CN111905748B - 一种空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料及其制备与应用 - Google Patents
一种空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料及其制备与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了具有磁性可回收的空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料及其制备方法与应用。本发明采用树叶叶脉为结构载体制备空心柱状复合材料,廉价易得的CaCO3为钙源替代可溶性钙盐,钛源中混有的酸溶解钙源获取钙离子,弱酸H2C2O4替代H2SO4或HNO3等强酸性调节剂,弱碱CO(NH2)2替代NaOH或KOH等强碱性调节剂,有效避免了制备过程中的强酸强碱污染,提供了一种节约能源、绿色环保、无需强酸强碱和高温煅烧制备具有吸附作用、磁性可回收、空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料的方法,制得复合材料呈空心柱状且分布均匀,具有优良的磁性能,有效提高了复合材料的回收利用,还具有一定的吸附效果和良好的光催化性能,具有较好应用前景。
Description
(一)技术领域
本发明涉及一种空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料及其制备方法与应用。
(二)背景技术
随着社会的不断发展,环境问题随之而来,水资源及其污染问题日益严峻,给人类的生产生活带来前所未有的挑战。传统的水处理方法价格高、能耗大、回收难且效率低,在此背景下寻求一种绿色高效和易回收的光催化剂具有重要意义。
钙钛矿因其优良的介电性能、催化性能、生物相容性和光学性能,被广泛应用于电瓷材料、光催化还原CO2、防腐、建筑涂料、低温共烧陶瓷、活细胞成像和降解有机污染物等方面。CaTiO3作为最早发现的钙钛矿型氧化物,受到国内外研究者们的广泛关注。如Pei J等以Ti(C4H9O)4、Ca(NO3)2、KOH等为原料制备了CaTiO3/Ca (OH)2复合光催化剂(Pei J,MengJ,Wu S,et al.Effects of Ca/Ti ratio on morphology control and photocatalyticactivity of CaTiO3/Ca (OH)2composite photocatalyst[J].Materials Letters,2020:128229.)。 SHU QIANG等以CaCO3和TiO2为原料,经1400℃煅烧2~12h,制备了CaTiO3(SHUQIANG,JIAO,KRISHNANKUTTY-NAIR,et al. Preparation and electricalproperties of xCaRuO3/(1-x)CaTiO3 perovskite composites[J].Materials ResearchBulletin, 2009:1738-1742.)。
ZnFe2O4作为一种磁性铁氧体,具有结构稳定、成本低廉等优势,可用作光催化材料载体,与光催化材料进行复合可增加光催化材料的循环利用率。对于ZnFe2O4的制备科研学者们也进行了诸多研究,如朱梅英等以 FeSO4和ZnSO4为原料,两次用NaOH调节pH,制备了ZnFe2O4材料(朱梅英,刘辉,魏雨.由氢氧化氧铁制备纳米级铁酸锌及产物性质研究[J]. 无机盐工业,2007,039(008):19-21.)。
树叶的叶脉能够为植物体运输水分、无机盐和有机养料等,相互连接交错组成了维管系统。以树叶作为生物膜板,使Fe离子和Zn离子等进入叶脉,通过调控反应条件,可使产物沿叶脉生长从而制备出具有特殊形状的ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料。如果能将CaTiO3和ZnFe2O4有效的结合在一起,一方面可以制备空心柱状的复合材料,另一方面可增加复合光催化材料的磁性可回收性能,因此开发一种具有磁性可回收的空心柱状 ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料的制备方法具有重要意义。
(三)发明内容
本发明目的是提供具有磁性可回收的空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料及其制备方法与应用。
本发明采用的技术方案是:
一种以树叶叶脉为结构载体制备空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料的方法,所述方法包括:
(1)新鲜树叶洗净,剪去边缘,剩下部分剪碎后避光保存备用;
(2)称取CaCO3、TiOSO4、ZnSO4·7H2O、FeSO4·7H2O、H2C2O4、 CO(NH2)2分别置于去离子水中,搅拌均匀得到钙源悬浮液、钛源溶液、锌源溶液、铁源溶液、H2C2O4溶液和CO(NH2)2溶液;
(3)将步骤(2)制备的锌源溶液、铁源溶液按照ZnSO4·7H2O: FeSO4·7H2O摩尔比为1:1.8~2.2混合均匀,得到混合溶液一;
