CN110831976A - 用于制备抗体-药物缀合物的双重缀合方法 - Google Patents
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- CN110831976A CN110831976A CN201880033670.XA CN201880033670A CN110831976A CN 110831976 A CN110831976 A CN 110831976A CN 201880033670 A CN201880033670 A CN 201880033670A CN 110831976 A CN110831976 A CN 110831976A
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于制备抗体‑药物缀合物的方法,并且涉及抗体‑药物缀合物,其中治疗性部分通过可切割或不可切割的接头与一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸缀合以及与一个或更多个还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于将治疗性部分通过可切割或不可切割的接头与抗体缀合的新方法。此外,本发明涉及新的抗体-药物缀合物。
背景技术
抗体-药物缀合物(antibody-drug conjugate,ADC)是新兴的一类靶向治疗剂,其中将抗体的特异性与细胞毒性分子的效力相组合。
经半胱氨酸改造的抗体越来越多地用于治疗性部分(例如,药物、毒素或用于放射性同位素的螯合剂)、荧光标记或亲水性聚合物的缀合。在抗体的合适位置引入半胱氨酸残基允许控制缀合的位点,并且所获得的位点特异性缀合物比通过野生型缀合(即,通过还原型链间半胱氨酸的缀合)获得的缀合物更加同质。与野生型缀合物相比,位点特异性缀合的ADC通常表现出至少等效的体内效力、提高的药代动力学(pharmacokinetic,PK)和扩大的治疗窗。临床试验中的首个位点特异性ADC,SGN-CD33A(Seattle Genetics),包含可切割的二肽接头(即缬氨酸-丙氨酸)和作为药物的DNA交联吡咯并苯并二氮杂(pyrrolobenzodiazepine,PBD)二聚体,其与IgG1 mAb h2H12的Fc部分中重链位置S239C处的半胱氨酸连接,平均药物-抗体比(drug-to-antibody ratio,DAR)为1.9(Sutherland等,Blood,2013,122(8),1455-1463)。这种低载药量可能不适用于每种接头药物或每种类型的癌症。对于效力较低的毒素或对于靶抗原表达较低的癌症类型,较高的DAR可能是必要的。然而,这只有在开发的晚期阶段才可变得明显,此时已将大量时间、精力和资源投入在开发在重链或轻链中具有一个改造半胱氨酸的抗体。此外,当1.9的平均DAR明显不足时,必须在抗体中改造另外的半胱氨酸,这需要新抗体开发,并且因此需要新细胞系开发,这是一个漫长的过程。另外,确定一个或更多个另外的半胱氨酸的位置不是一件微不足道的事,因为例如并不是所有位置都能够进行缀合,或者某些位置可产生具有不可接受高百分比的高分子量聚集体(high molecular weight aggregate,HMW)的ADC。
因此,仍然需要可用于容易地调整所产生ADC的DAR而无需进行全新抗体开发的新且更灵活的缀合方法,以及具有可接受的抗原结合特性、药代动力学、体内效力、治疗指数和/或稳定性的ADC。
发明简述
本发明涉及用于制备抗体-药物缀合物的方法,并且涉及抗体-药物缀合物,其中治疗性部分通过可切割或不可切割的接头与一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸缀合以及与一个或更多个还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合。
附图简述
图1.仅通过还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合的vc-seco-DUBA ADC 1d(DAR 2.5)(上图)和通过位置HC41处改造半胱氨酸和还原型链间半胱氨酸二者缀合的vc-seco-DUBA ADC 1c(DAR 2.6)(下图)的HIC谱。
图2.使用根据本发明的方法用递增量的TCEP获得的DAR递增的通过位置HC41处改造半胱氨酸和还原型链间半胱氨酸二者缀合的vc-MMAE ADC的HIC谱。
图3.使用根据本发明的方法获得的DAR递增的通过位置HC41处改造半胱氨酸和还原型链间半胱氨酸二者缀合的抗PSMA-vc-seco-DUBA ADC 3a至3d的胱天蛋白酶3/7测定。利妥昔单抗-vc-seco-DUBA是非结合ADC对照。
图4.通过位置HC41处改造半胱氨酸和还原型链间半胱氨酸二者缀合的抗5T4-vc-seco-DUBA ADC 1b(,DAR 2.2)和1c(,DAR 2.6)、仅通过还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合的ADC 1d(仅随机,,DAR 2.5)在ceslce KO裸鼠中的BT474异种移植物中的体内效力。
图5.通过位置HC41处改造半胱氨酸和还原型链间半胱氨酸二者缀合的抗5T4-vc-seco-DUBA ADC 1c(DAR 2.6)和仅通过还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合的抗5T4-vc-seco-DUBAADC 1d(DAR 2.5)的完整PK曲线。
发明详述
本发明涉及用于制备抗体-药物缀合物的方法,并且涉及抗体-药物缀合物,其中治疗性部分通过可切割或不可切割的接头与一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸缀合以及与一个或更多个还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合。
