CN110629012B - Method for realizing ultrahigh strain rate plastic deformation strengthening in metal - Google Patents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D10/00—Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation
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Abstract
本发明为一种在金属中实现超高应变速率塑性变形强化的方法，通过超声波共振实现超高应变速率的塑性变形。使超声波在局部产生共振得到极高极快的应力波，从而产生具有超高应变速率的塑性变形，根据金属材料的塑性变形理论，其可以实现金属材料内部微观结构的变化，最终实现了材料强化。该方法将高能的超声波通过金属材料内部，并使其在金属材料局部发生共振，从而产生超高频的应力正弦波，由于其应力峰值远高于材料的屈服强度，使材料发生超高应变速率的塑性变形。
The invention is a method for realizing the plastic deformation strengthening of ultra-high strain rate in metal, and realizes the plastic deformation of ultra-high strain rate through ultrasonic resonance. The ultrasonic wave resonates locally to obtain extremely high and extremely fast stress waves, thereby producing plastic deformation with ultra-high strain rate. According to the plastic deformation theory of metal materials, it can realize the change of the internal microstructure of metal materials, and finally achieve material strengthening. . This method passes high-energy ultrasonic waves through the metal material and makes it resonate locally in the metal material, thereby generating an ultra-high frequency stress sine wave. Because the stress peak value is much higher than the yield strength of the material, the material has an ultra-high strain rate. plastic deformation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a method for realizing ultrahigh strain rate plastic deformation strengthening in metal, and relates to the field of metal strengthening.
Background
The plastic deformation can cause the change of the microstructure in the metal material, the proliferation, the movement, the rearrangement, the annihilation and the like of the dislocation. The violent plastic deformation can refine the crystal grains of the metal material to submicron or even nanometer level, and can effectively prepare the block ultrafine crystal material with excellent mechanical property, high density and no pollution. Common severe plastic deformation modes include high-pressure torsion, rotary swaging, equal channel Extrusion (ECAP) and the like, and the traditional plastic deformation modes such as forging, rolling or extrusion can also carry out large plastic deformation on a metal material and obviously change the microstructure of the metal material. The metal after severe plastic deformation treatment has high strength, high hardness and good friction performance, and becomes one of very important strengthening means of metal and metal matrix composite materials.
Wu et al, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS, 2015, 112 (47): 14501-. The novel metal titanium bar prepared by the method can achieve the high strength of ultrafine grains and the high toughness of coarse grains to a certain extent through the deformation coordination effect of the heterostructure, and the comprehensive performance of the metal titanium is improved.
Chinese invention patent application no: 99122670.4 discloses a method for refining surface structure to nano size by impacting rigid steel ball on the surface of metal material to generate severe plastic deformation on the surface of substrate, which has high strain rate during deformation. The limitations are as follows: the surface of the metal material can only be subjected to plastic deformation, and the overall structure of the material cannot be changed.
Chinese invention patent an equal channel extrusion device application number: 200710030188.4 discloses a method for preparing ultra-fine grain material by integral violent plastic deformation, which makes the metal material generate pure shearing plastic deformation by the action of extrusion force, thereby introducing abundant microstructure and refining crystal grains. The limitations are as follows: the overall appearance of the processed material is deformed, and the strain rate of the processed material is not high in the plastic deformation process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for realizing ultrahigh strain rate plastic deformation strengthening in metal.
The specific scheme for realizing the aim of the invention is as follows:
a method for realizing ultrahigh strain rate plastic deformation strengthening in metal comprises the following steps:
step 1, processing a metal material into the shape of a sample with a required shape according to the density and the elastic modulus of the metal material, so that ultrasonic waves can generate resonance in a deformation area to form ultrahigh-frequency stress waves;
in step 1, the sample is a tensile sample with a middle part in a uniform cross section plate shape, and the sample is full of
The foot ultrasonic wave can generate resonance in a deformation area and needs the resonance length L3The following formula is satisfied:
using the vibration equation U (x) of the longitudinal direction of the sample as:
wherein:
sample resonant length L3Comprises the following steps:
the maximum stress amplitude of the plate-shaped sample is as follows:
the displacement stress coefficient is:
A0＝μI
wherein L is1Is the half length of the plastic deformation zone of the specimen, L2The parallel distance of the arc transition ends is b1Thickness of the plastically deformed region of the specimen, b2The thickness of the connecting end; e is the modulus of elasticity; rho is density; the resonant frequency f of the ultra-high strain rate loading system is 20 kHz. C is the longitudinal wave velocity; w is the angular velocity; mu is a displacement amplification coefficient corresponding to the equipment, and the equipment mu used in the invention is 16; i is the current (which can be regulated) supplied by the device power supply; alpha is alpha1，β1And k is a physical derivation process quantity, which can be represented by a basic quantity.
