CN112139494B - High-precision and unsupported selective laser melting forming method - Google Patents
High-precision and unsupported selective laser melting forming method Download PDFInfo
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- CN112139494B CN112139494B CN202010599868.3A CN202010599868A CN112139494B CN 112139494 B CN112139494 B CN 112139494B CN 202010599868 A CN202010599868 A CN 202010599868A CN 112139494 B CN112139494 B CN 112139494B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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Abstract
A high-precision and unsupported laser selective melting forming method belongs to the technical field of additive manufacturing. The invention comprises the following steps: step 1, selecting metal powder to be formed and preprocessing; step 2, preparing equipment and preheating; step 3, performing laser selective melting forming on the part to be formed by using equipment; and 4, carrying out post-treatment on the formed part. The invention uses small-granularity formed powder, replaces a flexible scraper which can reduce the acting force of the formed part of the workpiece in the powder spreading process, applies proper preheating to the powder in a forming bin, uses lower input energy density and other measures to control factors influencing deformation, dimensional precision and surface roughness, such as step effect, stress strain, molten pool size, morphology and the like in the forming process, and obtains the high-precision and unsupported laser selective melting workpiece.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a high-precision unsupported laser selective melting forming method, belonging to the technical field of additive manufacturing.
Background
The laser selective melting forming technology has the advantages of short manufacturing period, high material utilization rate, low energy consumption, small pollution, adaptability to complex shapes and the like, and is widely applied to various fields of aerospace, energy reworking, biomedical treatment, mold manufacturing and the like.
However, due to the high density energy input in the selective laser melting and forming process, a series of natural changes such as stress strain, molten pool collapse, powder splashing and the like can be caused, so that a formed product is deformed, powder is stuck or the forming fails and a series of quality problems such as the like are caused. Although measures such as changing the placing angle of parts, adding process support and introducing a scanning strategy of a surface skin and a frame are sequentially proposed and used for solving the problems, the adverse effects of the problems on the laser selective melt forming technology are relieved to a certain extent, but the problems such as forming limit and precision of a complex runner, forming limit and surface quality of inclined characteristics without support, and ensuring of shape precision of small and thin characteristics are still not enough.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention solves the technical problems that: overcomes the defects of the prior art, solves the problems that the forming limit and the precision of a complex runner are limited, the forming limit and the surface quality of inclined characteristics are influenced, the precision of fine characteristics is difficult to ensure and the like due to a series of influences of high energy density input on stress strain, molten pool flowing, powder splashing and the like in the process of selective laser melting and forming, provides a high-precision and unsupported selective laser melting and forming method,
the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a high-precision unsupported laser selective fusion forming method comprises the following steps:
step 1, selecting metal powder to be formed and preprocessing;
step 2, preparing equipment and preheating;
step 3, performing laser selective melting forming on the part to be formed by using equipment;
and 4, carrying out subsequent treatment on the formed part.
Further, the granularity of the metal powder to be formed is smaller than 20um, and the thickness is 10-30um.
Further, the preparing equipment and preheating comprises the following steps:
preparing laser selective melting forming equipment;
installing a scraper and a base material of the laser selective melting forming equipment and checking the condition of the laser selective melting forming equipment;
washing gas of the laser selective melting forming equipment, and preheating the forming cabin after the oxygen content in the forming cabin of the laser selective melting forming equipment is reduced to a preset level so that the forming cabin reaches a preset temperature;
and (3) paving a layer of powder on a forming platform in the forming cabin, and finishing preparation and preheating of equipment after the paved powder reaches a preset temperature.
Further, the doctor blade is a flexible doctor blade capable of reducing the acting force of the powder spreading process on the formed part of the workpiece.
Further, the preset level of oxygen content in the forming cabin is that the oxygen content is lower than 100ppm.
Further, the preset temperature is 500-700 ℃.
Further, the thickness of the laid first layer of powder is 10-20um.
Further, the laser selective melting forming of the metal powder to be formed comprises the following steps:
carrying out model modification, allowance addition, placement orientation selection, support addition, parameter setting and model subdivision on a part to be formed, and outputting a corresponding process file to laser selective melting forming equipment;
and carrying out laser selective melting forming on the part to be formed according to the set technological parameters until the complete part is formed.
Further, the set process parameters are that the laser power is 200W, the scanning interval is 0.06um, the scanning speed is 2000mm/s, the layer thickness is 20um, and the doctor blade powder spreading speed is 80mm/s.
Further, when the support is added, only a positioning support at the joint of the bottom of the workpiece and the substrate is added.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the invention reduces the influence of additive manufacturing step effect on the dimensional accuracy by using small-granularity powder, improves the inhibition effect of the powder on the deformation of the workpiece and the supporting effect of the powder on a molten pool by virtue of the influence of the small granularity on the stacking density, and improves the surface roughness and the dimensional accuracy of the workpiece;
2. according to the invention, through a forming bin preheating technology, the cooling temperature gradient in the forming process of the workpiece is reduced, the stress strain is reduced, the powder is further compacted by means of the thermal expansion and contraction effect of the powder, the deformation of the workpiece is restrained, the collapse of a molten pool is reduced, the dimensional accuracy is improved, the forming limit is expanded, and the use of deformation-preventing supports is reduced;
3. the invention reduces the size of a molten pool, reduces the temperature gradient, improves the surface quality and reduces the deformation by reducing the energy input density on the premise of ensuring the density of a workpiece.