在本说明书通篇使用的术语“抗体”是指包含两条重链和两条轻链的单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,mAb)或其抗原结合片段,其中存在至少一个链间二硫键,例如,Fab、Fab’或F(ab’)2片段。根据本发明的抗体可以是任何同种型,例如IgG、IgA或IgM抗体。优选地,抗体是IgG抗体,更优选IgG1或IgG2抗体。抗体可以是嵌合的、人源化的或人的。优选地,抗体是人源化的。甚至更优选地,抗体是人源化或人IgG抗体,最优选人源化或人IgG1mAb。抗体可以具有κ(卡帕)或λ(拉姆达)轻链,优选κ(卡帕)轻链,即人源化或人IgG1-κ抗体。
在人源化抗体中,HC和LC的可变区中的抗原结合互补决定区(complementaritydetermining region,CDR)来源于来自非人物种(通常是小鼠、大鼠或兔)的抗体。这些非人CDR可置于HC和LC的可变区的人框架(FR1、FR2、FR3和FR4)内。可将人FR中选定的氨基酸交换为相应的原始非人物种氨基酸以提高结合亲和力,同时保持低免疫原性。或者,将原始非人物种FR中选定的氨基酸交换为其相应的人氨基酸以降低免疫原性,同时保持抗体的结合亲和力。将这样人源化的可变区与人恒定区组合。
本文中使用的术语“单克隆抗体”和“mAb”是指从基本上同质的抗体的群获得的抗体,即,除了可以以少量存在的可能天然存在的突变之外,构成该群的单个抗体是相同的。可通过用代表所期望抗原的肽的混合物对动物进行免疫接种来产生抗体。分离B淋巴细胞并使其与骨髓瘤细胞融合,或在存在条件化培养基和饲养细胞的情况下将单一B淋巴细胞培养数天。测试含有产生的抗体的骨髓瘤或B淋巴细胞上清液以选择合适的B淋巴细胞或杂交瘤。可通过最初由等,Nature,1975,256,495-497描述的杂交瘤方法由合适的杂交瘤制备单克隆抗体。或者,可以裂解合适B细胞或淋巴瘤的RNA,可以分离RNA,对其进行逆转录并测序。可在细菌、真核动物或植物细胞中用重组DNA方法制备抗体(参见,例如,美国专利No.4,816,567)。还可使用本领域中,例如Clackson等,Nature 199,1352,624-628和Marks等,J.Mol.Biol.1991,222,581-597中描述的技术从噬菌体抗体文库分离“单克隆抗体”。
在本说明书通篇使用的术语“经半胱氨酸改造的抗体”是指其中已经通过基因改造技术通过用半胱氨酸替换抗体的一个或更多个氨基酸残基或者通过将一个或更多个半胱氨酸插入到一级氨基酸序列中引入一个或更多个半胱氨酸残基的抗体。
在本说明书通篇使用的术语“抗体-药物缀合物(ADC)”是指如上文所定义的抗体,一个或更多个治疗性部分通过接头(接头药物)与其缀合。与抗体缀合的接头药物的数量通常称为药物-抗体比(DAR)。缀合过程通常产生不同ADC分子(即具有不同药物-抗体比的不同DAR物质)的异质混合物。因此,术语“ADC”也指这样的DAR物质的混合物。术语“平均DAR”是指这样的DAR物质的群体的平均DAR。如本领域中公知的,可例如通过使用疏水作用色谱法(hydrophobic interaction chromatography,HIC)或反相高效液相色谱法(reversedphase high-performance liquid chromatography,RP-HPLC)来确定DAR和药物负载分布。HIC特别适用于确定平均DAR。
本发明涉及用于制备抗体-药物缀合物的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a.选择性地还原经半胱氨酸改造的抗体,包括使在选自以下的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸的抗体与根据式(I)、(II)、(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)或(VII)的化合物或其盐反应:根据Kabat编号系统的重链40、41和89,根据Eu编号系统的重链152、153、155和171,根据Kabat编号系统的轻链40和41,以及根据Eu编号系统的轻链165和168:
b.用链间二硫键还原剂进一步还原步骤a.中经选择性还原的抗体;以及
c.使治疗性部分通过可切割或不可切割的接头与步骤b.中经进一步还原的抗体缀合。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,根据式(I)、(II)、(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)或(VII)的化合物以每摩尔量改造半胱氨酸至少1摩尔当量的量存在。这意味着为了选择性地还原在轻链或重链中具有一个改造半胱氨酸的抗体,即在抗体中存在两个改造半胱氨酸,每摩尔抗体使用至少两摩尔化合物。
优选的是以下方法,其中使用每摩尔量改造半胱氨酸2至16摩尔当量的根据式(I)、(II)、(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)或(VII)的化合物的量。如果使用每摩尔量改造半胱氨酸少于1摩尔当量,则不能实现所有改造半胱氨酸的完全还原。化合物/改造半胱氨酸的摩尔比影响改造半胱氨酸的还原(脱帽)率,但是其对还原的选择性没有影响。
优选地,本发明涉及其中抗体在选自重链40、41、152和153以及轻链40、41和165的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸的方法。更优选地,抗体在选自重链41以及轻链40和41的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸。最优选地,根据本发明方法使用的抗体在重链41处包含改造半胱氨酸,即HC41C。
