达载体用于转化合适宿主细胞,从而表达和产生本发明中的多肽。这些方法包括下列美国专利中披露的方法:4,440,859、4,530,901、4,582,800、4,677,063、4,678,751、4,704,362、4,710,463、4,757,006、4,766,075和4,810,648。
编码含本发明化合物多肽的DNA(或在逆转录病毒载体情况下,RNA)可能被加入到其他多种DNA序列,从而引入到合适的宿主中。同伴DNA将取决于宿主的性质、DNA引入宿主的方式、以及是否需要保持为游离体还是要相互结合。
一般来说,DNA可以适当的取向和正确的表达阅读框架附着到一种表达载体(如质粒)中。如有必要,该DNA可能与所需宿主所识别的相应转录和转译调节控制核苷酸序列连接,尽管表达载体中一般存在此类控制功能。然后,该载体透过标准方法被引入宿主。一般来说,并不是所有的宿主都会被载体转化。因此,有必要选择转化过的宿主细胞。选择方法包括用任何必要的控制元素向表达载体插入一个DNA序列,该序列对转化细胞中的可选择性属性(如抗生素耐药性)进行编码。
另外,有这种选择属性的基因可在另外一个载体上,该载体用来协同转化所需的宿主细胞。
然后,本发明中的重组DNA所转化的宿主细胞在本文中所述本领域技术人员熟悉的合适条件下培养足够长的时间,从而表达之后可回收的肽。
有许多已知的表达系统,包括细菌(如大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌)、酵母(如酵母菌)、丝状真菌(如曲霉菌)、植物细胞、动物细胞及昆虫细胞。该系统可优选为哺乳动物细胞,如来自ATCC细胞生物学库(Cell Biology Collection)中的CHO细胞。
典型的哺乳动物细胞组成型表达载体质粒包括CMV或含一个合适的多聚A尾巴的SV40启动子以及抗性标志物(如新霉素)。一个实例为从Pharmacia公司(Piscataway,新泽西,美国)获得的pSVL。一种可诱导型哺乳动物表达载体的例子是pMSG,也可以从Pharmacia公司获得。有用的酵母质粒载体是pRS403-406和pRS413-416,一般可从StratageneCloning Systems公司(La Jolla,CA 92037,美国)获得。质粒pRS403、pRS404、pRS405和pRS406是酵母整合型质粒(YIp),并插入了酵母可选择性标记物HIS3、TRP1、LEU2和URA3。pRS413-416质粒为酵母着丝粒质粒(Ycp)。基于CMV启动子的载体(如,来自于Sigma-Aldrich公司)提供了瞬时或稳定的表达、胞浆表达或分泌,以及FLAG、3xFLAG、c-myc或MATN不同组合物中的N-端或C-端标记。这些融合蛋白可用于检测、纯化及分析重组蛋白。双标记融合为检测提供了灵活性。
强劲的人巨细胞病毒(CMV)启动子调控区使得COS细胞中的组成蛋白表达水平高达1mg/L。对于较弱的细胞株,蛋白水平一般低于0.1mg/L。SV40复制原点的出现将导致DNA在SV40复制容纳性COS细胞中高水平复制。例如,CMV载体可包含细菌细胞中的pMB1(pBR322的衍生物)复制原点、细菌中进行氨苄青霉素抗性选育的β-内酰胺酶基因、hGH polyA和f1的原点。含前胰岛素原引导(PPT)序列的载体可使用抗FLAG抗体、树脂和板引导FLAG融合蛋白分泌到进行纯化的培养基中。其他与各种宿主细胞一起应用的载体和表达系统是本领域众所周知的。
本发明还涉及一种宿主细胞,其以本发明的多核苷酸载体构建转化而来。宿主细胞可为原核细胞,也可为真核细胞。在有些情况下,细菌细胞为优选原核宿主细胞,典型为大肠杆菌株,例如,大肠杆菌菌株DH5(从Bethesda Research Laboratories公司(Bethesda,MD,美国)获得)和RR1(从美国菌种保藏中心(ATCC,Rockville,MD,美国),ATCC编号31343获得)。首选的真核宿主细胞包括酵母、昆虫和哺乳动物细胞,优选为脊椎动物细胞,如:小鼠、大鼠、猴子或人成纤维细胞和结肠癌细胞株中的细胞。酵母宿主细胞包括YPH499、YPH500和YPH501,一般可从Stratagene Cloning Systems公司(La Jolla,CA92037,美国)获得。首选哺乳动物宿主细胞包括中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞为ATCC中的CCL61细胞、NIH瑞士小鼠胚胎细胞NIH/3T3为ATCC中的CRL 1658细胞、猴肾源性COS-1细胞为ATCC中的CRL 1650细胞以及人胚胎肾细胞的293号细胞。首选昆虫细胞为Sf9细胞,可用杆状病毒表达载体转染。有关针对表达选择合适宿主细胞的概要,可从教科书(Paulina Balbásand Argelia Lorence《Methods in Molecular Biology Recombinant Gene Expression,Reviews and Protocols》Part One,Second Edition,ISBN978-1-58829-262-9)和本领域技术人员熟知的其他文献中查到。
含本发明DNA结构的适当宿主细胞的转化可使用大家熟知的方法完成,通常取决于所使用载体的类型。对于原核宿主细胞的转化,可参阅,如:Cohen等人(1972)在Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 1972,69,2110中以及Sambrook等人(1989)所着《MolecularCloning,A Laboratory Manual》Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor,NY中使用的方法。酵母细胞的转化在Sherman等人(1986)的Methods In Yeast Genetics,ALaboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor,NY中有描述。Beggs(1978)Nature 275,104-109中所述方法也很有用。对于脊椎动物细胞,转染这些细胞的试剂等,例如,磷酸钙和DEAE-葡聚糖或脂质体配方,可从Stratagene Cloning Systems公司或Life Technologies公司(Gaithersburg,MD 20877,美国)获得。电穿孔也可用于转化和/或转染细胞,是本领域用于转化酵母细胞、细菌细胞、昆虫细胞和脊椎动物细胞大家熟知的方法。
被成功转化的细胞(即含本发明DNA结构的细胞)可用大家熟知的方法(如PCR)进行识别。另外,上清液中存在的蛋白可使用抗体进行检测。
应了解,本发明中的某些宿主细胞用于制备本发明中的肽,例如细菌细胞、酵母细胞和昆虫细胞。但是,其他宿主细胞可能对某些治疗方法有用。例如,抗原提呈细胞(如树突状细胞)可用于表达本发明中的肽,使它们可以加载入相应的MHC分子中。因此,本发明提出了含本发明中核酸或表达载体的一种宿主细胞。
在一个优选实施例中,宿主细胞为抗原提呈细胞,尤其是树突状细胞或抗原提呈细胞。目前,载有含摄护腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP)重组融合蛋白的APC正在针对用于治疗摄护腺癌(Sipuleucel-T)而进行研究(Rini et al.67-74;Small et al.3089-94)。
另一方面,本发明提出了一种配制一种肽及其变体的方法,该方法包括培养宿主细胞和从宿主细胞或其培养基中分离肽。
在另一个实施例中,本发明中的肽、核酸或表达载体用于药物中。例如,肽或其变体可制备为静脉(i.v.)注射剂、皮下(s.c.)注射剂、皮内(i.d.)注射剂、腹腔(i.p.)注射剂、肌肉(i.m.)注射剂。肽注射的优选方法包括s.c.、i.d.、i.p.、i.m.和i.v.注射。DNA注射的优选方法为i.d.、i.m.、s.c.、i.p.和i.v.注射。例如,给予50μg至1.5mg,优选为125μg至500μg的肽或DNA,这取决于具体的肽或DNA。上述剂量范围在以前的试验中成功使用(Brunsvig et al.1553-64;Staehler et al.)。
本发明的另一方面包括一种体外制备启动的T细胞的方法,该方法包括将T细胞与载有抗原的人MHC分子进行体外连接,这些分子在合适的抗原提呈细胞表面表达足够的一段时间从而以抗原特异性方式启动T细胞,其中所述抗原为根据本发明所述的一种肽。优选情况是足够量的抗原与抗原提呈细胞一同使用。
