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CN110828756B - 一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜及其制备和使用方法 - Google Patents

一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜及其制备和使用方法 Download PDF

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CN110828756B
CN110828756B CN201911034493.XA CN201911034493A CN110828756B CN 110828756 B CN110828756 B CN 110828756B CN 201911034493 A CN201911034493 A CN 201911034493A CN 110828756 B CN110828756 B CN 110828756B
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厉英
唐甜甜
卢佳垚
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Northeastern University China
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Abstract

一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜及其制备和使用方法,分子式为Al2O3/Li0.35Sr0.475Ti0.3Nb0.7O3;制备方法为:(1)准备Li2CO3、SrCO3、TiO2和Nb2O5作为原料;(2)加入分散剂球磨混合后烘干;(3)升温至1100±5℃预烧,使前驱体中的残余水分和碳酸盐被蒸发去除,随炉冷却至常温,获得预烧料;(4)过100目筛后与Al2O3粉混合;(5)加入分散剂球磨混合,压制成电解质片;(6)用母粉覆盖后升温至1250±5℃煅烧,随炉冷却;抛光。本发明的锂离子固体电解质隔膜,在室温下具有更高的锂离子电导率,更低的电子电导率,良好的致密性,机械强度高,可以作为锂离子隔膜使用。

Description

一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜及其制备和使用方法
技术领域
本发明涉及锂电池材料技术领域,特别涉及一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜及其制备和使用方法。
背景技术
随着工业社会的迅速发展,人类对二次能源的需求愈来愈强,锂电池由于其优异的性能有望成为二次能源的储能设备之一。锂电池具有能量密度高,电化学性能优异,电化学窗口宽,循环寿命长,安全性高等优点,主要由正极、负极、电解质、隔膜和外壳组成,商业化电池隔膜的主要作用是将电池的正、负极分开,防止两极接触而发生短路,同时使电解质离子通过并阻止电子通过,因此电池隔膜的性能决定了电池的界面结构、阻抗等,从而影响电池的容量、循环性能以及安全性能。
目前被广泛应用的锂电池多使用液态电解质,但使用过程中液态电解质与金属锂负极接触会产生锂枝晶,锂枝晶的生长会导致锂电池在循环过程中电极和电解液界面的不稳定,而且会不断消耗电解液并导致金属锂的不可逆沉积,这些都将是造成电池的安全隐患,所以开发一种抑制锂枝晶生长的隔膜对解决安全问题起着关键的作用。
