CN110636846A - 用于治疗癌症相关疾病的喹唑啉吡唑衍生物 - Google Patents
用于治疗癌症相关疾病的喹唑啉吡唑衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
- C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Plural Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
Abstract
本文描述了作为A2A和A2B腺苷受体中的至少一种的抑制剂的化合物,以及含有该化合物的组合物和合成该化合物的方法。这些化合物和组合物用于治疗多种包括癌症和免疫相关病症的至少部分地由腺苷A2A受体和/或腺苷A2B受体介导的疾病、病症和病况的用途。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请依照35U.S.C.§119(e)要求2017年5月17日提交的编号为62/507,540的美国临时申请的优先权,其全部内容出于所有目的通过引用并入本文。
关于本发明在联邦政府资助的研究和开发下的权利的声明
不适用
对“序列表”、表格或提交的计算机程序列表光盘附录的引用
不适用
发明背景
腺苷是一种嘌呤核苷类化合物,由腺嘌呤和核糖糖分子(呋喃核糖)组成。腺苷天然存在于哺乳动物中,并在几种生化过程中起重要作用,包括能量转移(如三磷酸腺苷和单磷酸腺苷)和信号传导(如环状单磷酸腺苷)。腺苷还用于与血管舒张有关的过程中,包括心脏血管舒张,并起神经调节剂的作用(例如,据认为与促进睡眠有关)。腺苷除了参与这些生化过程外,还用作治疗性抗心律不齐药,例如治疗室上性心动过速。如本申请进一步讨论,肿瘤通过抑制免疫功能和促进耐受而逃避宿主反应,并且腺苷已经被证明在介导肿瘤逃避的免疫系统中起重要作用。通过A2ARs和A2BRs的腺苷信号在各种免疫细胞亚群和内皮细胞上表达,已被确定在炎症反应过程中对组织的保护具有重要作用。因此,在某些条件下,腺苷保护肿瘤免于免疫追杀(参见,例如,Fishman,P等人(2009)实验药理学手册(Handb ExpPharmacol)193:399-441)。
腺苷受体是一类以腺苷为内源性配体的嘌呤能G蛋白偶联受体。人体中腺苷受体的四种类型被称为A1、A2A、A2B和A3。已经提出了调节A1的方法,以管理和治疗例如神经系统疾病、哮喘以及心和肾衰竭;提出了A2A拮抗剂来管理和治疗例如帕金森氏病;提出了调节A2B的方法,用于管理和治疗例如哮喘等慢性肺部疾病;提出了调节A3来管理和治疗哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病、青光眼、癌症和中风。
过去以来,腺苷受体的调节剂为非选择性的。这在某些适应症中是可以接受的,例如内源性激动剂腺苷,其作用于心脏组织中所有四种腺苷受体,从而用于治疗严重的心动过速。然而,亚型选择性腺苷受体激动剂和拮抗剂的使用提供了实现期望结果的可能性,同时使不利影响最小化或消除。
因此,本领域需要亚型选择性腺苷受体激动剂。本发明满足了这种需求并且还提供了相关的优点。
发明内容
本发明涉及调节腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)和/或腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)的化合物,以及包含该化合物的组合物(例如药物组合物)。这些化合物,包括其合成方法和组成在下面详细描述。
本发明还涉及所述化合物和组合物的使用,用于治疗和/或预防由腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)和/或腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)全部或部分介导的各种疾病、病症和病状。这些疾病、病症和病状在本申请其他地方详细描述。除非另有说明,当本发明的化合物的用途在此进行描述时,应理解这些化合物可以是组合物的形式(例如,药物组合物)。
如下所述,尽管认为本发明的化合物通过抑制腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)和/或腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)来影响其活性,本发明的实施不需要对化合物的潜在作用机制有精确的理解。推测这些化合物可能通过直接或间接抑制腺苷酸环化酶来影响其活性。还推测所述化合物可以通过抑制A2A受体(A2AR)和/或腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)以及腺苷酸环化酶来影响其活性。虽然本发明的化合物在本发明中通常被称为腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)和/或腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)抑制剂,但应理解,术语“A2AR/A2BR抑制剂”涵盖通过单独抑制A2AR、A2BR或腺苷酸环化酶起作用的化合物,和/或通过抑制A2AR、A2BR和腺苷酸环化酶起作用的化合物。
发现A2A和A2B细胞表面腺苷受体,在各种肿瘤细胞中均被上调。因此,A2A和/或A2B腺苷受体的拮抗剂代表了一类新的有前景的肿瘤治疗剂。
通过抑制T调节细胞功能和抑制自然杀伤细胞的细胞毒性以及肿瘤特异性CD4+/CD8+活性,A2A腺苷受体的激活可抑制对肿瘤的免疫反应。因此,通过特异性拮抗剂抑制所述受体亚型可以增强癌症治疗中的免疫治疗。A2B腺苷受体的激活通过上调微血管内皮细胞中血管生成因子的表达水平,从而在肿瘤的发展中起作用。[参见,例如,Fishman,P等人(2009)实验药理学手册(Handb Exp Pharmacol)193:399-441)]。此外,已证明腺苷受体2A阻断可通过增强抗肿瘤T细胞相应,来提高抗PD-1的疗效(P.Beavis等,肿瘤免疫(CancerImmunol Res DOI:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0211发表于2015年2月11日)。下面将对A2ARs和A2BRs的作用进行更全面的讨论。
腺苷2A受体(A2AR)
A2AR(也称为ADORA2A)是一种G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR),其家族成员具有七个跨膜α螺旋。基于其晶体学结构,A2AR包含一个配体结合口袋,其不同于其他结构确定的GPCR(例如,β-2肾上腺素能受体)。
如本申请其他地方所述,腺苷参与介导免疫系统的肿瘤逃逸。A2AR在介导腺苷诱导的抗炎反应中,起着至关重要的、非冗余的作用。A2AR负向调节免疫反应,因此,已证明A2AR激活的药理抑制作用是增强免疫疗法的可行方法。
如上所述,A2AR的激活会影响适应性免疫反应;例如,A2AR不仅通过强烈抑制T细胞功能,而且还促进调节性T细胞的发育从而保护宿主免受过度的组织破坏。由于A2AR激活是适应性免疫反应的有效抑制剂,因此,肿瘤来源的腺苷参与了抗肿瘤免疫的阻断。
除了其他作用外,A2AR还与选择性增强抗炎细胞因子、促进PD-1和CTLA-4的上调、促进LAG-3和Foxp3+调节性T细胞的产生以及介导对调节性T细胞的抑制有关。PD-1,CTLA-4和其他免疫检查点在本申请中将进一步讨论。由于所有这些免疫抑制特性已确定为肿瘤逃避宿主相应的机制,因此,包含A2AR拮抗剂的癌症免疫治疗方案可能会增强肿瘤免疫治疗。通常参见,Naganuma,M等人(2006)免疫学杂志(J Immunol)177:2765-769。
A2AR拮抗剂可能在化学疗法和放射疗法中起重要作用。从机理上讲,已提出在化学疗法或放射疗法期间同时施用A2AR拮抗剂可导致肿瘤特异性T细胞扩增,同时防止诱导肿瘤特异性调节T细胞。此外,考虑到它们的不同作用机理,认为将A2AR拮抗剂与肿瘤疫苗联合使用至少可提供累加效应。最后,A2AR拮抗剂可以最有效地与肿瘤疫苗和其他检查点阻断剂联合使用。例如,阻断PD-1的结合以及抑制A2AR可能降低肿瘤关闭肿瘤特异性效应T细胞的能力(参见,例如,Fishman,P等人(2009)Handb Exp Pharmacol 193:399-441)。此外,已经发现A2AR受体腺苷信号有望成为负反馈回路,并且临床前研究已证实,阻断A2AR激活可以显著增强抗肿瘤免疫(Sitkovsky,MV等人(2014)癌症免疫(Cancer Immun)Res 2:598-605)。
(A2BR)腺苷2B受体(A2BR)
A2bR(也称为ADORA2B)是一种存在于许多不同细胞类型中的GPCR。与其他腺苷受体亚型(例如A1R、A2AR和A3R)相比,它需要更高浓度的腺苷进行激活(Fredholm BB等人(2001)Biochem Pharmacol 61:443-448)。例如,在常见的缺氧肿瘤中,已经看到了这种状况。与其他腺苷受体亚型相反,A2BR可能在与大量腺苷释放相关的病理生理状况中,发挥重要作用。因此,对该腺苷受体亚型的选择性阻断或刺激将不会干扰腺苷通过其他腺苷受体亚型介导的众多重要生理功能。但是,导致A2BR介导的抑制途径尚不完全清楚。
血管生成代表肿瘤生长的关键机制。血管生成过程受到一系列血管生成因子的高度调控,并且在与缺氧有关的特定情况下,由腺苷引起。A2BR在人微血管内皮细胞中表达,在调节血管生成因子(如血管内皮生长因子(VEGF))的表达中起着重要作用。在某些肿瘤类型中,已观察到缺氧导致A2BRs上调,这表明A2BRs在介导腺苷对血管生成的影响中起关键作用。因此,对A2BRs的阻断可通过限制肿瘤细胞的氧气供应来限制肿瘤的生长。此外,涉及腺苷酸环化酶激活的实验表明,A2BRs是某些肿瘤细胞中唯一的腺苷受体亚型,这表明A2BR拮抗剂可能对特定的肿瘤类型表现出作用(参见例如Feoktistov,I等人(2003)Circ Res 92:485-492)。
最近的数据使人们对A2BR调节器的确切作用的理解,更加复杂。如上所述,数据证实,在介导腺苷对肿瘤生长和进展的影响中,A2BRs起重要作用。的确,针对以A2BR作为靶标的潜在抗癌治疗中,抑制血管生成和抑制ERK1/2磷酸化是最为有益的效果。然而,虽然抑制血管生成需要使用A2BR拮抗剂,但通过其他临床相关途径(例如MAP激酶途径)抑制生长信号可能通过用A2BR激动剂治疗来实现(参见例如Graham,S.等(2001)欧洲药理学杂志(Eur JPharmaol)420:19-26)。其他实验结果可能表明,如果在疾病及其治疗的不同阶段使用,则激动剂和拮抗剂都可与其他治疗措施相结合,为治疗提供有用的选择。
在一个特定方面,本文提供了具有式(I)的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物,其中,
G1为N或CR3a;
G2为N或CR3b;
R3a和R3b各自独立地为H或C1-3烷基;
R1a和R1b各自独立地选自下组:
i)H
ii)任选地被1-3个R5取代基所取代的C1-8烷基、
iii)任选地被1-3个R5取代基所取代的-X1-O-C1-8烷基、
iv)-C(O)-R6、
v)任选地被1-3个R7取代基所取代的Y,和
vi)任选地被1-3个1-3R7取代基所取代的-X1-Y;或者
vii)R1a和R1b连同与它们相连的氮形成任选地被1-3个R8取代基所取代的5-6元杂环烷基环,其中,所述杂环烷基具有0-2个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点;
各个Y是C3-8环烷基或具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成组的杂原子环顶点的4至6元杂环烷基;
R2和R4各自独立地为H或C1-3烷基;
各个X1为C1-6亚烷基;
各个R5独立地选自下组:羟基、C3-8环烷基、苯基、-O-苯基、-C(O)ORa、和氧代;
各个R6是C1-8烷基或Y,其中每一个任选地被1-3个选自下组的取代基所取代:羟基、-O-苯基、苯基、和-O-C1-8烷基;
各个R7独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、羟基、-O-C1-8烷基、氧代、和C(O)ORa;
各个R8独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、羟基、和氧代;
下标n为0、1、2或3;
各个R9独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-C(O)ORa、卤素、氰基、-NRbRc、Y、-X1-C3-8环烷基、和-X2-Z,其中,X2选自下组:C1-6亚烷基、-C1-6亚烷基-O-、-C1-4亚烷基-O-C1-4亚烷基-、-C(O)-、和–S(O)2-,Z为具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点的4至6元杂环烷基,以及其中每个所述的R9取代基任选地被1-3个R11所取代。
每个R10a、R10b、R10c和R10d独立地选自:H、C1-8烷基、卤素、氰基、-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-S(O)2-C1-6烷基、-C(O)NRdRe,和具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点的4-6元杂芳基,其中,每个所述的R10a-d取代基任选地被1-3个R12所取代,或者R10a、R10b、R10c和R10d中在相邻环顶点上的二个任选地结合以形成任选地被1-2个卤素所取代的5元杂环;
各个R11独立地选自下组:羟基、氧代(oxo)、卤素、氰基、-NRdRe、-C(O)ORa、苯基、C3-8环烷基、和任选地被-C(O)ORa所取代的C1-4烷基;
各个R12独立地选自下组:卤素、氰基、羟基、-C(O)ORa;和
各个Ra为H或C1-6烷基;
各个Rb和Rc独立地选自下组:H、C1-8烷基、-S(O)2-C1-6烷基、-C(O)ORa、和-X1-C(O)ORa;和
各个Rd和Re独立地选自下组:H、C1-8烷基、-S(O)2-C1-6烷基。
在一些实施方案中,本文提供的是用于治疗或预防对象(例如人)的癌症的方法,其包括向所述对象施用治疗有效量的至少一种本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂。在一些实施方案中,本文提供的是通过以有效地逆转或阻止A2AR介导的免疫抑制的进展的量向对象施用至少一种本文所述的化合物的治疗或预防对象中的癌症的方法。在一些实施方案中,A2AR介导的免疫抑制是由抗原呈递细胞(APC)介导的。
可以使用本文所述的化合物和组合物治疗的癌症的例子包括但不限于:前列腺癌,结肠癌、直肠癌,胰腺癌,子宫颈癌,胃癌,子宫内膜癌,脑癌,肝癌,膀胱癌,卵巢癌,睾丸癌,头癌,颈癌,皮肤癌(包括黑色素瘤和基底癌),间皮瘤,白细胞癌(包括淋巴瘤和白血病),食道癌,乳腺癌,肌肉癌,结缔组织癌,肺癌(包括小细胞肺癌和非小细胞癌),肾上腺腺体癌,甲状腺癌,肾癌或骨癌;成胶质细胞瘤,间皮瘤,肾细胞癌,胃癌,肉瘤,绒毛膜癌,皮肤基底细胞癌和睾丸精原细胞瘤。在本发明的一些实施方方式中,所述癌症是黑色素瘤、结肠癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、白血病、脑瘤、淋巴瘤、肉瘤、卵巢癌、头颈癌、宫颈癌或卡波西肉瘤。下文进一步讨论用本发明的化合物和组合物治疗的候选癌症。
本文还提供了治疗接受了骨髓移植或外周血干细胞移植的对象的方法,其通过施用足以增加对肿瘤抗原的迟发型超敏反应、延迟移植后恶性肿瘤的复发时间、增加移植后的无复发存活时间,和/或增加移植后长期存活率的治疗有效量的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂。
在某些实施方案中,本文提供的是用于治疗或预防对象(例如,人)中感染性病症(例如病毒感染)的方法,其包括向对象施用治疗有效量的至少一种A2AR/A2BR抑制剂(例如,本发明的新型抑制剂)。在一些实施方案中,所述感染性病症是病毒感染(例如慢性病毒感染)、细菌感染、真菌感染或寄生虫感染。在某些实施方案中,所述病毒感染是人类免疫缺陷病毒或巨细胞病毒。
在其他实施方案中,本文提供的是用于治疗或预防对象(例如人)中免疫相关的疾病、病症或病况的方法,其包括向所述对象施用治疗有效量的至少一种本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂。下文描述了免疫相关疾病、病症和病况的实例。
其他可通过调节A2AR/A2BR活性来全部或部分治疗或预防的疾病、病症和病况是本文所提供的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂化合物的候选适应症。
本文还提供了所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与一种或多种另外的药剂联用的用途。所述一种或多种另外的药剂可具有一些腺苷A2A受体和/或腺苷A2B受体调节活性;或者它们可通过其他的作用机制起作用。在一些实施方案中,这样的药剂包括放射(例如局部放射疗法或全身放射疗法)和/或非药理学性质的其他治疗方式。当使用联合疗法时,本文所述的化合物和一种或多种另外的药剂可以是单一组合物或多种组合物的形式,并且治疗方式可以同时、依次或通过一些其他方案施用。举例来说,本发明考虑了一种治疗方案,其中放射阶段之后是化学治疗阶段。联合疗法可能具有叠加或协同效应。下文描述了联合治疗的其他益处。
在具体的实施方案中,本文提供的是本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与一种或多种免疫检查点抑制剂联合的方法。导致抗原特异性T细胞应答的放大的免疫检查点的阻断已被证明是人类癌症治疗中的有前景的方法。免疫检查点(配体和受体)的实例,其中的一些在各种类型的肿瘤细胞中选择性地上调,是用于阻断的候选者,包括PD1(程序性细胞死亡蛋白1);PDL1(PD1配体);BTLA(B和T淋巴细胞衰减子);CTLA4(细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4);TIM3(T细胞膜蛋白3);LAG3(淋巴细胞激活基因3);和杀伤细胞抑制性受体。本文中其他地方详细讨论了免疫检查点抑制剂以及与其联合的疗法。
在其他实施方案中,本文提供了用于治疗对象中癌症的方法,包括向受试者施用治疗有效量的至少一种A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和至少一种化学治疗剂,这样的治疗剂包括,但不限于,烷基化试剂(例如,氮芥,如苯丁酸氮芥、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺(isofamide)、氮芥、美法仑、和尿嘧啶氮芥;氮丙啶,如塞替派;甲磺酸盐酯,例如白消安;核苷类似物(例如,吉西他滨);亚硝基脲,如卡莫司汀、洛莫司汀、和链脲佐菌素;拓扑异构酶1抑制剂(例如伊立替康);铂络合物,例如顺铂和卡铂;生物还原烷化剂,例如丝裂霉素、丙卡巴肼、达卡巴嗪和四氯羟胺;DNA链断裂剂(例如博来霉素);拓扑异构酶II抑制剂(例如安吖啶,更生霉素,柔红霉素,伊达比星,米托蒽醌,多柔比星,依托泊苷和替尼泊苷);DNA小沟结合剂(例如,普卡霉素(plicamydin));抗代谢物(例如,叶酸拮抗剂,例如甲氨蝶呤和三甲曲沙;嘧啶拮抗剂,例如氟尿嘧啶,氟脱氧尿苷,CB3717,阿扎胞苷,阿糖胞苷,和氟尿苷;嘌呤拮抗剂,如巯基嘌呤,6-硫鸟嘌呤,氟达拉滨,喷司他丁;天冬酰胺酶;和核糖核苷酸还原酶抑制剂,例如作为羟基脲);微管蛋白相互作用剂(例如长春新碱,雌莫司汀,长春碱,多西他赛,埃坡霉素衍生物和紫杉醇);激素剂(例如,雌激素;结合雌激素;乙炔基雌二醇;己烯雌酚;三对甲氧苯氯乙烯(chlortrianisen);己二烯雌酚(idenestrol);孕激素,如己酸羟孕酮,醋酸甲羟孕酮,甲地孕酮和;以及雄激素,如睾酮,丙酸睾酮,氟甲睾酮,甲基睾酮和);肾上腺皮质类固醇(例如泼尼松,地塞米松,甲基强的松龙和泼尼松龙);促黄体激素释放剂或促性腺激素释放激素拮抗剂(例如醋酸亮丙瑞林和醋酸戈舍瑞林);和抗激素抗原(例如他莫昔芬,抗雄激素药物例如氟他胺;以及抗肾上腺素药物例如米托坦和氨基谷酰亚胺)。本发明还考虑将A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与本领域已知的其他药剂(例如三氧化二砷)和将来可能开发的其它化学治疗剂联用的用途。
在一些实施方案中,本申请提供了治疗癌症的方法,其中,将治疗有效量的本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与至少一种化学治疗剂组合施用,导致癌症存活率大于通过单独施用任一种药剂所观察到的癌症存活率。在涉及治疗癌症的方法的其他实施方案中,与至少一种化学治疗剂组合施用治疗有效量的本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与至少一种化学治疗剂相结合,导致肿瘤尺寸的减小或肿瘤生长的减缓大于通过单独施用任一种药剂所观察到的肿瘤尺寸或肿瘤生长的减小。
在另外的实施方案中,本发明考虑了用于治疗或预防受试者中的癌症的方法,其包括向受试者施用治疗有效量的至少一种本申请所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和至少一种信号转导抑制剂(STI)。在一个特定的实施方案中,所述至少一种STI选自下组:bcr/abl激酶抑制剂、表皮生长因子(EGF)受体抑制剂、her-2/neu受体抑制剂、和法尼基转移酶抑制剂(FTIs)。其他候选的STI剂在本申请中其他地方列出。
本发明还考虑了增强受试者中肿瘤细胞排斥的方法,其包括将A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与至少一种化学治疗剂和/或放射疗法共同施用,其中所导致的肿瘤细胞排斥大于通过单独施用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂、化学治疗剂或放射治疗所得到的肿瘤排斥。
在其他实施方案中,本发明提供了治疗对象中癌症的方法,包括向对象施用治疗有效量的至少一种A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和除A2AR/A2BR抑制剂之外的至少一种免疫调节剂。在具体的实施方案中,所述至少一种免疫调节剂选自下组:CD4OL、B7、B7RP1,抗CD40、抗CD38、抗ICOS、4-IBB配体、树突细胞癌症疫苗、IL2、IL12、ELC/CCL19、SLC/CCL21、MCP-1、IL-4、IL-18、TNF、IL-15、MDC、IFN-a/-13、M-CSF、IL-3、GM-CSF、IL-13和抗IL-10。其他候选的免疫调节剂在本文中其他地方列出。