4. The invention increases the buffer effect of the powder and the formed part of the manufactured piece in the powder spreading process by using the flexible scraper and lower powder spreading speed, and prevents the manufactured piece from being damaged due to scratch.
Detailed Description
In order to better understand the technical solutions described above, the following detailed description of the technical solutions of the present application is provided by specific embodiments, and it should be understood that specific features of the embodiments and embodiments of the present application are detailed descriptions of the technical solutions of the present application, and not limiting the technical solutions of the present application, and the technical features of the embodiments and embodiments of the present application may be combined with each other without conflict.
The following describes in further detail a high-precision and unsupported selective laser melting forming method provided by the embodiment of the application, and a specific implementation manner of the method may include the following steps:
step 1, selecting and preprocessing formed powder;
in one possible implementation, the metal powder to be formed with proper granularity is selected, and the powder is dried by a proper powder drying process and then is filled into a laser selective melting forming device for standby.
Further, the selected powder is metal powder with granularity smaller than 20um after sieving; the powder drying process is to dry for 1-3 hours in a vacuum environment at 120-150 ℃.
Step 2, preparing and preheating equipment;
in one possible implementation, the doctor blade and the substrate are installed and the equipment condition is checked, then the gas washing is started, after the oxygen content in the forming bin is reduced to a proper level, the forming bin is preheated to enable the forming environment to reach a proper temperature, finally a layer of thin powder is paved on the forming platform, and the forming process can be started after the paved powder also reaches the preheating temperature.
Further, the used scraper is a flexible scraper which can reduce the acting force of the powder spreading process on the formed part of the workpiece; the oxygen content in the forming bin is suitably less than 100ppm; the proper preheating temperature is 500-700 ℃; the thickness of the first layer powder is 10-20um.
Step 3, laser selective melting forming;
in one possible implementation mode, performing operations such as model modification, allowance addition, placement orientation selection, support addition, parameter setting, model splitting and the like on a part to be formed, outputting corresponding process files, and then guiding the processed process files into laser selective melting forming equipment; and carrying out laser selective melting forming of the part according to the set technological parameters until the complete part is formed.
Furthermore, when the support is added, only the positioning support with the fixing function is used at the joint of the bottom of the adding part and the substrate; using forming parameters with lower input energy density, the laser power is 200W, the scanning interval is 0.06um, and the scanning speed is 1000-3000mm/s; the layer thickness is 10-30um; the powder spreading speed of the scraper is 50-100mm/s.
And 4, performing post-forming treatment.
In one possible implementation, after the forming is finished and the equipment is cooled, the part is taken out, and then the operations of cleaning powder, annealing, cutting off a substrate, removing support and the like are performed, so that the required part is obtained.
The invention is further illustrated and described below in connection with three specific embodiments.
Embodiment one: high-precision laser selective melting forming of titanium alloy complex runner
1. Selecting and preprocessing formed powder;
in the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, TC4 titanium alloy powder with granularity smaller than 15um is screened, dried for 3 hours in a vacuum environment at 120 ℃, and then is filled into a laser selective melting forming device for standby.
2. Preparing and preheating equipment;
in the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, the flexible scraper which can reduce the acting force of the powder spreading process on the formed part of the workpiece is used as the powder spreading scraper; and installing a scraper and a base material, checking the condition of equipment, then starting gas washing, after the oxygen content in a forming bin is lower than 100ppm, starting preheating the forming bin to enable the forming environment to reach 600 ℃, then paving a layer of powder with the thickness of 10 mu m on a forming platform, and starting the forming process after the paved powder also reaches the preheating temperature.
3. Selecting a laser area for melting and forming;
in the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, the operations of model modification, allowance addition, placement orientation selection, support addition, parameter setting, model splitting and the like are carried out on the part to be formed, corresponding process files are output, and then the processed process files are led into laser selective melting forming equipment; and (3) carrying out laser selective melting forming on the part under the parameters of laser power 200W, scanning interval 0.06um, scanning speed 2000mm/s, layer thickness 10um and doctor blade powder spreading speed 50mm/s until the whole part is formed.
4. And (5) carrying out post-forming treatment.
In the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, after the forming is finished and the equipment is cooled, the part is taken out, and then the operations of cleaning powder, annealing, cutting off the substrate, removing support and the like are performed, so that the required part is obtained.
Embodiment two: unsupported laser selective melting forming of In625 nickel-based superalloy inclined plane
1. Selecting and preprocessing formed powder;
in the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, in625 nickel-based superalloy powder with granularity smaller than 15um is screened, dried for 1h In a vacuum environment at 150 ℃, and then is filled into a laser selective melting forming device for standby.