优选情况是,哺乳动物细胞的TAP肽转运载体缺乏或水平下降或功能降低。缺乏TAP肽转运载体的适合细胞包括T2、RMA-S和果蝇细胞。TAP是与抗原加工相关的转运载体。
人体肽载入的缺陷细胞株T2可从美国菌种保藏中心(ATCC,12301ParklawnDrive,Rockville,Maryland 20852,美国)获得,目录号CRL1992;果蝇细胞株Schneider 2号株从属ATCC目录CRL 19863;小鼠RMA-S细胞株在Karre et al 1985中有描述。
优选情况是,宿主细胞在转染前基本上不表达MHC I类分子。刺激因子细胞还优选为表达对T细胞共刺激信号起到重要作用的分子,如,B7.1、B7.2、ICAM-1和LFA 3中的任一种分子。大量MHC I类分子和共刺激分子的核酸序列可从GenBank和EMBL数据库中公开获得。
当MHC I类表位用作一种抗原时,T细胞为CD8阳性CTL。
如果抗原提呈细胞受到转染而表达这种表位,则优选的细胞包括一个表达载体,该载体有能力表达含SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:95的肽或其变体氨基酸序列。
可使用其他一些方法来体外生成CTL。例如,可使用Peoples等人(1995)描述的方法和Kawakami等人(1992)使用自体肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞生成CTL的方法。Plebanski等人在(1995)使用自体外周血淋巴细胞(PLB)制得CTL。Jochmus等人(1997)描述了用肽或多肽脉冲处理树突状细胞或透过与重组病毒感染而制成自体CTL。Hill等人(1995)和Jerome等人(1993)使用B细胞制成自体CTL。此外,用肽或多肽脉冲处理或用重组病毒感染的巨噬细胞可用于配制自体CTL。Walter等人在2003年描述了透过使用人工抗原提呈细胞(aAPC)体外启动T细胞,这也是生成作用于所选肽的T细胞的一种合适方法。在这项研究中,根据生物素:链霉素生物化学方法透过将预制的MHC:肽复合物耦合到聚苯乙烯颗粒(微球)而生成aAPC。该系统实现了对aAPC上的MHC密度进行精确调节,这使得可以在血液样本中选择性地引发高或低亲合力的高效抗原特异性T细胞应答。除了MHC:肽复合物外,aAPC还应携运含共刺启动性的其他蛋白,如耦合至表面的抗-CD28抗体。此外,此类基于aAPC的系统往往需要加入适当的可溶性因子,例如,诸如白细胞介素-12的细胞因子。
也可用同种异体细胞制得T细胞,在WO 97/26328中详细描述了一种方法,此处透过引用将其纳入本文。例如,除了果蝇细胞和T2细胞,也可用其他细胞来提呈肽,如CHO细胞、杆状病毒感染的昆虫细胞、细菌、酵母、牛痘感染的靶细胞。此外,也可使用植物病毒(例如,参阅Porta等人(1994)描述的将豇豆花叶病毒研发为一种提呈外来肽的高产系统。
被启动的T细胞直接针对本发明中的肽,有助于治疗。因此,本发明的另一方面提出了用本发明前述方法制得的启动T细胞。
按上述方法制成的启动T细胞将会有选择性地识别异常表达含SEQ ID NO:1至95氨基酸序列一种多肽的细胞。
优选情况是,T细胞透过与其含HLA/肽复合物的TCR相互作用(如,结合)而识别该细胞。T细胞是杀伤患者靶细胞方法中有用的细胞,其靶细胞异常表达含本发明中氨基酸序列的多肽。对此类患者给予有效量的启动T细胞。给予患者的T细胞可能源自该患者,并按上述方法启动(即,它们为自体T细胞)。或者,T细胞不是源自该患者,而是来自另一个人。当然,优选情况是该供体为健康人。发明人使用「健康个人」系指一个人一般状况良好,优选为免疫系统合格,更优选为无任何可很容易测试或检测到的疾病。
根据本发明,CD8阳性T细胞的体内靶细胞可为肿瘤细胞(有时表达MHC I类抗原)和/或肿瘤周围的基质细胞(肿瘤细胞)(有时也表达MHC I类抗原;(Dengjel et al.4163-70))。
本发明所述的T细胞可用作治疗性组合物中的活性成分。因此,本发明也提出了一种杀伤患者靶细胞的方法,其中患者的靶细胞异常表达含本发明中氨基酸序列的多肽,该方法包括给予患者上述有效量的T细胞。
发明人所用的「异常表达」的意思还包括,与正常表达水平相比,多肽过量表达,或该基因在源自肿瘤的组织中未表达,但是在该肿瘤中却表达。「过量表达」系指多肽水平至少为正常组织中的1.2倍;优选为至少为正常组织中的2倍,更优选为至少5或10倍。
T细胞可用本领域已知的方法制得(如,上述方法)。
T细胞过继转移方案为本领域所熟知的方案并可在以下参考文献中找到,例如:(Dudley et al.850-54;Dudley et al.2346-57;Rosenberg et al.889-97;Rosenberg etal.1676-80;Yee et al.16168-73);综述见(Gattinoni et al.383-93)和(Morgan etal.)。
本发明的任一分子(即肽、核酸、表达载体、细胞,启动CTL、T细胞受体或编码核酸)都有益于治疗疾病,其特点在于细胞逃避免疫应答的打击。因此,本发明的任一分子都可用作药剂或用于制造药剂。这种分子可单独使用也可与本发明中的其他分子或已知分子联合使用。
本发明中所述的药剂优选为一种疫苗。该疫苗可直接给到患者的受影响器官,也可i.d.、i.m.、s.c.、i.p.和i.v.注射方式全身给药,或体外应用到来自患者或其细胞株的细胞(随后再将这些细胞注入到患者中),或体外用于从来自患者的免疫细胞的一个细胞亚群(然后再将细胞重新给予患者)。如果核酸体外注入细胞,可能有益于细胞转染,以共同表达免疫刺激细胞因子(如白细胞介素-2)。肽可完全单独给药,也可与免疫刺激佐剂相结合(见下文)、或与免疫刺激细胞因子联合使用、或以适当的输送系统给药(例如脂质体)。该肽也可共轭形成一种合适的载体(如钥孔虫戚血蓝蛋白(KLH)或甘露)中(参阅WO 95/18145及Longenecker1993)。该肽也可进行标记、或可能是一种融合蛋白或是杂合分子。本发明中给出肽序列的肽预期会刺激CD4或CD8 T细胞。但是,有CD4 T辅助细胞提供帮助时,对CD8CTL的刺激更为有效。因此,对于刺激CD8 CTL的MHC I类表位,一种杂合分子的融合伙伴或片段提供了刺激CD4阳性T细胞的适当表位。CD4-和CD8刺激表位为本领域所熟知、并包括本发明中确定的表位。
一方面,疫苗包括至少含有SEQ ID NO:1至33中提出的一种肽以及至少另外一种肽,优选为2至50个、更优选为2至25个、再优选为2至15个、最优选为2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12或13个肽。肽可能从一个或多个特定TAA中衍生,并且可能与MHC I类分子结合。
多聚核苷酸可为基本纯化形式,也可包被于载体或输送系统。核酸可能为DNA、cDNA、PNA、CNA、RNA,也可能为其组合物。这种核酸的设计和引入方法为本领域所熟知。例如,文献中有其概述(Pascolo et al.117-22)。多核苷酸疫苗很容易制备,但这些载体诱导免疫应答的作用模式尚未完全了解。合适的载体和输送系统包括病毒DNA和/或RNA,如基于腺病毒、牛痘病毒、逆转录病毒、疱疹病毒、腺相关病毒或含一种以上病毒元素的混合病毒的系统。非病毒输送系统包括阳离子脂质体和阳离子聚合物,是DNA输送所属领域内熟知的系统。也可使用物理输送系统,如透过「基因枪」。肽或核酸编码的肽可以是一种融合蛋白,例如,含刺激T细胞进行上述CDR的表位。
本发明的药剂也可能包括一种或多种佐剂。佐剂是那些非特异性地增强或加强免疫应答的物质(例如,透过CTL和辅助T(TH)细胞介导的对一种抗原的免疫应答,因此被视为对本发明的药剂有用。适合的佐剂包括但不限于1018ISS、铝盐、AS15、BCG、CP-870,893、CpG7909、CyaA、dSLIM、鞭毛蛋白或鞭毛蛋白衍生的TLR5配体、FLT3配体、GM-CSF、IC30、IC31、咪喹莫特resiquimod、ImuFact IMP321、白细胞介素IL-2、IL-13、IL-21、干扰素α或β,或其聚乙二醇衍生物、IS Patch、ISS、ISCOMATRIX、ISCOMs、JuvImmune、LipoVac、MALP2、MF59、单磷酰脂A、Montanide IMS 1312、Montanide ISA 206、Montanide ISA 50V、Montanide ISA-51、水包油和油包水乳状液、OK-432、OM-174、OM-197-MP-EC、ONTAK、OspA、载体系统、基于聚丙交酯复合乙交酯[PLG]和右旋糖苷微粒、重组人乳铁传递蛋白SRL172、病毒颗粒和其他病毒样颗粒、YF-17D、VEGF trap、R848、β-葡聚糖、Pam3Cys、源自皂角苷、分支杆菌提取物和细菌细胞壁合成模拟物的Aquila公司的QS21刺激子,以及其他专有佐剂,如:Ribi's Detox、Quil或Superfos。优选佐剂如:弗氏佐剂或GM-CSF。前人对一些树突状细胞特异性免疫佐剂(如MF59)及其制备方法进行了描述(Allison and Krummel 932-33)。也可使用细胞因子。一些细胞因子直接影响树突状细胞向淋巴组织迁移(如,TNF-),加速树突状细胞成熟为T淋巴细胞的有效抗原提呈细胞(如,GM-CSF、IL-1和IL-4)(美国5849589号专利,此处特别透过引用以其完整形式纳入本文),并充当免疫佐剂(如IL-12、IL-15、IL-23、IL-7、IFN-α、IFN-β)[Gabrilovich 1996]。