本发明考虑了包括用于治疗或预防对象(例如人)的感染性疾病(例如病毒感染)的方法的实施方案,所述方法包括向对象施用治疗有效量的至少一种本本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂,和治疗有效量的抗感染剂。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,另外的治疗剂为细胞因子(包括例如粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)),或flt3-配体。本发明还考虑了用于治疗或预防病毒感染(例如,慢性病毒感染)的方法,所述病毒感染包括但不限于丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒(EBV)、水痘带状疱疹病毒、柯萨奇病毒和人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)。下面将进一步讨论本申请所述化合物用于治疗(单独或作为联合疗法的组分)感染的用途。
在另外的实施方案中,通过共同施用疫苗并联合施用治疗有效量的本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂来实现感染性疾病的治疗。在一些实施方案中,疫苗是抗病毒疫苗,包括例如,抗HIV疫苗。在其他实施方案中,疫苗对结核或疟疾有效。在其他实施方案中,疫苗为肿瘤疫苗(例如,有效对抗黑色素瘤的疫苗);所述肿瘤疫苗可包含转基因的肿瘤细胞或转基因的细胞系,包括已转染表达粒细胞-巨噬细胞刺激因子(GM-CSF)的转基因的肿瘤细胞或转基因的细胞系。在特定的实施方案中,疫苗包括一种或多种免疫原性肽和/或树突细胞。
在一些实施方案中,本发明考虑了将本申请所述的化合物与一种或多种抗微生物剂联合使用的方法。
在涉及通过施用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和至少一种另外的治疗剂治疗感染的某些实施方案中,在施用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和另外的治疗剂之后所观察到的感染症状比单独施用任一后所观察到的相同的症状得到改善。在一些实施方式中,所观察到的感染症状可以是病毒载量减少、CD4+T细胞计数的增加、机会性感染的减少、增加的存活时间、慢性感染的根除或其组合。
附图的简要说明
不适用
发明详述
在进一步描述本发明之前,应当理解本发明不限于本文所述的特定实施例,并且还应当理解本文所用的术语仅出于描述特定实施例的目的,并且并非限制性的。
应当理解,所提供的数值值范围,除非上下文另有明确规定,否则在该范围的上限和下限之间的中间值(到下限单位的十分之一)以及该陈述范围内的任何其他规定或中间值包含在本发明内。这些较小范围的上限和下限可独立地包括在较小的范围内,并且也包含在本发明内,受限于所述范围内的任何具体地排除的限制。在所述范围包括一个或二个限值的情况下,排除那些所包括的限值中的任一个或二个的范围也包括在本发明中。除非另有定义,否则本申请所用的所有技术和科学术语具有与在本发明所属领域中的普通技术人员通常理解的相同的含义。
如本文所用,除非上下文另有明确规定,否则单数形式“一”,“一个”,和“该”包括复数形式。还应注意,权利要求应排除任何可选的元素。正因如在,该陈述旨在作为用于诸如“单独地,”、“仅”等等的与权利要求要素的详述有关的的排除性术语,或用于“否定的”限制的前置基础。
本申请仅提供的在本申请提交日期之前讨论的公开出版物。本文讨论的出版物仅是在本申请的提交日期之前公开的。此外,提供的公开的日期可能与实际公开日期不同,可能需要单独确认。
通用
例如,本文提供了用于抑制腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)和/或腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)的化合物和组合物,以及包含其的药物组合物。本申请还提供了,例如,治疗或预防通过腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)和/或腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)的抑制所介导的疾病、病症或病况或其症状的方法。
定义
除非另有说明,否则下列术语旨在具有以下所述的含义。其他术语在整个说明书的其他地方被定义。
除非另有说明,术语”烷基”,本身或作为另一个取代基的一部分,是指具有指定碳原子数(即C1-8是指1至8个碳)的直链或支链烃基。烷基可包括任何数量的碳,例如,C1-2、C1-3、C1-4、C1-5、C1-6、C1-7、C1-8、C1-9、C1-10、C2-3、C2-4、C2-5、C2-6、C3-4、C3-5、C3-6、C4-5、C4-6和C5-6。烷基的例子包括:甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、正戊基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基等等。
术语“亚烷基”是指具有指定数量的碳的直链或支链饱和脂肪族基团,且连接至少两个其他基团,即二价烃基。与亚烷基连接的两个部分可与亚烷基的相同原子或不同原子连接。例如,直链亚烷基可以是二价基团-(CH2)n-,其中,n为1、2、3、4、5或6。代表性的亚烷基包括但不限于:亚甲基、亚乙基、亚丙基、异亚丙基、亚丁基、异亚丁基、仲-亚丁基、亚戊基和亚己基。亚烷基(在本发明中通常称为X1或X2基团)可以是取代或未取代的。当包括X1或X2的基团任选地被取代时,应当理解,可选的取代基可能是在该部分的亚烷基部位上。
术语“环烷基”是指具有指定数量的环原子(例如,C3-6环烷基)并且完全饱和或环顶点之间具有不超过一个双键的烃环。“环烷基”也可意指双环和多环烃,例如,双环[2.2.1]庚烷、双环[2.2.2]辛烷等。在一些实施例中,本发明的环烷基是单环C3-6环烷基部分。
术语“杂环烷基”是指具有指定数目的环顶点(或成员)且具有替换一至五个碳顶点的一至五个选自N、O和S的杂原子的环烷基环,以及其中,氮和硫原子任选地被氧化,和氮原子任选地被季铵化。环杂烷基可以是单环、双环或多环体系。环杂烷基的非限制性示例包括:吡咯烷、咪唑烷、吡唑烷、丁内酰胺、戊内酰胺、咪唑啉酮、乙内酰脲、二氧戊环、邻苯二甲酰亚胺、哌啶、1,4-二氧六环、吗啉、硫代吗啉、硫代吗啉-S-氧化物、硫代吗啉-S,S-氧化物、哌嗪、吡喃、吡啶酮、3-吡咯啉、噻喃、吡喃酮、四氢呋喃、四氢噻吩、奎宁环,以及类似基团。环杂烷基可通过环碳或杂原子连接至分子的其余部分。
如本文所用,与本申请所描述的任何化学结构中的单键、双键或三键相交的波浪线表示单键、双键或三键与分子的其余部分的连接点。此外,延伸到环(例如,苯环)中心的键意指在任何可用的环顶点处的连接。本领域技术人员将理解,显示为连接至环上的多个取代基将占据环顶点,其提供稳定的化合物且另外是空间上相容的。对于二价组成部分,基团代表意味着包括任一方向(正向或反向)的定向。例如,基团“–C(O)NH-”意味着包括在任一方向的连接:-C(O)NH-或–NHC(O)-,以及类似地,“-O-CH2CH2-”意味着同时包括-O-CH2CH2-和-CH2CH2-O-。
除非另外说明,否则术语“卤代”或“卤素”本身或作为另一取代基的一部分表示氟、氯、溴或碘原子。外,诸如“卤代烷基”的术语意在包括单卤代烷基和多卤代烷基。例如,术语“C1-4卤代烷基”是指包括三氟甲基、2,2,2-三氟乙基、4-氯丁基、3-溴丙基等。
除非另有说明,术语”芳基”是指多不饱和通常为芳香性的烃基,其可以是单环或稠合在一起或共价连接的多环(最多三环)。芳基的非限制性例子包括:苯基、萘基和联苯基。
术语“杂芳基”是指含一至五个选自N、O和S的杂原子的芳基(或环),其中氮和硫原子任选地被氧化和氮原子任选地被季铵化。杂芳基可通过杂原子与分子的其他部分连接。杂芳基的非限制性例子包括:吡啶基、哒嗪基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、三嗪基、喹啉基、喹喔啉基、喹唑啉基、噌啉基、酞嗪基、苯并三嗪基、嘌呤基、苯并咪唑基、苯并吡唑基、苯并三唑基、苯并异恶唑基、异苯并呋喃基、异吲哚基、吲哚嗪基、苯并三嗪基、噻吩并吡啶基、噻吩并嘧啶基、吡唑并嘧啶基、咪唑并吡啶基、苯并噻唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、吲哚基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、异噻唑基、吡唑基、吲唑基、蝶啶基、咪唑基、三唑基、四唑基、恶唑基、异恶唑基、噻二唑基、吡咯基、噻唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基,以及类似基团。杂芳基环的取代基可以选自下面描述的可接受的取代基。
在一些实施方案中,上述术语(如,“烷基”、“芳基”和“杂芳基”)可被任选地取代。下面提供各种类型的基团的选择的取代基。
烷基(包括通常被称为亚烷基、烯基、炔基和环烷基的那些基团)的任选取代基可以是零至(2m’+1)个的选自下组的各种基团:卤素、-OR’、-NR’R”、-SR’、-SiR’R”R”'、-OC(O)R’、-C(O)R’、-CO2R’、-CONR’R”、-OC(O)NR’R”、-NR”C(O)R’、-NR’-C(O)N R”R”'、-N R”C(O)2R’、-NH-C(NH2)=NH、NR’C(NH2)=NH、-NH-C(NH2)=NR’、-S(O)R’、-S(O)2R’、-S(O)2NR’R”、NR’S(O)2R”、-CN(氰基)、-NO2、芳基、芳氧基、氧代、环烷基和杂环烷基,其中,m’是在该基团中碳原子的总数。R’、R”和R”'各自独立地指氢、未取代的C1-8烷基、未取代的芳基、被1-3个卤素取代的芳基、C1-8烷氧基或C1-8硫代烷氧基(thioalkoxy groups),或未取代的芳基-C1-4烷基。当R’和R”与相同的氮原子连接时,它们可以与氮原子结合形成3、4、5、6或7元环。例如,-NR’R”是指包括1-吡咯烷基和4-吗啉基。
环烷基和杂环烷基的任选的取代基可以是选自以下的各种基团:任选地被-OR’、-NR’R”、-SR’、-SiR’R”R”'、-OC(O)R’、-C(O)R’、-CO2R’、-CONR’R”、-OC(O)NR’R”、-NR”C(O)R’、-NR’-C(O)NR”R”’、-NR”C(O)2R’、-NH-C(NH2)=NH、-NR’C(NH2)=NH、-NH-C(NH2)=NR’、-S(O)R’、-S(O)2R’、-S(O)2NR’R”、-NR’S(O)2R”、-CN(氰基)、-NO2、芳基、芳氧基和氧代所取代的烷基。R’、R”和R”’各自独立地指氢、未取代的C1-8烷基、未取代的芳基、被1-3个卤素取代的芳基、C1-8烷氧基或C1-8硫代烷氧基、或未取代的芳基-C1-4烷基。
相似地,芳基和杂芳基可选择的取代基是变化的且通常选自:-卤素、-OR’、-OC(O)R’、-NR’R”、-SR’、-R’、-CN、-NO2、-CO2R’、-CONR’R”、-C(O)R’、-OC(O)NR’R”、-NR”C(O)R’、-NR”C(O)2R’、-NR’-C(O)NR”R”’、-NH-C(NH2)=NH、-NR’C(NH2)=NH、-NH-C(NH2)=NR’、-S(O)R’、-S(O)2R’、-S(O)2NR’R”、-NR’S(O)2R”、-N3-、全氟(C1-C4)烷氧基和全氟(C1-C4)烷基,其数量为从零至芳环系统上开放化合价的总数;且R’、R”和R”’独立地选自:氢、C1-8烷基、C1-8卤代烷基、C3-6环烷基、C2-8烯基和C2-8炔基。其他合适的取代基包括通过1-6个碳原子的亚烷基连接到环原子的上述各芳基取代基。
芳基或杂芳基环的相邻原子上的取代基中的二个可以任选地被式-T-C(O)-(CH2)q-U-取代基所替换,其中,T和U独立地为-NH-、-O-、-CH2-或单键,并且q是0至2的整数。或者,芳基或杂芳基环的相邻原子上的取代基中的二个可以任选地被式-A-(CRfRg)r-B-取代基所替换,其中,A和B独立地为-CH2-、-O-、-NH-、-S-、-S(O)-、-S(O)2-、-S(O)2NR’-或单键,r是1至3的整数,以及Rf和Rg各自独立地为H或卤素。如此形成的新环的单键之一可以任选地被双键取代。或者,芳基或杂芳基环的相邻原子上的取代基中的二个可以任选地被式-(CH2)s-X-(CH2)t-取代基所替换,其中,s和t独立地为0至3的整数,以及X为-O-、-NR’-、-S-、-S(O)-、-S(O)2-、或-S(O)2NR’-。在-NR’-和-S(O)2NR’-中的取代基R’选自氢或未取代的C1-6烷基。
如本申请所用,术语“杂原子”意在包括氧(O),氮(N),硫(S)和硅(Si)。
术语“药学上可接受的盐”意指包括用相对无毒的酸或碱制备的活性化合物的盐,这取决于本文所述化合物上存在的特定取代基。当本发明化合物含有相对较酸性的官能团时,碱加成盐可以通过使这些化合物的中性形式与足够量的所需碱无溶剂或在合适的惰性溶剂中接触而获得。衍生自药学上可接受的无机碱的盐的实例包括铝盐、铵盐、钙盐、铜盐、铁盐、亚铁盐、锂盐、镁盐、三价锰盐、二价锰盐、钾盐、钠盐、锌盐等。衍生自药学上可接受的有机碱的盐包括伯胺、仲胺和叔胺的盐,包括取代的胺、环胺、天然存在的胺等,例如精氨酸、甜菜碱、咖啡因、胆碱、N,N’-二苄基乙二胺、二乙胺、2-二乙基氨基乙醇、2-二甲基氨基乙醇、乙醇胺、乙二胺、N-乙基吗啉、N-乙基哌啶、葡糖胺、葡萄糖胺、组氨酸、海巴明(hydrabamine)、异丙基胺、赖氨酸、甲基葡糖胺、吗啉、哌嗪、哌啶、聚胺树脂、普鲁卡因、嘌呤、可可碱、三乙胺、三甲胺、三丙基胺、氨丁三醇以及类似基团。当本发明化合物含有相对碱性的官能团时,可以通过使这些化合物的中性形式与足够量的所需酸接触而获得酸加成盐,所述酸可以是无溶剂的或在合适的惰性溶剂中。药学上可接受的酸加成盐的实例包括衍生自无机酸如盐酸、氢溴酸、硝酸、碳酸、一氢碳酸、磷酸、一氢磷酸、二氢磷酸、硫酸、一氢硫酸、氢碘酸或亚磷酸等的那些、以及衍生自如乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丙二酸、苯甲酸、琥珀酸、辛二酸、富马酸、扁桃酸、邻苯二甲酸、苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、甲磺酸等相对无毒的有机酸的盐。还包括氨基酸,例如精氨酸等的盐,以及有机酸,例如葡萄糖醛酸或半乳糖醛酸等的盐(参见,例如,Berge,S.M.等,“药用盐(Pharmaceutical Salts)”,药物科学杂志(Journal of Pharmaceutical Science),1977,66,1-19)。本发明的某些具体化合物同时含有碱性和酸性官能团,使得化合物可以转化为碱或酸加成盐。
化合物的中性形式可通过使盐与碱或酸接触并以常规方式分离母体化合物而再生。化合物的母体形式在某些物理性质上不同于其各种盐形式,例如在极性溶剂中的溶解性,但是出于本发明目的在其他方面盐等同于化合物的母体形式。除了盐形式外,本发明提供了以前药形式存在的化合物。本文所述化合物的前药是在生理条件下易于发生化学变化以提供本发明化合物的那些化合物。另外,前药可以在离体环境中通过化学或生物化学方法转化成本发明的化合物。例如,当将前药放置在具有合适的酶或化学试剂的透皮贴剂储库中时,前药会缓慢地转化成本发明的化合物。前药在本文其他地方更详细描述。前药在本申请其他地方有更详细的描述。
除了盐形式外,本发明提供了以前药形式存在的化合物。本申请所述化合物的前药是在生理条件下易于发生化学变化以提供本发明化合物的那些化合物。另外,前药可以在离体环境中通过化学或生物化学方法转化成本发明的化合物。例如,当将前药放置在具有合适的酶或化学试剂的透皮贴剂储库中时,前药会缓慢地转化成本发明的化合物。前药在本文其他地方更详细描述。
本发明的某些化合物可以非溶剂化形式以及溶剂化形式存在,包括水合形式。通常,溶剂化形式相当于非溶剂化形式,并且意图包括在本发明的范围内。本发明的某些化合物可以以多晶或无定形形式存在。通常,所有物理形式对于本发明预期的用途是等同的,并且意在落入本发明的范围内。
本发明的某些化合物具有不对称碳原子(光学中心)或双键;外消旋体,非对映异构体,几何异构体,区域异构体和单个异构体(例如单独的对映异构体)均旨在包括在本发明的范围内。当显示了立体化学描述时,其意思是指其中存在一种异构体且基本上不含另一种异构体的化合物。“基本上不含”另一种异构体表示两种异构体的至少80/20比例,更优选90/10或95/5或更多。在一些实施方案中,其中一种异构体的含量至少为99%。
本发明的化合物还可以在构成这些化合物的一个或多个原子上含有非天然比例的原子同位素。同位素的非自然比例可以定义为从自然界中发现的量到100%由所讨论的原子构成的量。例如,所述化合物可以掺入放射性同位素,例如氚(3H),碘-125(125I)或碳-14(14C)或非放射性同位素,如氘(2H)或碳-13(13C)。这种同位素变化可以为本申请中其它地方描述的那些提供额外的效用。例如,本发明化合物的同位素变体可以发现其他用途,包括但不限于作为诊断和/或成像试剂,或作为细胞毒性/放射性毒性治疗剂。另外,本发明化合物的同位素变体可以具有改变的药代动力学和药效学特征,其可以有助于提高治疗期间的安全性、耐受性或功效。本发明化合物的所有同位素变体,无论是否是放射性的,均旨在被包括在本发明的范围内。
术语“患者”或“对象”可互换使用,是指人类或非人类动物(例如,哺乳动物)。
当应用于,例如,对象、细胞、组织、器官或生物液,术语“施用”、“给药”等是指将例如A2AR/A2BR抑制剂,包含其的药物组合物或诊断试剂与对象、细胞、组织、器官或生物液接触。在细胞的情况下,施用包括将试剂与细胞接触(例如体外或离体),以及试剂与流体接触,其中流体与细胞接触。
术语“治疗”,“治疗的”和“疗法”等是指在疾病、病症或病况或其症状被诊断、观察到等后开始的一系列方案(例如施用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂或包含其的药物组合物),以暂时或永久地消除、减轻、压制、缓和或改善至少一种折磨对象的疾病、病症、病状的潜在原因,或者至少一种与折磨对象的疾病、病症,病状相关的症状。因此,治疗包括抑制(例如,阻止疾病、病症或病状或与其相关的临床症状的发展或进一步发展)活动性疾病。
如本申请所用,术语“需要治疗”是指医师或其他护理人员做出的受试者需要或将从治疗中受益的判断。该判断是基于医师或护理人员专业知识范围内的多种因素做出的。
术语“预防”、“预防的”、“预防法”等是指以某种方式(例如在发作之前)开始的作用过程(例如施用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂或包含该抑制剂的药物组合物)。以暂时或永久地预防、压制、抑制或减轻对象发展疾病、病症或病况等的风险(如通过缺乏临床症状所确定的)或延迟其发作,通常在对象易患特定疾病、病症或病况的情况下。在某些情况下,术语还指减缓疾病、病症或病况的进展或抑制其发展成有害或其他不期望的状况。
如本申请所用,术语“需要预防”是指医师或其他护理者做出的受试者需要或将从中受益的判断。该判断是基于医师或护理人员的专业知识范围内的多种因素做出的。
短语“治疗有效量”是指将药剂单独或作为药物组合物的一部分并且以单次剂量或作为一系列剂量的一部分施用于对象,当对对象施用时,施用量能够对疾病、病症或病况的任何症状、方面或特征具有任何可检测的积极作用。通过测量相关的生理效应可以确定治疗有效量,并且可以根据对象病况的给药方案和诊断分析等来调整治疗有效量。举例来说,在给药后的特定时间测量A2AR/A2BR抑制剂(或其代谢物)的血清水平可以指示是否已使用治疗有效量。
短语“以足以引起改变的量”是指在施用特定疗法之前和之后测量的指示剂水平(例如,基线水平)之间存在可检测的差异。短语“足以实现改变的量”意指在施用特定疗法之前(例如,基线水平)和之后测量的指标水平之间存在可检测的差异。指标包括任何客观参数(例如血清浓度)或主观参数(例如,对象的适宜感)。
术语“小分子”是指具有小于约10kDa,小于约2kDa或小于约1kDa的分子量的化合物。小分子包括但不限于无机分子,有机分子,含有无机成分的有机分子,含有放射性原子的分子和合成分子。治疗上,小分子可能对细胞更易渗透,不易受降解影响,而且较大分子不易引发免疫反应。
术语“配体”是指,例如,肽、多肽、膜相关或膜结合分子或其复合物,其可充当受体激动剂或拮抗剂。配体包括天然和合成配体,例如细胞因子、细胞因子变体、类似物、突变蛋白以及衍生自抗体的结合成分以及小分子。该术语还包括既不是激动剂也不是拮抗剂但可以结合受体而不显著影响其生物学性质例(如信号传导或粘附)的药剂。此外,该术语包括已通过例如化学或重组方法改变为膜结合配体可溶形式的膜结合配体。配体或受体可能完全是细胞内的,也就是说,它可能存在于细胞质、细胞核或一些其他细胞内区室中。配体和受体的复合物被称为“配体-受体复合物”。
术语“抑制剂”和“拮抗剂”,或“激活剂”和“激动剂”分别指抑制或活化分子,例如,用于活化例如配体、受体、辅因子、基因、细胞、组织或器官。抑制剂是减少、阻断、阻止、延迟活化、使失活、脱敏或下调例如基因、蛋白质、配体、受体或细胞的分子。激活剂是增加、活化、促进、增强激活、敏化或上调例如基因、蛋白质、配体、受体或细胞的分子。抑制剂也可以定义为减少、阻断或灭活组成型(constitutive)活性的分子。“激动剂”是与靶标相互作用以引起或促进靶标活化增加的分子。“拮抗剂”是一种与激动剂作用相反的分子。拮抗剂阻止、降低、抑制或中和激动剂的活性,并且拮抗剂还可以阻止、抑制或降低靶标例如靶标受体的组成型活性,即使在没有确定的激动剂的情况下。
术语“调节”、“调整”等是指分子(例如活化剂或抑制剂)直接或间接增加或降低A2AR/A2BR的功能或活性的能力。调节剂可以单独起作用,或者可以使用辅因子,例如:蛋白质、金属离子或小分子。调节剂的实例包括小分子化合物和其他生物有机分子。许多小分子化合物的文库(例如组合文库)是可商购的,并且可以用作鉴定调节剂的起点。本领域技术人员能够开发一种或多种分析法(例如,生物化学或基于细胞的分析法),其中可筛选这些化合物文库以鉴定具有期望性能的一种或多种化合物;此后,熟练的药物化学家能够通过例如合成和评估其类似物和衍生物来优化这样的一种或多种化合物。合成和/或分子模型研究也可用于鉴定激活剂。
