CN111916830A - Electrolyte of lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery - Google Patents
Electrolyte of lithium ion secondary battery and lithium ion secondary battery Download PDFInfo
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- CN111916830A CN111916830A CN201910481565.9A CN201910481565A CN111916830A CN 111916830 A CN111916830 A CN 111916830A CN 201910481565 A CN201910481565 A CN 201910481565A CN 111916830 A CN111916830 A CN 111916830A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract
The invention relates to an electrolyte of a lithium ion secondary battery and the lithium ion secondary battery, comprising a lithium salt, wherein the lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate; the non-aqueous organic solvent comprises linear carbonate and cyclic non-carbonate compounds, and the cyclic non-carbonate compounds comprise cyclic ether compounds and/or cyclic sulfone compounds. Linear carbonate and cyclic non-carbonate compounds in the electrolyte can enable a sulfur-containing cathode to form a stable SEI film during operation, protect sulfur elements of the cathode, inhibit the generation of an intermediate product lithium polysulfide, reduce the attenuation speed of the battery capacity and effectively improve the cycle performance of the battery; the lithium ion secondary battery has high energy density and long cycle life.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of batteries, in particular to an electrolyte of a lithium ion secondary battery and the lithium ion secondary battery.
Background
The metal sulfide generally has the advantages of larger theoretical specific capacity, good conductivity, low price, no pollution to the environment and the like; however, early metal sulfides are commonly used as the positive electrode, and the lithium extraction potential is low, so that the energy density is not high; in recent years, some metal sulfides have begun to be used as negative electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. Compared with the conventional graphite cathode, the problem of lithium precipitation at a low potential can be avoided; compared with a lithium titanate cathode with high safety, the gram capacity and the electric conductivity of the lithium titanate cathode are far superior to those of a lithium titanate material; however, the use of a metal sulfide as a negative electrode has the following problems;
first, metal sulfides are used as the negative electrode, and the mismatch of the positive and negative electrolytes hinders the application thereof. Conventional anode materials (lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate, lithium cobaltate, ternary nickel cobalt manganese materials and the like) are all suitable for ester electrolytes, and researches show that metal sulfides are not suitable for the conventional ester electrolytes, so that the metal sulfides have a serious matching problem when used as a cathode of a lithium ion battery. How to design an electrolyte which is suitable for a sulfide cathode and matched with a conventional cathode is crucial to a lithium ion battery taking sulfide as a cathode
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the problems in the prior art, an object of the present invention is to provide an electrolyte for a lithium ion secondary battery and a lithium ion secondary battery, in which linear carbonate and cyclic non-carbonate compounds in the electrolyte for a lithium ion secondary battery can form a stable SEI film on a sulfur-containing negative electrode, protect sulfur element of the negative electrode, reduce the rate of battery capacity fading, and effectively improve the cycle performance of the battery; the lithium ion secondary battery has high energy density and long cycle life.
In order to achieve the above object, in a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrolyte for a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising:
a lithium salt, wherein the lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate;
the non-aqueous organic solvent comprises linear carbonate and cyclic non-carbonate compounds, and the cyclic non-carbonate compounds comprise cyclic ether compounds and/or cyclic sulfone compounds.
In a second aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material;
a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material; the negative electrode active material includes a metal sulfide;
and the electrolyte of the first aspect of the invention.
Compared with the prior art, the invention at least comprises the following beneficial effects: according to the lithium ion secondary battery, the linear carbonate and the cyclic non-carbonate compound in the electrolyte can enable a sulfur-containing cathode to form a stable SEI film during operation, protect sulfur elements of the cathode, inhibit the generation of an intermediate product lithium polysulfide, reduce the attenuation speed of the battery capacity and effectively improve the cycle performance of the battery; the lithium ion secondary battery has high energy density and long cycle life.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the cycle performance of a cuprous sulfide battery with 4 different electrolytes;
FIG. 2 is an SEM image of the anode after cycling of the cell of comparative example 3;
FIG. 3 is an SEM image of the anode after cycling in the cell of example 20.