据报导,CpG免疫刺激寡核苷酸可提高佐剂在疫苗中的作用。如果没有理论的约束,CpG寡核苷酸可透过Toll样受体(TLR)(主要为TLR9)启动先天(非适应性)免疫系统从而起作用。CpG引发的TLR9活化作用提高了对各种抗原的抗原特异性体液和细胞应答,这些抗原包括肽或蛋白抗原、活病毒或被杀死的病毒、树突状细胞疫苗、自体细胞疫苗以及预防性和治疗性疫苗中的多糖结合物。更重要的是,它会增强树突状细胞的成熟和分化,导致TH1细胞的活化增强以及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)生成加强,甚至CD4 T细胞帮助的缺失。甚至有疫苗佐剂的存在也能维持TLR9活化作用诱发的TH1偏移,这些佐剂如:正常促进TH2偏移的明矾或弗氏不完全佐剂(IFA)。CpG寡核苷酸与以下其他佐剂或配方一起制备或联合给药时,表现出更强的佐剂活性,如微粒、纳米粒子、脂肪乳或类似制剂,当抗原相对较弱时,这些对诱发强反应尤为必要。它们还能加速免疫应答,使抗原剂量减少约两个数量级,在有些实验中,对不含CpG的全剂量疫苗也能产生类似的抗体反应(Krieg 471-84)。美国6406705B1号专利对CpG寡核苷酸、非核酸佐剂和抗原结合使用促使抗原特异性免疫应答进行了描述。一种CpG TLR9拮抗剂为Mologen公司(德国柏林)的dSLIM(双干环免疫调节剂),这是本发明药物组合物的优选成分。也可使用其他如TLR结合分子,如:RNA结合TLR7、TLR8和/或TLR9。
其他有用的佐剂例子包括但不限于化学修饰性CpG(如CpR、Idera)、dsRNA模拟物,如,Poly(I:C)及其衍生物(如:多聚-(ICLC)、多聚(IC-R)、多聚(I:C12U))、非CpG细菌性DNA或RNA以及免疫活性小分子和抗体,如:环磷酰胺、舒尼替单抗、贝伐单抗、西乐葆、NCX-4016、西地那非、他达拉非、伐地那非、索拉非尼、替莫唑胺、temsirolimus、XL-999、CP-547632、帕唑帕尼、VEGF Trap、ZD2171、AZD2171、抗-CTLA4、靶向免疫系统主要结构的其他抗体(如:抗-CD40、抗-TGFβ、抗-TNFα受体)和SC58175,这些药物都可能有治疗作用和/或充当佐剂。技术人员无需进行过多实验就很容易确定本发明中有用的佐剂和添加剂的数量和浓度。
优选佐剂为咪喹莫特、resiquimod、GM-CSF、环磷酰胺、舒尼替尼、贝伐单抗、干扰素-α、CpG寡核苷酸和衍生物、聚(I:C)和衍生物、RNA、西地那非、以及PLG的微粒制剂或病毒颗粒。
本发明药物组合物的一个优选实施例中,佐剂从含集落刺激因子制剂中选择,如粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF,沙格司亭)、咪喹莫特、resiquimod和干扰素-α。
本发明药物组合物的一个优选实施例中,佐剂从含集落刺激因子制剂中选择,如粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF,沙格司亭)、咪喹莫特和resimiquimod。
在本发明药物组合物的一个优选实施例中,佐剂为咪喹莫特或resiquimod。
此组合药物为非肠道注射使用,如皮下、皮内、肌肉注射,也可口服。为此,肽和其他选择性分子在药用载体中分解或悬浮,优选为水载体。此外,组合物可包含辅料,如:缓冲剂、结合剂、冲击剂、稀释剂、香料、润滑剂等。这些肽也可与免疫刺激物质合用,如:细胞因子。可用于此类组合物的更多辅料可从A.Kibbe所着的Handbook of PharmaceuticalExcipients(第3版,2000年,美国医药协会和制药出版社)等书中获知。此组合药物可用于阻止、预防和/或治疗腺瘤或癌性疾病。EP2113253中有示例制剂。
本发明提出了一种药剂,其有利于治疗癌症,尤其是胃癌、肾细胞癌、结肠癌、非小细胞肺癌、腺癌、摄护腺癌、良性肿瘤和恶性黑色素瘤。
本发明的一个试剂盒还包括:
(a)一个容器,包含上述溶液或冻干粉形式的药物组合物;
(b)可选的第二个容器,其含有冻干粉剂型的稀释剂或重组溶液;以及
(c)可选项,(i)使用溶液或(ii)重组和/或使用冻干粉剂型的说明书。
该试剂盒还进一步包括一个或多个(iii)缓冲剂,(iv)稀释剂,(v)过滤液,(vi)针,或(v)注射器。容器优选为瓶子、西林瓶、注射器或试管;也可为多用途容器。药物组合物优选为冻干粉剂。
本发明中的试剂盒优选包含一种置于合适容器中的冻干制剂以及重组和/或使用说明。适当的容器包括,例如瓶子、西林瓶(如双室瓶)、注射器(如双室注射器)和试管。该容器可能由多种材料制成,如玻璃或塑胶。优选情况是,试剂盒和/或容器上有说明,表明重组和/或使用的指示。例如,标签可能表明冻干剂型要重组为上述肽浓度。该标签可进一步表明该制剂用于皮下注射。
存放制剂的容器可使用多次使用西林瓶,使得可重复给予(例如,2-6次)重组剂型。该试剂盒可进一步包括装有合适稀释剂(如碳酸氢钠溶液)的第二个容器。
稀释液和冻干制剂混合后,重组制剂中的肽最终浓度优选为至少0.15mg/mL/肽(=75μg),不超过3mg/mL/肽(=1500μg)。该试剂盒还可包括商业和用户角度来说可取的其他材料,包括其他缓冲剂、稀释剂,过滤液、针头、注射器和带有使用说明书的包装插页。
本发明中的试剂盒可能有一个单独的容器,其中包含本发明所述的药物组合物制剂,该制剂可有其他成分(例如,其他化合物或及其药物组合物),也可无其他成分,或者每种成分都有其不同容器。
优选情况是,本发明的试剂盒包括与本发明的一种制剂,包装后与第二种化合物(如佐剂(例如GM-CSF)、化疗药物、天然产品、激素或拮抗剂、抗血管生成剂或抑制剂、凋亡诱导剂或螯合剂)或其药物组合物联合使用。该试剂盒的成分可进行预络合或每种成分在给予患者之前可放置于单独的不同容器。该试剂盒的成分可以是一种或多种溶液,优选为水溶液,更优选为无菌水溶液。该试剂盒的成分也可为固体形式,加入合适的溶剂后转换为液体,最好放置于另一个不同的容器中。
治疗试剂盒的容器可能为西林瓶、试管、烧瓶、瓶子、注射器、或任何其他盛装固体或液体的工具。通常,当成分不只一种时,试剂盒将包含第二个西林瓶或其他容器,使之可以单独定量。该试剂盒还可能包含另一个装载药用液体的容器。优选情况是,治疗试剂盒将包含一个设备(如,一个或多个针头、注射器、滴眼器、吸液管等),使得可注射本发明的药物(本试剂盒的组合物)。
本发明的药物配方适合以任何可接受的途径进行肽给药,如口服(肠道)、鼻内、眼内、皮下、皮内、肌内,静脉或经皮给药。优选为皮下给药,最优选为皮内给药,也可透过输液泵给药。
由于源自MST1R、UCHL5、SMC4、NFYB、PPAP2C、AVL9、UQCRB和MUC6的本发明中的肽从胃癌中分离而得,因此,本发明的药剂优选用于治疗胃癌。
下列描述优选方案的实施例将对本发明进行说明(但是不仅限于此)。为了本发明之目的,所有参考文献均透过引用以其完整形式纳入本文。
实例
实例1:
细胞表面提呈的肿瘤相关肽的识别
组织样本
患者肿瘤组织由日本大阪的京都府立医科大学(KPUM)、日本大阪的大阪市立大学医学研究生院(OCU)和德国图宾根大学医院提供。所有患者在手术前都获得了书面知情同意。手术后立即用液态氮对组织进行冷休克处理,分离TUMAP前储存于-80℃下。
从组织样本中分离HLA肽
根据方案略加修改,使用HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-C特异性抗体W6/32、HLA-A*02-特异性抗体BB7.2、CNBr活化的琼脂糖凝胶、酸处理和超滤方法以固体组织的免疫沉淀法获得了冷休克组织样本的HLA肽库(Falk,K.1991;Seeger,F.H.T1999)。
