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CN1190864C - Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell and device using the same - Google Patents

Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell and device using the same Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1190864C
CN1190864C CNB008069794A CN00806979A CN1190864C CN 1190864 C CN1190864 C CN 1190864C CN B008069794 A CNB008069794 A CN B008069794A CN 00806979 A CN00806979 A CN 00806979A CN 1190864 C CN1190864 C CN 1190864C
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battery
nonaqueous electrolytic
electrolytic battery
rechargeable nonaqueous
organic compound
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CN1349672A (en
Inventor
渡边庄一郎
岩本和也
上田敦史
布目润
越名秀
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Panasonic Holdings Corp
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Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
    • H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
    • H01M50/581—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
    • H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
    • H01M50/583—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to current, e.g. fuses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
    • H01M2200/10—Temperature sensitive devices
    • H01M2200/106—PTC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
  • Cell Separators (AREA)

Abstract

A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell comprising an anode, a cathode and a non-aqueous solvent, which can be recharged, wherein the non-aqueous solvent contains an organic compound having a HOMO energy of -8.5 eV to -11.0 eV and a LUMO energy of -0.135 eV to 3.5 eV, as calculated by using the PM3 method for Hamiltonian in semi-empirical molecular orbital method. The secondary cell is excellent in safety and the reliability for a long period of time, and can be used for manufacturing a portable information device having such advantages.

Description

The device of rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery and this battery of use
Technical field
The present invention relates to the device of rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery and this battery of use.
Background technology
Therefore recently, continually developed out AV device and electronic device such as portable or wireless type personal computer, needed size is little, in light weight and energy density is high secondary cell especially as the power supply that drives these devices.Wherein, very the expectation use contains lithium has high voltage and high-energy-density as the nonaqueous electrolyte battery conduct of the negative pole of active material battery.
In above-mentioned battery, with display voltage size 4V contain lithium metal oxide as positive active material, and can embed or deviate from the material of lithium such as carbonaceous material as negative pole.
A most important task of these nonaqueous electrolyte batteries is to guarantee fail safe.
Especially in lithium ion battery, when they are surpassing charging under the rated voltage (for example because the charging control circuit fault), they are under the state of overcharging, lithium ion in the while positive pole is by excessive extraction and migrate to negative pole, causes the adsorbance of lithium in the negative pole to be deposited on negative terminal surface greater than the capacity of regulation design or with the lithium metal form.If by further forced charge, then the internal resistance of battery increases battery under this state, the joule thermal change of generation is big, causes unusual living heat thus, and cause thermal runaway under worst case.For addressing these problems, for example when detecting inner pressure of battery and change, adopt the mode of interrupting charging current usually, as US 4,943, disclosed in 497.
Yet, under the situation of using this mechanical current interruptions mechanism, be difficult to reduce cost, in addition along with battery becomes littler and thinner, in battery, insert machinery on the structure and become difficult.
For addressing the above problem, proposed a kind of additive that will cause reversible redox reaction and added method in the electrolyte, thus from consuming the electric energy of introducing in the battery as redox shuttle (shuttle) (for example JP-A-1-206571, JP-A-6-338347, JP-A-7-302614 etc.).
Yet in the method for using this redox shuttle, when excessive charging current became big, charge transfer reaction speed and lithium ion transfer speed were restricted.Therefore it is said the incomplete safety of this method.
For addressing the above problem, JP-9-50822 and JP-A-10-50342 have proposed a kind of aromatic compounds that will have methoxyl group and halogen group and have added method in the battery, and the polymerization when overcharging of this compound causes temperature to raise and guarantees fail safe thus.
In addition, JP-A-9-106835 and JP-A-10-321258 have proposed such method: biphenyl or thiophene are added in the electrolyte, this biphenyl or thiophene improve the interior pressure of the voltage and the battery of battery thus in the polymerization down that overcharges, or form conducting polymer in battery, to produce the path that electronics can pass through its motion, so be suppressed at the thermal runaway that occurs when overcharging.