Detailed Description
The electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery and the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention will be described in detail below.
First, an electrolytic solution for a lithium ion secondary battery according to a first aspect of the present invention is explained, comprising:
the lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, and the concentration of the lithium hexafluorophosphate is 0.8-1.2M;
the non-aqueous organic solvent comprises linear carbonate and cyclic non-carbonate compounds, and the cyclic non-carbonate compounds comprise cyclic ether compounds and/or cyclic sulfone compounds.
The linear carbonate and the cyclic non-carbonate compound can enable a sulfur-containing cathode to form a stable SEI film in operation, protect the sulfur element of the cathode to inhibit the generation of an intermediate product lithium polysulfide, reduce the attenuation speed of the battery capacity and effectively improve the cycle performance of the battery; the lithium ion secondary battery has high energy density and long cycle life.
The cyclic ether compound and/or the cyclic sulfone compound can effectively protect the sulfur element of the cathode and inhibit the generation of the intermediate product lithium polysulfide due to the unique cyclic structure of the cyclic ether compound and/or the cyclic sulfone compound. The inventors have conducted extensive experiments to find that a cyclic carbonate and a sulfide negative electrode cannot be used together because lithium polysulfide reacts directly with the cyclic carbonate, resulting in rapid capacity fade, but the cyclic structure is beneficial for film formation of the negative electrode. Therefore, the inventor researches and discovers that the selection of the cyclic five-membered or six-membered ring ether compound and/or the cyclic sulfone compound can inhibit the generation of lithium polysulfide and is beneficial to film formation of a negative electrode of a lithium ion battery.
Further, the linear carbonate has a structural formula of
R1 and R2 are each independently selected from C1-C5 alkyl; the linear carbonate solvent has good solubility to lithium salt, can ensure the viscosity of the lithium ion electrolyte, is beneficial to improving the dynamic performance of the electrolyte and simultaneously improves the wettability of the electrolyte and the isolating membrane; the cyclic ether compound is a five-membered or six-membered cyclic ether compound; the molecular formula of the cyclic sulfone is CnH2nO2And S, wherein n is more than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 9.
The content of the linear carbonic ester has great influence on the performance of the electrolyte, the linear carbonic ester is suitable for conventional anode materials (lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate, lithium cobaltate, ternary nickel cobalt manganese materials and the like) and sulfide cathodes,
further, the content of the linear carbonate is 50-95% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent, the content of the cyclic ether compound is 5-10% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent, and the content of the cyclic sulfone compound is 5-10% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent;
preferably, the content of the linear carbonate is 80-90% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent, the content of the cyclic ether compound is 8-10% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent, and the content of the cyclic sulfone compound is 8-10% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent.
When the cyclic non-carbonate compound includes both the cyclic ether compound and the cyclic sulfone compound, the cycle performance of the battery is superior to the case where the cyclic non-carbonate compound includes only the cyclic ether compound or the cyclic sulfone compound alone.
Further, the linear carbonate includes one or more of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dibutyl carbonate (DBC).
Further, the cyclic non-carbonate compound is selected from one or more of the following structural formulas:
wherein formula 1 is an epoxypentane;
formula 2 is 2-methyl-1, 3-dioxolane;
formula 3 is 4-methyl-1, 3-dioxolane;
formula 4 is tetrahydrofuran;
formula 6 is 3-methyl-sulfolane;
formula 7 is 2, 4-dimethylsulfolane;
formula 8 is sulfolene.
The formula 1 and the formula 8 are common electrolyte solvents, wherein the formula 1 and the formula 5 are common solvents in lithium-sulfur batteries, and have a certain improvement effect on the circulation of a sulfur negative electrode; and the material can be effectively matched with a conventional positive electrode, so that the material has energy density and can effectively improve the surface film forming problem of the material.
