CN110795878B - Tunnel water inflow prediction method - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种隧道涌水量预测方法，尤其涉及一种孔隙、裂隙发育不均匀区隧道涌水量的预测方法。The invention relates to a method for predicting the water inflow of a tunnel, in particular to a method for predicting the water inflow of a tunnel in a region with unevenly developed pores and fissures.
背景技术Background technique
隧道工程建设中，地下水是影响施工安全、工程稳定的重要因素，易导致涌突水、突泥等地质灾害。这不仅危及隧道安全，若处理不当，还能引发水井干枯、库水位下降、河流断流等环境地质问题，给人类生产和生活造成了重大损失。在建设的设计施工中通常会使用三维水流模拟工具(例如Visual MODFLOW Flex)对地下水流动进行模拟。近些年来，山区深埋长大隧道越来越多，地质条件越来越复杂，导致面临的施工风险也更大。目前隧道涌水量预测方法多是建立在地下水连续且均匀介质基础上的，在非均匀性和各向异性明显的裂隙和岩溶地区，使用起来具有局限性，若不加以修正或修正方法不对，导致涌水量预测值与实测值差距较大，从工程设计和应用角度考虑，其预测精度还不够。因此，如何提高隧道涌水预测精度，有效减轻突水灾害，一直是隧道建设过程中亟需解决的难题。In the construction of tunnel engineering, groundwater is an important factor affecting construction safety and project stability, and it is easy to cause geological disasters such as water inrush and mud inrush. This not only endangers the safety of the tunnel, but if it is not handled properly, it can also cause environmental and geological problems such as wells drying up, reservoir water level drop, and river cut-off, causing heavy losses to human production and life. In the design and construction of construction, three-dimensional water flow simulation tools (such as Visual MODFLOW Flex) are usually used to simulate groundwater flow. In recent years, there have been more and more long and deep tunnels in mountainous areas, and the geological conditions have become more and more complex, resulting in greater construction risks. At present, most of the tunnel water inflow prediction methods are based on the continuous and homogeneous groundwater medium. In the cracks and karst areas with obvious heterogeneity and anisotropy, the use has limitations. If no correction is made or the correction method is wrong, it will lead to There is a large gap between the predicted value of water inflow and the measured value. From the perspective of engineering design and application, the prediction accuracy is not enough. Therefore, how to improve the prediction accuracy of tunnel water inrush and effectively reduce water inrush disasters has always been a problem that needs to be solved urgently in the process of tunnel construction.
发明内容Contents of the invention
因此，本发明的目的在于解决地质条件复杂山区隧道涌水的定量预测的技术问题，以地下水系统理论为指导，结合综合勘察成果，建立包含隧址区一定范围内的等效连续地下水渗流数值模拟模型，基于有限差分等数值计算方法，通过地下水动态观测数据反演模拟区水文地质参数分区及参数值，得到区内正确的地下水渗流场，进而定量分析隧道施工降水时不同地段涌水量及涌水来源，将预测结果应用到隧道设计和施工中，对隧道设计和施工具有较好的指导意义。Therefore, the purpose of the present invention is to solve the technical problem of quantitative prediction of tunnel water gushing in complex mountainous areas with complex geological conditions. Guided by the groundwater system theory and combined with comprehensive survey results, an equivalent continuous groundwater seepage numerical simulation model within a certain range of the tunnel site area is established. , based on numerical calculation methods such as finite difference, the hydrogeological parameter partitions and parameter values of the simulated area are inverted through the groundwater dynamic observation data to obtain the correct groundwater seepage field in the area, and then quantitatively analyze the amount of water inflow and the source of water inflow in different sections during the tunnel construction precipitation, Applying the prediction results to tunnel design and construction has good guiding significance for tunnel design and construction.