(4)称取步骤(1)所得树叶碎片加入混合溶液一中,得到树叶共混溶液;
(5)将步骤(4)得到的树叶共混溶液置于恒温磁力搅拌器中75~90℃持续搅拌,滴加H2C2O4溶液得到附着在树叶上的ZnFe2O4前驱体,其中ZnSO4·7H2O与H2C2O4的质量比为1:1~1.4;
(6)将步骤(5)反应后的树叶取出依次用去离子水和无水乙醇进行洗涤后备用;
(7)将锌源溶液置于恒温磁力搅拌器中20~30℃持续搅拌下缓慢加入钙源悬浮液,搅拌均匀后得到混合溶液二;
(8)将CO(NH2)2溶液滴加到混合溶液二中,调节溶液的pH至 6.5~7.5,得到混合溶液三;
(9)将步骤(6)得到的附着有ZnFe2O4前驱体的树叶置于混合溶液三中,静置8~12h后,转移到反应釜中进行水热反应;
(10)步骤(9)水热反应产物经过滤洗涤干燥后,转移至马弗炉中煅烧,煅烧后经洗涤、干燥和研磨得到红棕色ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3固体粉末,即所述空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料。
本发明采用树叶叶脉为结构载体制备空心柱状复合材料,廉价易得的 CaCO3为钙源替代可溶性钙盐,钛源中混有的酸溶解钙源获取钙离子,弱酸H2C2O4替代H2SO4或HNO3等强酸性调节剂,弱碱CO(NH2)2替代 NaOH或KOH等强碱性调节剂,有效避免了制备过程中的强酸强碱污染,提供了一种节约能源、绿色环保、无需强酸强碱和高温煅烧制备具有吸附作用、磁性可回收、空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料的方法。
进一步,步骤(1)中,将树叶边缘剪去后,将树叶剪碎成3mm*3mm 左右的碎片,在避光处保存备用。
步骤(2)中钙源悬浮液的配制方法如下:将CaCO3置于去离子水中,室温下超声搅拌15~30min,得到CaCO3悬浮液;CaCO3与水的配比为 1g:10~30mL,超声功率为60~180W。
步骤(2)中钛源溶液的配制方法如下:将TiOSO4与去离子水混合,超声搅拌15~30min后,在20~40℃下继续搅拌,得到TiOSO4溶液;其中,TiOSO4与水的配比为1g:10~30mL,超声功率为60~180W。
优选的,步骤(2)中:锌源溶液中ZnSO4·7H2O与水的配比为1g: 20~40mL;铁源溶液中FeSO4·7H2O与水的配比为1g:20~40mL; H2C2O4溶液中H2C2O4与水的配比为0.5g:20~40mL;CO(NH2)2溶液中CO(NH2)2与水的配比为1g:10~15mL。
具体的,步骤(4)树叶共混溶液中ZnSO4·7H2O和树叶的质量比为 1:6~14。
优选的,步骤(7)混合溶液二中CaCO3和TiOSO4的质量比为1:1~2,搅拌时间20~40min。
优选的,步骤(9)所述水热反应在130℃~170℃下进行,反应时间 8~14h。
优选的,步骤(10)中所述煅烧在400~600℃下进行,时间2~3h。所述干燥为鼓风干燥箱干燥,干燥温度70~100℃,时间2~4h。
本发明还涉及按照上述方法制备获得的空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料,以及所述空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料在制备光催化剂中的应用,所述光催化剂可用于光催化处理水污染。
本发明的有益效果主要体现在:
(1)本发明方法采用树叶叶脉为结构载体,通过离子运输进入叶脉,使产物沿叶脉内壁生成,进而制备了ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料;
(2)本发明方法利用钛源试剂中混有的酸将钙源CaCO3溶解转化为钙离子,H2C2O4为pH调节剂,避免了使用H2SO4、HNO3等强酸物质;
(3)本发明方法采用弱碱性CO(NH2)2为pH调节剂,避免了NaOH、 KOH等为pH调节剂带来的强碱污染;
(4)本发明方法反应过程节约能源,绿色环保;
(5)本发明ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料呈空心柱状且分布均匀;
(6)本发明ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料具有优良的磁性能,有效提高了复合材料的回收利用;
(7)本发明ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料具有一定的吸附效果和良好的光催化性能。
(四)附图说明
图1为实施例1制得的空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3材料的XRD图片。
图2为实施例1制得的空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3材料的SEM图片。
图3为实施例1制得的空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3材料的磁性效果图。
图4为实施例1制得的空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3材料的光催化效果图。