在本发明的上下文中,Kabat编号用于指示在重链(HC)和轻链(LC)可变区中改造半胱氨酸的氨基酸位置,且Eu编号用于指示在抗体的重链和轻链恒定区中的位置。表述“Kabat编号”是指在Kabat,E.A等,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,第五版.Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD.(1991)中描述的抗体汇编中用于重链可变结构域或轻链可变结构域的编号系统。
表述“Eu编号”是指Eu指数,如在Kabat,E.A.等,Sequences ofProteins ofImmunological Interest,第五版.Public Health Service,National InstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,MD,NIH出版物号91-3242,第662、680、689页(1991)中。
根据本发明,可通过使用常规的分子克隆技术来制备经半胱氨酸改造的抗体,或者可使用已知的(肽或DNA)合成设备和程序来原样合成带有半胱氨酸突变的抗体重链或轻链结构域。通常,使用类似于WO2015/177360中公开的那些的程序。
根据式(I)、(II)、(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)或(VII)的化合物在本发明的方法中选择性地还原抗体的改造半胱氨酸。根据式(I)的化合物是2-(二苯基膦基)苯磺酸,以及根据式(II)的化合物是2-(二环己基膦基)-苯磺酸。膦(I)和(II)作为例如磺酸或磺酸钠盐可从多个供应商(例如Sigma-Aldrich)商购获得。根据式(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)或(VII)的化合物可通过本领域已知的程序制备(类似于在例如M.Bornand等,Organometallics,2007,26(14),3585-3596和T.Schultz等,Synthesis,2005,6,1005-1011中公开的程序)。根据式(I)、(II)、(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)和(VII)的化合物在水溶液中容易去质子化,并且可与溶液中存在的阳离子形成相应的磺酸盐。典型的阳离子是例如铵离子、四甲基铵离子、三乙醇铵离子、咪唑鎓、钠离子和钾离子,即存在于用于制备ADC的常用缓冲溶液中的阳离子。
根据本发明优选的是其中使经半胱氨酸改造的抗体与根据式(I)、(II)、(III)、(V)、(VI)或(VII)的化合物或其盐反应的方法。根据本发明更优选的是其中使经半胱氨酸改造的抗体与根据式(I)、(II)或(III)的化合物或其盐反应的方法。根据本发明甚至更优选的是其中使经半胱氨酸改造的抗体与根据式(I)或(II)的化合物或其盐反应的方法。根据本发明最优选的是其中使经半胱氨酸改造的抗体与根据式(I)的化合物或其盐反应的方法。
本发明人尤其发现,通过使用根据式(I)、(II)、(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)或(VII)的化合物,在由抗体的CH1、VH、VL和CL结构域形成的Fab腔中特定位置处的加帽改造半胱氨酸被选择性还原,而由抗体的天然半胱氨酸残基(即链间半胱氨酸)形成的链间二硫键保持完整。
根据本发明方法使用的链间二硫键还原剂可以是适合于还原链间半胱氨酸二硫键的任何试剂。合适的链间二硫键还原剂是技术人员公知的,参见,例如R.E.Hansen等,Analytical Biochemistry,2009,394,147-158。通常,它们是水溶性的并且在pH 7下具有负氧化还原电位。还原剂可以是硫醇或膦。合适的硫醇包括1,4-(二硫代丁基)-2-胺(DTBA)、谷胱甘肽、半胱氨酸、2-巯基乙醇、2-巯基乙胺、二硫赤藓糖醇(DTE)或二硫苏糖醇(DTT)。合适的膦包括三(3-磺基苯基)膦、三(2-羧乙基)膦(TCEP)、三(3-羟丙基)膦(THPP)或三(羟甲基)膦。优选的还原剂是三(3-磺基苯基)膦、TCEP和DTT。最优选的链间二硫键还原剂是TCEP。
在根据本发明的方法中使用的链间二硫键还原剂优选地以每摩尔当量抗体多于0.1摩尔当量的量存在。更优选地,链间二硫键还原剂以每摩尔当量抗体至少0.25摩尔当量的量存在。甚至更优选地,链间二硫键还原剂以每摩尔当量抗体0.25至3或0.25至2摩尔当量的量存在。甚至更优选地,链间二硫键还原剂以每摩尔当量抗体0.5至2摩尔当量,最优选每摩尔当量抗体0.5至1摩尔当量的量存在。
本发明的方法在温和条件(即抗体稳定的条件)下进行。通常,根据本发明的方法在缓冲水溶液中进行。在(哺乳动物)宿主细胞中产生并使用常规设备和程序分离和纯化的经半胱氨酸改造的抗体可需要缓冲液交换,以获得进行根据本发明的选择性还原过程的最佳条件。合适的缓冲溶液包括磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)、柠檬酸盐、组氨酸、乙酸盐和琥珀酸盐缓冲的水溶液。缓冲水溶液中可存在另外的盐和其他溶质(例如,蔗糖、海藻糖、EDTA)。对于选择性还原步骤,缓冲溶液优选是乙酸盐缓冲溶液、组氨酸缓冲溶液、或乙酸盐和组氨酸缓冲溶液的混合物。
反应温度通常为0℃至40℃,pH通常为4至8。
对于选择性还原步骤a.,优选地pH为4至7。对于选择性还原步骤更优选地pH为5至6。
通常,在进一步还原经选择性还原的抗体之前除去未反应/过量的式(I)、(II)、(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)或(VII)化合物,通常通过超滤/渗滤(ultrafiltration/diafiltration,UF/DF)、切向流过滤(tangential flow filtration,TFF)或活性炭过滤来进行。