方法
获得的HLA肽库根据其疏水性用反相色谱(nanoAcquity UPLC system,Waters)分离,洗脱肽用装有电喷雾源的LTQ-Orbitrap混合质谱(ThermoFisher Scientific)进行了分析。肽库被直接载入填充有1.7μm C18反相材料(Waters)的分析用熔炼石英微毛细管柱(75μm内径x 250mm),应用流速为400nL每分钟。随后,使用来自流速为300nL每分钟、浓度为10%至33%溶剂B中的两步180分钟二元梯度法对肽进行分离。梯度由溶剂A(含0.1%甲酸的水)和溶剂B(含0.1%甲酸的乙腈)构成。金镀膜玻璃毛细管(PicoTip,New Objective)用于引入到纳升电喷雾源。使用前5(TOP5)策略在资料依赖模式下操作LTQ-Orbitrap质谱仪。简言之,首先以高精确质量完全扫描在orbitrap开始一个扫描周期(R=30 000),之后用先前选定离子的动态排除技术在orbitrap中对5种含量最为丰富的前体离子进行MS/MS扫描(R=7500)。串联质谱以SEQUEST和另外的手动控制进行解读。生成的自然肽破碎模式与合成序列相同参考肽的破碎模式进行比较后,确保了被识别的肽序列。图1显示了从肿瘤组织中获得的MHC I类相关肽CDC2-001的一个典型谱及其在UPLC系统中的洗脱谱。
实例2:
编码本发明肽的基因的表达谱
并不是所有确定为由MHC分子提呈于肿瘤细胞表面的肽都适合用于免疫治疗,这是因为这些肽大部分都由许多类型细胞表达的正常细胞蛋白衍生而来。这些肽只有很少一部分具有肿瘤相关性,并可能能够诱导对其来源肿瘤识别有高特异性的T细胞。为了确定这些肽并最大限度地降低这些肽接种所诱导的自身免疫风险,发明人主要采用从过量表达于肿瘤细胞上(与大多数正常组织相比)的蛋白中所获得的肽。
理想的肽来源于对该肿瘤独一无二且不出现于其他组织的蛋白中。为了确定具有与理想基因相似表达谱的基因所产生的肽,确定的肽被分别分配到蛋白和基因中,从中获得基因并生成这些基因的表达谱。
RNA来源与制备
手术切除组织标本由不同的临床中心(参见实例1)在获得每名患者的书面知情同意后提供。手术后立即在液态氮中速冻肿瘤组织标本,之后在液态氮中用杵臼匀浆。使用TRI试剂(Ambion公司,Darmstadt,德国)之后用RNeasy(QIAGEN公司,Hilden,德国)清理从这些样本中制备的总RNA;这两种方法都根据制造商的方案进行。
健康人体组织中的总RNA从商业途径获得(Ambion公司,Huntingdon,英国;Clontech公司,海德堡,德国;Stratagene公司,阿姆斯特丹,荷兰;BioChain公司,Hayward,CA,美国)。混合数个人(2至123个人)的RNA,从而使每个人的RNA得到相等的权重。白细胞从4个健康志愿者的血液样本中分离获得。
所有RNA样本的质量和数量都在Agilent 2100Bioanalyzer分析仪(Agilent公司,Waldbronn,德国)上使用RNA 6000Pico LabChip Kit试剂盒(Agilent公司)进行评估。
微阵列实验
所有肿瘤和正常组织的RNA样本都使用Affymetrix Human Genome(HG)U133A或HG-U133 Plus 2.0Affymetrix寡核苷酸芯片(Affymetrix公司,Santa Clara,CA,美国)进行基因表达分析。所有步骤都根据Affymetrix手册进行。简言之,如手册中所述,使用SuperScript RTII(Invitrogen公司)以及oligo-dT-T7引物(MWG Biotech公司,Ebersberg,德国)从5–8μg RNA中合成双链cDNA。用BioArray High Yield RNA TranscriptLabelling Kit(ENZO Diagnostics公司,Farmingdale,NY,美国)进行U133A测定或用GeneChip IVT Labelling Kit(Affymetrix公司)进行U133 Plus 2.0测定,之后用链霉亲和素-藻红蛋白和生物素化抗链霉素蛋白抗体(Molecular Probes公司,Leiden,荷兰)进行破碎、杂交和染色,这样完成体外转录。用Agilent 2500A GeneArray Scanner(U133A)或Affymetrix Gene-Chip Scanner 3000(U133 Plus 2.0)对图像进行扫描,用GCOS软件(Affymetrix公司)在所有参数默认设置情况下对资料进行分析。为了实现标准化,使用了Affymetrix公司提供的100种管家基因(housekeeping gene)。相对表达值用软件给定的signal log ratio进行计算,正常肾组织样本的值任意设置为1.0。
本发明的源基因在胃癌中高度过量表达的表达谱如图2所示。
实例3:
IMA941 MHC-I类提呈肽的体外免疫原性
为了获知关于本发明的TUMAP免疫原性方面的信息,我们使用了Walter,S、Herrgen,L、Schoor,O、Jung,G、Wernet,D、Buhring,HJ、Rammensee,HG和Stevanovic,S等人2003年在Cutting edge:predetermined avidity of human CD8 T cells expanded oncalibrated MHC/anti-CD28-coated microspheres,J.Immunol.,171,4974-4978一文中所述的被广为接受的体外刺激平台进行了研究。利用这一系统,可对本发明的54种测试的HLA-A*2402限制TUMAP中的47个以及3种测试的HLA-A*0201限制TUMAP中的3个证明明确的免疫源性(即特异T细胞扩展)。这表明这些肽为对抗人CD8+前体T细胞的T细胞表位(表4)。
CD8+T细胞体外启动
为了用载有肽-MHC复合物(pMHC)和抗CD28抗体的人工抗原提呈细胞(aAPC)进行体外刺激,我们首先从Tuebingen血库中获取健康供体白细胞清除术后新鲜HLA-A*24产物或从HLA-A*2白细胞层分离出CD8 T细胞。
然后,直接富集CD8 T细胞,或首先运用标准梯度分离介质(PAA公司,德国)分离出PBMC(外周血单核细胞)。分离出的CD8淋巴细胞或PBMC使用前在T细胞培养基(TCM)中培养,培养基包括RPMI-Glutamax(Invitrogen公司,Karlsruhe,德国)并补充10%热灭活人AB血清(PAN-Biotech公司,Aidenbach,德国)、100U/ml青霉素/100μg/ml链霉素(Cambrex公司,Cologne,德国),1mM丙酮酸钠(CC Pro公司,Oberdorla,德国)和20μg/ml庆大霉素(Cambrex公司)。在这一培养步骤,2.5ng/ml的IL-7(PromoCell公司,Heidelberg,德国)和10U/ml的IL-2(Novartis Pharma公司,Nürnberg,德国)细胞因子加入TCM。CD8+淋巴细胞使用MicroBeads(Miltenyi Biotec公司,Bergisch-Gladbach,德国)透过正向选择进行分离。
pMHC/抗-CD28涂层珠的生成、T细胞的刺激和读出方法如前所述(Walter etal.4974-78)并作微小改动。简言之,制备了缺乏跨膜域和在重链羧基端生物素化的生物素化载肽重组HLA-A*2402和HLA-A*0201分子。纯化的共刺激小鼠IgG2a抗人CD28抗体9.3(Jung,Ledbetter,and Muller-Eberhard 4611-15)使用制造商(Perbio公司,波恩,德国)推荐的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺生物素进行化学生物素化处理。所用珠为5.6μm的大链霉抗生物素蛋白包裹的多聚苯乙烯颗粒(Bangs Labooratories,伊利诺州,美国)。作为高低免疫原对照的pMHC分别为A*0201/MLA-001(从Melan-A/MART-1中修饰制得的肽ELAGIGILTV)和A*0201/DDX5-001(从DDX5中获得的YLLPAIVHI)。