为了实现上述目的，本发明的一种隧道涌水量预测方法，包括以下步骤：In order to achieve the above object, a method for predicting tunnel water inflow according to the present invention comprises the following steps:
(1)基于三维地下水流动模拟平台，根据勘察数据确定包含隧址区在内的模拟区范围，建立模拟区范围内的等效连续地下水渗流数值模拟模型；(1) Based on the three-dimensional groundwater flow simulation platform, the scope of the simulation area including the tunnel site area is determined according to the survey data, and the equivalent continuous groundwater seepage numerical simulation model within the simulation area is established;
(2)利用模拟时段已知的或初步给定的边界条件、源汇项及其地下水动态数据，通过试估-校正法和优选法率定模型参数；(2) Using the known or preliminarily given boundary conditions, source-sink items and groundwater dynamic data during the simulation period, the model parameters are calibrated by the trial-correction method and optimization method;
(3)利用率定的模型对隧道施工时地下水流动特征及不同地段涌水量进行定量分析，并分析获得涌水来源。(3) Quantitative analysis of groundwater flow characteristics and water inflow in different sections during tunnel construction with the fixed model of utilization rate, and analysis to obtain the source of water inflow.
在所述步骤2中，通过试估-校正法和优选法率定模型参数包括以下步骤：In said step 2, calibration of model parameters by trial estimation-correction method and optimization method includes the following steps:
按模拟区地貌单元、地质构造、地层岩性对待求参数作初步分区，并根据含水层岩性、等水头线分布、水头动态和抽水试验等资料初步确定各参数的上下限作为约束条件，然后将模拟时段的初末时刻统测的等水位线及水均衡数据、观测孔水位历时曲线或河川基流量的动态数据作为拟合对象进行水文地质参数的率定；According to the geomorphic unit, geological structure and stratum lithology of the simulated area, the required parameters are preliminarily partitioned, and the upper and lower limits of each parameter are preliminarily determined according to the data of aquifer lithology, isohydraulic distribution, hydraulic head dynamics and pumping test as constraints, and then The isowater line and water balance data measured at the beginning and end of the simulation period, the water level history curve of the observation hole or the dynamic data of the river base flow are used as fitting objects to calibrate the hydrogeological parameters;
在上述各参数上下限的约束条件下，根据下述的优化目标函数，调整参数分区及大小求取目标函数G最小：Under the constraints of the upper and lower limits of the above parameters, according to the following optimization objective function, adjust the parameter partition and size to obtain the minimum objective function G:
式中，p1、p2……pn为待求的各水文地质参数；Ng、Nch分别为对比用的观测孔数和对比时段数；ωh为观测值权因子，H(i，j)为模型模拟的i号观测孔j时段的计算值；Hg(i，j)为i号观测孔j时段的实测值。In the formula, p 1 , p 2 ... p n are the hydrogeological parameters to be obtained; N g , N ch are the number of observation holes and the number of comparison periods for comparison; ω h is the weight factor of the observation value, H(i , j) is the calculated value of observation hole i during period j simulated by the model; H g (i, j) is the measured value of observation hole i during period j.
在所述步骤3中，利用率定的模型模拟并分析隧址区地下水位降至洞底后地下水位分布及地下水流向、流速变化情况。In the step 3, the model of the utilization ratio is used to simulate and analyze the distribution of the groundwater level and the change of the flow direction and velocity of the groundwater after the groundwater level in the tunnel site area falls to the bottom of the tunnel.
在所述步骤3中，结合洞身地质构造、裂隙发育程度将隧址区分解为多个水均衡区，利用率定的模型模拟并统计正常降雨量和突发性大降水两种情况下隧道施工降水后不同均衡区内涌水量大小。In the above step 3, the tunnel site area is decomposed into multiple water balance areas in combination with the geological structure of the cave body and the development degree of fissures, and the tunnel is simulated and counted under the two conditions of normal rainfall and sudden heavy rainfall using a fixed model The amount of water inflow in different equilibrium areas after precipitation during construction.
在所述步骤3中，在隧道施工降水模拟地下水流场的基础上，利用MODPATH粒子示踪模块，显示粒子运移轨迹，进而分析隧道涌水来源，或分析水库水与隧址区地下水之间的水力联系以及水库水对隧道涌水的贡献大小。In the step 3, on the basis of the groundwater flow field simulated by the tunnel construction precipitation, the MODPATH particle tracer module is used to display the particle migration trajectory, and then analyze the source of the tunnel water gushing, or analyze the relationship between the reservoir water and the groundwater in the tunnel site area The hydraulic connection and the contribution of reservoir water to tunnel water gushing.