用于选择性还原步骤a.的上述反应条件主要影响选择性还原过程的完成率和完成度和/或抗体的稳定性。
根据本发明的链间二硫键还原步骤b.和后续缀合步骤c.可在缓冲水溶液(例如柠檬酸盐、组氨酸或琥珀酸盐缓冲的水溶液)中在抗体、待通过可切割或不可切割的接头缀合的治疗性部分(接头药物)以及所得抗体缀合物稳定的pH和温度下进行。通常,pH为5至8,且温度为0℃至40℃。
对于链间二硫键还原和后续缀合步骤,优选地pH为6至8,更优选地pH为6.5至7.5,最优选地pH为6.8至7.3。在其中进行根据本发明的链间二硫键还原步骤和后续缀合步骤的一种优选的缓冲水溶液包含组氨酸。
缓冲水溶液中可存在另外的盐和其他溶质(例如蔗糖、海藻糖、EDTA)。在待与抗体缀合的部分具有差水溶性的情况下,例如在疏水性接头药物的情况下,可将该部分溶解在有机的、水混溶性溶剂中。合适的溶剂包括二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)、丙二醇和乙二醇。
所得ADC可使用本领域技术人员已知的标准方法纯化,例如活性炭过滤以除去过量的接头药物,以及疏水作用色谱法(HIC)以除去任何未反应的抗体。
根据本发明方法制备的ADC可使用本领域已知的分析方法进行分析,例如高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、屏蔽疏水相HPLC(shielded hydrophobic phase HPLC,SHPC)、疏水作用色谱法(HIC)和尺寸排阻色谱法(size-exclusion chromatography,SEC)。
通常,根据本发明使用的抗体是与选自以下的靶标结合的单特异性或双特异性抗体或者包含至少一个重链和轻链可变区的抗体片段:膜联蛋白A1、B7H4、CA6、CA9、CA15-3、CA19-9、CA27-29、CA125、CA242、CCR2、CCR5、CD2、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD30、CD33、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD44、CD47、CD56、CD70、CD74、CD79、CD115、CD123、CD138、CD203c、CD303、CD333、CEA、CEACAM、CLCA-1、CLL-1、c-MET、Cripto、DLL3、EGFL、EGFR、EPCAM、EPh(例如,EphA2或EPhB3)、内皮素B受体(endothelin B receptor,ETBR)、FAP、FcRL5(CD307)、FGFR(例如,FGFR3)、FOLR1、GCC、GPNMB、HER2、HMW-MAA、整联蛋白α(例如,αvβ3和αvβ5)、IGF1R、TM4SF1(或L6抗原)、Lewis A样碳水化合物、Lewis X、Lewis Y、LIV1、间皮素、MUC1、MUC16、NaPi2b、连接蛋白-4、PD-1、PD-L1、PSMA、PTK7、SLC44A4、STEAP-1、5T4抗原(或TPBG,滋养层糖蛋白)、TF(组织因子)、TF-Ag、Tag72、TNFR、TROP2、VEGFR和VLA。
根据本发明使用的接头应包含可与脱帽的改造半胱氨酸或还原型链间半胱氨酸的巯基反应的官能团,例如马来酰亚胺或卤代乙酰基基团。接头可以是可切割的,例如,包含可切割的二肽)或者是不可切割的。合适的可切割接头和不可切割的接头是本领域中已知的。例如,可切割的接头可包含例如缬氨酸-瓜氨酸(vc)或缬氨酸-丙氨酸(va)部分,并且琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(N-马来酰亚胺基甲基)环己烷-1-羧酸酯(SMCC)是不可切割接头的一个实例。优选地,使用的接头是可切割的接头。
治疗性部分可以是药物、毒素或用于放射性同位素的螯合剂。
根据本发明优选的是其中治疗性部分是药物或毒素的用于制备ADC的方法。
合适的治疗性部分包括微管蛋白抑制剂(例如,美登木素生物碱(maytansinoid)、奥瑞他汀(auristatin)或微管溶素(tubulysin)的衍生物)、核糖体失活蛋白(例如,皂草毒蛋白(saporin)衍生物)、DNA小沟结合剂(例如,倍癌霉素(duocarmycin)或吡咯并苯并二氮杂(PBD)二聚体或衍生物)、DNA损伤剂(例如,PBD衍生物)、DNA烷基化剂(例如,倍癌霉素衍生物)、DNA嵌入剂(例如,加利车霉素(calicheamicin)衍生物)、DNA交联剂(例如,1-(氯甲基)-2,3-二氢-1H-苯并[e]吲哚(CBI)二聚体衍生物)、RNA聚合酶抑制剂(例如,鹅膏蕈碱(amanitin)衍生物)、DNA切割剂(例如,加利车霉素衍生物)或者破坏蛋白质合成或必需细胞蛋白的功能的试剂(例如,拓扑异构酶I或II抑制剂(例如,喜树碱(camptothecin)衍生物)、蛋白酶体抑制剂、组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂、核输出抑制剂、激酶抑制剂、或热休克蛋白90的抑制剂)。
优选地,治疗性部分是倍癌霉素、CBI二聚体、加利车霉素、PBD、PBD二聚体、美登木素生物碱、微管溶素、喜树碱、鹅膏蕈碱或奥瑞他汀的衍生物。最优选地,治疗性部分是倍癌霉素衍生物。
合适的治疗性部分的一些实例包括:倍癌霉素seco-DUBA、加利车霉素N-乙酰基γ加利车霉素二甲基酰肼(CalichDMH)、PBD二聚体SGD-1882、美登木素生物碱DM1和DM4、以及奥瑞他汀单甲基奥瑞他汀E(MMAE)和单甲基奥瑞他汀F(MMAF)。