Step 2: connecting the processed sample with an ultrasonic device, and selecting the ultrasonic power.
The step 2 specifically comprises the following steps: the peak value of the ultrasonic loading should be higher than the yield strength of the sample material
And step 3: one end of the sample is connected with the bottom end of the ultrasonic equipment amplifier through the internal thread, and the other end of the sample is free.
And 4, step 4: and starting ultrasonic resonance, transmitting the longitudinal wave of the mechanical vibration to the free end of the sample, reflecting the longitudinal wave, generating resonance between the frequency of the reflected wave and the frequency of the incident wave, forming a load of ultrahigh frequency stress along the axial direction of the sample, and forming plastic deformation on the sample.
And 4, circularly cooling the sample by adopting cooling liquid.
Under the action of ultrahigh frequency alternating load, the material has obvious internal friction heat generation, and the deformation tissue generated by plastic deformation caused by overhigh temperature is prevented from being subjected to recovery recrystallization.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages:
(1) the extremely high frequency during resonance enables the single loading time to be extremely short, so that the strain rate of the metal is extremely high, and the strain rate of the metal subjected to plastic deformation by the method far exceeds that of the traditional cold deformation mode.
(2) The invention adopts a processing mode to change the shape of the metal very little, and can strengthen the metal material under the condition of basically not changing the shape, while the traditional deformation means has a larger change to the shape and the size of the sample.
(3) In the plastic deformation treatment process of the metal material, one end of the metal material is always exposed, so that the exposed end of the metal material can be soaked in liquid nitrogen for continuous deep cooling plastic deformation, which cannot be realized by the traditional plastic deformation mode.
(4) The method has the advantages of simple operation process, good controllability and high efficiency.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a deformed design sample of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an ultra-high strain rate loading device.
FIG. 3 is a graph of stress at any point of the resonance region versus time.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the alloy phase of 316L stainless steel after plastic deformation strengthening according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram of the metallographic structure of the aluminum alloy after plastic deformation strengthening according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a phase diagram of red copper and gold after plastic deformation strengthening according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a phase diagram of a copper-chromium-zirconium alloy after plastic deformation strengthening according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further explained with reference to the drawings and the embodiments
Example 1
Ultra-high rate plastic deformation processing of 316L stainless steel.
1. The 316L stainless steel was cut into test samples as shown in fig. 1, and the surface was polished smooth using sandpaper. Relevant parameters for a given 316L stainless steel sample: f 20kHz, E206 GPa, p 7.85g/cm3L1-25 mm, L2-20 mm, b 1-3 mm, b 2-12 mm according to the formula in step 1
Wherein:
sample resonant length L3Comprises the following steps:
the resonance length L3 is 8.78mm
2. Setting ultrasonic parameters, wherein the peak value of ultrasonic loading is higher than the yield strength of a sample material according to the setting standard of the parameters, the more the peak value is higher than the yield strength of an original material, the more the strengthening is generally obvious according to the step 2, the known yield strength of the adopted 316L stainless steel is about 300MPa, the load peak value is set to be 390MPa, and the loading current I is calculated through a formula according to the load peak value.
A0＝μI(μ＝16)
Calculated to obtain 2.5 ampere
3. The 316L stainless steel sample was plastically deformed at an ultra-high strain rate of 20 minutes, during which time water was continuously sprayed as a cooling liquid onto the surface so that the temperature did not rise excessively.