固体电解质原本应用于全固态锂离子电池中,但考虑到其具有良好的力学性能和电化学性能,使其作为一种隔膜来解决锂电池存在的锂枝晶问题将是一种新的技术手段。目前应用于全固态锂离子电池固体电解质种类颇多,包括NASICON、LISICON、石榴石型、钙钛矿及反钙钛矿型等;对于钙钛矿型固体电解质,因具有优异的电化学性能而倍受关注,其化学通式为ABO3,12个A位原子位于立方体的顶点处,B位原子位于立方体的中心,B位离子和O离子构成BO6八面体结构,再由多个BO6八面体连接形成离子传输通道,A位离子则占据在通道内,即锂离子可在A位产生的空位中进行传导。但是众所周知,应用于全固态锂离子电池中使得固固界面阻抗较大而导致电导率较低以及致密性差的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜及其制备和使用方法,通过加入氧化铝作为烧结助剂,提高隔膜的离子导电率,进而改善锂电池的性能。
本发明的锂离子固体电解质隔膜的分子式为Al2O3/Li0.35Sr0.475Ti0.3Nb0.7O3;其中Al2O3占Li0.35Sr0.475Ti0.3Nb0.7O3总质量的1%,并且Al2O3分子均匀分布在Li0.35Sr0.475Ti0.3Nb0.7O3分子中。
上述的锂离子固体电解质隔膜为片状,厚度0.5mm。
上述锂离子固体电解质隔膜的锂离子电导率4.73×10-5S·cm-1,电子电导率1.64×10-8S·cm-1
本发明的锂离子固体电解质隔膜的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1、准备Li2CO3、SrCO3、TiO2和Nb2O5作为原料,原料中Li2CO3、SrCO3、TiO2和Nb2O5的摩尔比为0.35:0.475:0.3:0.7,并且Li2CO3过量20%;
2、采用无水乙醇作为分散剂,将原料球磨混合分散10~15h,然后烘干去除分散剂,制成前驱体;
3、将前驱体置于带盖的氧化铝坩埚内,然后置于电阻炉中,升温至1100±5℃预烧,使前驱体中的残余水分和碳酸盐被蒸发去除,随炉冷却至常温,获得预烧料;
4、将预烧料过100目筛,筛下物料与粒径≤100目的Al2O3粉混合,混合比例按Al2O3占预烧料总质量的1%,制成混合粉料;
5、采用无水乙醇作为分散剂,将混合粉料球磨至酒精全部挥发,然后用压片机压制成电解质片;
6、将电解质片置于氧化铝板上,用母粉覆盖,所述的母粉为步骤4中的混合粉料;然后置于电阻炉中,升温至1250±5℃后煅烧10h,随炉冷却至常温,制成陶瓷片;将陶瓷片抛光后制成钙钛矿型的锂离子固体电解质隔膜。
上述的步骤2中,无水乙醇的用量以完全浸没原料为准,步骤5中,无水乙醇的用量以完全浸没混合粉料为准。
上述的步骤2中,烘干温度150±5℃,时间至少2h。
上述的步骤3中,升温至1100±5℃过程中,从室温升温至300±5℃时,控制升温速度为6~6.5℃/min;从300±5℃升温至1000±5℃时,控制升温速度为7~7.5℃/min;从1000±5℃升温至1100±5℃时,控制升温速度为2~3℃/min。
上述的步骤5中,压制压力4~6MPa,保压时间至少30s。
上述的步骤6中,升温至1250±5℃过程中,从室温升温至300±5℃时,控制升温速度为6~6.5℃/min;从300±5℃升温至1000±5℃时,控制升温速度为7~7.5℃/min;从1000±5℃升温至1250±5℃时,控制升温速度为2~3℃/min。
上述的步骤5中,电解质片的厚度0.5mm。
本发明的锂离子固体电解质隔膜的使用方法包括以下步骤:
1、将锂离子固体电解质隔膜作为锂离子隔膜;
2、准备正极壳、正极片、负极片、LiPF6电解液、滤纸片、负极壳、不锈钢片和弹片;所述的正极片材质为LiFePO4;负极片为锂片;滤纸片为定性滤纸;
3、在手套箱中将滤纸片浸入LiPF6电解液中,取出后获得电解液滤纸;
4、在手套箱中将电解液滤纸、锂离子隔膜、正极壳、正极片、负极片、负极壳、不锈钢片和弹片组装成锂电池。
上述的锂电池在0.2C的倍率下进行首次充放电,电池容量157.57mAhg-1,进行50次充放电后容量141.61mAhg-1,容量保持率95%以上。