The present invention is open
As the result that the inventor studies these prior aries, found when using above-mentioned additive, can improve the fail safe when overcharging, but common conduct is significantly worsened the cycle characteristics and the storage characteristic of battery basic demand.
For this reason, the inventor takes the battery of these deteriorations apart and observes, and analyzes the factor that causes battery deterioration.As a result, obviously find additive reduction and on negative terminal surface, decompose that analytical product covers on the negative terminal surface and flash-over characteristic is worsened.
The invention solves these problems and good battery is provided, these batteries are guaranteed fail safe under overcharging, and keep cycle characteristics satisfactorily simultaneously in the common time, and these characteristics are the characteristics to the battery basic demand.
For addressing the above problem, according to the present invention, the composite oxides that will contain lithium are as positive electrode active materials, the material that can absorb and discharge lithium is as negative pole, and use contains the nonaqueous electrolyte of nonaqueous solvents, in addition, will have HOMO energy (highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy)-8.5eV adds in the nonaqueous electrolyte as additive to the organic compound of-11.0eV and LUMO energy (lowest unocccupied molecular orbital energy)-0.135eV to 3.5eV (these energy calculate by using the Hamiltonian PM3 method in the semiempirical molecular orbital computing method).
The amount of additive is preferably 0.1-20 weight %, by the total weight of nonaqueous solvents and additive.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the longitdinal cross-section diagram of the cylindrical battery in the embodiment of the invention and the comparative example.
Fig. 2 is the voltage temperature performance map that is described in control cell when overcharging.
Fig. 3 is the voltage temperature performance map that is described in the battery in the embodiment of the invention when overcharging.
Implement best mode of the present invention
As mentioned above, according to the present invention, the composite oxides that will contain lithium are as positive electrode active materials, the material that can absorb and discharge lithium is as negative pole, and use contains the nonaqueous electrolyte of nonaqueous solvents, in addition, will have HOMO energy (highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy)-8.5eV adds in the nonaqueous electrolyte as additive to the organic compound of-11.0eV and LUMO energy (lowest unocccupied molecular orbital energy)-0.135eV to 3.5eV (these energy calculate by using the Hamiltonian PM3 method in the semiempirical molecular orbital computing method).
The organic compound that adds must (use LiCoO in battery operated usually positive electrode potential zone 2As anodal and carbonaceous material as being 3.0-4.3V under the situation of negative pole) chemically stable, in addition, the organic compound of adding must rapid oxidation and polymerization in the zone that overcharges, and promptly must have suitable electrochemistry oxygen voltinism.
The inventor has attempted occupying the orbital energy level (HOMO energy (highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy)) that electronics can be easy to remove with it suitable electrochemistry oxygen voltinism has been assessed.Just as known for the person skilled in the art, the HOMO energy can use the Hamiltonian PM3 method in the semiempirical molecular orbital computing method to calculate.(at present, this energy can calculate with MOPAC by computer easily.For example, referring to JP-A-6-333576.)
As the result that the organic compound electrochemistry oxygen voltinism and the relation between the HOMO energy of adding are studied, found when the HOMO energy for-8.5eV during to-11.0eV, this compound uses the electromotive force regional stability of battery therein usually, simultaneously when overcharging by the efficient oxidation electrolysis and polymerization.Therefore, require in the present invention organic compound as additive to have HOMO energy-8.5eV to-11.0eV.
In addition, this organic compound must be different with existing additive, and the organic compound that adds among the present invention is at the negative pole electromotive force regional stability that uses battery usually, to keep cycle characteristics or storage characteristic (0V-1.5V is based on the Li metal electrode) satisfactorily.The inventor has attempted assessing this stability based on reducing resistance.
Know that the reducing resistance of organic compound and MO LUMO energy (lowest unocccupied molecular orbital energy) have correlation.(for example, JP-A-5-290882 is by the reducing resistance of LUMO energy explanation nonaqueous electrolyte.Yet, the reducing resistance of the not mentioned additive of this patent documentation.)