The characterization results of the deformed part of the treated 316L stainless steel sample are as follows:
in FIG. 4, the left graph is the metallographic graph of the 316L stainless steel original sample before treatment, and the right graph is the metallographic graph of the 316L stainless steel after plastic deformation at ultrahigh strain rate
As can be seen from the gold phase diagram, a large amount of deformed tissues appear in the 316L stainless steel treated by the invention, and obvious plastic deformation is seen.
b. Hardness test
The Vickers microhardness tester is used for testing the original 316L stainless steel material and the 316L stainless steel material treated by the invention, and the result shows that the Vickers hardness of the original sample is about 160Hv, and the Vickers hardness of the original sample reaches 220Hv after the original sample is plastically deformed at the ultrahigh strain rate. A significant hardness increase is shown.
Example 2
Ultra-high rate plastic deformation treatment of 5a02 aluminum alloy.
1. The 5a02 aluminum alloy was cut into test specimens as shown in fig. 1, and the surface was smoothed using sandpaper. Given the relevant parameters for the 5a02 aluminum alloy sample: f 20kHz, E71 GPa, p 2.7g/cm3，L1＝24mm，L2＝20mm，，b1＝6mm，b2＝14mm
According to the correlation formula in step 1
Wherein:
sample resonant length L3Comprises the following steps:
the resonance length L3 was calculated to be 10 mm.
2. Setting ultrasonic parameters, wherein the peak value of ultrasonic loading is higher than the yield strength of the sample material according to the setting standard of the parameters, the more the peak value is higher than the yield strength of the original material, the more the strengthening is generally more obvious according to the step 2, the yield strength of the adopted 5A02 aluminum alloy is known to be about 120MPa, and the peak value of the loading is set to be 200 MPa.
And calculating the loading current I according to the peak value of the load through a formula.
A0＝μI(μ＝16)
Calculated to obtain 1.8 ampere
3. The 5a02 aluminum alloy specimens were plastically deformed at an ultra-high strain rate for about 10 minutes without excessive temperature increase during the deformation by continuously spraying the surface with water as a coolant.
The deformation parts of the treated 5A02 aluminum alloy sample are characterized as follows:
in the attached figure 5, the left picture is a polarizing microscope metallographic picture of a 5A02 aluminum alloy original sample before treatment, and the right picture is a metallographic picture of a 5A02 aluminum alloy after plastic deformation at an ultrahigh strain rate
As can be seen from the gold phase diagram, a large amount of deformed structures appear in the 5A02 aluminum alloy treated by the method, the structures are obviously thinned, and the obvious plastic deformation is seen.
b. Hardness test
The Vickers microhardness tester is used for testing the original 5A02 aluminum alloy material and the 5A02 aluminum alloy material treated by the invention, and the result shows that the Vickers hardness of the original sample is about 60Hv, and the Vickers hardness of the original sample reaches 100Hv after the original sample is plastically deformed at an ultrahigh strain rate. A significant hardness increase is shown.
Example 3
Ultra-high speed plastic deformation treatment of red copper.
1. The red copper was cut into test samples as shown in fig. 1, and the surface was polished smooth using sandpaper.
Relevant parameters for a given red copper sample: f 20kHz, E108 GPa, p 8.9g/cm3，L1＝16mm，L2＝12mm，b1＝3mm，b2＝10mm。
According to the correlation formula in step 1
Wherein:
sample resonant length L3Comprises the following steps:
the resonance length is calculated, and L3 is 9.4mm
2. Setting ultrasonic parameters, wherein the peak value of ultrasonic loading is higher than the yield strength of the sample material according to the setting standard of the parameters, and according to the step 2, the more the peak value is higher than the yield strength of the original material, the more the strengthening is generally obvious, the yield strength of the adopted red copper is known to be about 120MPa, and the load peak value is set to be 300 MPa. And calculating the loading current I according to the peak value of the load through a formula.
A0＝μI(μ＝16)
Calculated to obtain 2.2A
3. The red copper sample was subjected to plastic deformation at an ultra-high strain rate for about 5 minutes, during which time water was continuously sprayed as a cooling liquid onto the surface thereof so that the temperature thereof was not excessively increased.