800.000珠/200μl包被于96孔板,以600ng生物素抗CD28+200ng相关生物素pMHC(高密度珠)存在。在37℃以及5%CO2和95%相对溼度下,在含5ng/ml IL-12(PromoCell)的200μl TCM中共培养1x106 CD8+T细胞与2x105的清洗涂层珠3至4天,从而在96孔板中启动刺激。之后,一半培养基与补充80U/ml IL-2的新鲜TCM进行交换,并且在37℃下持续培养3至4天。这种刺激周期总共进行3次。
最后,用fluorescent A*0201或A*2402HLA多聚体(生产方法如{Altman,1996ALTMAN1996/id}所述)和CD8-FITC抗体克隆SK1(BD公司,Heidelberg,德国)或另外用一个生存力标记物(Live/dead-Aqua或–紫色染色剂(Invitrogen,Karlsruhe,德国))染色细胞而执行多聚体分析。分析使用四色FACSCalibur(BD)或LSRII SORP细胞仪(BD;18色,分别配备有蓝色(488nm)、紫色(405nm)、红色(640nm)和绿色(532nm))进行。肽特异性细胞以占总CD8+细胞的百分比形式进行计算。多聚体分析结果使用FCSExpress或FlowJo软件(Tree Star公司,Oregon,美国)进行评估。特定多聚体+CD8+淋巴细胞的体外填装用适当的门控技术并与阴性对照刺激组比较而进行检测,如果健康供体中的至少一个可评价的体外刺激孔在体外刺激后发现含有特异性CD8+T细胞(即该孔多聚体+细胞群体部份包含至少1%的细胞,频度至少为相应阴性对照的中位数的10倍(用不相关多聚体刺激并用相关多聚体染色)并且细胞不在图的对角线上)。
IMA941肽的体外免疫原性
对于受到测试的54个A*2402肽中的47个肽以及受到测试的3个HLA-A*0201肽中的3个肽,可透过肽特异性T细胞株的生成证明体外免疫原性。TUMAP特异性多聚体对本发明的两种肽染色后流式细胞仪检测的典型结果如图3所示,同时也含有相应的阴性对照信息。本发明54A*2402和3A*0201肽的结果汇总于表4。
表4:本发明中HLA I类肽的体外免疫原性
Immatics所做的体外免疫原性实验的结果显示了可评估受测试阳性供体和板孔的百分比。每个肽至少有四个供体和48个板孔可评估。
下面的肽已由immatics在其他应用中进行了描述并包括在IMA901(MET-001和TOP-001)、IMA910(MET-001和TOP-001)以及IMA950(IGF2BP3-001)疫苗中。例如,MET-001达到极佳的体内反应,此处的资料可被认为表明了本发明肽的临床有用性。
综上所述,本发明包括但不限于以下项:
1.一种肽,其包括选自SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.95群组的一个序列、或与SEQ IDNo.1至SEQ ID No.95具有80%,优选具有90%,更优选具有95%的同源性的其变体、或诱导与该肽发生T细胞交叉反应的一个变体,其中所述肽不是一种全长多肽。
2.根据项1所述的肽,其中该肽总长度为8至100个氨基酸、优选为8至30个氨基酸,最优选为8至14个氨基酸。
3.根据项1至2中任一项所述的肽,其具有与主要组织兼容性复合体(MHC)I或II类分子结合的能力。
4.根据项1至3中任一项所述的肽,其中该肽系由或基本系由根据SEQ ID NO 1至SEQ ID NO 95所选的氨基酸序列组成。
5.根据项1至5中任一项所述的肽,其中该肽被修饰和/或包含非肽键。
6.根据项1至5中任一项所述的肽,其中该肽为融合蛋白,特别是含HLA-DR抗原相关不变链(Ii)的N-端氨基酸。
7.一种核酸,其编码根据项1至6中任一项所述的肽,如果该肽不是完全人蛋白。
8.根据项7所述的核酸,其可能为DNA、cDNA、PNA、CAN、RNA,也可能为其组合物。
9.根据项7或8所述的一种能表达核酸的表达载体。
10.根据项1至6中任一项所述的一种肽、根据项7或8所述的一种核酸、或根据项9所述的一种表达载体。
11.根据项7或8所述的一种宿主细胞或根据项9所述的一种表达载体。
12.根据项11所述为一种抗原提呈细胞的宿主细胞。
13.根据项12所述的宿主细胞,其中抗原提呈细胞为树突状细胞。
14.根据项1至6中任一项所述的一种制备肽的方法,该方法包括根据项11所述的培养宿主细胞,从宿主细胞或其培养基中分离出肽。
15.一种体外制备启动的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的方法,该方法包括将CTL与载有抗原的人I或II类MHC分子进行体外连接,这些分子在合适的抗原提呈细胞表面表达足够的一段时间从而以抗原特异性方式启动CTL,其中所述抗原为根据项1至6中任一项所述的肽。
16.根据项15所述的方法,其中抗原透过与足够量的含抗原提成细胞的抗原结合被载入表达于合适抗原提呈细胞表面的I或II类MHC分子。
17.根据项15所述的方法,其中该抗原提呈细胞包括一个表达载体,该载体有能力表达含SEQ ID NO 1至SEQ ID NO 95的肽或所述变体氨基酸序列。
18.项15至17中任一项所述的按其方法制成的启动细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL),该淋巴细胞会有选择性地识别一种细胞,该细胞异常表达含项1至4中任一项给定氨基酸序列的多肽。
19.一种杀灭患者中靶向细胞的方法,其中靶向细胞异常表达一种多肽,该多肽含项1至4中任一项给定的氨基酸序列;一种给药方法,其中包括给予患者项15定义的有效量细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)。
20.根据项1至6中任一项所述的一种肽的用途、根据项7或8所述的一种核酸的用途、根据项9所述的一种表达载体的用途、根据项11至13中任一项所述的一种细胞的用途、根据项18所述的一种作为药剂或制造药剂的启动细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的用途。
21.根据项20所述的用途,其中药剂系指一种疫苗。
22.根据项20或21所述的用途,其中药剂有抗癌活性。
23.根据项22所述的用途,其中所述癌细胞为胃癌细胞、胃肠癌细胞、结直肠癌细胞、胰腺癌细胞、肺癌细胞或肾癌细胞。
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序列表
<110> 伊玛提克斯生物技术有限公司
<120> 包括胃肠癌和胃癌的几种肿瘤的新型免疫疗法
<130> I31890PCT
<150> GB1004551.6
<151> 2010-03-19
<150> US 61/315,704
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Leu Tyr Gln Ile Leu Gln Gly Ile Val Phe
1 5 10
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Ser Tyr Asn Pro Leu Trp Leu Arg Ile
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Asn Tyr Leu Pro Phe Ile Met Glu Leu
1 5
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Ser Tyr Ile Asp Val Leu Pro Glu Phe
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Ser Tyr Ile Ile Asp Pro Leu Asn Leu
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<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Val Trp Ser Asp Val Thr Pro Leu Thr Phe
1 5 10
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Asn Tyr Leu Leu Tyr Val Ser Asn Phe
1 5
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Val Tyr Thr Thr Ser Tyr Gln Gln Ile
1 5