在所述步骤1中，所述勘察数据包括通过野外调查、钻物探、水文地质测试和遥感技术查明隧址区地质构造、地层岩性、孔隙、裂隙发育情况、地下水位分布及地下水系统边界的性质及水文特征数据。In the step 1, the survey data includes finding out the geological structure, stratum lithology, porosity, crack development, groundwater table distribution and groundwater system boundary in the tunnel site area through field investigation, geophysical prospecting, hydrogeological testing and remote sensing technology properties and hydrological characteristics data.
在所述步骤1中，等效连续地下水渗流数值模拟模型的建立，包括模拟范围的确定及水文地质概念模型和对应数学模型的建立。In said step 1, the establishment of an equivalent continuous groundwater seepage numerical simulation model includes the determination of the simulation range and the establishment of a hydrogeological conceptual model and a corresponding mathematical model.
模拟范围的确定尽量选择水文地质单元比较完整、边界为天然边界或有详细的地下水位监测数据并考虑模拟区水位最大降深能波及到的范围。To determine the simulation range, try to select a relatively complete hydrogeological unit with a natural boundary or detailed groundwater level monitoring data, and consider the range that can be affected by the maximum water level drawdown in the simulation area.
基于综合勘查数据，对模拟区内各含水岩组的边界性质、内部结构、渗透性能及补径排等条件进行合理概化，构建水文地质概念模型和对应的数学模型，其中水文地质结构模型的构建可采用径向基函数法、反距离加权法或克里格插值法来实现。Based on the comprehensive exploration data, the boundary properties, internal structure, permeability and supplementary diameter and other conditions of each water-bearing rock group in the simulation area are reasonably generalized, and the hydrogeological conceptual model and corresponding mathematical model are constructed. Among them, the hydrogeological structure model Construction can be done using radial basis functions, inverse distance weighting, or kriging.
采用上述技术方案，本发明的隧道涌水量预测方法，能够对隧道涌水量进行预测，尤其用在孔隙、裂隙发育不均匀区的隧道涌水量计算，综合考虑了地貌单元、地质构造(尤指断裂、褶皱、裂隙密集带)、地层岩性的分布特征，并基于实测水文参数对隧道区水文地质参数进行了分区概化，计算更为合理和精确，具有较强的实用性和广阔的应用前景。By adopting the above technical scheme, the tunnel water inflow prediction method of the present invention can predict the tunnel water inflow, especially for the calculation of tunnel water inflow in areas with unevenly developed pores and fissures, comprehensively considering geomorphic units, geological structures (especially fractures) , folds, fracture-intensive zones), the distribution characteristics of formation lithology, and based on the measured hydrological parameters, the hydrogeological parameters of the tunnel area are generalized by partition, the calculation is more reasonable and accurate, and it has strong practicability and broad application prospects .
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明的隧道涌水量预测方法的流程图。FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method for predicting tunnel water inflow according to the present invention.
图2为水文地质参数反演流程图。Fig. 2 is a flowchart of hydrogeological parameter inversion.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
以下通过附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的详细说明。The present invention will be further described in detail through the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments below.
如图1所示，本发明针对复杂地质条件下隧道涌水量预测精度不高的情况，提出了一种复杂地质条件下隧道涌水量预测方法，包括如下步骤：As shown in Figure 1, the present invention proposes a method for predicting tunnel water inflow under complex geological conditions, which includes the following steps:
(1)等效连续地下水渗流数值模拟模型的建立。(1) Establishment of equivalent continuous groundwater seepage numerical simulation model.
基于高分辨率遥感影像查明隧址区附近地下水含水系统的边界，初步获得隧址区地貌类型、出露的地层岩性和地质构造分布特征。Based on the high-resolution remote sensing images, the boundary of the groundwater aquifer system near the tunnel site area was found out, and the geomorphic type, exposed stratum lithology and geological structure distribution characteristics of the tunnel site area were preliminarily obtained.