在根据本发明的方法中使用的接头和治疗性部分的组合(接头药物)的一些实例包括vc-seco-DUBA(SYD980)、mertansine、emtansine、ravtansine、mc-vc-PAB-MMAE(也缩写为mc-vc-MMAE或vc-MMAE)、mc-MMAF和mc-vc-MMAF。这些缩写是技术人员公知的(也参见WO2015/177360)。接头药物vc-seco-DUBA在WO2011/133039中在p.210,ll.21-27作为化合物18b公开。在一个具体的实施方案中,根据本发明的方法包括如上文所限定的使vc-seco-DUBA与步骤b.中经进一步还原的抗体缀合的步骤(步骤c.),在该方法中优选地在步骤b中链间二硫键还原剂以每摩尔当量抗体0.5至1摩尔当量的量存在。
有利地,根据本发明的方法产生具有可忽略量的未反应抗体(DAR0)的反应产物,即ADC。另外,与仅链间半胱氨酸缀合的ADC相比,高分子量(HMW)物质的量较低,而平均DAR可通过改变链间二硫键还原剂的量容易地调整。可忽略量的DAR0有利于纯化过程。另外,抗体没有损失,这是ADC中最昂贵的部分。因此,根据本发明的方法比现有技术的缀合方法更有效。
本发明还涉及可通过上文所述的方法获得的ADC。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及抗体-药物缀合物,其中抗体在选自以下的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸:根据Kabat编号系统的重链40、41和89,根据Eu编号系统的重链152、153、155和171,根据Kabat编号系统的轻链40和41,以及根据Eu编号系统的轻链165和168;其中治疗性部分通过可切割或不可切割的接头与抗体的一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸缀合以及与抗体的一个或更多个还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合;并且其中抗体-药物缀合物的平均DAR为至少2.0。
优选地,本发明涉及如上文所述的ADC,其中抗体在选自重链40、41、89、152和153以及轻链40、41和165的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸。更优选地,本发明涉及如上文所述的ADC,其中抗体在选自重链40和41以及轻链40和41的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸。甚至更优选地,本发明涉及如上文所述的ADC,其中抗体在选自重链41以及轻链40和41的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸。最优选地,本发明涉及如上文所述的ADC,其中抗体在位置HC41包含改造半胱氨酸。
优选地,本发明涉及如上文所述的ADC,其中通过可切割或不可切割的接头与抗体的一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸缀合以及与抗体的一个或更多个还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合的治疗性部分选自:微管蛋白抑制剂(例如,美登木素生物碱、奥瑞他汀或微管溶素的衍生物)、核糖体失活蛋白(例如,皂草毒蛋白衍生物)、DNA小沟结合剂(例如,倍癌霉素或吡咯并苯并二氮杂(PBD)二聚体或衍生物)、DNA损伤剂(例如,PBD衍生物)、DNA烷基化剂(例如,倍癌霉素衍生物)、DNA嵌入剂(例如,加利车霉素衍生物)、DNA交联剂(例如,1-(氯甲基)-2,3-二氢-1H-苯并[e]吲哚(CBI)二聚体衍生物)、RNA聚合酶抑制剂(例如,鹅膏蕈碱衍生物)、DNA切割剂(例如,加利车霉素衍生物)或者破坏蛋白质合成或必需细胞蛋白的功能的试剂(例如,拓扑异构酶I或II抑制剂(例如,喜树碱衍生物)、蛋白酶体抑制剂、组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂、核输出抑制剂、激酶抑制剂、或热休克蛋白90的抑制剂)。
更优选的是其中治疗性部分选自以下的根据本发明的ADC:倍癌霉素、CBI二聚体、加利车霉素、PBD、PBD二聚体、美登木素生物碱、微管溶素、喜树碱、鹅膏蕈碱和奥瑞他汀的衍生物。最优选地,治疗性部分选自倍癌霉素衍生物或奥瑞他汀衍生物,例如MMAE和MMAF。
甚至更优选地,本发明涉及以下ADC,其中抗体在位置HC41包含改造半胱氨酸,且其中vc-seco-DUBA部分或vc-MMAE部分与改造半胱氨酸缀合且与一个或更多个还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合,并且其中ADC的平均DAR为至少2.0。
ADC的最佳平均DAR尤其取决于肿瘤相关抗原的类型、抗体的类型、治疗性部分的类型、接头的类型,以及取决于癌症的类型。抗原的特性,例如肿瘤相关抗原在癌细胞表面上的表达水平、与患病组织相比肿瘤相关抗原在健康组织中的分布及其内化率全部都影响ADC的最佳DAR。通常,包含疏水性治疗性部分的根据本发明的ADC将比包含疏水性较低的治疗性部分的根据本发明的ADC具有更低的最佳DAR,因为它们比包含疏水性较低的治疗性部分的ADC更容易形成HMW物质。包含效力较低的治疗性部分的ADC可需要较高的DAR以具有所期望的效力。
技术人员能够使用常规分析技术(例如SEC和HIC)并结合临床前体外测试(例如,针对癌细胞系的细胞毒性、使用细胞裂解或膜泄漏测定)和体内实验(例如,在异种移植动物模型中的效力)来确定用于治疗任何类型癌症的任何ADC的最佳DAR。
在一个优选实施方案中,根据本发明的ADC的平均DAR为至少2.2。在另一个优选实施方案中,根据本发明的ADC的平均DAR为2.0至6.0,更优选2.2至6.0。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及以下ADC,其中抗体在重链41位置包含改造半胱氨酸,并且其中vc-seco-DUBA部分与改造半胱氨酸缀合且与一个或更多个还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合,并且其中ADC的平均DAR为2.2至2.6。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明涉及以下ADC,其中抗体在重链41位置包含改造半胱氨酸,并且其中vc-MMAE部分与改造半胱氨酸缀合且与一个或更多个还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合,并且其中ADC的平均DAR为2.9至5.8。
