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CN111800007A - Voltage equalization circuit - Google Patents

Voltage equalization circuit Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111800007A
CN111800007A CN202010692037.0A CN202010692037A CN111800007A CN 111800007 A CN111800007 A CN 111800007A CN 202010692037 A CN202010692037 A CN 202010692037A CN 111800007 A CN111800007 A CN 111800007A
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China
Prior art keywords
input
voltage
inductor
module
energy storage
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CN202010692037.0A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
徐梦然
王裕
陈思哲
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Guangdong University of Technology
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Guangdong University of Technology
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Priority to CN202010692037.0A priority Critical patent/CN111800007A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

The application discloses voltage equalization circuit includes: the device comprises a voltage input module, a voltage distribution module and an energy storage module; the input end of the voltage input module is connected with the output end of the energy storage module, and the output end of the voltage input module is connected with the input end of the voltage distribution module; the input end of the energy storage module is connected with the output end of the voltage distribution module; the voltage input module includes: the circuit comprises an input inductor, a first switch tube, a second switch tube, an input capacitor, a first inductor and a second inductor; the input capacitor, the first inductor and the second inductor are sequentially connected in series and then connected with the drain electrode of the first switching tube; the first end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the first switch tube and the input capacitor, and the second end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the second switch tube; the first inductor and the input capacitor are connected with the drain electrode of the second switch tube, and the technical problems that the transformer parameters need to be redesigned when the voltage of the series battery pack changes, but the transformer is large in size and generates large electromagnetic interference to influence the normal operation of a circuit are solved.