分子的“活性”可以描述或指代分子与配体或受体的结合;催化活性;刺激基因表达或细胞信号传导、分化或成熟的能力;抗原活性;其他分子的活性的调控等等。术语“增殖活性”包括促进对于正常细胞分裂,以及癌症、肿瘤、发育异常、细胞转化、转移和血管生成需要或与正常细胞分裂,以及癌症、肿瘤、发育异常、细胞转化、转移和血管生成特异性相关的活性。
如本申请所用,“可比较的”、“可比较的活性”、“与…可比的活性”、“可比效果”、“与…可比的效果”等是可以定量和/或定性观察的相对术语。术语的含义通常取决于使用它们的上下文。举例来说,出于定性的观点,均激活受体的两种药物可被视为具有相当的效果,但如果按照在本领域接受的分析(例如,剂量-反应分析)中或在本领域接受的动物模型中确定的一个药物的活性仅能够达到另一个药物活性的20%,则从定量观点看,可将两种药物视为缺乏相当的效果。当比较一个结果与另一个结果(例如,一个结果与参考标准比较)时,“可比较”经常(尽管不总是)意味着一个结果与参考标准偏离小于35%,小于30%,小于25%,小于20%,小于15%,小于10%,小于7%,小于5%,小于4%,小于3%,小于2%,或小于1%。在特定实施方案中,如果一个结果与参考标准偏差小于15%,小于10%或小于5%,则该结果与参考标准相当。作为示例而非限制,活性或效果可以指,活性或效果可以指效力、稳定性、溶解度或免疫原性。
“基本上纯的”表示组分占组合物总含量的大于约50%,并且典型地大于总多肽含量的约60%。更典型地,“基本上纯的”是指组合物中全部组分的至少75%,至少85%,至少90%或更多是感兴趣的组分。在一些情况下,多肽将占组合物总含量的大于约90%或大于约95%。
当提及配体/受体,抗体/抗原或其他结合对时,术语“特异性结合”或“选择性结合”表示一种结合反应,该反应决定蛋白质在蛋白质和其他生物制剂的异质群体中的存在。因此,在指定的条件下,指定的配体与特定的受体结合并且不会显著地结合样品中存在的其他蛋白质。所考虑方法中的抗体或衍生自抗体的抗原结合位点的结合组合物与其抗原或其变体或突变蛋白具有至少两倍、至少十倍、至少20倍,或至少100倍大于与任何其他抗体或由它们衍生的结合组合物的亲和力。在一个特定的实施方案中,通过例如Scatchard分析(Munsen等,1980Analyt.Biochem.107:220-239)确定,该抗体将具有大于约109升/摩尔的亲和力。
术语“应答”,例如细胞、组织、器官或生物体的反应,包括生物化学或生理学行为的变化,例如生物区室内的浓度、密度、粘附或迁移,基因表达的速率、或分化状态的变化,其中,变化与活化、刺激或治疗相关,或者与内部机制如基因编程相关。在某些情况下,术语“活化”、“刺激”等是指由内部机制以及外部或环境因素调节的细胞活化;而术语“抑制”、“下调”等指的是相反的效果。
本文可互换使用的术语“多肽”、“肽”和“蛋白质”是指任何长度的氨基酸的聚合形式,其可以包括经过化学或生物化学修饰或衍生的遗传编码和非遗传编码的氨基酸氨基酸和具有修饰的多肽骨架的多肽。该术语包括融合蛋白,包括但不限于具有异源氨基酸序列的融合蛋白,具有异源和同源前导序列,具有或不具有N末端甲硫氨酸残基的融合蛋白;免疫标记蛋白等等。
如本申请所用,术语“变体”和“同系物”可互换使用,以分别指与参考氨基酸或核酸序列相似的氨基酸或DNA序列。该术语包括天然存在的变体和非天然存在的变体。天然存在的变体包括同系物(氨基酸或核苷酸序列在从一个物种至另一个各自不同的多肽和核酸)和等位变体(氨基酸或核苷酸序列在物种内从一个个体至另一个各自不同的多肽和核酸)。因此,变体和同系物包括天然存在的DNA序列和由此编码的蛋白质及它们的同种型,以及蛋白质或基因的剪接变体。该术语还涵盖与天然存在的DNA序列的一个或多个碱基不同的核酸序列,但由于遗传密码的简并性,该核酸序列仍然翻译成对应于天然存在的蛋白质的氨基酸序列。非天然存在的变体和同系物包括分别包含氨基酸或核苷酸序列改变的多肽和核酸,其中序列的改变(例如突变蛋白)为人工引入的;例如,变化是由人类干预(“人为”)在实验室中产生的。因此,非天然存在的变体和同系物也可以指通过一个或多个保守替换和/或标签和/或偶联物从而与天然存在的序列不同的那些。
如本申请所用,术语“突变蛋白”广义上指突变的重组蛋白。这些蛋白质通常携带单个或多个氨基酸取代,并且通常衍生自已经受到定点或随机诱变的克隆基因,或来自完全合成的基因。
术语“DNA”、“核酸”、“核酸分子”、“多核苷酸”等在本申请可互换使用,是指任何长度的核苷酸的聚合形式,即脱氧核糖核苷酸或核糖核苷酸,或其类似物。多核苷酸的非限制性实例包括线性和环状核酸、信使RNA(mRNA)、互补DNA(cDNA)、重组多核苷酸、载体、探针、引物等。
腺苷A2A受体和腺苷A2B受体及其抑制
如上所述,精确理解本发明化合物影响其活性的化合物的潜在作用机理不是实施本发明所必需的,所述化合物(或其子集)被认为能抑制腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)和/或腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)。或者,所述化合物(或其子集)可以抑制腺苷酸环化酶功能。所述化合物(或其子集)还可具有对A2A受体(A2AR)、腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)以及腺苷酸环化酶抑制活性。尽管本发明的化合物在本文中通常是指腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)和/或腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)抑制剂,应当理解,术语“A2AR/A2BR抑制剂”包含通过单独地抑制A2AR、A2BR或腺苷酸环化酶而起作用的化合物,和/或通过抑制A2AR、A2BR和腺苷酸环化酶起作用的化合物。
鉴定具有所需性质的腺苷A2A受体和腺苷A2B受体抑制剂
本发明部分地涉及鉴定具有至少一种与治疗相关的特性或特征的腺苷A2A受体和/或腺苷A2B受体的抑制剂。候选抑制剂可通过使用例如领域可接受的测定法或模型来鉴定,其实例如本申请所述。
鉴定后,候选抑制剂可以通过使用提供关于抑制剂特征的数据的技术(例如,药代动力学参数,确定溶解度和稳定性的手段)进一步评估。候选抑制剂与参考标准(其可能是现有抑制剂中“最佳的”的)的比较表明这些候选物的潜在可行性。
本发明化合物
在一个特定方面,本文提供了具有式(I)的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物,其中,
G1为N或CR3a;
G2为N或CR3b;
R3a和R3b各自独立地为H或C1-3烷基;
R1a和R1b各自独立地选自下组:
i)H
ii)任选地被1-3个R5取代基所取代的C1-8烷基、
iii)任选地被1-3个R5取代基所取代的-X1-O-C1-8烷基、
iv)-C(O)-R6、
v)任选地被1-3个R7取代基所取代的Y,和
vi)任选地被1-3个R7取代基所取代的-X1-Y;或者
vii)R1a和R1b连同与它们相连的氮形成任选地被1-3个R8取代基所取代的5-6元杂环烷基环,其中,所述杂环烷基具有0-2个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点;
各个Y是C3-8环烷基或具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成组的杂原子环顶点的4至6元杂环烷基;
R2和R4各自独立地为H或C1-3烷基;
各个X1为C1-6亚烷基;
各个R5独立地选自下组:羟基、C3-8环烷基、苯基、-O-苯基、-C(O)ORa、和氧代;
各个R6是C1-8烷基或Y,其中每一个任选地被1-3个选自下组的取代基所取代:羟基、-O-苯基、苯基、和-O-C1-8烷基;
各个R7独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、羟基、-O-C1-8烷基、氧代、和C(O)ORa;
各个R8独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、羟基、和氧代;
下标n为0、1、2或3;
各个R9独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-C(O)ORa、卤素、氰基、-NRbRc、Y、-X1-C3-8环烷基、和-X2-Z,其中,X2选自下组:C1-6亚烷基、-C1-6亚烷基-O-、-C1-6亚烷基-NH-、-C1-4亚烷基-O-C1-4亚烷基、-C(O)-、和-S(O)2-,Z为具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点的4至6元杂环烷基,以及其中每个所述的R9取代基任选地被1-3个R11所取代;
每个R10a、R10b、R10c和R10d独立地选自:C1-8烷基、卤素、氰基、-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-S(O)2-C1-6烷基、-C(O)NRdRe,和具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点的4-6元杂芳基,其中,每个所述的R10a-d取代基任选地被1-3个R12所取代,或者R10a、R10b、R10c和R10d中在相邻环顶点上的二个任选地结合以形成任选地被1-2个卤素所取代的5元杂环;
各个R11独立地选自下组:羟基、氧代、卤素、氰基、-NRdRe、-C(O)ORa、苯基、C3-8环烷基、和任选地被C(O)ORa所取代的C1-4烷基;
各个R12独立地选自下组:卤素、氰基、羟基、-C(O)ORa;和
各个Ra为H或C1-6烷基;
各个Rb和Rc独立地选自下组:H、C1-8烷基、-S(O)2-C1-6烷基、-C(O)ORa、和-X1-C(O)ORa;和
各个Rd和Re独立地选自下组:H、C1-8烷基、-S(O)2-C1-6烷基。
在一些被选择的实施例中,式(I)化合物是一种化合物,其中,各个R9独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-C(O)ORa、卤素、氰基、-NRbRc、Y、-X1-C3-8环烷基、和-X2-Z,其中,X2选自下组:C1-6亚烷基、-C1-6亚烷基-O-、-C1-4亚烷基-O-C1-4亚烷基、-C(O)-、和-S(O)2-,Z为具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点的4至6元杂环烷基,以及其中每个所述的R9取代基任选地被1-3个R11所取代。
在一些选择的实施例中,式(I)化合物由式(Ia)表示
在一些选择的实施例中,式(I)化合物由式(Ib)表示
在一些选择的实施例中,提供了式(I)、(Ia)和(Ib)化合物,其中至少一个R10为甲氧基。
在一些选择的实施例中,式(I)化合物由式(Ic)表示
在一些选择的实施例中,式(I)化合物由式(Id)表示
在一些选择的实施例中,提供了式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)和(Id)化合物,其中各个R9独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基,其中每个所述R9取代基任选地被1-3个R11所取代。
在一些选择的实施例中,提供了式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)和(Id)化合物,其中,各个R9独立地选自下组:-C(O)ORa、-NRbRc、Y、-X1-C3-8环烷基,和-X2-Z,其中X2选自下组:C1-6亚烷基、-C1-6亚烷基-O-、-C(O)-、和–S(O)2-,Z为具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点的4至6元杂环烷基,以及其中每个所述的R9取代基任选地被1-3个R11所取代。
在一些选择的实施例中,式(I)化合物由式(Ie)表示
在一些选择的实施例中,式(I)化合物由式(If)表示
在一些选择的实施例中,式(I)化合物由式(Ig)表示
在一些选择的实施例中,式(I)化合物由式(Ihh)表示
在一些选择的实施例中,式(I)化合物由式(Ii)表示
在一些选择的实施例中,本文提供的化合物选自下组:
在一些选定的实施方案中,提供表1中任何一种化合物。
合成方法
通常,本申请提供的化合物可以通过以下实施例中所述的常规方法制备。
前药和其他药物递送和/或延长半衰期方法
在本申请的一些方面,本申请所述的化合物以前药形式给药。
为了实现治疗活性的扩展,可以利用载体对药物分子进行改造以进行递送。此类载体可以以非共价、将药物部分通过物理化学方法配制成溶剂-载体混合物,或者通过将载体试剂永久共价连接到药物部分的一个官能团上的方式使用(通常参见WO20150202317)。
优选几种非共价方法。例如,但不限于,在某些实施方案中,长效制剂包含采用将非共价药物包封成聚合物载体。在这类制剂中,药物分子与载体材料结合并被处理,以使得药物分子分布在本体载体内。实例包括微粒聚合物-药物聚集体(例如,微球(Phosphorex公司)),其以可注射悬浮液的形式给药;配制为凝胶的聚合物-药物分子聚集体(例如(Lupron)(艾伯维公司)),以单次大剂量注射的形式给药;以及脂质体制剂(例如,(帕西拉制药公司(Pacira Pharmaceuticals)),其中载体可以是能够增溶药物的聚合物或非聚合物实体。在这些制剂中,当载体溶胀或物理退化时,可能发生药物分子的释放。在另一些情况下,化学降解使药物扩散到生物环境中,这种化学降解过程可以是自水解的或酶催化的。除其他限制外,非共价药物封装需要防止药物的不受控制的释放,并且药物释放机制对生物降解的依赖性可能会导致患者之间的差异。
在特定的实施方案中,药物分子包括小分子和大分子通过永久性共价键与载体缀合。在水性流体中表现出低溶解度的某些小分子治疗剂,通过与亲水性聚合物(其实例在本申请其他地方描述)缀合而增溶。关于大分子蛋白质,可以通过例如用棕榈酰基部分进行永久性共价修饰,以及通过本身具有延长的半衰期的另一种蛋白质(例如)进行永久性共价修饰,来实现半衰期延长。通常,当载体与药物共价结合时,药物分子显示出降低的生物学活性。
在某些情况下,与包含非共价聚合物混合物的药物分子或永久性共价连接有关的限制可通过采用前药方法将药物化学缀合至聚合物载体而成功解决。在这种情况下,无活性或比药物部分本身活性低的治疗剂可预期可转化为活性分子实体。如果需要缓慢或受控释放药物,则与释放的药物相比,前药的生物活性降低是有利的。在这种情况下,药物的释放会随着时间的流逝而发生,从而减少了重复和频繁给药的必要性。当药物部分本身在胃肠道中没有被吸收或没有达到最佳吸收时,前药方法也可能是有利的。在这些情况下,前药促进药物部分的吸收,然后,在以后的某个时间被裂解(例如,通过首过代谢)。通常,生物活性药物分子通过在载体部分与药物分子的羟基、氨基或羧基之间形成的临时键与聚合物载体部分连接。
上述方法与几个局限有关。前药的活化可以通过载体或药物分子之间的临时键的酶促或非酶促裂解,或两者的顺序组合(例如,酶促步骤之后是非酶促修饰)而发生。在无酶的体外环境(例如,缓冲水溶液)中,诸如酯或酰胺的临时键可以进行水解,但相应的水解速率可能超出了治疗的有效范围。相反,通常,在体内环境中,存在酯酶或酰胺酶,并且酯酶和酰胺酶可引起显著(从两倍到几个数量级)的催化加速动力学的水解(参见,例如,Greenwald等(1999)J Med Chem 42(18):3857-67)。
如本文所述,前药可分类为i)生物前体和ii)载体连接的前药。生物前体不包含载体基团,并且通过功能基团的代谢产生而被激活。相反,在载体连接的前药中,活性物质通过在生物活性实体的官能团上的临时连接而与载体部分缀合。优选的官能团是羟基或氨基。连接化学和水解条件均取决于所用官能团的类型。载体可以是生物学惰性的(例如,PEG)或可以具有靶向特性(例如,抗体)。载体连接的前药的载体部分的裂解产生感兴趣的生物活性实体,并且生物活性实体的去保护的官能团的性质通常有助于其生物活性。
专利和科学文献描述了许多大分子前药,其中临时连接键是不稳定的酯键。在这些情况下,生物活性实体的官能团是羟基或羧酸(参见例如Cheng等人(2003)生物共轭物化学(BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY)14:1007-17)。此外,对生物大分子和某些小分子药物通常有利的是将载体与生物活性实体的氨基(例如蛋白质的N-末端或赖氨酸氨基)连接。在前药的制备过程中,由于氨基与羟基或酚基相比,具有更大的亲核性,因此可以对其进行化学选择性处理。这对于含有多种不同反应官能团的蛋白质和肽尤其相关,其中非选择性结合反应导致需要广泛的表征或纯化的不期望的产物混合物,因此降低了反应产率和活性部分的治疗效率。
通常,相比酯键,酰胺键对水解更稳定,并且酰胺键的裂解速率对于载体连接的前药中的治疗效用而言可能太慢。因此,添加结构化学组成部分以实现对前药酰胺键的可裂解性的控制可能是有利的。由既非载体实体又非药物提供的这些另外的裂解控制化学组成部分通常称为“连接基团”。前药连接基团可以对临时键的水解速率具有主要影响,并且连接基团的化学性质的变化通常导致特定的性质。通过用于靶向释放的特定酶对含胺生物活性部分的前药活化需要该连接基团的结构显示为被相应的内源酶识别为底物的结构基序。在这些情况下,临时键的裂解发生在由酶催化的一步法中。例如,阿糖胞苷的酶促释放受蛋白酶纤溶酶的影响,其在各种肿瘤块中的浓度相对较高。
患者间差异性是主导性酶促裂解的主要缺点。对象之间的酶水平可能显著不同,导致酶促裂解,引起前药活化的生物学差异。酶水平还可根据给药部位而变化(例如,对于皮下注射,身体的某些区域比其他区域产生更可预测的治疗效果)。此外,很难建立针对酶依赖性载体连接的前药在体内-体外的药代动力学特性。
使用与药物部分中的氨基临时连接的其他载体前药以级联机制为基础。级联裂解是由掩蔽基团和活化基团的结构组合组成的连接化合物实现的。掩蔽基团通过第一临时键如酯或氨基甲酸酯连接到活化基团上。活化基团通过第二个临时键(例如氨基甲酸酯)连接到药物分子的氨基上。第二种临时键的水解稳定性或敏感性取决于掩蔽基团的存在与否。在掩蔽基团的存在下,第二临时连接是高度稳定的并且不可能以治疗上有用的动力学释放药物分子,而在没有掩蔽基团的情况下,这种连接变得高度不稳定,导致药物部分快速裂解和释放。
第一临时连接的裂解是级联机制中的限速步骤。第一步可以诱导活化基团的分子重排(例如,如Greenwald等人所述的1,6-消除(1999)药物化学杂志(J Med Chem)42:3657-67),并且重排使得第二临时连接更加不稳定,从而诱导其裂解。理想地,第一临时连接的裂解速率与给定治疗方案中药物分子的所需释放速率相同。另外,理想的是,第二临时连接的裂解在第一临时键裂解诱导其不稳定性之后基本上是瞬时的。
另一个实施方式包括基于三甲基锁内酯化的含聚氨基的前药(参见,例如,Greenwald等(2000)药物化学杂志(J Med Chem)43(3):457-87)。在该前药体系中,取代的邻羟基苯基-二甲基丙酸通过酯、碳酸酯或氨基甲酸酯基团作为第一临时连接与PEG连接,并通过酰胺键作为第二临时连接与药物分子的氨基基团连接。药物释放中的速率确定步骤是第一连接的酶促裂解,这之后通过内酯化快速酰胺裂解,释放芳香内酯副产物。Greenwald等人所述的前药系统的主要缺点是高反应性的释放和在临时连接裂解后诸如醌甲基化物或芳香内酯的潜在毒性的芳香小分子副产物。潜在毒性实体与药物以1:1的化学计量比释放,并且可以呈现高体内浓度。
在包含基于1,6-消除的芳香活化基团的级联前药的某些实施方式中,掩蔽基团在结构上与载体分开。这可以通过在聚合物载体和活化基团之间采用稳定键来实现,其中稳定键不参与级联裂解机理。如果载体不用作掩蔽基团并且活化基团通过稳定键连接到载体,则避免了释放潜在毒性副产物(例如活化基团)。聚合物和活化基团的稳定连接也抑制了药理学不确定的药物-连接基团中间体的释放。
前述段落中描述的方法的第一个实例包括基于扁桃酸活化基团的聚合物前药系统(参见,例如,Shabat等人,(2004)欧洲化学杂志(Chem Eur J)10:2626-34)。在该方法中,掩蔽基团通过氨基甲酸酯键与活化基团连接。活化基团通过酰胺键永久地偶联至聚丙烯酰胺聚合物。在通过催化抗体酶促活化掩蔽基团后,通过环化裂解掩蔽基团并释放药物;药物释放后,活化基团仍与聚丙烯酰胺聚合物连接。类似的前药系统基于扁桃酸活化基团和酶促可裂解的酯连接的掩蔽基团(参见,例如,Lee等人,(2004)应用化学(Angew Chem)116:1707-10)。
当使用上述连接基团时,1,6-消除步骤仍产生高反应性芳香中间体。即使芳香部分保持永久地连接到聚合物载体上,也可能产生具有潜在毒性副产物或免疫原性作用的副反应。因此,有利的是使用脂肪族前药连接基团产生用于形成含胺活性试剂的聚合物前药的连接基团技术,所述脂肪族前药连接基团不是酶依赖性的并且在裂解期间不产生反应性芳香中间体。一个这样的实例使用PEG5000-马来酸酐用于组织型纤溶酶原激活剂和尿激酶中氨基的可逆修饰(参见,例如(1987)Garman等,FEBS快报(FEBS Lett)223(2):361-65)。pH7.4缓冲液中孵化并通过裂解马来酰胺酸连接自PEG-uPA复合物的功能酶再生遵循一级动力学且半衰期为约6小时。马来酰胺酸连接的缺点是在较低pH值下复合物缺乏稳定性。
另一种方法包括基于N,N-双-(2-羟乙基)甘氨酸酰胺(N-二甘氨酸)连接基团的PEG级联前药系统(参见例如(2004)药物化学杂志47:726-34)。在该系统中,两个PEG载体分子通过临时键连接到与药物分子的氨基偶联的N-二甘氨酸分子。前药活化的第一步涉及酶促裂解连接两个PEG载体分子与N-二甘氨酸活化基团的羟基的第一临时连接。PEG和N-二甘氨酸之间的不同连接导致不同的前药活化的动力学。前药活化的第二步涉及裂解连接N-二甘氨酸活化基团与药物分子的氨基的第二临时连接。该系统的缺点是该第二临时N-二甘氨酸酰胺连接的水解速率缓慢,导致N-二甘氨酸修饰的前药中间体的释放可能显示出与天然母体药物分子相比不同的药代动力学、免疫原性、毒性和药效学特性的。
在特定的实施方案中,二肽用于靶向或靶向转运的前药开发,因为它们是酶或生物转运系统的底物。用于二肽前药形成的非酶促途径,即,进行分子内环化以形成相应的二酮哌嗪(DKP)并释放活性药物的能力,尚未明确。
在一些实施方案中,二肽通过酯键与药物部分连接,如针对药物对乙酰氨基酚(paracetamol)的二肽酯所述的(Gomes等人,(2005)生物有机和医药化学快报(Bio&MedChem Lett))。在这种情况下,环化反应由肽的N-末端胺在酯的碳原子上的亲核攻击以形成四面体中间体组成,这之后质子从胺转移到离去基团氧阴离子,同时形成肽键,得到环状DKP产物和游离药物。该方法适用于体外含羟基的药物,但已发现其与体内酯键的酶促水解竞争,因为相应的二肽酯释放的对乙酰氨基酚的速率比缓冲液中快得多(Gomes等人,(分子(Molecules)12(2007)2484-2506)。基于二肽的前药对肽酶的易感性可以通过在二肽基序中掺入至少一种非天然氨基酸来解决。然而,能够裂解酯键的内源酶不限于肽酶,并且这种前药裂解的酶依赖性仍然导致不可预测的体内性能。