有利地,根据本发明的ADC比仅通过链间半胱氨酸缀合的具有相同DAR的类似物具有更低的疏水性。这种降低的疏水性有利地影响ADC的药代动力学特性,即在体内观察到较少的去缀合和提高的效力。
本发明还涉及包含如上文所述的ADC和一种或更多种可药用赋形剂的药物组合物。治疗性蛋白质(例如抗体)的典型药物制剂采用冻干饼(冻干粉)的形式,其需要在静脉内输注之前(水性)溶解(即重构),或者采用冷冻(水性)溶液的形式,其需要在使用之前解冻。
通常,药物组合物以冻干饼的形式提供。用于包含在根据本发明的药物组合物(冷冻干燥之前)中的合适的可药用赋形剂包括缓冲剂溶液(例如,水中包含盐的柠檬酸盐、组氨酸或琥珀酸盐)、冻干保护剂(例如,蔗糖、海藻糖)、张力调节剂(例如,氯化钠)、表面活性剂(例如,聚山梨酯)和膨胀剂(例如,甘露醇、甘氨酸)。用于经冷冻干燥的蛋白质制剂的赋形剂根据其在冷冻干燥过程期间以及在储存期间防止蛋白质变性的能力来选择。
本发明还涉及如上文所述的ADC或药物组合物,其用作药物,特别是用于治疗或预防癌症,更特别是用于治疗实体瘤和血液恶性肿瘤。
实施例
材料和方法
使用与WO2015/177360中描述的程序类似的程序使用根据SEQ ID NO:3和4的HC和LC前导序列获得包含SEQ ID NO:1的HCVR氨基酸序列以及SEQ ID NO:2的LCVR氨基酸序列的抗5T4 HC41C抗体。
使用WO2015/177360中描述的材料和程序获得抗PSMA半胱氨酸改造的HC41C抗体。试剂和缓冲液购自商业供应商。根据式(I)的化合物(即2-(二苯基膦基)苯磺酸)和根据式(II)的化合物(即2-(二环己基膦基)苯磺酸)、3-(二苯基膦基)苯磺酸、4-(二苯基膦基)苯磺酸和三苯基膦-3,3’,3”-三磺酸购自Sigma-Aldrich。根据式(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)和(VII)的化合物是通过使用类似于文献程序的程序将苯磺酸锂化并随后使锂化苯磺酸与合适的二烷基、二芳基或烷基/芳基(氯)膦反应而制备的,所述文献例如M.Bornand等,Organometallics,2007,26(14),3585-3596和T.Schultz等,Synthesis,2005,6,1005-1011。根据如WO2011/133039中描述的程序合成接头药物vc-seco-DUBA(SYD980)。
双重还原和缀合方案
向HC41C改造抗体的溶液(10mg/ml,100mM组氨酸,pH 5)添加2-(二苯基膦基)苯磺酸(DPPBS,式(I))(每摩尔当量经改造的抗体32摩尔当量,水中10mM),并使所得溶液在室温下静置过夜。将经选择性还原的抗体溶液重新缓冲至4.2mM组氨酸,50mM海藻糖pH6(约10mg/ml)并用EDTA(4%v/v,水中25mM)、TRIS(1%v/v,水中1M,pH 8)和TCEP(每摩尔当量抗体0.5至2摩尔当量(取决于抗体和所期望的DAR),水中3mM)处理。将所得溶液在室温下孵育3.5小时,在此之后添加N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)(最终DMA浓度为10%v/v)和接头药物(SYD980或vcMMAE,每摩尔当量抗体约8摩尔当量,DMA中10mM)。将所得混合物在避光情况下在辊式混合器中混合1小时,随后使混合物在室温下静置过夜。通过活性炭过滤除去过量的接头药物,并使用离心过滤将所得澄清溶液重新缓冲至4.2mM组氨酸、50mM海藻糖pH 6。使用HIC/SEC分析所得ADC。
使用重链41C改造抗体使接头药物与仅链间半胱氨酸缀合的方案(使用改造半胱氨酸的N-乙基马来酰亚胺加帽(重链41C NEM加帽对照))
通过将DPPBS(32摩尔当量/每摩尔当量抗体,水中10mM)添加至HC41C改造抗体溶液(10mg/ml,100mM组氨酸,pH 5)合成野生型缀合对照HC41C抗体。使所得溶液在室温下静置过夜。将经选择性还原的抗体溶液重新缓冲至4.2mM组氨酸、50mM海藻糖pH 6(约10mg/ml),并用EDTA(4%v/v,水中25mM)、TRIS(1%v/v,水中1M,pH 8)处理,在此之后添加DMA(最终DMA浓度为约10%)和N-乙基马来酰亚胺(NEM,DMA中10mM,每摩尔当量抗体约3.5摩尔当量)以对在HC41的半胱氨酸进行加帽。在将混合物重新缓冲至4.2mM组氨酸、50mM海藻糖pH 6之后,将所得溶液在室温下孵育2小时。
将NEM加帽的HC41C改造抗体用EDTA(4%v/v,水中25mM)、TRIS(1%v/v,水中1M,pH 8)处理,在此之后添加三(2-羧乙基)膦(TCEP,水中2mM,1.33当量)。将混合物在室温下孵育2小时,在此之后添加DMA(最终DMA浓度为约10%)和接头药物(SYD980或vcMMAE)(DMA中10mM,约7摩尔当量)。3小时之后,添加活性炭以除去过量的接头药物,将溶液过滤并重新缓冲至4.2mM组氨酸、50mM海藻糖pH 6。使用HIC/SEC分析所得ADC。
HIC
对于分析型HIC,将5至10μL样品(1mg/ml)注入到TSKgel丁基-NPR柱(4.6mm ID x3.5cm L,Tosoh Bioscience,目录号14947)上。洗脱方法由在20分钟内以0.4ml/分钟从100%缓冲液A(25mM磷酸钠,1.5M硫酸铵,pH 6.95)到100%缓冲液B(25mM磷酸钠,pH 6.95,20%异丙醇)的线性梯度组成。柱温维持在25℃。使用配备有PDA检测器和Empower软件的Waters Acquity H-Class UPLC系统。在214nm处测量吸光度以对平均DAR和%DAR0进行定量。