2. Preparing and preheating equipment;
in the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, the flexible scraper which can reduce the acting force of the powder spreading process on the formed part of the workpiece is used as the powder spreading scraper; and installing a scraper and a base material, checking the condition of equipment, then starting gas washing, after the oxygen content in a forming bin is lower than 100ppm, starting preheating the forming bin to enable the forming environment to reach 700 ℃, then paving a layer of powder with the thickness of 10 mu m on a forming platform, and starting the forming process after the paved powder also reaches the preheating temperature.
3. Selecting a laser area for melting and forming;
in the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, the operations of model modification, allowance addition, placement orientation selection, support addition, parameter setting, model splitting and the like are carried out on the part to be formed, corresponding process files are output, and then the processed process files are led into laser selective melting forming equipment; and (3) carrying out laser selective melting forming on the part under the parameters of laser power 200W, scanning interval 0.06um, scanning speed 2000mm/s, layer thickness 20um and doctor blade powder spreading speed 80mm/s until the whole part is formed.
4. And (5) carrying out post-forming treatment.
In the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, after the forming is finished and the equipment is cooled, the part is taken out, and then the operations of cleaning powder, annealing, cutting off the substrate, removing support and the like are performed, so that the required part is obtained.
Embodiment III: small-angle 06Cr19Ni10 stainless steel fine structure unsupported laser selective melting forming
1. Selecting and preprocessing formed powder;
in the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, 06Cr19Ni10 stainless steel powder with granularity smaller than 20um is screened, dried for 1h in a vacuum environment at 150 ℃, and then is filled into a laser selective melting forming device for standby.
2. Preparing and preheating equipment;
in the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, the flexible scraper which can reduce the acting force of the powder spreading process on the formed part of the workpiece is used as the powder spreading scraper; and installing a scraper and a base material, checking the condition of equipment, then starting gas washing, after the oxygen content in a forming bin is lower than 100ppm, starting preheating the forming bin to enable the forming environment to reach 500 ℃, then paving a layer of powder with the thickness of 20 mu m on a forming platform, and starting the forming process after the paved powder also reaches the preheating temperature.
3. Selecting a laser area for melting and forming;
in the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, the operations of model modification, allowance addition, placement orientation selection, support addition, parameter setting, model splitting and the like are carried out on the part to be formed, corresponding process files are output, and then the processed process files are led into laser selective melting forming equipment; and (3) carrying out laser selective melting forming on the part under the parameters of laser power 200W, scanning interval 0.06um, scanning speed 3000mm/s, layer thickness 30um and doctor blade powder spreading speed 100mm/s until the whole part is formed.
4. And (5) carrying out post-forming treatment.
In the scheme provided by the embodiment of the application, after the forming is finished and the equipment is cooled, the part is taken out, and then the operations of cleaning powder, annealing, cutting off the substrate, removing support and the like are performed, so that the required part is obtained.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present application without departing from the spirit or scope of the application. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present application fall within the scope of the claims and the equivalents thereof, the present application is intended to cover such modifications and variations.
What is not described in detail in the present specification is a well known technology to those skilled in the art.
Claims (3)
1. A high-precision and unsupported selective laser melting forming method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, selecting metal powder to be formed and preprocessing;
step 2, preparing equipment and preheating;
step 3, performing laser selective melting forming on the part to be formed by using equipment;
step 4, carrying out subsequent treatment on the formed part;
the granularity of the metal powder to be formed is smaller than 20um, and the thickness of the metal powder to be formed is 10-30um;
the preparing equipment and preheating comprises the following steps:
preparing laser selective melting forming equipment;
installing a scraper and a base material of the laser selective melting forming equipment and checking the condition of the laser selective melting forming equipment;
washing gas of the laser selective melting forming equipment, and preheating the forming cabin after the oxygen content in the forming cabin of the laser selective melting forming equipment is reduced to a preset level so that the forming cabin reaches a preset temperature;
paving a layer of powder on a forming platform in the forming cabin, and finishing preparation and preheating of equipment after the paved powder reaches a preset temperature;
the scraper is a flexible scraper which can reduce the acting force of the powder spreading process on the formed part of the workpiece;
the preset horizontal oxygen content in the forming cabin is lower than 100ppm;
the preset temperature is 500-700 ℃;
the thickness of the paved first layer of powder is 10-20 um;
the set process parameters are a laser power of 200W, a scanning pitch of 0.06um, a scanning rate of 2000mm/s, a layer thickness of 20um, and a doctor blade powder spreading speed of 80mm/s.
2. The high-precision unsupported selective laser melting forming method of claim 1, wherein the selective laser melting forming of the metal powder to be formed comprises the steps of:
carrying out model modification, allowance addition, placement orientation selection, support addition, parameter setting and model subdivision on a part to be formed, and outputting a corresponding process file to laser selective melting forming equipment;
and carrying out laser selective melting forming on the part to be formed according to the set technological parameters until the complete part is formed.
3. A high precision, unsupported laser selective melt forming method as claimed in claim 2, wherein: and when the support is added, only a positioning support at the joint of the bottom of the workpiece and the substrate is added.
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