上述的正极片的制备方法为:将LiFePO4粉末、PVDF溶液和乙炔黑按照质量比8:1:1混合均匀,然后涂覆到金属铝箔上,在100±3℃条件下干燥至少24h,在金属铝箔上获得固体LiFePO4;将固体LiFePO4切割成圆形,用压片机在压力10MPa条件下压制制成正极片;所述的PVDF溶液由PVDF和NMP按质量比1:19混合溶解搅拌均匀制成。
与现有的技术相比,本发明的优点如下:
1、以三氧化二铝为烧结助剂,制成的钙钛矿型的锂离子固体电解质隔膜,在室温下具有更高的锂离子电导率,更低的电子电导率,同时具有良好的致密性,机械强度高,且不会被锂电池中产生的锂枝晶刺穿,因此可以作为锂离子隔膜使用;
2、锂离子固体电解质隔膜作为隔膜应用到锂电池中,其充放电性能和循环性能良好,可以充放电可达100次以上。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中制备的锂离子固体电解质隔膜和对比试验的锂离子固体电解质片的X射线衍射图;图中,上部曲线为实施例1,下部曲线为对比试验;
图2为本发明实施例1中制备的锂离子固体电解质隔膜的扫描电镜图;
图3为本发明实施例1中对比试验的锂离子固体电解质片扫描电镜图;
图4为本发明实施例1中制备的锂离子固体电解质隔膜和对比试验的锂离子固体电解质片的交流阻抗曲线图;图中,●为实施例1,■为对比试验;
图5为本发明实施例中的锂电池剖面结构示意图;图中,1、负极壳,2、弹片,3、不锈钢片,4、负极片,5、电解液滤纸,6、锂离子隔膜,7、正极片,8、正极壳;
图6为本发明实施例1中锂电池的充放电容量-电压曲线图,图中:(a)为第一圈充放电曲线,(b)为第50圈充放电曲线,(c)为第100圈充放电曲线。
具体实施方式
本发明实施例中锂离子固体电解质隔膜的电导率测试方法为:将锂离子固体电解质隔膜的两个侧面涂覆金桨,然后置于管式电阻炉中,在800℃条件下烘干至少60min,随炉冷却至常温获得涂覆隔膜;将银丝通过银浆粘接分别粘接在涂覆隔膜的两个侧面用于导电,制成测试样品;采用1260阻抗/高频阻抗相位分析仪进行交流阻抗测试,电导率计算所依据的公式为:
σ=L/(R·A) (1)
σe=(I·L)/(U·A) (2);
式中,σ为锂离子电导率(S·cm-1),σe为电子电导率(S·cm-1),为锂离子固体电解质隔膜的厚度(cm),A为锂离子固体电解质隔膜的单侧侧面面积(cm2),R为锂离子固体电解质隔膜的电阻(Ω),I为计时电流法的稳定电流(A);U为计时电流法的施加电压(4V)。
本发明实施例中采用的X射线衍射设备型号为Ultima IV。
本发明实施例中采用的扫描电镜型号为Rigaku Ultima IV。
本发明实施例中采用的Li2CO3、SrCO3、TiO2和Nb2O5为市购分析纯试剂。
本发明实施例中预烧采用带盖的氧化铝坩埚和电阻炉。
本发明实施例中,步骤3的预烧是在预烧温度保温6h。
本发明实施例中预烧料先在150±5℃条件下烘干至少2h,然后采用研钵进行研磨。
本发明实施例中采用的氧化铝粉为市购分析纯试剂。
本发明实施例中采用的无水乙醇为市购分析纯试剂。
本发明实施例中正极片的制备方法为:将LiFePO4粉末、PVDF溶液和乙炔黑按照质量比8:1:1混合均匀,然后涂覆到金属铝箔上,在100±3℃条件下干燥至少24h,在金属铝箔上获得固体LiFePO4;将固体LiFePO4切割成圆形,用压片机在压力10MPa条件下压制制成正极片;所述的PVDF溶液由PVDF和NMP按质量比1:19混合溶解搅拌均匀制成。
本发明实施例中采用的LiFePO4粉末、PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯)、NMP(N-甲基吡咯烷酮)和乙炔黑为市购分析纯试剂。
本发明实施例中才用的定性滤纸为市购产品。
本发明实施例中的LiPF6电解液为HG/T 4067-2008所记载的LiPF6电解液。
本发明实施例中,步骤2中的烘干温度150±5℃,时间至少2h。
本发明实施例中正极片直径10mm,厚度150μm;负极片直径13mm,厚度1mm;滤纸片直径15mm,厚度1mm。
本发明实施例中正极壳、负极壳、不锈钢片和弹片的型号为CR2032,直径20mm,厚度3.2mm。