在一些实施方案中,酶依赖性被有意地改造成DKP前药,例如其中二肽酯前药在二肽的氨基末端甲酰化,并且酶促去甲酰化用于引发二酮哌嗪的形成和随后的酯-二肽键的裂解,随后药物分子的释放(参见,例如,美国专利号7,163,923)。通过进一步的实例,八肽通过酯连接与长春花碱的4-羟基连接,并通过在特异性酶促除去N-末端六肽后DKP的形成进行酯键裂解(参见Brady等人,(2002)药物化学杂志45:4706-15)。
DKP形成反应的范围也扩展到酰胺前药。举例来说,美国专利号5,952,294描述了使用二酮哌嗪形成用于阿糖胞苷的二肽基酰胺前药的前药活化。在这种情况下,在二肽的羰基和阿糖胞苷的芳香氨基之间形成了临时连接。然而,对于这样的偶联物,由于不存在载体或其他半衰期延长的部分或官能团,不太可能达到缓释效果。
还描述了包含生物活性肽(例如GLP-1)的二肽前药,该生物活性肽能够通过二肽哌嗪形成二肽延伸而释放该肽(参见,例如,WO 2009/099763)。生物活性肽部分可以在其氨基酸侧链残基之一上包含另外的PEG链,以实现生物活性肽的延长循环。但是,这种方法具有几个明显的缺点。首先,PEG链必须与肽连接而不损害其生物活性,这对于许多基于肽的生物活性剂而言是很难实现。其次,由于聚乙二醇化肽本身具有生物活性,因此二肽基团对肽的生物活性有影响,并可能对其受体结合特性产生负面影响。
增强抑制剂特性的修饰
改善本申请公开的治疗方式的多种物理性质和/或它们的给药方式常常是有益的,有时甚至是必要的。物理性质的改善包括,例如:增加水溶性、生物利用度、血清半衰期和/或治疗半衰期的方法;和/或调节生物活性。
本领域已知的修饰包括聚乙二醇化、Fc-融合和白蛋白融合。虽然这种修饰通常与大分子试剂(如多肽)有关,但最近已对某些小分子进行了评估。举个例子,Chiang,M.等(J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2014,136(9):3370-73)描述了与免疫球蛋白Fc结构域缀合的腺苷2a受体的小分子激动剂。小分子-Fc缀合物保留了有效的Fc受体和腺苷2a受体相互作用,并且与未缀合的小分子相比,显示出优异的性能。还描述了PEG分子与小分子治疗剂的共价连接(Li,W.等人,聚合物科学进展(Progressiin Polymer Science),2013 38:421-44)。
治疗和预防用途
本发明考虑了所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂在治疗或预防多种疾病、病症和/或病状和/或其症状中的用途。虽然在下文中详细描述了特定的用途,但是应该理解,本发明不限于此。此外,虽然下文阐述了特定疾病、病症和病状的一般类别,但是某些疾病、病症和病状可以是一个以上类别的成员,而其他疾病、病症或病状可能不是任何公开类别的成员。
在一些实施方案中,本文所述的疾病、病症和/或病状至少部分地由腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)介导。在一些实施方案中,如本申请所述的疾病、病症和/或病况至少部分地由腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)介导。在一些实施方案中,如本申请所述的疾病、病症和/或病况至少部分地由A2AR和A2BR介导。
在一些实施方案中,如本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂以逆转(reverse)或停止A2AR介导的免疫抑制有效量进行施用。
肿瘤学相关病症。根据本发明,A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可用于治疗或预防增殖性病症或病症,包括癌症,例如子宫癌、宫颈癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、睾丸癌、胃肠道癌(例如食管癌、口咽癌、胃癌、小肠癌或大肠癌、结肠癌或直肠癌)、肾癌、肾细胞癌、膀胱癌、骨癌、骨髓癌、皮肤癌、头或颈癌、肝癌、胆囊癌、心脏癌、肺癌、胰腺癌、唾液腺癌、肾上腺癌、甲状腺癌、脑癌(例如神经胶质瘤)、神经节癌、中枢神经系统(CNS)的癌症和外周神经系统(PNS)的癌症以及造血系统的癌症和免疫系统(例如脾或胸腺)的癌。本发明还提供了治疗或预防其他癌症相关疾病、病症或病况的方法,所述癌症包括,例如,免疫原性肿瘤、非免疫原性肿瘤、休眠性肿瘤、病毒诱导的癌症(例如上皮细胞癌、内皮细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌和乳头瘤病毒)、腺癌、淋巴瘤、癌、黑色素瘤、白血病、骨髓瘤、肉瘤、畸胎癌、化学诱导的癌症、转移(metastasis)和血管生成。本发明考虑降低对肿瘤细胞或癌细胞抗原的耐受性,例如通过调节调节性T细胞和/或CD8+T细胞的活性(参见例如Ramirez-Montagut等(2003)致癌基因(Oncogene)22:3180-87;和Sawaya等人(2003)New Engl.J.Med.349:1501-09)。在特定的实施方案中,肿瘤或癌症为结肠癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、黑色素瘤、肺癌、成胶质细胞瘤或白血病。术语“与癌症相关的疾病、病症和病况”的使用是要广义地指与癌症直接或间接相关的病症,并且包括例如血管生成和如发育不良的癌前状况。
在某些实施方案中,癌症是转移性的或处于转移风险中,或者可能发生在弥散组织中,包括血液癌或骨髓癌(例如白血病)。在一些其他实施方案中,本发明的化合物可用于克服T细胞耐受性。
在一些实施方式中,本发明提供了用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和至少一种另外的治疗或诊断试剂治疗增殖性病况、癌症、肿瘤或癌前病症(precancerous condition)的方法,其实例在本文其他地方阐述。
免疫和炎症相关疾病。如本文所用,诸如“免疫疾病”、“免疫病况”、“免疫病症”、“炎症性疾病”、“炎症性病况”、“炎症性病症”等术语意在广泛地涵盖任何可通过本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂治疗的免疫相关状况(例如自身免疫疾病)或具有炎症成分的疾病,从而获得一些治疗益处。这种病况经常与其他疾病、病症和病况密不可分。举例来说,“免疫病况”可指增殖性病况,例如癌症、肿瘤和血管生成;包括抵抗免疫系统的根除的感染(急性和慢性)、肿瘤和癌症。
本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可用于增加或增强免疫应答;用于改善免疫包括提高疫苗疗效;和增加炎症。可以使用本申请公开的化合物治疗与免疫缺陷疾病,免疫抑制医学治疗,急性和/或慢性感染以及衰老有关的免疫缺陷。所述A2AR/A2BR抑制剂也可以用于刺激患有医源性诱导的免疫抑制的患者的免疫系统,包括那些接受过骨髓移植、化疗或放疗的患者。
在本申请的特定实施方案中,通过提供辅助的活性(adjuvant activity),所述A2AR/A2BR抑制剂被用于增加或增强对抗原的免疫应答。在一个特定的实施方案中,将至少一种抗原或疫苗与至少一种本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂组合给予受试者,以延长对抗原或疫苗的免疫应答。还提供了治疗组合物,其包含与至少一种本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂联合的至少一种抗原性试剂或疫苗成分,所述抗原性试剂或疫苗成分包括但不限于病毒、细菌和真菌或其部分、蛋白质、肽、肿瘤特异性抗原、和核酸疫苗。
可用本发明的化合物和组合物治疗或预防的免疫和炎症相关的疾病、病症和病况的非限制性名单包括:关节炎(如类风湿性关节炎)、肾衰竭、狼疮、哮喘、银屑病、结肠炎、胰腺炎、过敏、纤维化,手术并发症(如炎性细胞因子阻止愈合的地方)、贫血、和纤维肌痛。其他可能与慢性炎症有关的疾病和病症包括:阿尔茨海默氏病、充血性心力衰竭、中风、主动脉瓣狭窄、动脉硬化、骨质疏松症、帕金森氏病、感染、炎症性肠病(例如克罗恩氏病和溃疡性结肠炎)、过敏性接触性皮炎和其他湿疹、系统性硬化症、移植和多发性硬化症。
在其他免疫相关病症中,可以预期到抑制A2AR/A2BR功能也可在免疫耐受和预防子宫内胎儿排斥中起作用。
在一些实施方式中,如本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可与免疫抑制剂联合以减少免疫效应细胞。
下文更详细地描述了上述疾病、病症和病况中的一些,对其A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可能特别有效(因例如当前疗法的局限性)。
通常以关节的膜内层(滑膜)中的慢性炎症为特征的类风湿性关节炎(RA)影响了约1%的美国人群(-2.1百万人)。对包括TNF-a和IL-1在内的细胞因子在炎症过程中的作用的进一步理解使得开发和引入一类新的缓解疾病的抗风湿药物(DMARDs)成为可能。药剂(其中的一些与用于RA的治疗方式重叠)包括ENBREL(依那西普(etanercept)),REMICADE(英夫利昔(infliximab)),HUMIRA(阿达木单抗(adalimumab))和KINERET(阿那白滞素(anakinra))。尽管这些药剂中的一些缓解症状、抑制结构损伤的进展,并在特定患者群体中改善身体机能,但仍然需要具有改善的效力、互补作用机制和更少/更小严重副作用的替代的药剂。
银屑病,一组常见的免疫介导的慢性皮肤病,在美国影响超过450万人,其中150万人被认为患有中度至重度形式的疾病。此外,超过10%的银屑病患者会发展成银屑病关节炎,这会损伤关节周围的骨骼和结缔组织。对银屑病潜在生理学的更好理解导致引入了例如靶向T淋巴细胞和对该疾病的炎性性质负责的细胞因子的活性的药剂。这些药剂包括TNF-α抑制剂(也用于治疗类风湿性关节炎(RA)),包括ENBREL(依那西普)、REMICADE(英夫利昔)、HUMIRA(阿达木单抗)和诸如AMEVIVE(阿法赛特(alefacept))和RAPTIVA(依法珠单抗(efalizumab))的T细胞抑制剂。尽管这些药剂中的几种在某些患者群体中在某种程度上有效,但没有一种显示出有效治疗了所有患者。
与微生物有关的疾病。本发明设想了本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂在治疗和/或预防任何病毒、细菌、真菌、寄生虫或其他感染性疾病、病症或病况中的用途,用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂治疗这些疾病、病症或病况可能是有益的。
预期的病毒性疾病、病症和病状的示例包括但不限于乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)、HIV、AIDS(包括其临床表现,例如恶病质、痴呆、和腹泻)、纯疱疹病毒(HSV)、爱泼斯坦巴尔病毒(EBV)、水痘带状疱疹病毒、柯萨奇病毒、和巨细胞病毒(CMV)。
这类疾病和病症的其他实例包括:葡萄球菌和链球菌感染(例如分别为金黄色葡萄球菌和血链球菌)、利什曼原虫、弓形虫、滴虫、贾第虫、白色念珠菌、炭疽杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌。在一些实施方式中,疾病和病症包括分支杆菌感染(例如麻风分枝杆菌或结核分支杆菌)或者由单核细胞增多性李斯特氏菌或弓形虫造成的感染。本发明的化合物可用于治疗败血症、降低或抑制细菌生长,和降低或抑制炎性细胞因子。
其他实施方式考虑了治疗寄生虫感染,所述寄生虫感染包括但不限杜氏利什曼虫、热带利什曼原虫、大型利什曼原虫、埃塞俄比亚利什曼原虫、墨西哥利什曼原虫、恶性疟原虫、间日疟原虫、卵形疟原虫、或三日疟原虫(Plasmodium malariae)。通常,采用预防性地抗寄生虫治疗(例如,在受试者前往寄生虫感染频率高的区域之前)。
CNS相关的和神经病症疾病。抑制A2AR/A2BR也可能是神经病学、神经精神病学、神经退行性或其他包括与认知功能和运动功能受损相关的病症在内的与中枢神经系统有一定联系的疾病、病症和病况的患者的重要治疗策略。实例包括帕金森病、锥体外综合征(EPS)、肌张力障碍,静坐不能,迟发性运动障碍,不安腿综合征(RLS),癫痫,睡眠周期性肢体运动(PLMS),注意力缺陷障碍,抑郁症,焦虑症,痴呆,阿尔茨海默病,亨廷顿舞蹈病,多发性硬化症,脑缺血,出血性中风,蛛网膜下腔出血和创伤性脑损伤。
患有多发性硬化症(MS)(一种严重衰弱的自身免疫疾病,包括在脑和脊髓中多个炎症区域和髓鞘的瘢痕)的对象,可能特别受助于本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂,因为目前的治疗仅缓解症状或延迟残疾的进展。
类似地,A2AR/A2BR抑制剂对于患有诸如阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)的神经退行性疾病、严重损害患者思想、记忆和语言过程的脑部病症、和帕金森病(PD)、由以例如异常运动、僵硬和震颤为特征的CNS进行性疾病的对象可能特别有利。这些疾病是进行性和衰弱性的,并且没有可用的有疗效的药剂。
其他疾病。本发明的实施方案考虑向受试者施用本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂,用于治疗或预防可由至少A2AR/A2BR的某个抑制水平受益的任何其他病症。这些疾病、病症和病况包括例如心血管病(例如心脏缺血),胃肠病(例如克罗恩病),代谢病(例如糖尿病),肝病(例如肝纤维化,NASH和NAFLD),肺病(例如,COPD和哮喘),眼科病(例如糖尿病性视网膜病)和肾病(例如肾衰竭)。
药物组合物
本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可以是适合向受试者施用的组合物的形式。通常,这样的组合物是包含A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和一种或多种药学上可接受的或生理学上可接受的稀释剂、载体或赋形剂的“药物组合物”。在某些实施方案中,A2AR/A2BR抑制剂以治疗可接受的量存在。本发明方法可以使用药物组合物;因此,例如,所述药物组合物可被离体或体内施用至受试者以进行本申请所述的治疗和预防方法和用途。
可以将本发明的药物组合物配制为与预期的给药方法或给药途径相容;本申请阐述了示例性的给药途径。此外,药物组合物可以与本文所述的其他治疗活性剂或化合物联合使用,来治疗或预防本发明所考虑的疾病、病症和病况。
含有活性成分(例如A2AR/A2BR功能抑制剂)的药物组合物可以是适合于口服使用的形式,例如片剂、胶囊、药片(troches)、锭剂(lozenges)、水性或油性混悬剂、可分散粉末或颗粒剂、乳剂、硬或软胶囊、或糖浆、溶液、微珠或酏剂。用于口服使用的药物组合物可以根据本领域已知用于制备药物组合物的任何方法来制备,并且这样的组合物可以包含一种或多种试剂,例如甜味剂、调味剂、着色剂和防腐剂以提供药学上精美可口的制剂。片剂,胶囊剂等含有与适用于制造片剂的无毒的药学上可接受的赋形剂混合的活性成分。这些赋形剂可以是例如稀释剂(如碳酸钙、碳酸钠、乳糖、磷酸钙或磷酸钠);制粒剂和崩解剂(例如玉米淀粉或海藻酸);粘合剂(例如淀粉、明胶或阿拉伯胶),和润滑剂(例如硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸或滑石粉)。
适用于口服给药的片剂、胶囊剂等可以未包衣或通过已知技术包衣,以延迟在胃肠道中的崩解和吸收,并由此提供持续作用。例如,可以使用延时材料,例如甘油单硬脂酸酯或甘油二硬脂酸酯。它们也可以用本领域已知的技术包衣以形成用于控释的渗透治疗片剂。其他试剂包括生物可降解或生物相容性颗粒或聚合物质,如聚酯,聚胺酸,水凝胶,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,聚酐,聚乙醇酸,乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯,甲基纤维素,羧甲基纤维素,硫酸鱼精蛋白或丙交酯/乙交酯共聚物,聚交酯/乙交酯共聚物或乙烯乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物以控制施用的组合物的递送。例如,可以将口服剂分别包埋在通过凝聚技术或通过界面聚合制备的微胶囊中,分别使用羟基甲基纤维素或明胶微胶囊或聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)微胶囊或胶体药物递送系统。胶体分散系统包括大分子复合物,纳米胶囊,微球,微珠和基于脂质的系统,包括水包油乳液,胶束,混合胶束和脂质体。制备上述制剂的方法对于本领域技术人员将是显而易见的。
用于口服使用的制剂也可以为硬明胶胶囊,其中活性成分与惰性固体稀释剂例如碳酸钙、磷酸钙、高岭土或微晶纤维素混合,或者为软明胶胶囊,其中活性成分与水或油介质,例如花生油、液体石蜡或橄榄油混合。
水性悬浮液含有与适于制造其的赋形剂混合的活性材料。这样的赋形剂可以是悬浮剂,例如羧甲基纤维素钠,乙基纤维素,羟基丙基甲基纤维素,海藻酸钠,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,黄蓍胶和阿拉伯树胶;分散剂或湿润剂,例如天然存在的磷脂(例如卵磷脂)或烯氧化物与脂肪酸的缩合产物(例如聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯),或乙烯氧化物与长链脂肪醇(例如十七乙烯基氧基鲸蜡醇)或乙烯氧化物与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇的偏酯的缩合产物(例如聚氧乙烯山梨醇单油酸酯)或乙烯氧化物与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇酐的偏酯的缩合产物(例如,聚乙烯基脱水山梨醇单油酸酯)。水性悬浮液还可以含有一种或多种防腐剂。
油性悬浮液可通过将活性成分悬浮于植物油(例如花生油、橄榄油、芝麻油或椰子油)或矿物油(例如液体石蜡)中来配制。油悬浮液可以含有增稠剂,例如蜂蜡、硬石蜡或十六烷醇。可加入如上述那些甜味剂和调味剂,以提供可口的口服制剂。
适用于通过加水制备水性悬浮液的可分散粉末和颗粒提供了与分散或润湿剂、悬浮剂和一种或多种防腐剂混合的活性成分。在本申请中举例说明了合适的分散剂或湿润剂和助悬剂。
本发明的药物组合物也可以是水包油乳剂的形式。油相可以是植物油,例如橄榄油或花生油、或矿物油,例如液体石蜡或这些的混合物。合适的乳化剂可以是天然存在的树胶,例如阿拉伯树胶或黄蓍胶;天然存在的磷脂,例如大豆、卵磷脂,以及由脂肪酸衍生的酯或偏酯;己糖醇酐,例如山梨糖醇酐单油酸酯;和部分酯与乙烯基氧化物的缩合产物,例如聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯。
药物组合物通常包含治疗有效量的本发明设计的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和一种或多种药学和生理上可接受的制剂剂。合适的药学上可接受的或生理上可接受的稀释剂、载体或赋形剂,包括但不限于抗氧化剂(例如抗坏血酸和硫酸氢钠)、防腐剂(例如苯甲醇,对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯或正丙酯)、乳化剂、悬浮剂、分散剂、溶剂、填料、填充剂、洗涤剂、缓冲剂、载体、稀释剂和/或佐剂。例如,合适的载体可以是生理盐水溶液或柠檬酸盐缓冲盐水,可能补充有用于肠胃外施用的药物组合物中常见的其它物质。中性缓冲盐水或与血清白蛋白混合的盐水是附加的示例性载体。本领域技术人员将容易地认识到可用于本文所考虑的药物组合物和剂型中的各种缓冲剂。典型的缓冲剂包括但不限于药学上可接受的弱酸、弱碱或其混合物。作为一个例子,缓冲组分可以是水溶性物质,如磷酸、酒石酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸、乙酸、抗坏血酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸,及其盐。可接受的缓冲剂包括,例如,氨丁三醇缓冲剂(Tris buffer)、N-(2-羟基乙基)哌嗪-N’-(2-乙磺酸)(HEPES)、2-(N-吗啉)乙磺酸(MES)、2-(N-吗啉)乙磺酸钠盐(MES)、3-(N-吗啉)丙磺酸(MOPS)和N-三[羟甲基]甲基-3-氨基丙磺酸(TAPS)。
在配制完药物组合物后,可将其作为溶液、悬浮液、凝胶、乳液、固体或脱水或冻干粉储存在无菌小瓶中。这种制剂可以以即用形式、使用前需要重构的冻干形式、使用前需要稀释的液体形式或其他可接受的形式被储存。在一些实施方式中,药物组合物在一次性使用容器(例如,一次性使用的小瓶、安瓿、注射器或自动注射器(类似于例如))中提供,而其他实施方式中提供多次使用的容器(例如,多次使用的小瓶)。
制剂还可包括载体以保护组合物免于从体内快速降解或消除,例如控释制剂,其包括脂质体、水凝胶、前药和微囊化递送系统。例如,可以使用延时材料,例如单独的与蜡组合的单硬脂酸甘油酯或硬脂酸甘油酯。任何药物递送装置都可用于递送A2AR/A2BR抑制剂,包括植入物(例如可植入泵)和导管系统,缓慢注射泵和装置,所有这些都是本领域技术人员所熟知的。
积存注射(depot injection),通常通过皮下或肌肉注射,也可用于在限定的时间段内释放本申请公开的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂。积存注射通常是基于固体或油基的,并且通常包含至少一种本文所述的制剂组分。本领域普通技术人员熟悉积存注射剂的可能的制剂和用途。
药物组合物可以是无菌可注射的水溶液或油状悬浮液的形式。该悬浮液可根据已知技术使用本文提及的那些合适的分散剂或润湿剂和悬浮剂配制。无菌可注射的制剂也可以是在无毒肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中(例如,在1,3-丁二醇中的溶液)的无菌可注射溶液或悬浮液。可使用的可接受的稀释剂、溶剂和分散介质包括水、林格溶液、等渗氯化钠溶液、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油(Cremophor ELTM)(BASF,帕西帕尼,新泽西州)或磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇和液态聚乙二醇)以及它们的合适混合物。另外,无菌的不挥发油通常用作溶剂或悬浮介质。为此,可以使用任何温和的不挥发性油,包括合成的甘油单酯或甘油二酯。此外,脂肪酸如油酸可用于制备注射剂。通过包含延迟吸收的试剂(例如单硬脂酸铝或明胶),可以实现特定可注射制剂的延长吸收。