SEC
方法A
将5μL样品(1mg/ml)注入到配备有TSKgel SWXL保护柱(7μm,6.0mm ID x 4.0cmL,Tosoh Bioscience,目录号08543)的TSKgel G3000SWXL柱(5μm,7.8mm ID x 30cm L,Tosoh Bioscience,目录号08541)上。洗脱方法由用100%50mM磷酸钠、300mM NaCl(pH7.5)以0.6ml/分钟洗脱30分钟组成。柱温维持在25℃。使用配备有PDA检测器和Empower软件的Waters Acquity H-Class UPLC系统。在214nm处测量吸光度以对HMW物质的量进行定量。
方法B
将2.5μL样品(1mg/ml)注入到Acquity UPLC Protein BEH SEC柱(,1.7μm,4.6mm ID x 15cm L,Waters,目录号186005225)上。洗脱方法由用200mM磷酸钠(pH 7.5)和20%异丙醇在中的1∶1混合物以0.3ml/分钟洗脱10分钟组成。柱温维持在40℃。使用配备有PDA检测器和Empower软件的Waters Acquity H-Class UPLC系统。在214nm处测量吸光度以对HMW物质的量进行定量。
结果
使用双重缀合方法使多种抗体与接头药物缀合。分析结果汇总在表1中。通过HC41处改造半胱氨酸和链间半胱氨酸二者缀合的ADC包含可忽略量的DAR0物质,并且与仅通过链间半胱氨酸缀合的ADC相比显示更少的HMW物质。另外,所有DAR峰的保留时间均缩短,这表明疏水性较低的DAR物质。图1示出了仅通过链间半胱氨酸缀合的抗5T4-vc-seco-DUBAADC(上图)相对于通过HC41处改造半胱氨酸和还原型链间半胱氨酸二者缀合的抗5T4-vc-seco-DUBA ADC(下图)在HIC谱中的差异。下图显示ADC混合物更同质。图2示出了通过位置HC41处改造半胱氨酸和还原型链间半胱氨酸二者缀合的抗5T4-vc-MMAE ADC的HIC谱。HIC谱显示,可以通过改变链间二硫键还原步骤中TCEP的量容易地调整ADC的DAR。
表1
NA=不适用
*HC41C NEM加帽对照
aSEC方法A
bSEC方法B
c低于检出限的量
dwt-抗PSMA-vc-seco-DUBA
凋亡测定
实验
将在完全生长培养基(RPMI 1640培养基(Lonza;Walkersville,MD,USA),补充有10%v/w合格FBS(Gibco-Life Technologies))中的LNCaP-C4.2细胞(15,000个细胞/孔)铺板于96孔板(90μl/孔)中。在37℃,5%CO2下孵育4小时之后,添加每种抗PSMA-vc-seco-DUBAADC(3a、3b、3c和3d)各10μl。在完全生长培养基中对每种ADC进行系列稀释。根据制造商的说明使用来自Promega Corporation(Madison,WI,USA)的ApoTox-GloTM三重测定试剂盒的致发光胱天蛋白酶-3/7底物在72小时之后评估凋亡。
结果
图3显示,随着抗PSMA-vc-seco-DUBA ADC的DAR升高,ADC显示出愈加更高的胱天蛋白酶-3/7活性。胱天蛋白酶-3/7活性较高表明凋亡增加。因此,具有较高DAR的抗PSMA-vc-seco-DUBA ADC更能刺激凋亡,如通过较高的发光信号所示。
体内抗肿瘤效力
通过将在含有基质胶的200μL RPMI 1640培养基(50∶50,v∶v,参考:356237,BDBiosciences,France)中的2,000万(2x107)个BT-474细胞皮下注射到雌性ces1ce KO裸鼠的右胁中诱导肿瘤。在用γ源(2Gy,60Co,BioMep,Dijon,France)进行全身辐照之后24至72小时进行BT-474肿瘤细胞植入。
当肿瘤达到200至300mm3的平均体积时,将小鼠在处理组之间随机化,直到达到7只动物的组大小。进行统计学检验(方差分析)以确保组之间的同质性。接下来,使小鼠接受载剂、1mg/kg抗5T4(HC41C)-vc-seco-DUBA(1b,DAR 2.2)、1mg/kg抗5T4(HC41C)-vc-seco-DUBA(1c,DAR 2.6)、1mg/kg抗5T4(HC41C)-vc-seco-DUBA(1d,仅链间半胱氨酸缀合,DAR2.5)的单静脉内(尾静脉)剂量。初步研究显示,在该模型中,1mg/kg剂量的抗5T4 ADC不会导致肿瘤完全缓解,允许以ADC形式评价调节效果。随机化和开始处理之日表示为第0天(D0)。
每周用卡尺测量肿瘤的长度和宽度两次,并通过下式估算肿瘤的体积:肿瘤体积=(宽度2×长度)/2。
图4示出了都通过位置HC41处改造半胱氨酸和还原型链间半胱氨酸二者缀合的抗5T4-vc-seco-DUBA ADC 1b(,DAR 2.2)和1c(,DAR2.6),以及仅通过还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合的ADC 1d(仅随机,,DAR2.5)在ces1ce KO裸鼠中的5T4阳性BT474异种移植物中的体内效力。在给药之后,所有ADC立即减慢肿瘤的生长,并且在十天之后,抗5T4-vc-seco-DUBA ADC 1b和1c的肿瘤体积减小(缓解)。相比之下,用ADC 1d处理的小鼠中的肿瘤仅减慢生长,但肿瘤体积未减小(肿瘤停滞(tumour stasis))。在30天之后,观察到肿瘤再生长。显然,ADC 1b和1c相对于ADC 1d显示出提高的效力。
PK研究
这项PK研究中的处理组由9只雄性和9只雌性ces1ce KO裸鼠组成。使小鼠以3mg/kg的单静脉内剂量接受ADC 1c或1d。在给药之后数小时的多个时间点采集血液样品,在冰水上冷却,并尽快处理成血浆。将血浆样品在液氮中快速冷冻并储存在-80℃直至分析。血浆中的ADC(缀合Ab)水平和总抗体水平(总Ab)水平使用基于ELISA的方法进行定量,如Dokter等,Mol.Cancer Ther.,2014,13,2618-2629中描述的。