Description

Voltage equalization circuit
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of battery management, in particular to a voltage equalization circuit.
Background
With the large-scale development of new energy, more and more energy storage systems are required by the power grid to stabilize the power fluctuation of the new energy. Voltage source type energy storage elements such as super capacitors and power batteries are becoming the main energy storage devices due to their various advantages. Since the voltage of a single battery is small, it is often necessary to connect multiple batteries in series to meet the voltage requirements of the grid or load. Due to the voltage difference between the batteries of the same series battery pack in actual operation, the use efficiency of the battery pack is seriously reduced. Therefore, an important means for reducing the voltage difference between the batteries to improve the reliability and the utilization efficiency of the energy storage system is needed.
When the voltage of the existing series battery pack changes, the parameters of the transformer need to be redesigned, however, the transformer is large in size, and the normal operation of the circuit is affected by the generation of large electromagnetic interference.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides a voltage equalization circuit for when solving current series connection group battery voltage and changing, need redesign transformer parameter, nevertheless the transformer is bulky, and produces great electromagnetic interference and can influence the technical problem of the normal operating of circuit.
In view of the above, the present application provides a voltage equalization circuit, including: the device comprises a voltage input module, a voltage distribution module and an energy storage module;
the input end of the voltage input module is connected with the output end of the energy storage module, and the output end of the voltage input module is connected with the input end of the voltage distribution module;
the input end of the energy storage module is connected with the output end of the voltage distribution module;
the voltage input module includes: the circuit comprises an input inductor, a first switch tube, a second switch tube, an input capacitor, a first inductor and a second inductor;
the input capacitor, the first inductor and the second inductor are sequentially connected in series and then connected with the drain electrode of the first switching tube;
the first end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the first switch tube and the input capacitor, and the second end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the second switch tube;
the first inductor and the input capacitor are connected with the drain electrode of the second switch tube.
Optionally, the voltage distribution module includes N distribution submodules, where the N distribution submodules are sequentially connected in series, and N is 1, 2, … N;
each distribution submodule comprises a first capacitor, a first diode and a second diode;
each first capacitor is connected with the first inductor and the second inductor;
the second inductor and the drain electrode of the first switching tube are both connected with the cathode of a second diode of the nth distribution submodule;
the second end of the input inductor and the source electrode of the second switching tube are both connected with the anode of the first diode of the first distribution submodule.
Optionally, the energy storage module includes N batteries, and the N batteries are sequentially connected in series.
Optionally, the input capacitance and the first capacitance are both ceramic capacitances.
Optionally, the first switch tube and the second switch tube are both NMOS tubes.
Optionally, the input inductor, the first inductor, and the second inductor are all power inductors.
According to the technical scheme, the method has the following advantages:
the application discloses voltage equalization circuit includes: the device comprises a voltage input module, a voltage distribution module and an energy storage module; the input end of the voltage input module is connected with the output end of the energy storage module, and the output end of the voltage input module is connected with the input end of the voltage distribution module; the input end of the energy storage module is connected with the output end of the voltage distribution module; the voltage input module includes: the circuit comprises an input inductor, a first switch tube, a second switch tube, an input capacitor, a first inductor and a second inductor; the input capacitor, the first inductor and the second inductor are sequentially connected in series and then connected with the drain electrode of the first switching tube; the first end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the first switch tube and the input capacitor, and the second end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the second switch tube; the first inductor and the input capacitor are both connected with the drain electrode of the second switch tube.
The application comprises a voltage input module, a voltage distribution module and an energy storage module, wherein the energy storage module provides input current for the voltage distribution module through the voltage input module, so that the voltage distribution module can distribute the voltage to the energy storage modules to equalize the voltage of the energy storage modules, and, in addition, in the voltage equalizing circuit, the current of the first inductor is equal to the sum of the current of the second inductor and the input current, and therefore, when the voltage of the energy storage module changes, the input current can be controlled by setting the sizes of the first inductor and the second inductor, thereby leading the energy storage module to achieve balance without an external transformer, and solving the problems that when the voltage of the prior series battery pack changes, the transformer parameters need to be redesigned, however, the transformer is bulky, and the generation of large electromagnetic interference can affect the normal operation of the circuit.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a conventional voltage equalization circuit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a voltage equalization circuit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 3 is another schematic structural diagram of a voltage equalization circuit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an operating principle of a voltage input module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating another operation principle of a voltage input module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 6 is a schematic circuit diagram of a mode a of an energy storage module in an unbalanced working condition according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 7 is a schematic circuit diagram of a mode b of the energy storage module in an unbalanced working condition according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 8 is a schematic circuit diagram of a mode c of the energy storage module in an unbalanced working condition according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 9 is a schematic circuit diagram of a mode d of the energy storage module in an unbalanced working condition according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating an equalization result of a voltage equalization circuit according to an embodiment of the present application.