Further, the working voltage window of the electrolyte is 1-4.3V, preferably 2.0-4.2V. The electrolyte has higher stability in the working voltage range, and the solvent and lithium salt contained in the electrolyte are not easy to generate oxidation-reduction reaction.
Next, a lithium ion secondary battery according to a second aspect of the present invention is explained, including:
a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material;
a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material; the negative electrode active material includes a metal sulfide;
and an electrolyte according to the first aspect of the invention.
The lithium ion battery takes the metal sulfide as the negative electrode, can avoid the problem of lithium precipitation under low potential, has higher gram capacity and conductivity, has high safety performance characteristic under the advantage of ensuring higher capacity, is favorable for film formation of the sulfide negative electrode by aiming at the cyclic ether compound and/or the cyclic sulfone compound adopted by the sulfide negative electrode, and ensures the cycle performance and the safety performance of the battery.
Further, the sulfide has a chemical formula of MxS, wherein M represents a metal element, and the metal sulfide has a chemical formula of MXS, wherein M represents a metal element, and X can take the value of 0.5, 1 or 2. M is common compounds such as Cu, Mo, Sn, Fe and the like; the Cu, Mo, Sn and Fe are common sulfides with high capacity and certain commercial value, and the sulfide negative electrode has certain lithium intercalation potential, so that the problem of lithium dendrite precipitation at low potential can be avoided.
In the battery of the second aspect of the invention, the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode membrane that is provided on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector and includes a negative electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder. In this embodiment, the negative current collector is made of copper.
In the battery of the second aspect of the present invention, a separator is further included, and the kind of the separator is not particularly limited, and may be any separator material used in existing batteries, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and multilayer composite films thereof, but not limited thereto.
In order to explain technical contents, structural features, and objects and effects of the technical means in detail, the following detailed description is given with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application.
Examples 1 to 12 and 20 to 22 lithium ion batteries (hereinafter, both of them will be referred to simply as batteries) were prepared.
The batteries 1-12 and 20-22 were each prepared as follows:
1. preparing a negative electrode:
and (3) cuprous sulfide: conductive agent acetylene: PVDF as 75: 15: 10, grinding and uniformly mixing; adding N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone adhesive, and uniformly mixing to obtain negative electrode slurry; and uniformly coating the negative electrode slurry on an aluminum foil current collector with the thickness of 13 mu m, drying the coated electrode plate in a vacuum oven at 80 ℃ for 6h, stamping the electrode plate into a wafer with the diameter of 15.40mm, and weighing the wafer to obtain the battery negative electrode.
2. Preparing an electrolyte:
the electrolyte was prepared as follows:
at water content<In a 10ppm argon atmosphere glove box, a nonaqueous organic solvent was mixed in the weight ratio of the examples and comparative examples, the shortage was supplemented with dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate to obtain a mixed solvent, and a sufficiently dried lithium salt LiPF was added6Dissolving in the mixed solvent, and stirring to obtain electrolyte solution containing LiPF6The concentration of (2) is 1 mol/L.
3. Preparing a battery:
stacking a negative plate, an isolating membrane (selecting a PE/PP/PE three-layer porous polymer film as the isolating membrane) and a commercial lithium plate in sequence to enable the isolating membrane to be positioned between the positive plate and the negative plate to play an isolating role, and then winding to obtain a bare cell; and placing the bare cell in an outer packaging foil, injecting the prepared electrolyte into the dried battery, and then carrying out vacuum packaging, standing, formation, shaping and other processes to obtain the lithium ion secondary battery.
Next, a method of testing the performance of the lithium ion secondary battery will be described.