针对隧址区可能突涌水区域，通过野外调查、钻物探(主要包括地质钻探、地质雷达、超高密度电法、孔内电磁波CT等技术)和水文地质测试(包括抽水试验、注水试验、压水试验、地下水实际流速的测定和连通试验等)查明隧址区地质构造、地层岩性、孔隙、地下水位分布及裂隙发育情况(即富水情况)、地下水系统边界等水文地质特征，实现隧道工程从区域到局部的精细化探测。Aiming at areas where water inrush may occur in the tunnel site area, through field surveys, geophysical prospecting (mainly including geological drilling, geological radar, ultra-high density electrical method, in-hole electromagnetic wave CT and other technologies) and hydrogeological tests (including pumping test, water injection test, pressure Water test, measurement of the actual flow velocity of groundwater and connection test, etc.) to find out the hydrogeological characteristics of the tunnel site area such as geological structure, stratum lithology, pores, groundwater table distribution and fracture development (that is, water-rich situation), groundwater system boundary, etc., to realize Fine-grained detection of tunnel engineering from regional to local.
基于上述立体综合勘察获得的数据，确定包含隧址区在内的模拟区范围，并对模拟区内各个含水岩组的边界性质、内部结构、渗透性能、水力特征及补径排等条件进行合理概化，建立水文地质概念模型和对应的数学模型。其中模拟区边界应尽量选择天然边界(如地表分水岭、河流、隔水断层段)或有详细的地下水位监测数据并考虑模拟区水位最大降深能波及的到的范围，基于综合勘查数据可采用径向基函数法、反距离加权法、克里格等插值法构建隧址区水文地质概念模型中的水文地质结构模型。Based on the data obtained from the above-mentioned three-dimensional comprehensive survey, the scope of the simulation area including the tunnel site area is determined, and the boundary properties, internal structure, permeability, hydraulic characteristics, and supplementary diameter of each water-bearing rock group in the simulation area are reasonably evaluated. Generalization, establishing the hydrogeological conceptual model and the corresponding mathematical model. Among them, the boundary of the simulation area should try to choose natural boundaries (such as surface watersheds, rivers, and water-resisting fault sections) or have detailed groundwater level monitoring data and consider the range that the maximum water level drawdown of the simulation area can reach. Based on comprehensive survey data, it can be used Radial basis function method, inverse distance weighting method, kriging and other interpolation methods are used to construct the hydrogeological structure model in the hydrogeological conceptual model of the tunnel site area.
(2)等效连续地下水渗流模型水文地质参数反演。(2) Inversion of hydrogeological parameters of the equivalent continuous groundwater seepage model.
如图2所示，在等效连续地下水渗流数学模型、含水岩组空间离散化的基础上，先按模拟区的地貌单元、地质构造(尤指断裂、褶皱、裂隙密集带)、地层岩性对待反演水文地质参数作初步分区，并根据含水层岩性、等水头线分布、水头动态和抽水试验等资料初步确定各参数的上下限作为约束条件。As shown in Figure 2, on the basis of the mathematical model of equivalent continuous groundwater seepage and the discretization of the water-bearing rock group space, the geomorphic units, geological structures (especially faults, folds, and fracture-intensive zones), stratum lithology, and The hydrogeological parameters to be retrieved are initially partitioned, and the upper and lower limits of each parameter are preliminarily determined as constraints based on the data of aquifer lithology, isohydraulic distribution, hydraulic head dynamics and pumping tests.