本发明设计了所述A2AR/A2BR抑制剂用于直肠给药的栓剂形式。栓剂可通过将药物与合适的无刺激性赋形剂混合来制备,所述赋形剂在常温下为固体,但在直肠温度下为液体,因此,将在直肠中融化以释放药物。这种材料包括但不限于可可脂和聚乙二醇。
本发明考虑的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可以是目前已知的或将来开发的任何其他合适的药物组合物(例如,用于鼻腔或吸入用途的喷雾剂)的形式。
施用途径
本发明设计了以任何适当的方式施用所述A2AR/A2BR抑制剂及其组合物。合适的施用途径包括口服、肠胃外(例如肌内、静脉内、皮下(如注射或植入)、腹膜内、脑池内、关节内、腹膜内、脑内(脑实质内)和脑室内)、鼻、阴道、舌下、眼内、直肠、局部(如透皮)、口腔和吸入。积存注射(depot injection),通常通过皮下或肌肉注射,也可用于在限定的时间段内释放本申请公开的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂。
本发明的特定实施方案包括口服施用。
联合治疗
本发明考虑了A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与一种或多种活性治疗剂(如化学治疗剂)或其他预防性或治疗性手段(如放射)联用的用途。在这种联合疗法中,各种活性剂通常具有不同的互补作用机制。这种联合疗法可以通过允许一种或多种试剂的剂量减少,而特别有益,因此减少或消除与一种或多种试剂相关的副作用。此外,这种联合疗法可能对潜在的疾病、病症或病况具有协同的治疗或预防作用
如本文所用,“联合”意指包括可以分开施用的疗法,例如分别配制用于单独施用(例如,如可以在试剂盒中或作为两种完全不同的药品提供)以及可以在单一制剂中一起施用的疗法(即,“共同配制”)。
在某些实施方案中,A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和另外的药剂是顺序地施用或应用的,例如,其中所述抑制剂在一种或多种其他药剂之前或之后施用。在其他实施方案中,A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与另外的药剂同时(或大约同时)施用。A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和另外的药剂可以以两种或多种分开的制剂存在或组合成单一制剂(即共制剂)。无论A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和另外的药剂是顺序地施用还是同时施用,出于本发明的目的它们被认为是联合施用的。
在这种情况下,本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可以以任何合适的方式与至少一种其他(活性)药剂联合使用。在一个实施方案中,在一段时间内维持用至少一种活性药剂和至少一种本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂来治疗。在另一实施方案中,当用本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂的治疗保持恒定的给药方案时,用至少一种活性剂的治疗减少或中止(例如当对象稳定时)。在另一实施方案中,当用本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂的治疗减少或中止(例如,较低剂量、更低频率给药或更短治疗方案)时,减少或中止用至少一种活性剂的治疗(例如,当对象稳定时)。在又一个实施方案中,减少或中止用至少一种活性剂治疗(例如,当对象稳定时),并且增加用本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂的治疗(例如更高剂量、更频繁的剂量或更长时间治疗方案)。在又一个实施方案中,维持用至少一种活性剂的治疗并且减少或中止用本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂治疗(例如,较低剂量,较少频率给药或较短治疗方案)。在又一个实施方案中,增加用至少一种活性剂治疗和用本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂治疗(例如,更高剂量,更高频率给药或更长期治疗方案)。
肿瘤学相关病症。
本发明提供了用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和至少一种另外的治疗剂或诊断剂或治疗手段来治疗和/或预防增殖性病症、癌症、肿瘤或癌前疾病、病症或病况的方法。在一些实施方案中,另外的治疗剂或诊断剂是化学治剂、免疫肿瘤学试剂(例如,免疫检查点抑制剂或其他免疫调节剂)、细胞基治疗剂、溶瘤病毒(oncolytic virus)或放射。
化学治疗剂的实例包括但不限于烷化剂,如噻替派和环磷酰胺;烷基磺酸盐,如白消安,英丙舒凡和哌泊舒凡;氮丙啶,如苯唑多巴,卡洛醌,米特多巴和乌雷多巴;乙烯亚胺和甲基三聚氰胺,包括六甲蜜胺,三乙撑蜜胺,三乙撑磷酰胺,三乙撑硫代磷酰胺和三羟甲基蜜胺;氮芥,如苯丁酸氮芥(chiorambucil),萘氮芥,氯磷酰胺,雌莫司汀,异环磷酰胺,二氯甲基二乙胺,二氯甲基二乙胺氧化物盐酸盐,美法仑,新恩比兴(novembichin),芬司特瑞(phenesterine),泼尼氮芥,曲洛磷胺,尿嘧啶氮芥;亚硝基脲,如卡莫司汀,氯脲毒素,福莫司汀,洛莫司汀,尼莫司汀,拉莫司汀;抗生素,如阿克拉霉素(aclacinomysin),放线菌素,安曲霉素(authramycin),重氮丝氨酸,博来霉素(bleomycin),放线菌素C,加利车霉素,卡拉比星(carabicin),卡米诺霉素(caminomycin),嗜癌菌素(carzinophilin),色霉素,更生霉素,柔红霉素,地托比星(detorubicin),6-重氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸,多柔比星,表柔比星,阿柔比星,伊达比星,麻西罗霉素,丝裂霉素,霉酚酸,诺加霉素,橄榄霉素,培洛霉素,泼非霉素(potfiromycin),嘌呤霉素,奎拉霉素(quelamycin),罗多比星(rodorubicin),链黑菌素,链佐星,杀结核菌素,乌苯美司,净司他丁,佐柔比星;抗代谢物,如甲氨蝶呤和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物,如二甲叶酸(denopterin),喋呤,三甲曲沙;嘌呤类似物,如氟达拉滨,6-巯基嘌呤,硫胺素,硫鸟嘌呤;嘧啶类似物,如安西他滨,阿扎胞苷,6-氮尿苷,卡莫氟,阿糖胞苷,双脱氧尿苷,去氧氟尿苷,依诺他滨,氟尿苷,5-FU;雄激素,如卡普睾酮,屈他雄酮丙酸酯,环硫雄醇,美雄烷,睾内酯;抗肾上腺素,如氨鲁米特,米托坦,曲洛司坦;叶酸补充剂,如亚叶酸;醋葡醛内酯;醛磷酰胺糖苷;氨基乙酰丙酸;安吖啶;贝司布西(bestrabucil);比生群;艾达曲克(edatraxate);得弗伐胺(defofamine);地美可辛;地吖醌(diaziquone);艾福米辛(elformithine);依利醋铵;依托格鲁;硝酸镓;羟基脲;香菇多糖;氯尼达明;丙眯腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌;莫派达明(mopidamol);二胺硝吖啶(nitracrine);喷司他丁;凡那明(phenamet);吡柔比星;鬼臼酸;2-乙基酰肼;丙卡巴肼;雷佐生(razoxane);西佐喃(sizofiran);螺环锗(spirogermanium);细交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid);三亚胺醌(triaziquone);2,2',2”-三氯三乙胺;乌拉坦(urethan);长春地辛;达卡巴嗪;甘露氮芥;二溴甘露醇;二溴卫矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷;甲托辛(gacytosine);阿拉伯糖苷(Ara-C);环磷酰胺;塞替派;类紫杉醇,例如紫杉醇和多西他赛;苯丁酸氮芥;吉西他滨;6-硫鸟嘌呤;巯基嘌呤;铂和铂配位化合物,如奥沙利铂、顺铂和卡铂;长春碱;依托泊苷(VP-16);异环磷酰胺;丝裂霉素C;米托蒽醌;长春新碱;长春瑞滨;诺维苯(navelbine);诺凡特龙(novantrone);替尼泊苷;道诺霉素;氨喋呤;希罗达;伊班膦酸盐;CPT11;拓扑异构酶抑制剂;二氟乙酰鸟氨酸(DMFO);视黄酸;埃司波霉素(esperamicin);卡培他滨;以及上述任一种的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
化学治疗剂还包括用于调节或抑制对肿瘤激素作用的抗激素剂,例如抗如抗雌激素包括例如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、雷洛昔芬、芳香酶抑制4(5)-咪唑、4-羟基他莫昔芬、曲沃昔芬(trioxifene)、雷洛西芬(keoxifene)、奥那司酮(onapristone)、和托瑞米芬(toremifene;);以及抗雄激素如氟他胺(flutamide)、尼鲁米特(nilutamide)、比卡鲁胺、亮丙瑞林、和戈舍瑞林;以及上述任一种的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。在某些实施方案中,联合治疗包括施用激素或相关的激素药剂。
本发明包括上述任一种的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
本发明考虑了本文所述的A2AR/A2BR功能抑制剂与在癌症免疫治疗领域有用的试剂(例如诸如免疫检查点抑制剂的免疫肿瘤学试剂)联用的用途。
作为所有癌症特征的大量遗传和表观遗传学改变提供了多组抗原,免疫系统可用其来区分肿瘤细胞与它们的正常对应物。在T细胞的情况下,通过经由T细胞受体(TCR)的抗原识别开起的应答的最终幅度(例如,细胞因子产生或增殖的水平)和质量(例如,所产生的免疫应答的类型,例如细胞因子产生的模式)受共刺激和抑制信号(免疫检查点)之间的平衡调节。在正常生理条件下,免疫检查点对于自身免疫的预防(即维持自身耐受性)以及对于当免疫系统对致病性感染作出反应时保护组织免受伤害是至关重要的。免疫检查点蛋白的表达可被肿瘤失调,作为重要的免疫抗性机制。
T细胞一直是治疗上控制内源性抗肿瘤免疫力的主要焦点,因为:i)它们选择性识别所有细胞区室中蛋白质衍生的多肽的能力;ii)它们直接识别和杀死抗原表达细胞的能力(通过CD8+效应T细胞;也称为细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTLs));和iii)它们通过CD4+辅助T细胞协调多种免疫反应的能力,其整合了适应性和先天效应机制。在临床环境中,免疫检查点的阻断-其导致抗原特异性T细胞应答的放大-已经证明是人类癌症治疗中的有前景的方法。
T-细胞介导的免疫包括多个连续步骤,每个步骤通过平衡刺激(counterbalancing stimulatory)和抑制信号调节使应答最优化。虽然免疫应答中的几乎所有抑制信号最终调节细胞内信号传导通路,但许多通过膜受体启动,其配体是膜结合的或可溶的(细胞因子)。虽然相对于正常组织,调节T细胞激活的共刺激和抑制性受体和配体通常不会在癌症中过表达,但是在组织中调节T细胞效应功能的抑制性配体和受体通常在肿瘤细胞上或在与肿瘤微环境相关的非转化细胞上过表达。可以使用例如激动剂抗体(用于共刺激通路)或拮抗剂抗体(用于抑制通路)调节可溶性和膜结合受体-配体免疫检查点的功能。因此,与目前批准用于癌症治疗的大多数抗体相反,阻断免疫检查点的抗体不直接靶向肿瘤细胞,而是靶向淋巴细胞受体或其配体,以增强内源性抗肿瘤活性。[见Pardoll,(2012年4月)Nature Rev.Cancer 12:252-64]。
免疫检查点(配体和受体)的实例,其中的一些在各种类型的肿瘤细胞中被选择性地上调,是用于阻断的候选者,包括:CTLA4(细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4);PD1(程序性细胞死亡蛋白1);PDL1(PD1配体);BTLA(B和T淋巴细胞衰减子);TIM-3(T细胞免疫球蛋白和含粘蛋白蛋白3);LAG3(淋巴细胞激活基因-3);TIGIT(具有Ig和ITIM结构域的T细胞免疫受体);和杀伤细胞抑制性受体,其可根据它们的结构特征被分为两类:i)杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)和ii)C型凝集素受体(II型跨膜受体家族的成员)。文献中已经描述了其他较不明确的免疫检查点,包括受体(例如2B4(也称为CD244)受体)和配体(例如某些B7家族抑制性配体,例如B7-H3(也称为CD276)、B7-H4(也称为B7-S1、B7x和VCTN1),和B7-H7)。[见Pardoll,(2012年4月)Nature Rev.Cancer 12:252-64]。其他免疫检查点包括半乳凝素-1、半乳凝素-9、CEACAM-1、CD48、CD69、CD113、GPR56、VISTA、2B4、GARP、PD1H、LAIR1、TIM-1、和TIM-4。以下描述了这些中的一些的特征。
本发明考虑了本文所述的A2AR/A2BR功能抑制剂与上述免疫检查点受体和配体和将要描述的免疫检查点受体和配体的抑制剂联用的用途。如下所示,免疫检查点的某些调节剂已被监管机构批准,而其他调节剂处于后期开发阶段。
在一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是CTLA-4拮抗剂,例如拮抗性的CTLA-4抗体。适合的CTLA-4抗体包括例如伊匹单抗(YERVOY)(伊匹单抗(ipilimumab))和曲美木单抗(tremelimumab)。2011年完全人源化的CTLA4单克隆抗体易普利姆玛(ipilimumab)(伊匹单抗(YERVOY);百时美施贵宝)被批准用于治疗黑色素瘤时,它成为美国首个获得监管批准的免疫检查点抑制剂。包含CTLA4和抗体(CTLA4-Ig;阿巴西普(abatcept)(ORENCIA;百时美施贵宝))的融合蛋白已经被用于治疗类风湿性关节炎,并且其他融合蛋白已经显示出在对爱泼斯坦巴尔病毒敏感的肾脏移植患者中有效。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是PD-1拮抗剂,例如拮抗性的PD-1抗体。合适的PD-1抗体包括已获得监管批准的几种试剂以及其他正处于临床开发中的试剂。KEYTRUDA(派姆单抗(pembrolizumab);默克(Merck))已被批准用于治疗不可切除或转移性的黑素瘤,以及用于一线治疗肿瘤高PD-L1表达的转移性非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者[肿瘤比例评分(TPS)≥50%],通过FDA批准的测试确定,没有EGFR或ALK基因组肿瘤异常。PD-1抑制抗体OPDIVO(纳武单抗(nivolumab);百时美施贵宝(Bristol-Myers Squibb))适用于治疗在铂类为基础化疗中或后进展的转移性NSCLC,并与YERVOY(伊匹单抗(ipilimumab))联用来治疗不可切除或转移性的黑素瘤。其他在开发中的抗PD1抗体的实例包括:拉立珠单抗(lambrolizumab)(默克)、MEDI-0680(AMP-514;W0 2012/145493)和皮地珠单抗(Pidilizumab)(CT-011)。诺华(Novartis)(PDR001)和其他生物制药公司也有PD1计划。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是PD-L1拮抗剂,例如拮抗性的PD-L1抗体。适合的PD-Ll抗体包括例如阿特朱单(atezolizumab)(罗氏RG7446;W02010/077634)、德瓦鲁单(durvalumab)(MEDI4736)、BMS-936559(W0 2007/005874)和MSB0010718C(W0 2013/79174)。靶向PD-1受体的另一种方法包括由与IgGl的Fc部分融合的PD-L2(B7-DC)的胞外域组成的重组蛋白,称为AMP-224。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤剂是TIM-3拮抗剂。已经在晚期实体瘤患者中开始进行临床试验,以评估作为一种单一疗法和与抗PD-1抗体联用的抗TIM-3抗体TSR-022(Tesaro;沃尔瑟姆,马萨诸塞州)。诺华公司也有抗TIM-3计划(MGB453),还有其他几家具有积极的抗TIM3开发计划的生物制药公司(例如Agenus(马萨诸塞州,列克星敦))。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是LAG-3拮抗剂,例如拮抗性的LAG-3抗体。适合的LAG3抗体包括例如BMS-986016(W0 2010/19570,W0 2014/08218)、或者IMP-731或IMP-321(W0 2008/132601,W0 2009/44273)。诺华还具有抗LAG-3(LAG525)计划。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是TIGIT拮抗剂,例如拮抗性的TIGIT抗体。合适的TIGIT抗体包括,例如,RG6058/MTIG 7192A(罗氏/基因泰克);MK-7684(默克);OMP-313M32(Oncomed);和BMS-986027(百时美施贵宝)。
尝试靶向T细胞和其他免疫细胞上的其他免疫调节受体的药剂正在开发中(参见,例如,Naidoo,J等人(2014)英国癌症杂志(British J Cancer)111:2214-19)。此类试剂包括B和T细胞上共刺激分子的激动剂,例如CD-137、OX40和糖皮质激素诱导的TNFR相关蛋白(GITR)。
因此,在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是CD137(4-1BB)激动剂,例如激动性的CD137抗体。适合的CD137抗体包括例如乌瑞鲁单抗(urelumab)和PF-05082566(W0 2012/32433)NCT01471210、和NCT01775631。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是GITR激动剂,例如激动性的GITR抗体。适合的GITR抗体包括例如BMS-986153、BMS-986156、TRX-518(W0 2006/105021,W0 2009/009116)和MK-4166(W0 2011/028683)。人源化抗GITR mAb(TRX518)还可增强体外人淋巴细胞中的共刺激,并正在临床试验中对其进行评估。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是OX40激动剂,例如激动性的OX40抗体。适合的OX40抗体包括例如MEDI-6383或MEDI-6469。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是OX4OL拮抗剂,例如拮抗性的OX4OL抗体。适合的OX4OL抗体包括例如RG-7888(W006/029879)。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是CD40激动剂,例如激动性的CD40抗体。在又一实施方案中,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是CD40拮抗剂,例如拮抗性的CD40抗体。适合的CD40抗体包括例如鲁卡木单抗(lucatumumab)或达西珠单抗(dacetuzumab)。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是CD27激动剂,例如激动性的CD27抗体。适合的CD27抗体包括例如瓦力单抗(varlilumab)(塞德斯(Celldex))。
在另一方面,所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是MGA271(对B7H3)(WO11/109400)。
本发明还考虑了包括本文所述A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与调节膜结合配体B7家族的成员(包括B7-1、B7-2、B7-H1(PD-L1)、B7-DC(PD-L2)、B7-H2(ICOS-L)、B7-H3、B7-H4、B7-H5(VISTA)、和B7-H6的试剂的联合治疗;前文中已描述了一些B7家族成员。
在另一方面,本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可与用于刺激免疫应答的免疫肿瘤学试剂联合使用,其中所述免疫肿瘤学试剂是抑制T细胞活化的细胞因子/趋化因子,或刺激T细胞活化的细胞因子/趋化因子。细胞因子/趋化因子的例子包括:ELC/CCL19、SLC/CCL21、MCP-1、IL-3、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、IL-13、MDC、IFNα/β、M-CSF、GM-CSF、TGF-β、和VEGF。
还用于联合治疗其他药剂包括抑制或消耗巨噬细胞或单核细胞的试剂,包括但不限于:CSF-1R拮抗剂,例如CSF-1R拮抗剂抗体包括RG7155(W0 2011/70024、W0 2011/107553、W0 2011/131407、W0 2013/87699、W0 2013/119716、W02013/132044)或FPA-008(W02011/140249;W0 2013/169264;W0 2014/036357)。