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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His Tyr Lys Pro Thr Pro Leu Tyr Phe
1 5
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Tyr Tyr Asn Ala Ala Gly Phe Asn Lys Leu
1 5 10
<210> 11
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Ala Tyr Leu Val Tyr Thr Asp Arg Leu
1 5
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Phe Tyr Ile Ser Pro Val Asn Lys Leu
1 5
<210> 13
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 13
Val Tyr Gly Ile Arg Leu Glu His Phe
1 5
<210> 14
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Thr Tyr Gly Asn Leu Leu Asp Tyr Leu
1 5
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Asn Tyr Glu Glu Thr Phe Pro His Ile
1 5
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<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Arg Tyr Leu Trp Ala Thr Val Thr Ile
1 5
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<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Val Tyr Phe Ser Lys Ser Glu Gln Leu
1 5
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<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
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Val Phe Ile Phe Lys Gly Asn Gln Phe
1 5
<210> 19
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 19
Arg Phe Leu Ser Gly Ile Ile Asn Phe
1 5
<210> 20
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 20
Gln Tyr Ala Ser Arg Phe Val Gln Leu
1 5
<210> 21
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 21
Lys Tyr Leu Thr Val Lys Asp Tyr Leu
1 5
<210> 22
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 22
Val Tyr Asn Pro Thr Pro Asn Ser Leu
1 5
<210> 23
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 23
Ser Tyr Leu Gln Ala Ala Asn Ala Leu
1 5
<210> 24
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 24
Phe Tyr Gln Pro Lys Ile Gln Gln Phe
1 5
<210> 25
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 25
Tyr Tyr Lys Asn Ile Gly Leu Gly Phe
1 5
<210> 26
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 26
Ala Tyr Ala Ile Ile Lys Glu Glu Leu
1 5
<210> 27
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 27
Leu Tyr Pro Glu Val Phe Glu Lys Phe
1 5
<210> 28
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 28
Lys Tyr Asn Asp Thr Phe Trp Lys Glu Phe
1 5 10
<210> 29
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 29
Val Phe Asp Thr Ala Ile Ala His Leu Phe
1 5 10
<210> 30
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 30
Val Tyr Pro Asn Trp Ala Ile Gly Leu
1 5
<210> 31
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 31
Val Tyr Lys Val Val Gly Asn Leu Leu
1 5
<210> 32
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 32
Val Tyr Ile Glu Lys Asn Asp Lys Leu
1 5
<210> 33
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 33
Ile Tyr Asn Gly Lys Leu Phe Asp Leu Leu
1 5 10
<210> 34
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 34
Gln Tyr Ile Asp Lys Leu Asn Glu Leu
1 5
<210> 35
<211> 11
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 35
Met Tyr Met Thr Val Ser Ile Ile Asp Arg Phe
1 5 10
<210> 36
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 36
Arg Tyr Leu Pro Gln Cys Ser Tyr Phe
1 5
<210> 37
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 37
Ile Tyr Ala Pro Lys Leu Gln Glu Phe
1 5
<210> 38
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 38
Ile Tyr Pro Asp Ala Ser Leu Leu Ile
1 5
<210> 39
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 39
Val Tyr Leu Leu Asn Ser Thr Thr Leu
1 5
<210> 40
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 40
Ile Tyr Leu Glu Val Ile His Asn Leu
1 5
<210> 41
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 41
Ala Tyr Pro Thr Val Lys Phe Tyr Phe
1 5
<210> 42