本发明实施例中球磨转速300rpm。
为使本发明的目的、实施方案和优势更加清楚明了,下面通过具体实例对本发明作进一步的详细描述。
实施例1
制备的锂离子固体电解质隔膜的分子式为Al2O3/Li0.35Sr0.475Ti0.3Nb0.7O3,其中Al2O3占Li0.35Sr0.475Ti0.3Nb0.7O3总质量的1%;外形为片状,直径13mm,厚度0.5mm;
制备方法为:
准备Li2CO3、SrCO3、TiO2和Nb2O5作为原料,原料中Li2CO3、SrCO3、TiO2和Nb2O5的摩尔比为0.35:0.475:0.3:0.7,并且Li2CO3过量20%;
采用无水乙醇作为分散剂,将原料球磨混合分散10~15h,然后烘干去除分散剂,制成前驱体;无水乙醇的用量以完全浸没原料为准;
将前驱体置于带盖的氧化铝坩埚内,然后置于电阻炉中,升温至1100±5℃预烧,使前驱体中的残余水分和碳酸盐被蒸发去除,随炉冷却至常温,获得预烧料;升温至1100±5℃过程中,从室温升温至300±5℃时,控制升温速度为6~6.5℃/min;从300±5℃升温至1000±5℃时,控制升温速度为7~7.5℃/min;从1000±5℃升温至1100±5℃时,控制升温速度为2~3℃/min;
将预烧料过100目筛,筛下物料与粒径≤100目的Al2O3粉混合,混合比例按Al2O3占预烧料总质量的1%,制成混合粉料;
采用无水乙醇作为分散剂,将混合粉料球磨至酒精全部挥发,然后用压片机压制成电解质片,厚度0.5mm;压制压力6MPa,保压时间30s;无水乙醇的用量以完全浸没混合粉料为准;
将电解质片置于氧化铝板上,用母粉覆盖,所述的母粉为步骤4中的混合粉料;然后置于电阻炉中,升温至1250±5℃后煅烧10h,随炉冷却至常温,制成陶瓷片;其中升温至1250±5℃过程中,从室温升温至300±5℃时,控制升温速度为6~6.5℃/min;从300±5℃升温至1000±5℃时,控制升温速度为7~7.5℃/min;从1000±5℃升温至1250±5℃时,控制升温速度为2~3℃/min;将陶瓷片抛光后制成钙钛矿型的锂离子固体电解质隔膜;
进行电导率测试,分别根据公式(1)和公式(2)计算得钙钛矿型锂离子固体电解质隔膜的锂离子电导率4.73×10-5S·cm-1,电子电导率1.64×10-8S·cm-1;X射线衍射图如图1所示,扫描电镜图如图2所示;交流阻抗曲线如图4所示;充放电容量-电压曲线如图6所示;
使用方法为:
将锂离子固体电解质隔膜作为锂离子隔膜;
准备正极壳、正极片、负极片、LiPF6电解液、滤纸片、负极壳、不锈钢片和弹片;所述的正极片材质为LiFePO4;负极片为锂片;滤纸片为定性滤纸;
在手套箱中将滤纸片浸入LiPF6电解液中,取出后获得电解液滤纸;
在手套箱中将电解液滤纸5、锂离子隔膜6、正极壳8、正极片7、负极片4、负极壳1、不锈钢片3和弹片2组装成锂电池,结构如图5所示;锂电池在0.2C的倍率下进行首次充放电,电池容量157.57mAhg-1,进行50次充放电后容量141.61mAhg-1,容量保持率95%以上;
制备不含Al2O3的Li0.35Sr0.475Ti0.3Nb0.7O3固体电解质隔膜,预烧料过100目筛后不与Al2O3粉混合,直接压制成电解质片,覆盖时采用预烧料作为母粉,直至制成固体电解质隔膜;X射线衍射图如图1所示,扫描电镜图如图3所示;交流阻抗曲线如图4所示;其锂离子电导率3.62×10-5S·cm-1,电子电导率2.55×10-9S·cm-1

Claims (7)

1.一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)准备Li2CO3、SrCO3、TiO2和Nb2O5作为原料,原料中Li2CO3、SrCO3、TiO2和Nb2O5的摩尔比为0.35:0.475:0.3:0.7,并且Li2CO3过量20%;
(2)采用无水乙醇作为分散剂,将原料球磨混合分散10~15h,然后烘干去除分散剂,制成前驱体;