Wherein the reference numerals are: l isinIs an input inductance; s1Is a first switch tube; s2Is a second switch tube; cinIs an input capacitance; l is1A first inductor; l is2A second inductor; d1-1A first diode of the first distribution submodule; d2-1A second diode of the submodule is allocated for the first; d1-nA first diode of the nth distribution submodule; d2-nThe nth sub-module is assigned the second diode.
Detailed Description
As shown in FIG. 1, in the prior art, the relationship between the input terminal voltage and the output terminal voltage is Vin＝VoutD, wherein VinIs the input terminal voltage, VoutFor output voltage, D is the duty cycle of the switching tube (0)<D<1) Voltage at input terminal VinIs always greater than the output voltage Vout. When the series battery is used as the output end, the input end needs to be configured with a size VtotalD direct current power supply, wherein VtotalIs the series battery voltage. Meanwhile, the input current i needs to be set by setting the turns ratio of the transformerVMThe ideal range is reached, so that the series battery pack is balanced. However, when the battery voltage V is connected in seriestotalWhen the change occurs, the transformer parameters need to be redesigned and the size of the input dc power needs to be adjusted. In addition, the transformer used by the circuit has large volume and high cost, and peak current and peak voltage caused by leakage inductance of the transformer can generate large electromagnetic interference, so that the normal operation of the circuit is influenced.
In view of this, the present disclosure provides a voltage equalization circuit, which is used to solve the technical problems that when the voltage of a series battery pack changes, the transformer parameters need to be redesigned, but the transformer has a large volume and generates large electromagnetic interference to affect the normal operation of the circuit.
In order to make the objects, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is apparent that the embodiments described below are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
Referring to fig. 2 and fig. 3, an embodiment of the present application provides a voltage equalization circuit, including: the device comprises a voltage input module, a voltage distribution module and an energy storage module;
the input end of the voltage input module is connected with the output end of the energy storage module, and the output end of the voltage input module is connected with the input end of the voltage distribution module;
the input end of the energy storage module is connected with the output end of the voltage distribution module;
the voltage input module includes: the circuit comprises an input inductor, a first switch tube, a second switch tube, an input capacitor, a first inductor and a second inductor;
the input capacitor, the first inductor and the second inductor are sequentially connected in series and then connected with the drain electrode of the first switching tube;
the first end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the first switch tube and the input capacitor, and the second end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the second switch tube;
the first inductor and the input capacitor are both connected with the drain electrode of the second switch tube.
It should be noted that the energy storage module provides the input current i to the voltage distribution module through the voltage input moduleVMThe voltage distribution module preferentially inputs current iVMThe input current i in this application is assigned to the cell with the lowest voltage in the energy storage moduleVMThe calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002589645270000041
from the formula, it can be seen that the present application can reduce the first inductance L1Or increase the second inductance L2Or reducing the first inductance L1While increasing the second inductance L2To increase the input powerStream iVMTherefore, the balancing time of the energy storage module can be shortened, and the balancing speed of the energy storage module is improved.
It can be understood that, in the voltage input module, when the first switch tube S1Conducting the second switch tube S2When turned off, as shown in FIG. 4, the voltage V of the input inductorLinCan be expressed as:
VLin＝Vin；
wherein VinIs the input voltage.
First inductance L1And a second inductance L2The voltage of (d) can be expressed as:
VL1+VL2＝Vin-VCin-Vout；
wherein, VL1Is the voltage of the first inductor, VL2Is the voltage of the second inductor, VinFor input voltage, VCinIs the voltage of the input capacitor, VoutIs the output voltage.
When the first switch tube S1 is turned off and the second switch tube S2 is turned on, as shown in fig. 5, the input voltage inductor LinVoltage V ofLinCan be expressed as:
VLin＝VCin；
at this time, the first inductance L1And a second inductance L2The voltage of (d) can be expressed as:
VL1+VL2＝-Vout；
according to the volt-second balance theorem of inductance, the following can be obtained:
DVin+(1-D)VCin＝0；
D(Vin-VCin-Vout)+(1-D)(-Vout)＝0；
d is the duty ratio of the first switch and the second switch tube.
From this, it can be derived:
Figure BDA0002589645270000051
in the examples of the present applicationThe relationship between the input terminal voltage and the output terminal voltage of (1) is: voltage V at input terminalinEqual to DVoutL (1-D), wherein VoutFor the output voltage, therefore, when the switch tube is controlled by a signal with a duty ratio D equal to 0.5, the input voltage VinEqual to the voltage V at the output terminaloutTherefore, the energy storage module in this application can be used as the input terminal and the output terminal of the equalizing circuit at the same time, and does not need an additional input dc power supply1Current and second inductance L2Current of (d) and input current iVMThe relationship between is iL1＝iL2+iVMTherefore, by providing the first inductance L1And a second inductance L2To make the input current iVMReaching the ideal range and further leading the equilibrium time to reach the ideal value. Therefore, the first inductor and the second inductor can replace a transformer without externally arranging the transformer, so that various defects of a circuit caused by the adoption of the transformer are avoided, the topology of the circuit is simplified, and the stability and the reliability of the circuit are improved.
The embodiment of the application comprises a voltage input module, a voltage distribution module and an energy storage module, wherein the energy storage module provides input current for the voltage distribution module through the voltage input module, so that the voltage distribution module can distribute the voltage to the energy storage modules to equalize the voltage of the energy storage modules, and, in addition, in the voltage equalizing circuit, the current of the first inductor is equal to the sum of the current of the second inductor and the input current, and therefore, when the voltage of the energy storage module changes, the input current can be controlled by setting the sizes of the first inductor and the second inductor, thereby leading the energy storage module to achieve balance without an external transformer, and solving the problems that when the voltage of the prior series battery pack changes, the transformer parameters need to be redesigned, however, the transformer is bulky, and the generation of large electromagnetic interference can affect the normal operation of the circuit.