在其他方面,所公开的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可与一种或多种连接阳性共刺激受体的激动剂联合使用,通过抑制性受体减弱信号传导的阻断剂,消耗或抑制Treg的试剂(例如,使用抗CD25单克隆抗体(如达克珠单抗),逆转/预防T细胞失能或耗尽的试剂,以及在肿瘤部位触发先天性免疫激活和/或炎症的试剂。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了用于肿瘤生长的肿瘤抑制的方法,包括将如本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与信号转导抑制剂(STI)联合施用以实现肿瘤生长的加成或协同抑制。如本文所用,术语“信号转导抑制剂”是指选择性抑制信号传导通路中的一个或多个步骤的药剂。本发明的信号转导抑制剂(STI)包括:(i)bcr/abl激酶抑制剂(例如GLEEVEC);(ii)表皮生长因子(EGF)受体抑制剂,包括激酶抑制剂和抗体;(iii)her-2/neu受体抑制剂(例如赫赛汀);(iv)Akt家族激酶或Akt通路抑制剂(例如雷帕霉素);(v)细胞周期激酶抑制剂(例如,夫拉平度(flavopiridol));和(vi)磷脂酰肌醇激酶抑制剂。
参与免疫调节的药剂也可以与本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂联合用于抑制癌症患者的肿瘤生长。免疫抑制剂的例子包括类维生素A、维生素A衍生物,它们严格调节一些生理和病理过程,包括免疫功能和癌症发展。(见Carratu,Mr等人(2012 10月)英国药理学会杂志(Br J Pharmacol)167(3):483-92)。
A2AR/A2BR抑制剂也可与基于干细胞的疗法联用,这是另一种有前途的癌症治疗策略。几种干细胞类型表现出固有的针对肿瘤的靶向性,并且当工程改造以表达治疗剂时,这些致病性(pathotropic)递送载体可有效地靶向恶性肿瘤部位(参见Stuckey,D.(2014)癌症自然评论14:683-91;于2014年9月1日在线发表,doi:10.1038/nrc3798)。
本发明考虑了本文所述A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与NK细胞疗法联用的用途。尽管早期的临床和临床前数据有很大的希望,但是这种疗法尚未进入多中心临床试验阶段。基于NK细胞的疗法也可能是许多不同的前期,维持和晚期疗法的辅助(见Dahlberg,C等人(2015)FrontImmunol 6:605;于2015年11月30日在线公布,doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00605)。
本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可与目前正在评估用于治疗多种癌症的多种类型的癌症疫苗中的一种或多种有效联合。这种癌症疫苗通常属于以下类别之一。
肿瘤细胞疫苗衍生自患者的癌细胞,这些癌细胞被去除并在离体后被修饰,以增强其注射回患者体内时激活患者免疫系统的能力。大多数肿瘤细胞疫苗是自体的(疫苗由来自之后将使用这些疫苗的患者的肿瘤细胞制成),而其他肿瘤细胞疫苗是同种异体的(疫苗是由被治疗的患者以外的人的肿瘤细胞制成)。确定的肿瘤抗原降低了自身免疫的风险,但是由于免疫应答针对的是单个表位,所以肿瘤可以通过抗原损失变异逃避破坏。“表位扩展(“epitope spreading)”或“激发的免疫”过程可能减轻了这种弱点,因为有时对单个抗原的免疫应答可以导致针对同一肿瘤上其他抗原的免疫。
抗原疫苗通过仅使用一种或少量抗原,而不是整个肿瘤细胞来增强免疫系统。尽管抗原疫苗可对特定类型的癌症具有特异性,但与自体肿瘤细胞疫苗不同的是,它们并不是为特定患者生产的。
树突状细胞疫苗是通过移出患者的免疫细胞并将免疫细胞暴露于癌细胞或癌症抗原而离体产生的自体疫苗。树突状细胞分解癌细胞,然后出现衍生自癌细胞的抗原,以便T细胞能够识别它们,从而启动免疫反应。离体产生并扩增抗原特异性T细胞并在之后重新注入患者,从而启动针对体内任何包含抗原的癌细胞的免疫应答。(见Palucka,K等人(2012年4月)癌症自然评论(Nature Reviews Cancer)12:265-77;doi:10.1038/nrc3258)。树突状细胞疫苗已显示出治疗癌症的最大的成功。树突状细胞疫苗西普鲁塞-T(sipuleucel-T)(PROVENGE;丹德里昂(Dendreon))已被批准用于治疗晚期前列腺癌。
尽管基于载体的疫苗实际上并不是癌症疫苗的独特类别(例如,有基于载体的抗原疫苗),但通常会分开看待它们,因为载体可用于一次递送一种以上的癌症抗原,这可能使人体的免疫系统更可能增加应答,诸如病毒和细菌等载体可能会触发它们特有的来自人体的免疫应答,从而使得整体免疫应答进一步增强。
在其他实施方案中,本发明考虑了包含本文所述的化合物与小干扰RNA(siRNA)联合的治疗。此类抗癌治疗涉及建立和筛选与癌症相关的siRNA文库及其在抗癌药物靶标发现和癌症治疗中的应用。目前正在考虑几种siRNA的递送方法,包括使用脂质、聚合物,具体地,金纳米颗粒来诱导显著的基因沉默和肿瘤生长消退(见例如Guo,W等人(2013年9月)临床癌症杂志(Clin J Cancer)32(9):488-93;doi:10.5732/cjc.012.10280)。
在其他实施方案中,本文所述的A2AR/A2BR可与诸如大环内酯化合物的mTOR抑制剂联用,TOR抑制剂包括但不限于西罗莫司酯化物(temsirolimus)(CCI-779)、依维莫司(evirolimus)(RAD-001)或西罗莫司(sirolimus)(雷帕霉素(rapamycin))。在其他实施方案中,本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可与STAT抑制剂联用,STAT抑制包括:SOCS(细胞因子信号传导抑制因子);包括PIAS1、PIAS2、PIAS3、PIAS4、PIASxa、PIASxb,和PIASy的PIAS(活性STAT蛋白抑制物)、硝呋齐特(Nifuroxazide)(5-硝基-2-糠醛-对羟基苯甲酰基腙)、N-[2-(1,3,4-噁二唑基)]-4-喹啉羧酰胺、非肽小分子抑制剂、Stattic、STA-21、LLL-3、LLL12、XZH-5、S31-201、SF-1066、SF-1087、17o、隐丹参酮(Cryptotanshinon)、FLL32、C188-9、LY5、BP-1108、BP-1075、肉盘菌内酯(Galiellalactone)、JQ1、STX-0119、FLLL11、FLLL12、FLLL32、FLLL62,激素衍生的烟基肼、IS3 295、靶向STAT通路的寡核苷酸、靶向STAT通路的反义寡核苷酸(ASO)、AZD9150(ISIS-STAT3Rx或ISIS 481464,针对STAT3的合成ASO、STAT3诱饵寡核苷酸(ODN)、STAT3-siRNA、STAT3-四方结构(STAT3-G-Quartet)、STAT5-ODN、STAT5-siRNA、OPB-31121、肽或模拟肽抑制剂、XpYL、Ac-pYLPQTV-NH3、ISS610、S31-M2001、和CJ-1383。在其他实施方案中,另外的药剂是JAK抑制剂,JAK的实例包括:酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂(tyrphostin)AG490、CP-690550、鲁索替尼(ruxolitinib)(INCB018424)、TG101348(SAR 30253)、来他替尼(lestaurtinib)(CEP701)、CYT387、帕克替尼(pacritinib)(SB1518)、AZD1480、XL019和LY2784544。(参见例如Mascarenhas等人(2012)当代医学化学进展(Curr Med Chem)19(26):4399-413)。
本发明的化合物还可以与基于抗体的用于治疗癌症的疗法联用。此类疗法包括使用针对肿瘤抗原的单克隆抗体;抗体-药物偶联物(ADC),其代表了对于淋巴瘤和实体瘤的强大新治疗选择;单克隆抗体和毒素的复合物;和免疫调节性抗体。(Scott,A.等人(四月2012)癌症自然评论12:278-287;doi:10.1038/nrc3236)。
可与所公开的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂联用的其他药剂和方式包括:T细胞佐剂、通过细菌脂多糖和寡核苷酸的免疫刺激,以及骨髓移植。
本发明考虑了本文所述的化合物与各种形式的过继细胞疗法(ACT)(包括嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞和抗原特异性T细胞受体(TCR)细胞疗法)联用的用途。利用患者自身培养的T细胞的ACT已显示出作为患者特异性癌症治疗的希望(Snook和Waldman(2013)DiscovMed 15(81):120-25)。将定义明确的特异性抗原靶向受体插入T细胞的基因工程方法的使用大大扩展了ACT的潜在能力。
CAR(也称为人工T细胞受体,嵌合T细胞受体和嵌合免疫受体)的使用代表了一种新兴的用于癌症(例如治疗B和T细胞淋巴瘤)和其他恶性肿瘤的治疗方法。CAR T细胞通常包含经修饰后以表达含胞外免疫球蛋白(Ig)结构域(例如,单克隆抗体或其部分)的设计分子的源自患者的T细胞,该结构域对感兴趣肿瘤上存在的已知抗原具有特异性,并连接至细胞内信号传导域。重组T细胞受体
CAR T细胞疗法的开始包括从患者体内去除T细胞。然后对该T细胞进行基因工程改造以表达针对已知癌症特异性抗原的CAR。在离体扩增到足够数量后,自体细胞被注入回患者体内,导致抗原特异性破坏癌细胞。维涅龙(Vigneron)等人((2013年7月15日)肿瘤免疫13:15)描述了T细胞数据库-定义了人类肿瘤抗原,其包含400多种肿瘤抗原肽。肿瘤抗原的实例包括:CD19、CD20、CD22、ROR1、间皮素、CD33/IL3Ra、c-Met、PSMA、醣脂类F77、EGFRvIII、GD-2、NY-ESO-1TCR、MAGE A3 TCR,或其组合。在某些情况下(称为同种异体ACT),来自其他人类对象的T细胞可被用作CAR表达的底物,该过程需要对某些供体来源的蛋白(例如β2-微球蛋白(b2m))进行遗传操作,防止患者自身免疫系统破坏ACT。
对多种适应症的CAR T细胞疗法处于临床前和临床开发。例如,针对CD19阳性B细胞恶性肿瘤、急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL)和非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)的CAR T治疗正在处于临床开发中,急性骨髓性白血病(AML)、多发性骨髓瘤和几种实体瘤类型的CAR T细胞治疗也在研究中。
本发明考虑了本文所公开的化合物与靶向共有的肿瘤抗原和/或独特的肿瘤抗原的药剂或疗法(称为抗原特异性TCR细胞疗法)联用的用途。肿瘤抗原分为两类:共有的肿瘤抗原(由多种肿瘤表达)和独特的肿瘤抗原(经物理或化学致癌物诱导的突变而导致的,并因此仅由单个肿瘤表达)。共享肿瘤抗原的主要家族可以根据是否仅限于特定组织或肿瘤类型以及它们代表的是肿瘤相关的自身改变的自身抗原还是非自身抗原进行分类。尽管目前在癌症免疫治疗中的大多数努力都针对靶向与肿瘤相关的新抗原,但是共有的TCR(T细胞受体)和/或抗原的发现与具有较低突变负担的肿瘤类型特别相关。靶向共有抗原在逻辑上也更简单,特别是在癌症预防方面。癌症中共有抗原的例子包括下述:分化抗原(例如黑素(Melan)A,gp110和酪氨酸酶);异常表达的肿瘤相关抗原(例如Her2和Muc-1);C/G抗原(例如MAGE家族和NY-ESO-1):干细胞性抗原(例如SOX2和OCT4;病毒肿瘤蛋白(例如HPVE6);以及复发性体细胞突变(例如B-Raf V600E(黑素瘤));种系基因(包括黑素瘤抗原编码(MAGE)基因),其包括聚集在X染色体的三个区域(分别称为MAGEA、MAGEB和MAGEC)中的25个功能基因。X染色体上的其他癌种系基因家族包括BAGE、GAGE、LAGE/NY-ESO1和SSX基因。还已鉴定了源自细胞周期蛋白A1的肽,其在睾丸和急性髓细胞性白血病中表达。表达针对共有癌抗原TCR的ACT可以与本文所述的化合物联合使用。
关于独特的肿瘤抗原,以下两类抗原可诱导肿瘤特异性T细胞应答,因为它们表现出肿瘤特异性表达模式:i)来自病毒蛋白的抗原,ii)来自肿瘤遗传密码的点突变或其他变化的抗原(参见例如维涅龙(Vigneron),N.,BioMed Res Intl 2015卷(2015),文章ID948501;dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/948501)。
病毒是多种类型癌症的起源,包括宫颈癌、鼻咽癌、肝癌和某些白血病。在这些癌症中,病毒蛋白在肿瘤细胞内部产生,产生可被T细胞检测到的抗原肽。由突变基因编码的抗原肽通常对于识别它们的肿瘤是独特的。具有高突变率的肿瘤,例如黑色素瘤、肺癌和某些类型的结直肠癌,有望携带更多的突变抗原,因此具有更高的免疫原性。在某些患者中,抗肿瘤CTL应答主要针对突变的表位。
传统的遗传方法可用于修饰T细胞以表达(或过表达)所需的T细胞活性调节剂,或修饰T细胞以减少或消除不需要的T细胞活性调节剂的表达。例如,调节T细胞中免疫检查点(例如PD-1)的表达可能在治疗上是有益的。最近产生肿瘤特异性T细胞的方法包括用遗传修饰患者的带受体的淋巴球以将肿瘤特异性赋予它们。然后将这些T细胞离体扩增,并使用过继细胞转移方案将其重新注入患者体内。用于修饰T细胞的基因包括那些编码T细胞受体和嵌合抗原受体(参见,例如,Kershaw,MH等人,临床与转化免疫学(Clinical&Translational Immunology)(2014)3,e16:doi:10.1038/cti.2014.7)。本发明考虑了本文所述的化合物与基于此类修饰的T细胞的治疗方法一起的用途。
从肿瘤组织中分离的TILs(肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞)的ACT在人黑素瘤中也产生了可喜的结果,从而使其被应用于其他类型的癌症,包括胰腺癌和胃肠道肿瘤。TIL可以由手术切除的肿瘤被离体扩增,然后重新输注回患者。这种针对转移性黑色素瘤患者的疗法与持续3年以上的20%的完全应答有关。[见,例如,多达喀尔(Dhodapkar).K.和多达喀尔(Dhodapkar).M.(2016)PNAS 113(29):7944-45;doi:10.1073/pnas.1608860113]。本发明考虑了本文所述的化合物与基于此类TIL的治疗方法的一起的用途。
在所有情况下,本文所述的化合物与各种形式的ACT联用的用途包括在体外用此类化合物治疗ACT产物,也就是说,当治疗性细胞产物在细胞培养物中被扩增、活化或修饰时,以及在向患者施用ACT之前、之中或之后,向患者施用此类化合物。
代谢和心血管病症
本发明提供了用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和至少一种另外的治疗剂或诊断试剂治疗和/或预防某些心血管和/或代谢相关疾病、病症和病况以及与之相关的病症的方法。
可用于治疗高胆固醇血症(以及动脉粥样硬化)的治疗剂的实例包括抑制胆固醇酶促合成的他汀类药物(例如瑞舒伐他汀、氟伐他汀、立普妥、洛伐他汀、普伐他汀(PRAVACOL)和辛戈他丁);胆汁酸树脂(例如,考来替泊、考来烯胺(PREVALITE、LO-CHOLEST、QUESTRAN)、消胆胺和考来维仑),其螯合胆固醇并防止其吸收;依泽替米贝(ZETIA),阻止胆固醇吸收;纤维酸(例如TRICOR),其减少甘油三酯并可适度增加HDL;烟酸(例如NIACOR),其适度降低LDL胆固醇和甘油三酯;和/或前述的组合(例如,VYTORIN(依泽替米贝与辛伐他汀))。可以与本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂联合使用的备选胆固醇疗法包括各种补充剂和草药(例如大蒜、多廿烷醇和印度香胶树(guggul))。
本发明包括上述任一种的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
免疫和炎性相关的病症。
本发明提供了用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和至少一种另外的治疗剂或诊断试剂治疗和/或预防免疫相关的疾病、病症和病况;和具有炎性成分的疾病、病症和病况的方法。
可用于联合疗法的治疗剂示例包括但不限于以下药物:非类固醇抗抗炎药物(NSAID),例如阿司匹林、布洛芬,和其他的丙酸衍生物(阿明洛芬、苯恶洛芬、布氯酸(bucloxic acid)、卡洛芬、苯布芬(fenbufen)、非诺洛芬(fenoprofen)、氟洛芬(fluprofen)、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)、吲哚布洛芬(indoprofen)、酪洛芬(ketoprofen)、咪洛芬(miroprofen)、萘普生、奥沙普秦(oxaprozin)、吡洛芬(pirprofen)、非诺洛芬(pranoprofen)、舒洛芬(suprofen)、噻洛芬酸(tiaprofenic acid)、和硫恶洛芬(tioxaprofen)),乙酸衍生物(茚甲新、阿西美辛(acemetacin)、阿氯芬酸(alclofenac)、环氯茚酸(clidanac)、双氯芬酸、芬氯酸(fenclofenac)、芬克洛酸(fenclozic acid)、芬替酸(fentiazac)、呋罗芬酸(fuirofenac)、异丁芬酸(ibufenac)、伊索克酸(isoxepac)、奥平内克(oxpinac)、舒林酸(sulindac)、硫平酸(tiopinac)、托美丁(tolmetin)、齐多美辛(zidometacin)、和佐美酸(zomepirac)),芬那酸(fenamic acid)衍生物(氟灭酸、甲氯芬那酸(meclofenamic acid)、甲芬那酸(mefenamic acid)、尼氟灭酸(niflumic acid)和氨甲环酸(tolfenamic acid)),联苯甲酸衍生物(二氟尼柳(diflunisal(和氟苯柳(flufenisal))、昔康类(oxicams)(伊索昔康(isoxicam)、吡罗昔康、舒多昔康(sudoxicam)和替诺昔康(tenoxican)),水杨酸盐类(乙酰水杨酸、柳氮磺胺吡啶(sulfasalazine)和吡唑酮类(阿扎丙宗(apazone)、苯哌隆(bezpiperylon)、非普拉宗(feprazone)、莫非保松、羟基保泰松、苯基丁氮酮。其他组合包括环氧合酶2(COX-2)抑制剂。
用于组合的其他活性剂包括类固醇,例如泼尼松龙、泼尼松、甲基泼尼松龙、倍他米松、地塞米松或氢化可的松。这种组合可能是特别有利的,因为可以通过逐渐减少所需的类固醇剂量来减少或甚至消除类固醇的一种或多种副作用。
可联合使用以治疗例如类风湿性关节炎的活性剂的其他实例包括细胞因子抑制性抗炎药(CSAID);其他人类细胞因子或生长因子的抗体或拮抗剂例如:TNF、LT、IL-10、IL-2、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-15、IL-16、IL-18、EMAP-II、GM-CSF、FGF或PDGF。
特定的激活因子组合可能在自身免疫和随后的炎症级联的不同点产生干扰,并且包括TNF拮抗剂,例如嵌合、人源化或人类TNF抗体、REMICADE、抗TNF抗体片段(如CDP870)和可溶性p55或p75 TNF受体、其衍生物、p75TNFRIgG(ENBREL)或p55TNFR1gG(LENERCEPT)、可溶性IL-13受体(sIL-13),以及TNFa转换酶(TACE)抑制剂;类似地,IL-1抑制剂(如白介素1转换酶抑制剂)可能有效。其他联用包括白介素11、抗P7和p-选择素糖蛋白配体(PSGL)。与本申请所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂联合中有用的药剂的其他例子包括:干扰素131a(AVONEX);干扰素13lb(BETASERON);醋酸格拉替雷(copaxone);高压氧;静脉注射免疫球蛋白;克拉屈滨(clabribine);和其他人类细胞因子或成长因子的抗体或拮抗剂(如至CD40配体的抗体和CD80)。
微生物疾病。
本发明提供了用A2AR/A2BR抑制剂和至少一种另外的治疗剂或诊断试剂(例如一种或多种其他抗病毒剂和/或一种或多种与病毒疗法无关的试剂)治疗和/或预防病毒、细菌、真菌和寄生虫疾病、病症和病况以及与之相关的病症的方法。
这种组合疗法包括靶向各种病毒生命周期阶段并具有不同作用机制的抗病毒剂,包括但不限于以下:病毒脱壳抑制剂(例如金刚烷胺和利安替丁);逆转录酶抑制剂(例如阿昔洛韦,齐多夫定和拉米夫定);靶向整合酶的药物;阻断转录因子与病毒DNA结合的药物;影响翻译的药物(例如反义分子)(例如,弗米韦森(fomivirsen));调节翻译/核糖核苷酶功能的药物;蛋白酶抑制剂;病毒组装调节剂(例如利福平);抗逆转录病毒药,例如核苷类似物逆转录酶抑制剂(例如叠氮胸苷(AZT),dd1,ddC,3TC,d4T);非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂(例如依法韦仑,奈韦拉平);核苷酸类似物逆转录酶抑制剂;和防止病毒颗粒释放的药物(例如扎那米韦和奥司他韦)。某些病毒感染(例如HIV)的治疗和/或预防通常需要抗病毒剂的组(“鸡尾酒”)。
与A2AR/A2BR抑制剂联合使用的其他抗病毒剂包括但不限于以下:阿巴卡韦,阿德福韦,金刚烷胺,安普那韦,安普利近,阿比朵尔,阿扎那韦,立普妥,波谱瑞韦尔特(boceprevirertet),西多福韦,可比韦(combivir),地瑞那韦(darunavir),地拉夫定,地达诺新,二十二烷醇,依托度汀(edoxudine),恩曲他滨,恩夫韦地(enfuvirtide),恩替卡韦,泛昔洛韦,福沙那韦,膦甲酸,膦乙醇(fosfonet),(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_inhibitor)、更昔洛韦,伊巴他宾,异丙肌苷(imunovir),碘苷(idoxuridine),咪喹莫特(imiquimod),印第那韦(indinavir),肌苷,各种干扰素(例如聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a),洛匹那韦,洛非利定,马拉维罗,吗啉脒胍(moroxydine),甲吲噻腙(methisazone),奈非那韦,多吉美(nexavir),喷昔洛韦,帕拉米韦,普可那利,鬼臼毒素,雷特格韦(raltegravir),利巴韦林,利托那韦,普拉咪定(pyramidine),沙奎那韦(saquinavir),司他夫定(stavudine),特拉匹韦(telaprevir),替诺福韦,替拉那韦(tipranavir),曲氟尿苷(trifluridine),曲利志韦(trizivir),曲金刚胺,特鲁瓦达,伐昔洛韦,缬更昔洛韦,维克维若(vicriviroc),阿糖腺苷,韦拉咪定(viramidine)和扎西他滨。