The characterization results of the deformed part of the treated red copper sample are as follows:
in the attached figure 6, the left picture is the gold phase picture of the polarizing microscope of the original red copper sample before treatment, and the right picture is the gold phase picture of the red copper after plastic deformation at ultrahigh strain rate
As can be seen from the gold phase diagram, a large amount of deformed tissues appear in the red copper treated by the method, the tissues are obviously thinned, and the obvious plastic deformation of the tissues is seen.
b. Hardness test
The vickers microhardness tester is used for testing the original red copper and the red copper treated by the method, and the result shows that the vickers hardness of the original sample is about 60Hv, and the vickers hardness of the original sample reaches 110Hv after the original sample is subjected to plastic deformation at an ultrahigh strain rate. A significant hardness increase is shown.
Example 4
And (3) carrying out ultrahigh-speed plastic deformation treatment on the copper-chromium pickaxe alloy.
1. Mixing copper and chromiumThe pick alloy was cut into test specimens as shown in fig. 1, and the surface was smoothed using sandpaper. Relevant parameters of a given copper-chromium pickaxe alloy sample are as follows: f 20kHz, E110 GPa, p 8.9g/cm3，L1＝16mm，L2＝12mm，b1＝3mm，b2＝11mm
According to the correlation formula in step 1
Wherein:
sample resonant length L3Comprises the following steps:
the resonance length L3 was calculated to be 8.7 mm.
2. Setting ultrasonic parameters, wherein the peak value of ultrasonic loading is higher than the yield strength of the sample material according to the setting standard of the parameters, and according to the step 2, the more the peak value is higher than the yield strength of the original material, the more the strengthening is generally obvious, the known copper-chromium pickaxe alloy has the yield strength of about 120MPa, and the peak value of the loading is set to 300 MPa.
And calculating the loading current I according to the peak value of the load through a formula.
A0＝μI(μ＝16)
Calculated to obtain 2.2A
3. The copper-chromium pickaxe alloy sample is subjected to plastic deformation with an ultrahigh strain rate of about 5 minutes, and water is continuously sprayed on the surface of the copper-chromium pickaxe alloy sample as a cooling liquid during the deformation so that the temperature of the copper-chromium pickaxe alloy sample is not excessively increased.
The characterization result of the deformation part of the processed copper-chromium pickaxe alloy sample is as follows:
FIG. 7 shows the left diagram of the gold phase of a polarizing microscope of an original sample of copper-chromium-zirconium alloy before treatment and the right diagram of the phase of copper-chromium-zirconium alloy after plastic deformation at an ultra-high strain rate
As can be seen from the gold phase diagram, a large amount of deformed tissues appear in the copper-chromium-zirconium alloy treated by the method, the tissues are obviously refined, and the obvious plastic deformation of the tissues is seen.
b. Hardness test
The original copper chromium zirconium alloy and the copper chromium zirconium alloy treated by the invention are tested by using a Vickers microhardness tester, and the result shows that the Vickers hardness of the original sample is about 90Hv, and the Vickers hardness of the original sample reaches 140Hv after the original sample is subjected to plastic deformation at an ultrahigh strain rate. A significant hardness increase is shown.
In the invention, the selection of resonance frequency is that the higher the resonance frequency is, the shorter the single loading time is, a formula d epsilon/dt is calculated according to the strain rate, wherein epsilon is strain, t is time, d epsilon can be obtained from an engineering stress-strain curve of a metal material needing to be strengthened, specifically, the strength point corresponding to the stress amplitude from an obvious yield point to resonance is actual strain, dt is related to the resonance frequency of a system, the loading time in one period is 1/f, and dt is the time t of the period where the plastic deformation actually occursσ-tMAXAs shown in FIG. 3, then Δ t is calculated to be 10 according to the resonant frequency of the apparatus 20000Hz-6Level, true and trueThe peak value of the stress reaches more than 1.3 times of the yield strength of the material, and the average strain rate can reach 103. The shorter the time the higher the strain rate when the strain is constant. Increasing the strain rate can be achieved by increasing the resonant frequency.
2: stress amplitude, the stress amplitude is given a relevant calculation formula in step 1, which is mainly determined by the loading current of the ultrasonic generator, and the required loading current can be obtained by calculating the required stress amplitude. The key to its selection is that the stress amplitude of the ultrasound in the resonance region must correspond to a load that far exceeds the yield strength of the sample.