图5为未加树叶制得的ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3材料的光催化效果图。
(五)具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行进一步描述,但本发明的保护范围并不仅限于此:
实施例1:
(1)新鲜树叶先用去离子水洗净,用剪刀将树叶的边缘剪去,将树叶剪成3mm*3mm左右的碎片,在避光处保存备用;
(2)称取0.3525g CaCO3置于10mL去离子水中180W超声搅拌 20min得到钙源悬浮液,称取0.5287g TiOSO4置于10mL去离子水中180 W超声搅拌20min后继续在40℃下搅拌得到钛源溶液,称取0.1438g ZnSO4·7H2O溶解于5mL去离子水中得到锌源溶液,称取0.2781gFeSO4·7H2O溶解于8mL去离子水中得到铁源溶液,称取0.1796g H2C2O4置于10mL去离子水中搅拌溶解得到H2C2O4溶液,称取1.000g CO(NH2) 2置于10mL去离子水中搅拌均匀得到CO(NH2)2溶液;
(3)将步骤(2)制备的锌源溶液、铁源溶液混合搅拌均匀,得到混合溶液一;
(4)称取1.250g步骤(1)的备用树叶置于步骤(3)的混合溶液中,搅拌均匀静置12h,得到树叶共混溶液;
(5)将步骤(4)得到的共混溶液置于恒温磁力搅拌器中75℃下持续中速搅拌,滴加步骤(2)制备的10mL H2C2O4溶液得到附着在树叶上的ZnFe2O4前驱体;
(6)将步骤(5)反应后的树叶取出先后用去离子水和无水乙醇进行洗涤后备用;
(7)将步骤(2)制备的钛源溶液置于恒温磁力搅拌器中25℃持续中速搅拌下缓慢加入步骤(2)制备的10mL钙源悬浮液,搅拌20min 后得到混合溶液二;
(8)将步骤(2)制备的CO(NH2)2溶液滴加到步骤(7)持续中速搅拌的混合溶液中,调节溶液的pH至6.8得到混合溶液三;
(9)将步骤(6)得到附着有ZnFe2O4前驱体的的树叶置于步骤(8) 的混合溶液三中,静置10h后,转移至反应釜中160℃条件下水热反应 12h;
(10)将步骤(9)水热反应产物经过滤洗涤,在鼓风干燥箱中70℃下干燥4h后转移至马弗炉中600℃煅烧2h,样品经二次洗涤、70℃干燥4h后经研磨得到红棕色ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3固体粉末,其XRD谱图参见图1,SEM图片参见图2。
XRD谱图表明所制备的材料为ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料,SEM图片表明所制备的ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料形貌为均匀的空心柱状。
实施例2:
(1)新鲜树叶先用去离子水洗净,用剪刀将树叶的边缘剪去,将树叶剪成3mm*3mm左右的碎片,在避光处保存备用;
(2)称取0.5000g CaCO3置于15mL去离子水中180W超声搅拌 30min得到钙源悬浮液,称取0.7000g TiOSO4置于15mL去离子水中180 W超声搅拌30min后继续在40℃下搅拌得到钛源溶液,称取0.1650g ZnSO4·7H2O溶解于5mL去离子水中得到锌源溶液,称取0.3350gFeSO4·7H2O溶解于10mL去离子水中得到铁源溶液,称取0.2178g H2C2O4置于10mL去离子水中搅拌溶解得到H2C2O4溶液,称取1.000g CO (NH2)2置于15mL去离子水中搅拌均匀得到CO(NH2)2溶液;
(3)将步骤(2)制备的锌源溶液、铁源溶液混合搅拌均匀,得到混合溶液一;
(4)称取1.6000g步骤(1)的备用树叶置于步骤(3)的混合溶液中,搅拌均匀静置10h,得到树叶共混溶液;
(5)将步骤(4)得到的共混溶液置于恒温磁力搅拌器中80℃下持续中速搅拌,滴加步骤(2)制备的10mL H2C2O4溶液得到附着在树叶上的ZnFe2O4前驱体;
(6)将步骤(5)反应后的树叶取出用去离子水和无水乙醇进行洗涤后备用;
(7)将步骤(2)制备的钛源溶液置于恒温磁力搅拌器中30℃持续中速搅拌下缓慢加入步骤(2)制备的10mL钙源悬浮液,搅拌30min 后得到混合溶液二;
(8)将步骤(2)制备的CO(NH2)2溶液滴加到步骤(7)持续中速搅拌的混合溶液中,调节溶液的pH至6.9得到混合溶液三;
(9)将步骤(6)得到附着有ZnFe2O4前驱体的的树叶置于步骤(8) 的混合溶液三中,静置12h后,转移至反应釜中150℃条件下水热反应 14h;
(11)将步骤(9)水热反应产物经过滤洗涤,在鼓风干燥箱中80℃下干燥3h后转移至马弗炉中550℃煅烧2.5h,煅烧后样品经二次洗涤、 80℃干燥3h后经研磨得到红棕色ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3固体粉末。
实施例3:
(1)新鲜树叶先用去离子水洗净,用剪刀将树叶的边缘剪去,将树叶剪成3mm*3mm左右的碎片,在避光处保存备用;