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 42
Ile Phe Ser Lys Ile Val Ser Leu Phe
1 5
<210> 43
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 43
Tyr Tyr Tyr Val Gly Phe Ala Tyr Leu
1 5
<210> 44
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 44
Arg Tyr Leu Glu Gly Thr Ser Cys Ile
1 5
<210> 45
<211> 11
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 45
Thr Tyr Leu Pro Thr Asn Ala Ser Leu Ser Phe
1 5 10
<210> 46
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 46
Ser Tyr Ala Thr Leu Leu His Val Leu
1 5
<210> 47
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 47
Asp Tyr Thr Ile Gly Phe Gly Lys Phe
1 5
<210> 48
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 48
Ser Tyr Asn Val Thr Ser Val Leu Phe
1 5
<210> 49
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 49
Ser Tyr Leu Glu Leu Val Lys Ser Leu
1 5
<210> 50
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 50
Ser Tyr Gln Lys Val Ile Glu Leu Phe
1 5
<210> 51
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 51
Leu Tyr Leu Glu Asn Ile Asp Glu Phe
1 5
<210> 52
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 52
Val Tyr Ile Ser Ser Leu Ala Leu Leu
1 5
<210> 53
<211> 11
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 53
Arg Tyr Leu Pro Lys Gly Phe Leu Asn Gln Phe
1 5 10
<210> 54
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 54
Tyr Tyr Lys Asn Ile Gly Leu Gly Phe
1 5
<210> 55
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 55
Val Tyr Thr Thr Met Ala Glu His Phe
1 5
<210> 56
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 56
Asp Tyr Ala Tyr Leu Arg Glu His Phe
1 5
<210> 57
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 57
Leu Tyr Ile Gln Thr Asp His Leu Phe Phe
1 5 10
<210> 58
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 58
Thr Tyr Lys Tyr Val Asp Ile Asn Thr Phe
1 5 10
<210> 59
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 59
Tyr Phe Ile Ser His Val Leu Ala Phe
1 5
<210> 60
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 60
Val Tyr Thr Lys Val Ser Ala Tyr Leu
1 5
<210> 61
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 61
Val Tyr Lys Glu Thr Cys Ile Ser Phe
1 5
<210> 62
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 62
Ala Leu Tyr Asp Ser Val Ile Leu Leu
1 5
<210> 63
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 63
Lys Ile Gln Glu Ile Leu Thr Gln Val
1 5
<210> 64
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 64
Leu Ala Asp Glu Thr Leu Leu Lys Val
1 5
<210> 65
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 65
Ala Met Ser Ser Lys Phe Phe Leu Val
1 5
<210> 66
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 66
Tyr Val Tyr Gln Asn Asn Ile Tyr Leu
1 5
<210> 67
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 67
Val Leu Glu Asp Leu Glu Val Thr Val
1 5
<210> 68
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 68
Phe Leu Leu Asp Gly Ser Ala Asn Val
1 5
<210> 69
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 69
Asn Leu Leu Asp Leu Asp Tyr Glu Leu
1 5
<210> 70
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 70
Phe Leu Ile Asp Ser Ser Glu Gly Val
1 5
<210> 71
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 71
Ala Leu Asp Glu Gly Asp Ile Ala Leu
1 5
<210> 72
<211> 11
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 72
Ala Leu Asn Glu Glu Ala Gly Arg Leu Leu Leu
1 5 10
<210> 73
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 73
Ile Leu Ser Pro Thr Val Val Ser Ile
1 5
<210> 74
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 74
Lys Leu Leu Thr Glu Val His Ala Ala
1 5
<210> 75
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 75
Ala Leu Val Gln Asp Leu Ala Lys Ala
1 5
<210> 76