本发明拟将本文所述的A2AR/A2BR功能抑制剂与抗寄生虫剂联合使用。这些药剂包括但不限于噻苯达唑、双羟萘酸噻嘧啶、甲苯咪唑、吡喹酮、氯硝柳胺、硫双二三氯磷酸酯、依维菌素、阿苯达唑、依氟鸟氨酸、美拉胂醇、喷他脒(pentamidine)、苄硝唑、硝呋莫司和硝基咪唑。本领域技术人员知道可用于治疗寄生虫病的其他药剂。
本发明的实施方式考虑了本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与在治疗或预防细菌病症中有用的药剂联合的用途。可以按照各种方式对抗菌剂进行分类,包括基于作用机制,基于化学结构以及基于活性谱。抗细菌剂的实例包括靶向细菌细胞壁(例如头孢菌素和青霉素)或细胞膜(例如多粘菌素)或者干扰必需细菌酶(例如磺酰胺,利福霉素和喹啉)的那些。靶向蛋白质合成的大多数抗菌剂(例如四环素和大环内酯类)是抑菌剂,而诸如氨基糖苷类的试剂是杀菌剂。另一种分类抗菌剂的方法是基于它们的靶向特异性;“窄谱”药剂靶向特定类型的细菌(例如,革兰氏阳性菌,如链球菌),而“广谱”药剂具有靶向更广泛范围的细菌的活性。本领域技术人员知道适用于特定细菌感染的抗菌剂的类型。
本发明的实施方案方式考虑了本文所述的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂与在治疗或预防真菌病症有用的药剂联合的用途。抗真菌剂包括多烯类(例如,两性霉素、制霉菌素和匹马霉素);唑类(例如,氟康唑、伊曲康唑和酮康唑);烯丙胺(例如萘替芬和特比萘芬)和吗啉(例如阿莫罗芬);和抗代谢物(例如5-氟胞嘧啶)。
本发明包括上述药剂(和药剂种类成员)的药学上可接受的盐,酸或衍生物。
剂量
本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可以以依赖于例如施用目标(如期望的分辨度(degreeof resolution desired));该制剂施用的对象的年龄、体重、性别、健康和身体状况;施用途径;以及疾病、病症、病况或其症状的性质的量施用于对象。给药方案还可以考虑与所施用的药剂相关的任何不良作用的存在与否、性质和程度。有效剂量和剂量方案可容易地从例如安全性和剂量递增试验,体内研究(例如动物模型)和本领域技术人员已知的其他方法确定。
通常,给药参数规定剂量小于对对象可能具有不可逆毒性的量(最大耐受剂量(MTD))并且不小于对对象产生可测量效果所需的量。考虑给药途径和其他因素,这些量由例如与ADME相关的药代动力学和药效学参数确定。
有效剂量(ED)是在服用它的一部分对象中产生治疗反应或所需效果的药剂的剂量或量。药剂的“中值有效剂量”或ED50是在其给药的群体的50%中产生治疗反应或所需作用的药剂的剂量或量。尽管ED50通常用于衡量药物效应的合理预期,但临床医生在考虑所有相关因素后可能认为适当的剂量不一定是合适的剂量。因此,在某些情况下,有效量大于计算的ED50,在其他情况下,有效量小于计算的ED50,而在其他情况下,有效量与计算的ED50相同。
另外,本发明的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂的有效剂量可以是当以一个或多个剂量施用给对象时,相对于健康对象产生期望结果的量。例如,对于经历特定病症的对象,有效剂量可以是该量将该病症的诊断参数、测量、标记等改善至少约5%,至少约10%,至少约20%,至少约25%,至少约30%,至少约40%,至少约50%,至少约60%,至少约70%,至少约80%,至少约90%或更多超过90%的剂量,其中100%被定义为正常对象的诊断参数、度量,标记或类似物。
在某些实施方案中,本发明所考虑的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂可以每天一次或多次地以每日对象体重的约0.01mg/kg至约50mg/kg,或约1mg/kg至约25mg/kg的剂量水平施用(例如,口服),以获得所需的治疗效果。
对于口服剂的给药,组合物可以以含有1.0-1000毫克活性成分的片剂、胶囊等形式提供,具体地,1.0、3.0、5.0、10.0、15.0、20.0、25.0、50.0、75.0、100.0、150.0、200.0、250.0、300.0、400.0、500.0、600.0、750.0、800.0、900.0和1000.0毫克活性成分。
在某些实施方案中,所需A2AR/A2BR抑制剂的剂量包含在“单位剂型”中。短语“单位剂型”是指物理上不连续的单位,每个单位含有预定量的单独的或与一种或多种另外的试剂组合的足以产生所需的效果的A2AR/A2BR抑制剂。应该理解,单位剂型的参数将取决于特定的药剂和待实现的效果。
试剂盒
本发明还考虑了包含A2AR/A2BR抑制剂的试剂盒及其药物组合物。如下所述,试剂盒通常为容纳各种组分的物理结构的形式,并且可以用于,例如,实施上述方法。
试剂盒可以包括本文公开的一种或多种化合物(例如在无菌容器中提供),其可以是适合向对象施用的药物组合物的形式。如本文所述的化合物可以以随时可用的形式(例如片剂或胶囊)或以需要例如在施用之前重新配制(reconstitution)或稀释的形式(例如粉末)提供。当如本文所述的化合物为需要由使用者重新配制或稀释的形式时,所述试剂盒还可包括稀释剂(例如无菌水)、缓冲液、药学上可接受的赋形剂等,与如本文所述的化合物一起或分开包装。当考虑联合治疗时,试剂盒可以单独包含几种试剂,或者它们可能已经在试剂盒已被联合。试剂盒的每个组分可以被包含在单独的容器内,并且所有的各种容器可以在单个包装内。本发明的试剂盒可以被设计用于适当地保持容纳在其中的组分所需的条件(例如,冷藏或冷冻)。
试剂盒可以包含标签或包装插页,其包括其中组分的识别信息和它们的使用说明(例如,剂量参数、活性成分的临床药理学,包括作用机制,药代动力学和药效学,不良作用,禁忌症等)。标签或插页可以包含诸如批号和到期日期的制造商信息。标签或包装插页可以例如整合到容纳组分的物理结构中,单独包含在物理结构内,或者附着到试剂盒的组分(例如安瓿、管或小瓶)上。
标签或插页可以附加地包括或结合到如下的计算机可读载体中,诸如磁盘(例如,硬盘、卡、存储盘),光盘,诸如CD或DVD-ROM/RAM,DVD、MP3、磁带,或者这些的组合,诸如RAM和ROM的电存储载体或者诸如磁/光存储媒介、FLASH媒介或者记忆型存储卡之类。在一些实施方式中,实际的说明不在试剂盒中,但是提供了用于从远程源,例如通过互联网获得指示的手段。
实验
提出以下实施例以向本领域普通技术人员提供有关如何制作和使用本发明的完整公开和描述,并且无意限制发明人认为其发明的范围,它们也不旨在表示已进行以下实验,或者它们是可以进行的所有实验。应该理解,用现在时写出的示例性描述不一定被执行,而是可以执行该描述以生成其中描述的性质的数据等。已经努力确保所使用的数字(例如量、温度等)的准确性,但是应该考虑到一些实验误差和偏差。
除非另有说明,份数是重量份数,分子量是重均分子量,温度以摄氏度为单位(℃),以及压力处于或接近大气压。使用了标准的缩写,包括如下:Wt=野生型;bp=碱基对;kb=千碱基;nt=核苷酸;as=氨基酸;s或sec=秒;min=分钟;h或hr=小时;ng=纳克;[tg=微克;mg=毫克;g=克;kg=千克;dl或dL=分升;pl或1AL=微升;ml或mL=毫升;l或L=升;[iM=微摩尔;mM=毫摩尔;M=摩尔;kDa=千道尔顿;i.m.=肌肉内的(地);i.p.=腹膜内的(地);SC或SQ=皮下的(地);QD=每日;BID=每日两次;QW=每周;QM=每月;HPLC=高效液相色谱;BW=体重;U=单位;ns=无统计学意义;PBS=磷酸盐缓冲盐水;IHC=免疫组织化学;DMEM=达尔伯克改良伊格尔培养基(Dulbeco’s Modification ofEagle’s Medium);EDTA=乙二胺四乙酸。
材料和方法
在指出之处或下面的实施例中使用以下通用材料和方法:
科学文献中描述了分子生物学中的标准方法(参见例如Sambrook和Russell(2001)分子克隆,第3版,冷泉港实验室出版社,冷泉港,纽约州;以及Ausubel等人(2001)分子生物学实验室指南,第1-4卷,约翰威利父子公司,纽约,纽约州,其描述了在细菌细胞中的克隆和DNA诱变(第1卷),在哺乳动物细胞中的克隆和酵母(第2卷),糖缀合物和蛋白质表达(第3卷)和生物信息学(第4卷))。
科学文献描述了用于蛋白质纯化的方法,包括免疫沉淀、色谱法、电泳、离心和结晶,以及化学分析、化学修饰、翻译后修饰、融合蛋白的产生和蛋白质的糖基化(参见,例如Coligan等人(2000)蛋白质科学实验室指南(Current Protocols in Protein Science),第1-2卷,约翰威利父子公司,纽约)。
可以获得用于确定例如抗原片段、前导序列、蛋白质折叠、功能域(functionaldomains)、糖基化位点和序列比对的软件包和数据库(参见,例如GCG威斯康星包装(Wisconsin Package)(Accelrys公司,圣地亚哥,加利福尼亚州);和DeCypherTM(TimeLogic公司,水晶湾,内华达州)。
文献中有丰富的可用作评价本文所述化合物的基础的分析和其他实验技术。
实施例
制备权利要求的化合物的一般方法
本领域技术人员应当理解,有多种制备权利要求中表示的分子的方法。通常,用于合成权利要求中表示的化合物的有用方法包括四个部分,可以按任何顺序进行:a和b片段的连接(或经过b环环化形成a-b-c部分),b和c片段的连接(或经过b环环化形成a-b-c部分),以及所有出现的片段中的官能团修饰。将本发明的化合物逆合成断开成片段a-c,以用于构建该化合物:
制备要求保护的化合物的几种方法是示例性的(式1-5)。式1显示了一种合成适当官能化的片段c的方法。在事1的情况下,通过与脲缩合,然后用三氯氧化磷处理,将现有化合物2-氨基苯甲酸转化为喹唑啉。
此外,本领域已知生成喹唑啉和喹啉环的方法有多种(参见例如,Joule等人,《杂环化学》,Chapman&Hall,纽约,或http://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/heterocycles/benzo-fused/quinazolines.shtm的“喹唑啉的合成(Synthesis ofQuinazolines)”).
式二显示了通过铃木反应在片段a和c之间形成键的方法。在式2的情况下,Z可选自诸如Cl、Br、I、Otf的适当的基团,以及B(OR)2为硼酸或硼酸酯,且该偶联由过渡金属催化剂(较佳地,具有适当配体的钯)介导。
所述偶联可以通过使用有机或无机碱进行辅助,和本领域已知的多种多样的条件来促进铃木偶联。偶联配偶体的官能化也可以如式.3所例示的那样逆转。本领域技术人员应当理解,还存在其他可能也能产生所需产物的组合。b和c片段之间的键的形成可发生在a和b片段的连接之前或之后,并且这些基团可在连接b和c片段之前或之后被进一步修饰。
任选地,b片段可以通过a和c片段之间的叠氮化物-炔烃休斯根(Huisgen)1,3-偶极环加成形成(式四)。在式4的情况下,适当官能化的a和c片段可以通过叠氮化物和炔烃之间的环加成反应结合在一起。可使用铜催化剂或其他催化剂促进反应。
在片段b为三唑的情况下,该环还可以通过钯催化叠氮化钠与烯基卤化物的加成反应(Barluenga等人,德国应用化学(Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.),2006,45,6893-6896)、大孔树脂-15(Amberlyst-15)催化叠氮化物与硝基烯的加成反应(Zhang等人,合成(Synthesis),2016,48,131-135)、I2/TBPB催化的N-甲苯磺酰基腙(tosylhydrozones)与苯胺类的氧化环加成反应(Cai等人,有机通讯(Org.Lett.),2014,16,5108-5111),和许多其他方法(参见www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/heterocycles/1,2,3-triazoles.shtm的”1,2,3-三唑的合成(Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles)”).本领域技术人员应当理解,有多种可用于实现该转化的方法。
式五显示了一种通过烷基化,在片段a和b之间形成键的方法。在式5的情况下,Z是适合的亲电试剂(诸如Cl、Br、I、OTf等),且偶联可通过使用有机或无机碱催化。为了最有效地制备本发明的任何特定化合物,本领域技术人员将理解,在任一给定化合物的制备中,片段的连接时间和顺序以及片段中出现的官能团的修饰可能有所不同。
上述各种方法已经用于制备本发明的化合物,其中一些在实施例中举例说明。
实施例1:4-{1-[(1-环丙基-1H-吡唑-3-基)甲基]-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基}-8-甲氧基喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
步骤1:向圆底烧瓶中装入6.73g(29.4mmol,1当量)的二氯喹唑啉、413mg(0.6mmol,2mol%)的PdCl2(PPh3)2和223mg(1.2mmol,4mol%)的CuI。将内容物真空脱气并用N2回充三遍。将118mL脱气的THF加入至烧瓶中,随后加入12.3mL(88mmol,3当量)脱气的Et3N和6.6mL(29.4mmol,1当量)的脱气的TIPS-乙炔。将反应混合物在N2中在室温下搅拌5小时。随后用50mL EtOAc稀释反应混合物,转移至分液漏斗并接着用(1:1)NH4Cl/NH4OH(2x50mL)和盐水(1x 50mL)洗涤。将有机层用Na2SO4干燥并浓缩,得到淡褐色(brownish)油,其不经进一步纯化使用。
步骤2:向圆底烧瓶中加入步骤1的氯代喹唑啉产物和100mL THF。加入对甲氧基苄基胺(11.5mL,88.2mmol,3当量),并将反应混合物加热至60℃过夜。之后将反应混合物冷却至环境温度,用EtOAc稀释,用水洗涤,用10%柠檬酸水溶液洗涤,用Na2SO4干燥并浓缩。不经进一步纯化使用残余的棕色固体。
步骤3:向圆底烧瓶中加入步骤2的喹唑啉产物和60mL THF。加入水(2.6mL,147mmol,5当量),并将反应混合物在冰/水浴中冷却。加入TBAF(1M的THF溶液,2.9mL,2.9mmol,0.1当量),并移除冰浴。反应混合物在室温下搅拌70分钟,之后用EtOAc稀释并用半饱和的NH4Cl水溶液淬灭。分层,并将有机层用Na2SO4干燥并在SiO2上浓缩。残余物经硅胶色谱法(0至50%的EtOAc的CH2Cl2溶液),得到黄色固体状的期望产物(7.90g,三步84%)。
步骤4:在70℃下,向1H-吡唑-5-羧酸甲酯(3.15g,25.0mmol)、环丙基硼酸(4.30g,50.0mmol)、碳酸钠(5.30g,50.0mmol)和二氯乙烷(125mL)的混合物中加入加热的乙酸铜(II)(4.55g,25.0mmol)、1,10-邻二氮杂菲(4.50g,25.0mmol)和二氯乙烷的悬浮液(31mL)。之后将反应混合物在空气中在70℃下剧烈搅拌4小时。冷却反应混合物物并通过硅藻土过滤。除去溶剂,并使残余物经硅胶色谱法(0至100%EtOAc的己烷溶液)纯化,以提供浅绿色油状的期望产物(2.25g;54%)。
步骤5:在室温下,向步骤1产物(831mg,5.00mmol)的THF(5mL)溶液中滴加LiBH4(5mL,10.0mmol,2M的THF溶液)。将反应混合物在65℃下加热90分钟。之后将反应混合物冷却至0℃并用饱和的氯化铵溶液淬灭,并额外搅拌一小时。将混合物用乙酸乙酯(3x 25mL)萃取并用硫酸钠干燥。向粗中间体中加MTBE(20mL)、DPPA(1.08mL,5.00mmol)、和DBU(748μL,5.00mmol),并将混合物在室温下搅拌3天。加入MTBE(50mL),并将有机相用水(4x 100mL)洗涤,并用硫酸钠干燥。将粗叠氮化物以0.25M的MTBE溶液的形式储存。
步骤6:将实施例1b(3.6mL,0.90mmol,0.25M的MTBE溶液)、炔烃(实施例1a,95.7mg,0.30mmol)、硫酸铜(II)(1mg,0.003mmol)、抗坏血酸钠(3mg,0.015mmol)于2:1丙酮:水(1.2mL)中的溶液在60℃下加热2小时。将混合物用乙酸乙酯(3x 25mL)萃取并用硫酸钠干燥。除去溶剂,并使原料经硅胶色谱法(0至100%EtOAc的己烷溶液)纯化,以提供黄色固体状的期望中间体。加入TFA(3mL)并将混合物在70℃下搅拌3小时。在空气流中除去TFA,并用饱和碳酸氢钠中和残余物,通过过滤收集获得的固体,并用MTBE和水洗涤,以获得黄色固体状的期望产物(51mg,47%)。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.65(s,1H),8.62–8.53(m,1H),7.78(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),7.21–7.13(m,2H),6.86(br s,2H),6.31(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),5.68(s,2H),3.88(s,3H),3.74–3.67(m,1H),1.06–0.90(m,4H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C18H19N8O,计算值363.2,实测值363.1.
实施例2:8-甲氧基-4-[1-(1H-吡唑-3-基甲基)-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
步骤1:向3-(氯甲基)-1H-吡唑盐酸盐(2.30g,15.0mmol)于1:1DCM/THF(150mL)中的悬浮液中加入二氢吡喃(2.80mL,33.0mmol)。反应混合物在室温下搅拌14小时。除去挥发物,并使残余物经硅胶色谱法(0至50%的EtOAc的己烷溶液)纯化,以提供无色油状的期望产物(2.12g;70%)。
步骤2:向步骤1的产物(1.00g,5.00mmol)于DMSO(10mL)中的溶液中加入叠氮化钠(341mg,5.25mmol)。将反应混合物在40℃下搅拌3小时。加入MTBE(100mL),并将有机相用水(4x 100mL)洗涤,并用硫酸钠干燥。将有机相浓缩,并以0.25M的MTBE溶液的形式储存。
步骤3:以类似实施例1的方式合成目标化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ12.97(s,1H),8.61(s,1H),8.59–8.48(m,1H),7.74(s,1H),7.23(s,1H),7.14(s,1H),6.85(s,2H),6.34(s,1H),5.71(s,2H),3.86(s,3H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C15H14N8O,计算值323.1,实测值323.2.
实施例3:8-氟-4-[1-(1H-吡唑-3-基甲基)-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例2的方式合成目标化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ9.13(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),8.82(s,1H),7.91–7.79(m,1H),7.75(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),7.53–7.44(m,1H),6.38(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),5.80(s,2H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C14H12FN8,计算值311.1,实测值311.2.
实施例4:1-(丙-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-羧酸甲酯(4a)和1-(丙-2-基)-1H-吡唑-5-羧酸甲酯(4b)的合成
步骤a:将1H-吡唑-5-羧酸甲酯(2.52g,20.0mmol)、2-碘代丙烷(2.10mL,21.0mmol)、碳酸铯(7.17g,22.0mmol)和乙腈(100mL)的混合物在室温下搅拌20小时。过滤除去固体。除去溶剂,并使残余物经硅胶色谱法(0至50%EtOAc的己烷溶液)纯化,以提供无色油状的期望产物(4a,1.16g;35%)。N-1位置异构体(4b)也被分离为无色油状物(935mg;28%)。两种产物的位置异构是暂时地指定的。
实施例5:8-甲氧基-4-(1-{[1-(丙-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基]甲基}-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
步骤1:在室温下,向步骤a产物(1.16g,6.90mmol)的THF(6.9mL)溶液中滴加LiBH4(6.9mL,13.8mmol,2M的THF溶液)。反应混合物在65℃下加热2小时。之后将反应混合物冷却,并小心地用饱和的氯化铵溶液淬灭,额外搅拌一小时。将混合物用乙酸乙酯(3x 25mL)萃取并用硫酸钠干燥。向粗中间体中加入MTBE(7.2mL)、DPPA(1.55mL,7.20mmol)、和DBU(1.08mL,7.20mmol),并将混合物在室温下搅拌24小时。加入MTBE(50mL),并将有机相用水(4x 100mL)洗涤,并用硫酸钠干燥。将粗叠氮化物以0.25M的MTBE溶液的形式储存。
步骤2:以类似实施例1步骤6的方式合成目标化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.65(s,1H),8.61–8.54(m,1H),7.78(d,J=2.1Hz,1H),7.20–7.14(m,2H),6.86(br s,2H),6.30(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),5.70(s,2H),4.50(七重峰,J=6.8Hz,1H),3.88(s,3H),1.40(d,J=6.7Hz,6H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C18H21N8O,计算值365.2,实测值365.1.