(2)称取0.8000g CaCO3置于15mL去离子水中180W超声搅拌 25min得到钙源悬浮液,称取1.3280g TiOSO4置于15mL去离子水中 180W超声搅拌30min后继续在40℃下搅拌得到钛源溶液,称取0.2180g ZnSO4·7H2O溶解于8mL去离子水中得到锌源溶液,称取0.4500gFeSO4·7H2O溶解于15mL去离子水中得到铁源溶液,称取0.2870g H2C2O4置于12mL去离子水中搅拌溶解得到H2C2O4溶液,称取1.000gCO (NH2)2置于10mL去离子水中搅拌均匀得到CO(NH2)2溶液;
(3)将步骤(2)制备的锌源溶液、铁源溶液混合搅拌均匀,得到混合溶液一;
(4)称取2.000g步骤(1)的备用树叶置于步骤(3)的混合溶液中,搅拌均匀静置8h,得到树叶共混溶液;
(5)将步骤(4)得到的共混溶液置于恒温磁力搅拌器中80℃下持续中速搅拌,滴加步骤(2)制备的12mL H2C2O4溶液得到附着在树叶上的ZnFe2O4前驱体;
(6)将步骤(5)反应后的树叶取出用去离子水和无水乙醇进行洗涤后备用;
(7)将步骤(2)制备的钛源溶液置于恒温磁力搅拌器中20℃持续中速搅拌下缓慢加入步骤(2)制备的15mL钙源悬浮液,搅拌20min 后得到混合溶液二;
(8)将步骤(2)制备的CO(NH2)2溶液滴加到步骤(7)持续中速搅拌的混合溶液中,调节溶液的pH至7.3得到混合溶液三;
(9)将步骤(6)得到附着有ZnFe2O4前驱体的的树叶置于步骤(8) 的混合溶液三中,静置9h后,转移至反应釜中170℃条件下水热反应9h;
(11)将步骤(9)水热反应产物经过滤洗涤,在鼓风干燥箱中90℃下干燥2.5h后转移至马弗炉中500℃煅烧3h,煅烧后的样品经二次洗涤、 90℃干燥2.5h后经研磨得到红棕色ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3固体粉末。
性能测试实验:
催化剂的磁分离性能测试:称取0.045g实施例1制备的 ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料置于装有去离子水的透明玻璃瓶中,超声搅拌均匀得到悬浮液,将吸铁石靠近玻璃瓶一侧15s后,样品与溶液明显分离, ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料吸附在磁铁一侧,磁分离效果见图3,图3(a) 为不加磁铁,图3(b)为加磁铁15s后,可见该复合材料具有优良的磁性能,便于回收利用。
催化剂的暗吸附性能测试:在石英反应管中加入25mL初始浓度10 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液(MB),称取0.025mg实施例1~3制备的 ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料加入到上述25mL MB溶液中,超声5min后在黑暗条件下置于磁力搅拌器中持续搅拌1h,反应后经离心机离心取上层清夜,通过紫外分光光度计检测溶液的吸光度,根据标准曲线计算溶液中 MB的浓度,并计算出暗吸附效率。相同实验条件下测试了未加树叶制备 (其他参数同实施例1)的ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料的暗吸附效果,暗吸附效果见表1。
表1:样品的暗吸附检测分析结果
样品名称 | 暗吸附效率(%) |
实施例1 | 38.2 |
实施例2 | 35.4 |
实施例3 | 36.6 |
未加树叶试样 | 24.8 |
通过表1中实施例1~3样品的MB暗吸附效率(%)检测分析结果可知,实施例1~3样品对MB暗吸附效率(%)大于35%,说明实施例1~3样品具有一定的吸附性能,不加树叶试样对MB暗吸附效率(%) 小于25%,低于实施例制备的ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料。
光催化性能测试:空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料光催化性能测试是在光化学反应仪中进行的,首先在石英反应管中加入25mL初始浓度10mg/L的MB溶液,称取0.025g实施例中制备的空心柱状 ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料加入到上述25mL MB溶液中,暗吸附1h后,开启350w氙灯光照2.5h,通过紫外可见分光光度计测试溶液中光催化 2.5h后剩余的MB浓度,根据标准曲线计算光照2.5h后的降解率(%)。相同实验条件下,比较了空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料和未加树叶的ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料的光催化效果,空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料光催化效果图见图4,左侧为光催化前MB溶液,右侧为实施例1 样品光催化后MB溶液。未加树叶的ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料的光催化效果见图5,左侧为光催化前MB溶液,右侧为样品光催化后MB溶液,实验结果如表2所示。
表2:样品的光催化降解MB检测分析结果
样品名称 | MB降解率(%) |