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 76
Ile Leu Gln Asp Arg Leu Asn Gln Val
1 5
<210> 77
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 77
Thr Leu Asp Pro Arg Ser Phe Leu Leu
1 5
<210> 78
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 78
Thr Leu Asp Asp Leu Leu Leu Tyr Ile
1 5
<210> 79
<211> 11
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 79
Ser Leu Leu Ala Gln Asn Thr Ser Trp Leu Leu
1 5 10
<210> 80
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 80
Ser Leu Ala Glu Val Asn Thr Gln Leu
1 5
<210> 81
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 81
Ala Leu Asp Gly Phe Val Met Val Leu
1 5
<210> 82
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 82
Gly Val Asp Asp Ala Phe Tyr Thr Leu
1 5
<210> 83
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 83
Tyr Val Asp Pro Val Ile Thr Ser Ile
1 5
<210> 84
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 84
Tyr Leu Leu Ser Tyr Ile Gln Ser Ile
1 5
<210> 85
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 85
Gln Ile Asp Asp Val Thr Ile Lys Ile
1 5
<210> 86
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 86
Tyr Leu Tyr Gly Gln Thr Thr Thr Tyr Leu
1 5 10
<210> 87
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 87
Lys Leu Asp Glu Thr Gly Asn Ser Leu
1 5
<210> 88
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 88
Arg Leu Asp Asp Leu Lys Met Thr Val
1 5
<210> 89
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 89
Leu Thr Asp Glu Ile Leu Thr Tyr Val
1 5
<210> 90
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 90
Ile Leu Ile Asp Trp Leu Val Gln Val
1 5
<210> 91
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 91
Val Leu Tyr Gly Pro Asp Val Pro Thr Ile
1 5 10
<210> 92
<211> 11
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 92
Ser Ile Phe Gly Glu Asp Ala Leu Ala Asn Val
1 5 10
<210> 93
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 93
Lys Leu Leu Glu Tyr Ile Glu Glu Ile
1 5
<210> 94
<211> 9
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 94
Lys Ile Leu Glu Asp Val Val Gly Val
1 5
<210> 95
<211> 10
<212> PRT
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 95
Lys Ile Phe Asp Glu Ile Leu Val Asn Ala
1 5 10
Claims (17)
1.一种肽,其由SEQ ID No.55或58的序列组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的肽,其具有与主要组织兼容性复合体I或II类分子结合的能力。
3.根据权利要求1所述的肽,其中该肽与HLA-DR抗原相关不变链的N-端氨基酸融合。
4.一种核酸,其编码权利要求1所述的肽。
5.根据权利要求4所述的核酸,其为DNA、PNA、RNA或其组合。
6.根据权利要求4所述的核酸,其为cDNA。
7.一种表达载体,其能够表达权利要求4至6中任一项所述的核酸。
8.一种宿主细胞,其包括权利要求4至6中任一项所述的核酸或权利要求7所述的表达载体。
9.根据权利要求8所述的宿主细胞,其为抗原提呈细胞。
10.根据权利要求9所述的宿主细胞,该抗原提呈细胞为树突状细胞。
11.一种制备权利要求1至3中任一项所述的肽的方法,该方法包括培养权利要求8所述的宿主细胞,并从该宿主细胞或其培养基中分离出该肽。
12.一种体外制备激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的方法,该方法包括将细胞毒性T淋巴细胞与载有抗原的人I或II类MHC分子体外接触足够的一段时间,这些分子在合适的抗原提呈细胞表面上表达,从而以抗原特异性方式激活细胞毒性T淋巴细胞,其中所述抗原为权利要求1所述的肽。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,通过将足够量的所述抗原与抗原提呈细胞接触,从而将抗原载入I或II类主要组织兼容性复合体分子,所述I或II类主要组织兼容性复合体分子在适合的抗原提呈细胞的表面上表达。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中该抗原提呈细胞包括表达载体,该表达载体能够表达权利要求1所述的肽。
15.一种激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞,其由权利要求12至14中任一项所述的方法制成,该T淋巴细胞有选择性地识别异常表达含SEQ ID No.55或58序列的多肽的细胞。
16.权利要求1至3中任一项所述的肽、权利要求4至6中任一项所述的核酸、权利要求7所述的表达载体、权利要求8至10中任一项所述的宿主细胞或权利要求15所述的激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞在制备用于治疗前列腺癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、胃癌、宫颈癌、膀胱癌、淋巴瘤、间皮瘤、成神经管细胞瘤、神经胶质瘤、急性髓性白血病(AMI)的药物中的用途,其中所述药物为疫苗。
17.根据权利要求16所述的用途,其中,权利要求15所述的激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)用于制备杀灭患者中前列腺癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、胃癌、宫颈癌、膀胱癌、淋巴瘤、间皮瘤、成神经管细胞瘤、神经胶质瘤、急性髓性白血病(AMI)细胞的药物,其中这些细胞异常表达包括SEQ ID No.55或58序列的多肽。
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