The above is a detailed description of a first embodiment of a voltage equalization circuit provided in the present application, and the following is a detailed description of a second embodiment of a voltage equalization circuit provided in the present application.
Referring to fig. 2 and fig. 3, an embodiment of the present application provides a voltage equalization circuit, including: the device comprises a voltage input module, a voltage distribution module and an energy storage module;
the input end of the voltage input module is connected with the output end of the energy storage module, and the output end of the voltage input module is connected with the input end of the voltage distribution module;
the input end of the energy storage module is connected with the output end of the voltage distribution module;
the voltage input module includes: the circuit comprises an input inductor, a first switch tube, a second switch tube, an input capacitor, a first inductor and a second inductor;
the input capacitor, the first inductor and the second inductor are sequentially connected in series and then connected with the drain electrode of the first switching tube;
the first end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the first switch tube and the input capacitor, and the second end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the second switch tube;
the first inductor and the input capacitor are both connected with the drain electrode of the second switch tube.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present application, both the input capacitor and the first capacitor may be ceramic capacitors with no polarity, equivalent series internal resistance, and low volume cost, both the first switching tube and the second switching tube may be NMOS tubes, and each of the input inductor, the first inductor, and the second inductor may be a power inductor with low equivalent direct current internal resistance.
As a further improvement, the voltage distribution module in this embodiment includes N distribution submodules, where the N distribution submodules are sequentially connected in series, and N is 1, 2, … N;
each distribution submodule comprises a first capacitor, a first diode and a second diode;
each first capacitor is connected with the first inductor and the second inductor;
the second inductor and the drain electrode of the first switching tube are connected with the second diode D of the nth distribution submodule2-nThe cathode of the anode is connected;
the second end of the input inductor and the source electrode of the second switch tube are connected with the first diode D of the first distribution submodule1-1Is connected with the anode of the anode.
It should be noted that the cathode of a first diode and the anode of a second diode are both connected to a first capacitor to form a distribution submodule.
As a further improvement, the energy storage module in this embodiment includes N batteries, and the N batteries are sequentially connected in series.
It should be noted that the number of the distribution submodules in this embodiment is the same as the number of the batteries, and each distribution submodule is correspondingly connected to one battery and used for distributing voltage to the batteries, so that the voltages of the batteries in the energy storage module can be balanced.
The embodiment of the application comprises a voltage input module, a voltage distribution module and an energy storage module, wherein the energy storage module provides input current for the voltage distribution module through the voltage input module, so that the voltage distribution module can distribute the voltage to the energy storage modules to equalize the voltage of the energy storage modules, and, in addition, in the voltage equalizing circuit, the current of the first inductor is equal to the sum of the current of the second inductor and the input current, and therefore, when the voltage of the energy storage module changes, the input current can be controlled by setting the sizes of the first inductor and the second inductor, thereby leading the energy storage module to achieve balance without an external transformer, and solving the problems that when the voltage of the prior series battery pack changes, the transformer parameters need to be redesigned, however, the transformer is bulky, and the generation of large electromagnetic interference can affect the normal operation of the circuit.
In the following, four batteries are used as energy storage modules, and a specific operation principle of the present application in an unbalanced state, that is, voltages of the batteries are different, is described, assuming that B1Voltage of (c) minimum:
the mode a: first switch tube S1Is turned on, the first diode D of the first distribution submodule1-1Conducting and the rest diodes are turned off. Input capacitance CinA first capacitor C1And a second inductance L2In the discharge state, the input inductance LinA first inductor L1And battery B1～B4In a charging state. As shown in fig. 6。
Mode b: first switch tube S1Conducting, second diode D of first distribution submodule2-1Conducting and the rest diodes are turned off. Input capacitance CinA first capacitor C1And battery B1～B4In the discharge state, the input inductance LinA first inductor L1And a second inductance L2In a charging state. As shown in fig. 7.
And a mode c: a second switch tube S2Is turned on, the second diode D of the first distribution submodule2-1Conducting, turning off the rest diodes, and inputting inductance LinAnd a first inductance L1In the discharge state, the input capacitor CinA first capacitor C1And a second inductance L2And battery B1～B4In a charging state. As shown in fig. 8.
Mode d: the second switch tube S2 is turned on, and the first diode D of the first distribution submodule is connected1-1Conducting and the rest diodes are turned off. Input inductance LinA first inductor L1And a second inductance L2In the discharge state, the input capacitor CinA first capacitor C1And battery B1～B4In a charging state. As shown in fig. 9.
In order to verify the feasibility of the application, the voltage equalization circuit provided by the application is subjected to simulation verification in PSIM simulation software. Taking the example of balancing 4 cells, each cell uses a capacitance of 0.04F. The main simulation parameters are as follows: input capacitance CinAll four first capacitances are the same, i.e. C, 100 muf1＝C2＝C3＝C4＝22μF，L2＝Lin＝330μH，L133 muH, diode forward conduction voltage drop VD＝0.36V，B1～B4The initial voltages are respectively 0V, 1.5V, 2.0V and 2.5V, the switching frequencies of the first switching tube and the second switching tube are both 50kHz, as shown in fig. 10, the four batteries are balanced in about 0.8s, and the difference of the voltages among the batteries in the energy storage module can be eliminated.
The above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present application, and not for limiting the same; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application.