The ultrasonic wave is a mechanical wave, a longitudinal wave of mechanical vibration is transmitted to the free end of the sample and then reflected, the frequency of the reflected wave is consistent with that of the incident wave, and two lines of interference waves generate resonance, so that a load of ultrahigh frequency stress is formed along the axial direction of the sample. One end of the sample is connected with the bottom end of the amplifier through an internal thread, and the other end is free (see figure 2 in detail). From the steps 1 and 2, the stress amplitude of the middle parallel section of the sample is the largest and is a plastic deformation area.
Claims (4)
1. A method for achieving ultra-high strain rate plastic deformation strengthening in metal, characterized by:
step 1, processing a metal material into a tensile sample with a plate-shaped middle part and an equal cross section according to the density and the elastic modulus of the metal material, so that ultrasonic waves can generate resonance in a deformation area to form ultrahigh-frequency stress waves;
step 2, connecting the processed sample with an ultrasonic device, and selecting ultrasonic power;
step 3, ensuring that one end of the sample is connected with the bottom end of the ultrasonic equipment amplifier through the internal thread and the other end is free;
and 4, starting ultrasonic resonance, reflecting longitudinal waves of mechanical vibration after the longitudinal waves are transmitted to the free end of the sample, generating resonance between the frequency of the reflected waves and the frequency of the incident waves, forming a load of ultrahigh frequency stress along the axial direction of the sample, and forming plastic deformation on the sample.
2. According to claimThe method of achieving ultra-high strain rate plastic deformation strengthening in metals of claim 1, wherein the sample satisfies the resonance length L required for the ultrasonic wave to resonate in the deformation region3The following formula is satisfied:
using the vibration equation U (x) of the longitudinal direction of the sample as: using the vibration equation U (x) of the longitudinal direction of the sample as:
wherein:
sample resonant length L3Comprises the following steps:
the maximum stress amplitude of the plate-shaped sample is as follows:
the displacement stress coefficient is:
A0＝μI
wherein b is1、b2、L1、L2For given design parameters, L1Is the half length of the plastic deformation zone of the specimen, L2Parallel distance of the transition ends of the circular arcs, b1Thickness of the plastically deformed region of the specimen, b2Is the thickness of the connecting end; e is the modulus of elasticity; rho is density; the resonant frequency f of the ultrahigh strain rate loading system is 20 kHz; c is the longitudinal wave velocity; w is the angular velocity; mu is a displacement amplification coefficient corresponding to the equipment, and the used equipment mu is 16; i is the current provided by the equipment power supply; alpha is alpha1，β1And k is a physical derivation process quantity, which can be represented by a basic quantity.
3. The method for achieving ultra-high strain rate plastic deformation strengthening in metals according to claim 1, wherein step 2 specifically comprises: the peak of the ultrasonic loading should be above the yield strength of the sample material.
4. The method of achieving ultra-high strain rate plastic deformation strengthening in metals of claim 1, wherein in step 4, the sample is cooled by circulating a cooling fluid.
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| EP0666142A1 (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1995-08-09 | Gec Alsthom Electromecanique Sa | Method and device for the surface treatment and for the pre-stressing of the inner wall of a cavity |
| US6843957B2 (en) * | 1998-09-03 | 2005-01-18 | U.I.T., L.L.C. | Ultrasonic impact methods for treatment of welded structures |
| CN1924030A (en) * | 2005-08-30 | 2007-03-07 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Metal surface nanolizing method of supersonic wave high-energy surface machinery processing |
| CN201212054Y (en) * | 2008-07-10 | 2009-03-25 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | Ultrasonic wave surface strengthening treatment device for metal material surface treatment |
| RU2442841C2 (en) * | 2010-05-27 | 2012-02-20 | Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет" | Method for preparation of raw piece surface using ultrasonic oscillations |
| CN102560078A (en) * | 2010-12-24 | 2012-07-11 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | Steel and iron material surface nanometering method |
| CN108441612A (en) * | 2018-03-28 | 2018-08-24 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Two-phase section is plastically deformed and ultrasonic coupling realizes carbon steel surface modification device and technique |
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