(3)将前驱体置于带盖的氧化铝坩埚内,然后置于电阻炉中,升温至1100±5℃后预烧,使前驱体中的残余水分和碳酸盐被蒸发去除,随炉冷却至常温,获得预烧料;
(4)将预烧料过100目筛,筛下物料与粒径≤100目的Al2O3粉混合,混合比例按Al2O3占预烧料总质量的1%,制成混合粉料;
(5)采用无水乙醇作为分散剂,将混合粉料球磨至酒精全部挥发,然后用压片机压制成电解质片;
(6)将电解质片置于氧化铝板上,用母粉覆盖,所述的母粉为步骤4中的混合粉料;然后置于电阻炉中,升温至1250±5℃后煅烧10h,随炉冷却至常温,制成陶瓷片;将陶瓷片抛光后制成钙钛矿型的锂离子固体电解质隔膜,其分子式为Al2O3/Li0.35Sr0.475Ti0.3Nb0.7O3,Al2O3占Li0.35Sr0.475Ti0.3Nb0.7O3总质量的1%, Al2O3分子均匀分布在Li0.35Sr0.475Ti0.3Nb0.7O3分子中,
其形为片状,厚度0.5mm;其锂离子电导率4.73×10-5 S·cm-1,电子电导率1.64×10- 8S·cm-1
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(2)中,烘干温度150±5℃,时间至少2h。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(3)中,升温至1100±5℃过程中,从室温升温至300±5℃时,控制升温速度为6~6.5℃/min;从300±5℃升温至1000±5℃时,控制升温速度为7~7.5℃/min;从1000±5℃升温至1100±5℃时,控制升温速度为2~3℃/min。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(5)中,压制压力4~6MPa,保压时间至少30s。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子固体电解质隔膜的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(6)中,升温至1250±5℃过程中,从室温升温至300±5℃时,控制升温速度为6~6.5℃/min;从300±5℃升温至1000±5℃时,控制升温速度为7~7.5℃/min;从1000±5℃升温至1250±5℃时,控制升温速度为2~3℃/min。
6.一种权利要求1所述的锂离子固体电解质隔膜的使用方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)将锂离子固体电解质隔膜作为锂离子隔膜;
(2)准备正极壳、正极片、负极片、LiPF6电解液、滤纸片、负极壳、不锈钢片和弹片;所述的正极片材质为LiFePO4;负极片为锂片;滤纸片为定性滤纸;
(3)在手套箱中将滤纸片浸入LiPF6电解液中,取出后获得电解液滤纸;
(4)在手套箱中将电解液滤纸、锂离子隔膜、正极壳、正极片、负极片、负极壳、不锈钢片和弹片组装成锂电池。
7.根据权利要求6所述的锂离子固体电解质隔膜的使用方法,其特征在于所述的锂电池在0.2C的倍率下进行首次充放电,电池容量157.57mAhg−1,进行50次充放电后容量141.61mAhg−1,容量保持率95%以上。
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CN107342435A (zh) * 2017-08-30 2017-11-10 清陶(昆山)能源发展有限公司 一种制备锂离子电池用固态电解质的方法
CN108565413A (zh) * 2018-03-21 2018-09-21 江苏永达电源股份有限公司 一种全固态锂离子电池复合型正极材料及其制备方法
CN109301138A (zh) * 2018-09-28 2019-02-01 东北大学 一种以锂离子固体电解质片为隔膜钮扣锂电池及制备方法

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