In other words, the LUMO energy of the organic compound of adding is high more, and reduction potential is low more, i.e. this organic compound reduction difficulty.The same with the HOMO energy, the LUMO energy also can use the Hamiltonian PM3 method in the semiempirical molecular orbital computing method to calculate.
As the result that the reducing resistance and the relation between the LUMO energy of organic compound are studied, found when carbonaceous material, Sn compound, Si compound or its analog are used as negative pole, LUMO energy (lowest unocccupied molecular orbital energy) is preferably-0.135eV to 3.5eV at least, preferred especially 0.3eV to 3.5eV.
According to the present invention, the organic compound that will have aforesaid specific HOMO energy and LUMO energy adds in the electrolyte.This organic compound begins to carry out electrolysis polymerization on positive electrode active materials when overcharging the zone when battery reaches.Because this reaction, the reaction efficiency that lithium ion extracts from positive pole significantly reduces, and the thermal stability that therefore can suppress positive electrode active materials reduces.
In addition, owing on anodal surface, form the polymer that polymerization produces, so the charge transfer reaction of this polymer obstruction positive electrode active materials, the internal resistance of battery can be significantly improved, and electric current can be stoped from power supply.In this way, the stability in the time of can guaranteeing to overcharge.In addition, because this organic compound reducing resistance height,, suppressed negative pole and covered by the catabolite of organic compound and guaranteed bin stability satisfactorily therefore in the common period.
As examples of such additives of the present invention, the oxidization electrolysis polymerization takes place in compound easily that found aromatic compounds or had a vinyl, and these compound transformation efficiencies are high and effectively carry out the oxidization electrolysis polymerization.
Particularly, as additive of the present invention, can mention by following general formula (1) and represent and have the aromatic compounds of HOMO energy (highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy)-8.5eV to-11.0eV and LUMO energy (lowest unocccupied molecular orbital energy)-0.135eV to 3.5eV.
Figure C0080697900091
(in this general formula, R1-R6 comprises hydrogen atom, alkyl, aryl and amino group for being selected from independently of each other, and condition is that number of hydrogen atoms is not more than 5, and 2 adjacent alkyl can form 5 yuan or 6 yuan of rings).
In above-mentioned general formula (1), alkyl is straight or branched alkyl or straight or branched cycloalkyl, and it can be alkyl saturated or unsaturated group such as alkenyl replacement.It can be unsubstituted or is replaced as fluorine atom or chlorine atom, alkoxyl such as methoxy or ethoxy, aryl such as phenyl etc. by halogen atom.This cycloalkyl can contain a hetero-atom that is selected from S, N, O and P in ring, preferred N.
This alkyl is preferably low alkyl group, and low alkyl group is meant the straight or branched cycloalkyl of the straight or branched alkyl or 3-10 the carbon atom of 1-10 carbon atom.
Low alkyl group is preferably cyclopenta, cyclohexyl, vinyl, pi-allyl etc., as contain heteroatomic preferred cycloalkyl in ring, can mention piperazinyl, piperidyl etc.
Aryl is meant the group that contains one or more aromatic rings.This aromatic ring can be and contains a heteroatomic heterocycle that is selected from S, N, O and P, and in addition, this aromatic ring can be false aromatic ring.Term " false aromatic ring " is meant and accurately be not the group of aromatic hydrocarbons on the meaning, but because of electron delocalizationization shows by the mode identical with aromatic ring, as furans, thiophene and pyrroles.This aryl can be by halogen atom such as fluorine atom or chlorine atom, alkyl such as methyl or replacements such as ethyl, alkoxyl such as methoxy or ethoxy in addition.
The example of aromatic ring is benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, 1-benzyl naphthalene, anthracene, dihydroanthracene, pyridine, 4-phenylpyridine, 3-phenylpyridine, thiophene, benzothiophene, furans, pyrans, isobenzofuran, chromene, pyrroles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyrimidine, indoles, indolizine, iso-indoles, quinoline, isoquinolin, quinoxaline, carbazole etc.