图5示出了通过位置HC41处改造半胱氨酸和还原型链间半胱氨酸二者缀合的ADC1c(DAR 2.6)以及仅通过其还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合的ADC 1d(DAR 2.5)的完整PK曲线。对于ADC 1c,缀合Ab和总Ab的水平在96小时之后逐渐降低,这表明ADC稳定且几乎没有去缀合。然而,对于ADC 1d,缀合Ab的水平与总Ab的水平相比下降得更陡。这种现象表明去缀合。因此,ADC 1c比ADC 1d更不易遭受去缀合。
SEQ ID NO:1(HCVR抗5T4抗体HC41C)
SEQ ID NO:2(LCVR抗5T4抗体)
SEQ ID NO:3(HC兔前导序列)
SEQ ID NO:4(LC兔前导序列)
Claims (15)
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中根据式(I)、(II)、(III)、(IV)、(V)、(VI)或(VII)的所述化合物以每摩尔量改造半胱氨酸至少1摩尔当量的量存在。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中使所述经半胱氨酸改造的抗体与根据式(I)、(II)或(III)的化合物或其盐反应。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中所述抗体在选自重链40、41、152和153以及轻链40、41和165的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述抗体在选自重链41以及轻链40和41的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法,其中所述链间二硫键还原剂是三(3-磺基苯基)膦、三(2-羧乙基)膦或二硫苏糖醇。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中所述链间二硫键还原剂以每摩尔当量抗体多于0.1摩尔当量的量存在。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法,其中所述抗体是与选自以下的靶标结合的单特异性或双特异性抗体或者包含至少一个重链和轻链可变区的抗体片段:膜联蛋白A1、B7H4、CA6、CA9、CA15-3、CA19-9、CA27-29、CA125、CA242、CCR2、CCR5、CD2、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD30、CD33、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD44、CD47、CD56、CD70、CD74、CD79、CD115、CD123、CD138、CD203c、CD303、CD333、CEA、CEACAM、CLCA-1、CLL-1、c-MET、Cripto、DLL3、EGFL、EGFR、EPCAM、EPh(例如,EphA2或EPhB3)、内皮素B受体(ETBR)、FAP、FcRL5(CD307)、FGFR(例如,FGFR3)、FOLR1、GCC、GPNMB、HER2、HMW-MAA、整联蛋白α(例如,αvβ3和αvβ5)、IGF1R、TM4SF1(或L6抗原)、Lewis A样碳水化合物、Lewis X、Lewis Y、LIV1、间皮素、MUC1、MUC16、NaPi2b、连接蛋白-4、PD-1、PD-L1、PSMA、PTK7、SLC44A4、STEAP-1、5T4抗原(或TPBG,滋养层糖蛋白)、TF(组织因子)、TF-Ag、Tag72、TNFR、TROP2、VEGFR和VLA。
9.抗体-药物缀合物,其能够通过权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法获得。
10.抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述抗体在选自以下的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸:根据Kabat编号系统的重链40、41和89,根据Eu编号系统的重链152、153、155和171,根据Kabat编号系统的轻链40和41,以及根据Eu编号系统的轻链165和168;
其中治疗性部分通过可切割或不可切割的接头与所述抗体的所述一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸缀合以及与所述抗体的一个或更多个还原型链间半胱氨酸缀合;并且
其中所述抗体-药物缀合物的平均DAR为至少2.0。
11.根据权利要求10所述的抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述抗体在选自重链41以及轻链40和41的位置包含一个或更多个改造半胱氨酸。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的抗体-药物缀合物,其平均DAR为至少2.2。
13.根据权利要求10或11所述的抗体-药物缀合物,其平均DAR为2.0至6.0。
14.药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求9至13中任一项所述的抗体-药物缀合物和一种或更多种可药用赋形剂。
15.根据权利要求9至13中任一项所述的抗体-药物缀合物或根据权利要求14所述的药物组合物,其用作药物。
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