(1) The voltage window (inert electrode vsLi) was measured using the following method: assembling a steel sheet/a separation film/a lithium sheet, and simultaneously injecting the electrolyte to be researched to form a button battery; adopting an electrochemical workstation to perform a window test on the electrolyte, wherein the test voltage range is 1.0-5.0V, and the scanning rate is 0.1 mV/s; confirming the use window of the electrolyte according to the peak potential initial position in the CV curve; the experimental Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) tests were all performed on the CHI1030C electrochemical workstation of shanghai chenhua instruments.
(2) The first cycle discharge capacity (mAh/g) adopts the following method: and (3) carrying out charge and discharge tests on the assembled battery by using a blue battery tester or a Xinwei battery tester. The charge-discharge cut-off voltage of the cuprous sulfide half cell during testing is 1.0-3.0V, the cuprous sulfide half cell is charged to 3.0V by adopting a 0.5C constant current and constant voltage, the cuprous sulfide half cell is discharged to 1V by adopting a 0.5C constant current, the first-week discharge capacity is taken as C1(mAh), wherein C1 is the first-week discharge capacity;
(3) the capacity retention (%) at 50 cycles was measured by the following method: and (3) carrying out charge and discharge tests on the assembled battery by using a blue battery tester or a Xinwei battery tester. The charge-discharge cut-off voltage of the cuprous sulfide half-cell during testing is 1.0-3.0V, the cuprous sulfide half-cell is charged to 3.0V by adopting a 0.5C constant current and constant voltage, the cuprous sulfide half-cell is discharged to 1V by adopting a 0.5C constant current, the first week discharge capacity is C1(mAh), the 50 th week discharge capacity is C2(mAh), wherein C1/C2 is the capacity retention rate of 50 weeks of circulation;
the parameters and test results of the lithium ion secondary batteries and the electrolytes provided in examples 1 to 12 and comparative examples 1 to 2 are shown in table 1.
As can be seen from table 1, the nonaqueous organic solvents provided in examples 1 to 12 include linear carbonates and cyclic non-carbonate compounds including cyclic ether compounds and/or cyclic sulfone compounds, and the batteries have long cycle life while having high energy density, as compared to comparative examples 1 to 2.
Further, as can be seen from examples 11 to 12, when the cyclic non-carbonate compound includes a cyclic ether-based compound and a cyclic sulfone-based compound, the cycle life of the battery is the best, better than the case of examples 1 to 10 in which only the cyclic ether-based compound or the cyclic sulfone-based compound is included alone.
Further, it is seen from examples 1 to 5, examples 7 to 9, and examples 11 to 12 that, when the positive electrode active material is the same and the linear carbonate content is not changed, the cyclic non-carbonate compound content in the electrolyte is within a specific range, the cycle performance of the battery is better.
The lithium ion secondary batteries and the electrolyte related parameters provided in examples 20 to 22 and comparative example 3 are shown in Table 2.
The cycle data for the cuprous sulfide cell is shown in fig. 1 for 4 different electrolytes in table 2. As can be seen from fig. 1, when the linear carbonate and the cyclic non-carbonate compound are included in the non-aqueous organic solvent in the electrolyte, the cycle data of the battery is significantly better than that of the comparative example having only the linear carbonate as the non-aqueous solvent. Under the condition that the positive electrode active substances are the same and the content of the linear carbonate ester is not changed, the higher the content of the cyclic non-carbonate ester compound in the electrolyte is, the better the cycle performance of the battery is.
The recycled cuprous sulfide pole piece is disassembled, and the surface edge angle of the pole piece on the surface of the copper sulfide anode pole piece in the electrolyte only containing the linear carbonate in the comparative example 3 is clear, and no film-forming substance exists, which is shown in figure 2 specifically. In example 20, the electrolyte containing 90% of linear carbonate and 10% of cyclic non-carbonate compound in the non-aqueous organic solvent obviously generates film-like substances on the recycled copper sulfide anode, as shown in fig. 3. The electrolyte comprises linear carbonate and a non-cyclic non-carbonate compound, so that a stable SEI film can be formed on a sulfur-containing negative electrode in operation, the sulfur element of the negative electrode is protected, the generation of an intermediate product lithium polysulfide is inhibited, the capacity fading speed of the battery is reduced, and the cycle performance of the battery is effectively improved; the lithium ion secondary battery has high energy density and long cycle life.