综合考虑模拟区内源汇项及地下水动态数据时间分布特征，确定模拟时段，并对其进行时间离散化，在此模拟时段内，以各水文地质参数上下限作为约束条件，通过调参使同一位置地下水动态观测数据(指实测水位、河川基流量、水均衡数据)和模拟计算数据拟合误差尽可能小，以提高水文地质参数率定的精度，为此需要构建如下优化目标函数：Comprehensively considering the time distribution characteristics of source-sink items and groundwater dynamic data in the simulation area, the simulation period is determined and time discretized. In this simulation period, the upper and lower limits of each hydrogeological parameter are used as constraints, and the same The fitting error between the location groundwater dynamic observation data (referring to the measured water level, river base flow, and water balance data) and the simulated calculation data should be as small as possible to improve the accuracy of hydrogeological parameter calibration. For this purpose, the following optimization objective function needs to be constructed:
式中，p1、p2……pn为待求的各水文地质参数；Ng、Nch分别为对比用的观测孔数和对比时段数；ωh为观测值权因子，H(i，j)为模型模拟的i号观测孔j时段的计算值；Hg(i，j)为i号观测孔j时段的实测值。In the formula, p 1 , p 2 ... p n are the hydrogeological parameters to be obtained; N g , N ch are the number of observation holes and the number of comparison periods for comparison; ω h is the weight factor of the observation value, H(i , j) is the calculated value of observation hole i during period j simulated by the model; H g (i, j) is the measured value of observation hole i during period j.
在各水文地质参数上下限约束条件下，求取上述目标函数G最小，若此时的水位或基流量拟合差未达到足够小，则进一步分析其原因，采用多因素优选法有目的地调整主要参数分区及参数值大小，再次求取目标函数最小。如此反复计算、分析，直至求得较为满意的结果。Under the constraints of the upper and lower limits of each hydrogeological parameter, the above objective function G is to be minimized. If the fitting difference of water level or base flow is not sufficiently small at this time, the reason shall be further analyzed, and the multi-factor optimization method shall be used to purposely adjust the main Parameter partition and parameter value size, and the objective function is minimized again. Repeat calculation and analysis in this way until a satisfactory result is obtained.
(3)隧道突涌水量及涌水来源的定量分析。(3) Quantitative analysis of tunnel water inrush volume and water inrush source.
涌水速率：利用率定后的等效连续地下水渗流模型模拟隧址区地下水位降至洞底后水位降深、地下水流向、流速分布情况，分析隧址区不同地段地下水流向及径流速度，对隧道区不同地段的涌水快慢进行预测。Water gushing rate: The equivalent continuous groundwater seepage model with a fixed utilization rate simulates the water level drop, groundwater flow direction, and flow velocity distribution after the groundwater level in the tunnel site area drops to the bottom of the tunnel, and analyzes the groundwater flow direction and runoff velocity in different sections of the tunnel site area. The speed of water gushing in different parts of the district is predicted.
涌水大小：结合洞身地质构造、裂隙发育程度将隧道分解为多个水均衡区，统计不同均衡区内在正常降雨量和突发性大降雨两种情况下隧道施工降水后向隧道汇入的地下水量，即可得隧道不同地段的涌水量大小。Water gushing size: Combined with the geological structure of the cave body and the degree of development of fissures, the tunnel is decomposed into multiple water balance areas, and the groundwater that flows into the tunnel after the tunnel construction is dewatered under normal rainfall and sudden heavy rainfall in different equilibrium areas is counted The amount of water gushing in different sections of the tunnel can be obtained.
涌水来源，在隧道施工降水模拟地下水流场的基础上，利用MODPATH地下水粒子示踪模块，可以显示粒子运移轨迹，进而分析隧道涌水来源；若隧址区周边有在建水库，也可分析水库水与隧址区地下水之间的水力联系及其对隧道涌水的贡献大小。The source of water gushing, based on the simulated groundwater flow field of the tunnel construction precipitation, using the MODPATH groundwater particle tracer module, can display the particle migration trajectory, and then analyze the source of the tunnel water gushing; if there is a reservoir under construction around the tunnel site, the reservoir can also be analyzed The hydraulic connection between water and groundwater in the tunnel site area and its contribution to tunnel water gushing.
显然，上述实施例仅是为清楚地说明所作的举例，而并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说，在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明创造的保护范围之中。Apparently, the above-mentioned embodiments are only examples for clear description, rather than limiting the implementation. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other changes or changes in different forms can be made on the basis of the above description. It is not necessary and impossible to exhaustively list all the implementation manners here. And the obvious changes or changes derived therefrom are still within the scope of protection of the present invention.
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