Claims (6)

1. A voltage equalization circuit, comprising: the device comprises a voltage input module, a voltage distribution module and an energy storage module;
the input end of the voltage input module is connected with the output end of the energy storage module, and the output end of the voltage input module is connected with the input end of the voltage distribution module;
the input end of the energy storage module is connected with the output end of the voltage distribution module;
the voltage input module includes: the circuit comprises an input inductor, a first switch tube, a second switch tube, an input capacitor, a first inductor and a second inductor;
the input capacitor, the first inductor and the second inductor are sequentially connected in series and then connected with the drain electrode of the first switching tube;
the first end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the first switch tube and the input capacitor, and the second end of the input inductor is connected with the source electrode of the second switch tube;
the first inductor and the input capacitor are connected with the drain electrode of the second switch tube.
2. The voltage equalization circuit of claim 1 wherein the voltage distribution module comprises N distribution submodules, the N distribution submodules being serially connected in series, N being 1, 2, … N;
each distribution submodule comprises a first capacitor, a first diode and a second diode;
each first capacitor is connected with the first inductor and the second inductor;
the second inductor and the drain electrode of the first switching tube are both connected with the cathode of a second diode of the nth distribution submodule;
the second end of the input inductor and the source electrode of the second switching tube are both connected with the anode of the first diode of the first distribution submodule.
3. The voltage equalizing circuit of claim 1, wherein the energy storage module comprises N cells, and the N cells are sequentially connected in series.
4. The voltage equalizing circuit of claim 2, wherein the input capacitance and the first capacitance are both ceramic capacitances.
5. The voltage equalizing circuit of claim 1, wherein the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor are both NMOS transistors.
6. The voltage equalization circuit of claim 1 wherein the input inductor, the first inductor, and the second inductor are power inductors.
CN202010692037.0A 2020-07-17 2020-07-17 Voltage equalization circuit Pending CN111800007A (en)

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105247757A (en) * 2013-05-28 2016-01-13 国立研究开发法人宇宙航空研究开发机构 Charger-discharger with equalization function using both convertor and multi-stage voltage doubler rectifier circuit
CN106655402A (en) * 2017-01-18 2017-05-10 广东工业大学 Active voltage balancing circuit and power storage system

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105247757A (en) * 2013-05-28 2016-01-13 国立研究开发法人宇宙航空研究开发机构 Charger-discharger with equalization function using both convertor and multi-stage voltage doubler rectifier circuit
CN106655402A (en) * 2017-01-18 2017-05-10 广东工业大学 Active voltage balancing circuit and power storage system

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
KAZUKI YASHIRO 等: "Transformer-Less Bidirectional PWM Converter Integrating Cell Voltage Equalizer Using Voltage Multiplier for Series Connected Energy Storage Cells", 《IEEE》 *
MASATOSHI UNO 等: "Cell Voltage Equalizer Using Series Resonant Inverter and Voltage Multiplier for Series-Connected Supercapacitors", 《IEEE》 *
MASATOSHI UNO 等: "Single-Switch Multioutput Charger Using Voltage Multiplier for Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Battery/Supercapacitor Equalization", 《TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS》 *

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Application publication date: 20201020