It should be noted that, although the above embodiments have been described herein, the invention is not limited thereto. Therefore, based on the innovative concepts of the present invention, the technical solutions of the present invention can be directly or indirectly applied to other related technical fields by making changes and modifications to the embodiments described herein, or by using equivalent structures or equivalent processes performed in the content of the present specification and the attached drawings, which are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. An electrolyte for a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising:
a lithium salt, wherein the lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate;
the non-aqueous organic solvent comprises linear carbonate and cyclic non-carbonate compounds, and the cyclic non-carbonate compounds comprise cyclic ether compounds and/or cyclic sulfone compounds.
2. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the linear carbonate is of the formula
Wherein R1 and R2 are each independently selected from C1-C5 alkyl;
the cyclic ether compound is a five-membered or six-membered cyclic ether compound; the molecular formula of the cyclic sulfone is CnH2nO2And S, wherein n is more than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 9.
3. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the linear carbonate accounts for 80-95% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent, the cyclic ether compound accounts for 5-10% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent, and the cyclic sulfone compound accounts for 5-10% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent;
preferably, the content of the linear carbonate is 80-90% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent, the content of the cyclic ether compound is 8-10% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent, and the content of the cyclic sulfone compound is 8-10% of the total weight of the non-aqueous organic solvent.
4. The electrolyte of claim 2, wherein the linear carbonate comprises one or more of dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate.
5. The electrolyte of claim 2, wherein the cyclic non-carbonate compound is selected from one or more of the structural formulas shown in formulas 1-8:
6. the electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte has an operating voltage window of 1-4.3V, preferably 2.0-4.2V.
7. A lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material;
a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material; the negative electrode active material includes a metal sulfide;
and an electrolyte as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6.
8. The lithium ion secondary of claim 7A battery, wherein the metal sulfide has the chemical formula MXS, wherein M represents a metal element, and X can take the value of 0.5, 1 or 2.
9. The lithium ion secondary battery of claim 8, wherein M is one or more of the metal elements Cu, Mo, Sn, Fe.
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5154990A (en) * | 1992-01-21 | 1992-10-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Rechargeable solid lithium ion electrochemical system |
| CN1333933A (en) * | 1998-12-17 | 2002-01-30 | 摩泰克公司 | Non-aqueous electrolytes for electrochemical cells |
| CN104362296A (en) * | 2014-11-21 | 2015-02-18 | 厦门大学 | Novel sulfenyl material electrode and preparation method and application thereof |
| US20180277830A1 (en) * | 2017-03-23 | 2018-09-27 | Ada Technologies, Inc. | High energy/power density, long cycle life, safe lithium-ion battery capable of long-term deep discharge/storage near zero volt and method of making and using the same |
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- 2019-06-04 CN CN201910481565.9A patent/CN111916830A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5154990A (en) * | 1992-01-21 | 1992-10-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Rechargeable solid lithium ion electrochemical system |
| CN1333933A (en) * | 1998-12-17 | 2002-01-30 | 摩泰克公司 | Non-aqueous electrolytes for electrochemical cells |
| CN104362296A (en) * | 2014-11-21 | 2015-02-18 | 厦门大学 | Novel sulfenyl material electrode and preparation method and application thereof |
| US20180277830A1 (en) * | 2017-03-23 | 2018-09-27 | Ada Technologies, Inc. | High energy/power density, long cycle life, safe lithium-ion battery capable of long-term deep discharge/storage near zero volt and method of making and using the same |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| SHI CHUNMEI等: ""New Insight into the Interaction between Carbonate-based Electrolyte and Cuprous Sulfide Electrode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries"", 《ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA》 * |
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