实施例6:8-甲氧基-4-(1-{[1-(丙-2-基)-1H-吡唑-5-基]甲基}-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例5的方式合成目标化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.69(s,1H),8.58–8.52(m,1H),7.47(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),7.20–7.14(m,2H),6.87(br s,2H),6.37(d,J=1.0Hz,1H),5.94(s,2H),4.79(hept,J=6.5Hz,1H),3.88(s,3H),1.28(d,J=6.5Hz,6H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C18H21N8O,计算值365.2,实测值365.1.
实施例7:8-甲氧基-4-{1-[(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-3-基)甲基]-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基}喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例5的方式合成目标化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.64(s,1H),8.62–8.55(m,1H),7.70(d,J=1.9Hz,1H),7.19–7.14(m,2H),6.86(br s,2H),6.33(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),5.68(s,2H),3.88(s,3H),3.82(s,3H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C16H17N8O,计算值337.2,实测值337.1.
实施例8:8-甲氧基-4-{1-[(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-5-基)甲基]-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基}喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例5的方式合成目标化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.70(s,1H),8.59–8.53(m,1H),7.42(d,J=1.7Hz,1H),7.20–7.14(m,2H),6.87(br s,2H),6.38(d,J=1.7Hz,1H),5.91(s,2H),3.89(s,3H),3.88(s,3H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C16H17N8O,计算值337.2,实测值337.1.
实施例9:8-甲氧基-4-[1-({1-[(3R)-草脲胺(oxolan)-3-基]-1H-吡唑-3-基}甲基)-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基]喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例5的方式合成目标化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.66(s,1H),8.61–8.53(m,1H),7.80(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),7.20–7.12(m,2H),6.86(br s,2H),6.34(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),5.70(s,2H),5.06–4.97(m,1H),4.01–3.92(m,2H),3.92–3.84(m,4H),3.84–3.76(m,1H),2.43–2.31(m,1H),2.29–2.18(m,1H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C19H21N8O2,计算值393.2,实测值393.2.
实施例10:8-甲氧基-4-[1-({1-[(3S)-草脲胺-3-基]-1H-吡唑-3-基}甲基)-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基]喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例5的方式合成目标化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.66(s,1H),8.60–8.53(m,1H),7.80(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),7.20–7.13(m,2H),6.86(br s,2H),6.34(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),5.70(s,2H),5.06–4.97(m,1H),4.00–3.92(m,2H),3.92–3.84(m,4H),3.84–3.75(m,1H),2.42–2.31(m,1H),2.30–2.19(m,1H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C19H21N8O2,计算值393.2,实测值393.1.
实施例11:1-[2-(噁烷-2-基氧基)乙基]-1H-吡唑-5-羧酸甲酯(11a)的合成和1-[2-(噁烷-2-基氧基)乙基]-1H-吡唑-3-羧酸甲酯(11b)的合成
在圆底烧瓶中,将吡唑衍生物(3.0g,23.8mmol)溶解于干燥的MeCN中。在N2中,向该溶液中加入Cs2CO3(7.8g,23.8mmol)和2-溴乙氧基-2-H-吡喃(5.9g,28.6mmol)。将反应混合物在50℃下搅拌1.5小时。在冷却至室温后,滤去固体。浓缩滤液,并使原料经硅胶色谱法纯化,以得到1.2g的11a(20%)和3.6g的11b(60%)。将极性较小的产物暂定为N-1烷基化11a,并将极性较大的产物暂定为N-2-烷基化11b。
实施例12:2-(3-{[4-(2-氨基-8-甲氧基喹唑啉-4-基)-1H-1,2,3-三唑-1-基]甲基}-1H-吡唑-1-基)乙-1-醇的合成
步骤1:在圆底烧瓶中,将吡唑-甲酯衍生物(1.0g,3.9mmol)溶解于干燥的THF中。向该溶液中加入1.0M的LiBH4的THF溶液(3.9mL,7.9mmol)。将反应混合物在回流下搅拌1h。在冷却至室温后,加入饱和NH4Cl并搅拌30min。分离有机层,水层用EtOAc(2x 50mL)萃取。合并的有机层用MgSO4干燥,浓缩并再次溶解于3.9mL甲苯中。向该混合物中加入DPPA(1.1mL,5.1mmol)和DBU(0.8mL,5.1mmol)。将反应混合物在60℃下加热10h。冷却至室温后,除去溶剂,并使原料经硅胶色谱纯化,以得到686mg的叠氮化物衍生物(70%,两步)。
步骤2:以类似实施例1的方式合成标题化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.64(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),8.56(dd,J=5.9,3.9Hz,1H),7.70(t,J=2.1Hz,1H),7.17–7.12(m,2H),6.85(s,2H),6.30(t,J=2.1Hz,1H),5.68(s,2H),4.88(t,J=5.3Hz,1H),4.11(t,J=5.6Hz,2H),3.86(s,3H),3.70(q,J=5.5Hz,2H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C17H18N8O2,计算值367.2,实测值367.3.
实施例13:2-(5-{[4-(2-氨基-8-甲氧基喹唑啉-4-基)-1H-1,2,3-三唑-1-基]甲基}-1H-吡唑-1-基)乙-1-醇
以类似实施例12的方式合成标题化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.69(d,J=1.1Hz,1H),8.55(ddd,J=5.5,3.9,1.2Hz,1H),7.45(s,1H),7.20–7.11(m,2H),6.85(s,2H),6.32(s,1H),5.92(s,2H),5.00(t,J=5.2Hz,1H),4.27(t,J=5.5Hz,2H),3.87(s,3H),3.68(q,J=5.6Hz,2H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C17H18N8O2,计算值367.2,实测值367.1.
实施例14:1-(3-{[4-(2-氨基-8-甲氧基喹唑啉-4-基)-1H-1,2,3-三唑-1-基]甲基}-2H-吡唑-1-基)-2-甲基丙-2-醇
步骤1:将1H-吡唑-3-羧酸甲酯(2.52g,20mmol,1当量)溶解于DMF(20mL)中。加入K2CO3(5.53g,40mmol,2当量),之后加入1-氯-2-甲基-2-丙醇(2.67mL,26mmol,1.3当量)。将反应混合物加热至80℃经40小时,并冷却至室温。将反应混合物倒入水中,用EtOAc萃取,并将合并的有机萃取物用水和盐水洗涤。浓缩有机层,粗品残留物在SiO2上纯化(25–100%EtOAc/己烷),以提供无色油状的标题化合物,其被静置固化(2.08g,收率53%)。
步骤2:将上步的酯(1.87g,9.44mmol,1当量)溶解于THF(40mL)中。将反应混合物冷却至0℃,并小心地加入固体LiAlH4(1.08g,28.3mmol,3当量)。将反应混合物搅拌50分钟,并通过小心地加入1.08mL水、1.08mL 1N NaOH和3.24mL水来淬灭反应。将混合物搅拌约5分钟,通过Na2SO4塞过滤并浓缩。粗残余物(1.50g,粘稠的无色油)不经进一步纯化用于下一步。
步骤3和步骤4:以类似实施例1的方式合成标题化合物,得到59mg棕褐色固体。1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.69–8.61(m,1H),8.61–8.52(m,1H),7.67(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),7.17(d,J=5.3Hz,2H),6.85(s,2H),6.41–6.27(m,1H),5.70(s,2H),4.77–4.63(m,1H),4.00(s,2H),3.88(s,3H),1.04(s,6H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C18H22N8O2,计算值395.2,实测值395.1.
实施例15:7-氟-8-甲氧基-4-(1-{[1-(丙-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基]甲基}-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例1的方式合成标题化合物,得到75mg棕褐色固体。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.95(s,1H),8.73(s,1H),7.78(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),7.35–7.22(m,1H),6.30(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),5.72(s,2H),4.60–4.40(m,1H),4.01(d,J=1.7Hz,3H),1.40(dd,J=6.6,1.1Hz,6H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C18H19FN8O,计算值383.2,实测值383.1.
实施例16:7-氟-8-甲氧基-4-(1-{[1-(丙-2-基)-1H-吡唑-5-基]甲基}-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例1的方式合成标题化合物,得到85mg棕褐色固体。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.85(ddd,J=9.3,5.9,1.1Hz,1H),8.72(d,J=1.1Hz,1H),7.48(d,J=1.7Hz,1H),7.20(ddd,J=10.6,9.4,1.0Hz,1H),7.08(s,2H),6.37(dd,J=1.8,1.0Hz,1H),5.95(s,2H),4.79(p,J=6.5Hz,1H),3.99(d,J=1.0Hz,3H),1.28(dd,J=6.5,1.1Hz,6H).ESIMS[M+H]+对于C18H19FN8O,计算值383.2,实测值383.2.
实施例17:8-氯-4-(1-{[1-(丙-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基]甲基}-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例1的方式合成标题化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ9.03(dd,J=8.4,1.3Hz,1H),8.69(s,1H),7.87(dd,J=7.5,1.3Hz,1H),7.76(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),7.22(dd,J=8.4,7.5Hz,1H),7.15(s,2H),6.29(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),5.70(s,2H),4.47(hept,J=6.6Hz,1H),1.39(s,3H),1.38(s,3H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C17H17ClN8,计算值369.1,实测值369.1.
实施例18:8-氯-4-(1-{[1-(丙-2-基)-1H-吡唑-5-基]甲基}-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)喹唑啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例1的方式合成标题化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ9.01(dd,J=8.5,1.3Hz,1H),8.73(s,1H),7.88(dt,J=7.5,1.3Hz,1H),7.46(s,1H),7.22(ddd,J=8.5,7.5,1.2Hz,1H),7.16(s,2H),6.36(s,1H),5.94(s,2H),4.78(hept,J=6.5Hz,1H),1.28(s,3H),1.26(s,3H).ESI MS[M+H]+for C17H17ClN8,计算值369.1,实测值369.1.
实施例19:4-{1-[(1-环丙基-1H-吡唑-3-基)甲基]-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基}-8-甲氧基喹啉-2-胺的合成
步骤1:向4-氯-8-甲氧基喹啉(1g,5.16mmol,1当量)于CH2Cl2(20mL)中的溶液中加入m-CPBA(约75%,2.37g,10.3mmol,2当量)。将反应混合物搅拌过夜并用10%的KOH水溶液淬灭。分层,并将有机层干燥并浓缩,以提供橙色固体状的N-氧化物衍生物(796mg,74%)。
步骤2:将步骤1产物(796mg,3.82mmol,1当量)和叔丁基胺(2mL,19.1mmol,5当量)于PhCF3(19mL)中的溶液在冰/水浴中冷却,并一次性加入Ts2O(2.87g,8.8mmol,2.3当量)。10分钟后,加入三氟乙酸(9.6mL,2.5mL/mmol底物),并将反应混合物置于预热至70℃的加热块中过夜。浓缩反应混合物,并将残余物溶解于CH2Cl2中并用10%的KOH水溶液洗涤。浓缩有机层,并将粗残余物经SiO2上的快速色谱(0–25%MeOH/CH2Cl2)纯化,以得到黄色固体状的2-氨基-4-氯-8-甲氧基喹啉(390mg,49%)。以类似实施例1的方式进行步骤3和4,得到22mg标题化合物。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.63(s,1H),7.77(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),7.68(dd,J=8.3,1.3Hz,1H),7.10(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.03(d,J=3.1Hz,2H),6.53(s,2H),6.29(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),5.63(s,2H),3.87(s,3H),3.71(dq,J=7.3,3.7Hz,1H),1.08–0.90(m,4H).ESIMS[M+H]+对于C19H19N7O,计算值362.2,实测值362.1.
实施例20:8-氟-4-(1-{[1-(丙-2-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基]甲基}-1H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)喹啉-2-胺的合成
以类似实施例19的方式合成标题化合物,得到60mg棕褐色固体。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.70(d,J=2.6Hz,1H),8.06–7.91(m,1H),7.76(d,J=3.0Hz,1H),7.34(d,J=10.7Hz,1H),7.20–7.05(m,2H),6.81(s,2H),6.29(d,J=2.5Hz,1H),5.66(s,2H),4.57–4.42(m,1H),1.46–1.35(m,6H).ESI MS[M+H]+对于C18H18FN7,计算值352.2,实测值352.2.
分析方法:
LC:安捷伦1100系列;质谱仪:安捷伦G6120BA,单四极杆
LC-MS方法:Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18,4.6×100mm,3.5μM,35℃,1.5mL/min流速,2.5min 0%至100%B梯度和0.5min 100%B洗涤;A=0.1%甲酸/5%乙腈/94.9%水;B=0.1%甲酸/5%水/94.9%乙腈
快速柱(Flash column):ISCO射频+
反相HPLC:ISCO-EZ或安捷伦1260;柱:Kinetex 5微米EVO C18 100A;250×21.2毫米(Phenomenex)
表1:具体实施例(效力:A2AR和A2BR KB:+代表>1μM,++代表100nM至1μM,+++代表<100nM)
本文描述了本发明的特定实施例,包括发明人已知的用于实施本发明的最佳模式。在阅读前述说明后,所公开的实施方案的变化对于本领域的技术人员而言可能变得明显,并且预期那些技术人员可以适当地采用这样的变化。因此,本发明旨在以不同于本文具体描述的方式来实施,并且本发明包括适用法律允许的所附权利要求书中所述主题的所有修改和等同物。此外,除非本文另有说明或者与上下文明显矛盾,否则本发明涵盖上述要素在其所有可能变型中的任何组合。
本说明书中引用的所有出版物、专利申请、登录号和其他参考文献都通过引用并入本文,如同每个单独的出版物或专利申请被具体地和单独地指出通过引用并入。
Claims (38)
1.一种由式(I)表示的化合物
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物,其中,
G1为N或CR3a;
G2为N或CR3b;
R3a和R3b各自独立地为H或C1-3烷基;
R1a和R1b各自独立地选自下组:
i)H、
ii)任选地被1-3个R5取代基所取代的C1-8烷基、
iii)任选地被1-3个R5取代基所取代的-X1-O-C1-8烷基、
iv)-C(O)-R6、
v)任选地被1-3个R7取代基所取代的Y、
vi)任选地被1-3个R7取代基所取代的-X1-Y;和
vii)R1a和R1b连同与它们相连的氮形成任选地被1-3个R8取代基所取代的5-6元杂环烷基环,其中,所述杂环烷基具有0-2个额外的选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点;
各个Y是C3-8环烷基或具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成组的杂原子环顶点的4至6元杂环烷基;
R2和R4各自独立地为H或C1-3烷基;
各个X1为C1-6亚烷基;
各个R5独立地选自下组:羟基、C3-8环烷基、苯基、-O-苯基、-C(O)ORa、和氧代;
各个R6是C1-8烷基或Y,其中每一个任选地被1-3个选自下组的取代基所取代:羟基、-O-苯基、苯基、和-O-C1-8烷基;
各个R7独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、羟基、-O-C1-8烷基、氧代、和C(O)ORa;
各个R8独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、羟基、和氧代;
下标n为0、1、2或3;
各个R9独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-C(O)ORa、卤素、氰基、-NRbRc、Y、-X1-C3-8环烷基、和-X2-Z,其中,X2选自下组:C1-6亚烷基、-C1-6亚烷基-O-、-C1-6亚烷基-NH-、-C1-4亚烷基-O-C1-4亚烷基、-C(O)-、和-S(O)2-,Z为具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点的4至6元杂环烷基,以及其中每个所述的R9取代基任选地被1-3个R11所取代;
每个R10a、R10b、R10c和R10d独立地选自:H、C1-8烷基、卤素、氰基、-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-S(O)2-C1-6烷基、-C(O)NRdRe,和具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点的4-6元杂芳基,其中,每个所述的R10a-d取代基任选地被1-3个R12所取代,或者R10a、R10b、R10c和R10d中在相邻环顶点上的二个任选地结合以形成任选地被1-2个卤素所取代的5元杂环;
各个R11独立地选自下组:羟基、氧代、卤素、氰基、-NRdRe、-C(O)ORa、苯基、C3-8环烷基、和任选地被C(O)ORa所取代的C1-4烷基;
各个R12独立地选自下组:卤素、氰基、羟基、-C(O)ORa;和
各个Ra为H或C1-6烷基;
各个Rb和Rc独立地选自下组:H、C1-8烷基、-S(O)2-C1-6烷基、-C(O)ORa、和-X1-C(O)ORa;和
各个Rd和Re独立地选自下组:H、C1-8烷基、-S(O)2-C1-6烷基。
2.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其特征在于,各个R9独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-C(O)ORa、卤素、氰基、-NRbRc、Y、-X1-C3-8环烷基、和-X2-Z,其中,X2选自下组:C1-6亚烷基、-C1-6亚烷基-O-、-C1-4亚烷基-O-C1-4亚烷基、-C(O)-、和-S(O)2-,Z为具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点的4至6元杂环烷基,以及其中每个所述的R9取代基任选地被1-3个R11所取代。
3.如权利要求1所述的化合物,具有式(Ia):
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物。
4.如权利要求1所述的化合物,具有式(Ib):
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物。
5.如权利要求1-4任一项所述的化合物,其特征在于,R10a、R10b、R10c和R10d中的至少一个为甲氧基。
6.如权利要求1所述的化合物,具有式(Ic):
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物。
7.如权利要求1所述的化合物,具有式(Id):
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物。
8.如权利要求1-7任一所述的化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物,其特征在于,各个R9独立地选自下组:C1-8烷基、-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基、-X1-O-X1-O-C1-8烷基,其中每个所述R9取代基任选地被1-3个R11所取代。
9.如权利要求1-7任一所述的化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物,其特征在于,各个R9独立地选自下组:-C(O)ORa、-NRbRc、Y、-X1-C3-8环烷基、和-X2-Z,其中X2选自下组:C1-6亚烷基、-C1-6亚烷基-O-、-C(O)-、和–S(O)2-,Z为具有1-3个选自由O、N和S组成的组的杂原子环顶点的4至6元杂环烷基,以及其中每个所述的R9取代基任选地被1-3个R11所取代。
10.如权利要求1所述的化合物,具有式(Ie):
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物。
11.如权利要求1所述的化合物,具有式(If):
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物。
12.如权利要求11所述的化合物,其特征在于,每个R10a、R10b和R10c独立地选自下组:H、Cl、F和OCH3。
13.如权利要求1所述的化合物,具有式(Ig):
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物。
14.如权利要求1所述的化合物,具有式(Ih):
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物。
15.如权利要求1所述的化合物,具有式(Ii):
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物。
16.如权利要求1所述的化合物,选自下组:
或其药学上可接受的盐、水合物或溶剂化物。
17.如权利要求1所述的化合物,选自表1的化合物。
18.一种药物组合物,包括如权利要求1-17任一项所述的化合物和药学上可接受的赋形剂。
19.一种治疗至少部分地由腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)和/或腺苷A2B受体(A2BR)介导的疾病、病症或病状的方法,所述方法包括将治疗可接受量的如权利要求1-17任一所述的化合物施用给需要的对象。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,所述疾病、病症或病状至少部分地由A2AR介导。
21.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,所述疾病、病症或病状至少部分地由A2BR介导。
22.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,所述疾病、病症或病状至少部分地由A2AR和A2BR介导。
23.如权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于,所述化合物以有效逆转或停止A2AR介导的免疫抑制的进展的量施用。
24.如权利要求19-23任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述疾病、病症或病状是癌症。
25.如权利要求24所述的方法,其特征在于,所述癌症是前列腺癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、胰腺癌、子宫颈癌、胃癌、子宫内膜癌、脑癌、肝癌、膀胱癌、卵巢癌、睾丸癌、头癌、颈癌、皮肤癌(包括黑素瘤和基底癌)、间皮内层癌、白血细胞癌(包括淋巴瘤和白血病)、食道癌、乳腺癌、肌肉癌、结缔组织癌、肺癌(包括小细胞肺癌和非小细胞癌)、肾上腺癌、甲状腺癌、肾癌、或骨癌;或是恶性胶质瘤、间皮瘤、肾细胞癌、胃癌、肉瘤(包括卡波济氏肉瘤)、绒毛膜癌、皮肤基底细胞癌或睾丸精原细胞瘤。
26.如权利要求24所述的方法,其特征在于,所述癌症选自下组:黑素瘤、结肠癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、白血病、脑肿瘤、淋巴瘤、卵巢癌、和卡波济氏肉瘤。
27.如权利要求19-23任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述疾病、病症或病状是免疫相关的疾病、病症或病状。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,所述免疫相关的疾病、病症或病状选自下组:类风湿性关节炎、肾衰竭、狼疮、哮喘、银屑病、结肠炎、胰腺炎、过敏、纤维化、贫血性纤维肌痛、阿尔茨海默氏病、充血性心力衰竭、中风、主动脉瓣狭窄、动脉硬化、骨质疏松症、帕金森氏病、感染、克罗恩氏病、溃疡性结肠炎、过敏性接触性皮炎和其他湿疹、系统性硬化和多发性硬化症。
29.一种包括如权利要求1-17任一所述的化合物,和至少一种另外的治疗剂的组合。
30.如权利要求29所述的组合,其特征在于,所述至少一种另外的治疗剂是化学治疗剂、免疫和/或炎症调节剂、抗高胆固醇剂或抗感染药剂。
31.如权利要求29所述的组合,其特征在于,所述至少一种另外的治疗剂是免疫检查点抑制剂。
32.如权利要求31所述的组合,其特征在于,所述免疫检查点抑制剂阻断PD1、PDL1、BTLA、LAG3、TIM-3、B7家族成员或CTLA4的至少一种的活性。
33.一种治疗对象中癌症的方法,所述的方法包括向所述的对象施用有效量的如权利要求1-17任一所述的化合物和免疫检查点抑制剂。
34.如权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于,所述免疫检查点抑制剂阻断PD1、PDL1、BTLA、LAG3、TIM-3、B7家族成员或CTLA4的至少一种的活性。
35.如权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于,所述化合物和所述免疫检查点抑制剂联合施用。
36.如权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于,所述化合物和所述免疫检查点抑制剂按顺序施用。
37.如权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于,所述化合物在所述免疫检查点抑制剂之后施用。
38.如权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于,所述化合物在所述免疫检查点抑制剂之前施用。
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