实施例1 | 99.8 |
实施例2 | 97.2 |
实施例3 | 97.6 |
未加树叶试样 | 88.6 |
通过表2中实施例1~3样品的MB降解率(%)检测分析结果可知,实施例1~3样品对MB降解率大于97%,说明实施例1~3样品具有优良的光催化性能,不加树叶试样对MB降解率小于90%,低于实施例制备的ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料。
循环光催化性能测试:此外为了进一步考察所制备的光催化剂的可重复使用性,选择实施例1制备的ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料进行了循环光催化实验。在与光催化测试同等条件下重复使用3次,其光催化降解MB 的降解率如表3所示。
表3:样品的循环光催化性能检测分析结果
样品名称 | MB降解率(%) |
实施例1 | 99.8 |
重复1次 | 95.9 |
重复2次 | 93.7 |
重复3次 | 91.4 |
由表3可知实施例制备的ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料在重复使用3次后,其对MB的降解率仍然超过90%,表明ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料具有稳定的光催化性能。
Claims (7)
1.一种以树叶叶脉为结构载体制备空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料的方法,所述方法包括:
(1)新鲜树叶洗净,剪去边缘,剩下部分剪碎后避光保存备用;
(2)称取CaCO3、TiOSO4、ZnSO4·7H2O、 FeSO4·7H2O、H2C2O4、CO(NH2)2分别置于去离子水中,搅拌均匀得到钙源悬浮液、钛源溶液、锌源溶液、铁源溶液、H2C2O4溶液和CO(NH2)2溶液;
(3)将步骤(2)制备的锌源溶液、铁源溶液按照ZnSO4·7H2O:FeSO4·7H2O摩尔比为1:1.8~2.2混合均匀,得到混合溶液一;
(4)称取步骤(1)所得树叶碎片加入混合溶液一中,得到树叶共混溶液;
(5)将步骤(4)得到的树叶共混溶液置于恒温磁力搅拌器中75~90℃持续搅拌,滴加H2C2O4溶液得到附着在树叶上的ZnFe2O4前驱体,其中ZnSO4·7H2O与H2C2O4的质量比为1:1~1.4;
(6)将步骤(5)反应后的树叶取出依次用去离子水和无水乙醇进行洗涤后备用;
(7)将锌源溶液置于恒温磁力搅拌器中20~30℃持续搅拌下缓慢加入钙源悬浮液,搅拌均匀后得到混合溶液二;混合溶液二中CaCO3和TiOSO4的质量比为1:1~2;
(8)将CO(NH2)2溶液滴加到混合溶液二中,调节溶液的pH至6.5~7.5,得到混合溶液三;
(9)将步骤(6)得到的附着有ZnFe2O4前驱体的树叶置于混合溶液三中,静置8~12 h后,转移到反应釜中进行水热反应;所述水热反应在130℃~170℃下进行,反应时间8~14 h;
(10)步骤(9)水热反应产物经过滤洗涤干燥后,转移至马弗炉中煅烧,煅烧后经洗涤、干燥和研磨得到红棕色ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3固体粉末,即所述空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料;所述煅烧在400~600℃下进行,时间2~3h。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(2)中钙源悬浮液的配制方法如下:将CaCO3置于去离子水中,室温下超声搅拌15~30 min,得到CaCO3悬浮液;CaCO3与水的配比为1 g:10~30 mL,超声功率为60~180 W。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(2)中钛源溶液的配制方法如下:将TiOSO4与去离子水混合,超声搅拌15~30 min后,在20~40℃下继续搅拌,得到TiOSO4溶液;其中,TiOSO4与水的配比为1 g:10~30 mL,超声功率为60~180 W。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(2)中:锌源溶液中ZnSO4·7H2O与水的配比为1 g:20~40 mL;铁源溶液中FeSO4·7H2O与水的配比为1 g:20~40 mL;H2C2O4溶液中H2C2O4与水的配比为0.5 g:20~40 mL;CO(NH2)2溶液中CO(NH2)2与水的配比为1 g:10~15mL。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(4)树叶共混溶液中ZnSO4·7H2O和树叶的质量比为1:6~14。
6.按照权利要求1~5之一方法制备获得的空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料。
7.权利要求6所述空心柱状ZnFe2O4/CaTiO3复合材料在制备光催化剂中的应用。
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