Aryl is preferably phenyl replacement or unsubstituted, more preferably unsubstituted group.
Amino can be by halogen atom such as fluorine atom or chlorine atom, low alkyl group such as methyl or replacements such as ethyl, alkoxyl such as methoxy or ethoxy, aryl such as phenyl.
The ring that is formed by adjacent two alkyl is preferably 6 yuan of rings, and the number of ring is preferably 1-3.
Example by the aromatic compounds of general formula (1) expression is hexaphenyl benzene, cyclohexylbenzene, 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, para-terpheny, ten dihydrobenzenes, 1-phenylpiperazine, divinylbenzene, dicyclohexyl benzene etc.
As other additives, can mention by following general formula (2) and represent and have the unsaturated compound of HOMO energy (highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy)-8.5eV to-11.0eV and LUMO energy (lowest unocccupied molecular orbital energy)-0.135eV to 3.5eV.
Figure C0080697900101
(in this general formula, the oxygen carbonyl that R1-R4 represents for hydrogen atom, alkyl, alkoxyl, aryl or R5OCO-independently of each other, and two adjacent alkyl R1 and R2, R3 and R4 can form 5 yuan or 6 yuan of rings).
In above-mentioned general formula (2), alkyl is straight or branched alkyl or straight or branched cycloalkyl, and it can be saturated or unsaturated group.It can be by halogen atom such as fluorine atom or replacements such as chlorine atom, alkoxyl such as methoxy or ethoxy, aryl such as phenyl.This cycloalkyl can contain a hetero-atom that is selected from S, N, O and P in ring.
This alkyl is preferably low alkyl group, and low alkyl group is meant the straight or branched cycloalkyl of straight chained alkyl or the branched alkyl or 3-10 the carbon atom of 1-10 carbon atom here.
Low alkyl group is preferably cyclopenta, cyclohexyl, vinyl, pi-allyl, methyl, ethyl, the tert-butyl group etc.
Alkoxyl is straight or branched alkoxyl or straight or branched cycloalkyloxy, and it can be saturated group or unsaturated group.It can be by halogen atom such as fluorine atom or replacements such as chlorine atom, aryl such as phenyl, and can contain unsaturated bond.This alkoxyl is preferably lower alkoxy, and lower alkoxy is meant the straight chain alkoxyl of 1-10 carbon atom or the straight or branched cycloalkyloxy of branched alkoxy or 3-10 carbon atom here.Preferred lower alkoxy is the side chain unsubstituting alkoxy that contains unsaturated bond.
Aryl is meant the group that contains one or more aromatic rings or be made up of one or more aromatic rings.These aromatic rings can contain a heteroatomic heterocycle that is selected from S, N, O and P, and also can be false aromatic ring.Term " false aromatic ring " is meant and accurately be not the group of aromatic hydrocarbons on the meaning, but because of electron delocalizationization shows by the mode identical with aromatic ring, as furans, thiophene and pyrroles.This aryl can be by halogen atom such as fluorine atom or chlorine atom, low alkyl group such as methyl or replacements such as ethyl, alkoxyl such as methoxy or ethoxy in addition.
The example of aromatic ring is benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, 1-benzyl naphthalene, anthracene, dihydroanthracene, pyridine, 4-phenylpyridine, 3-phenylpyridine, thiophene, benzothiophene, furans, pyrans, isobenzofuran, chromene, pyrroles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyrimidine, indoles, indolizine, iso-indoles, quinoline, isoquinolin, quinoxaline, carbazole etc.
Aryl is preferably phenyl replacement or unsubstituted, more preferably unsubstituted phenyl.
The oxygen carbonyl R5 that R5OCO-represents is an alkyl or aryl, and alkyl or aryl is for as above described at general formula (2), and wherein, methyl and ethyl are preferred.
The example of the unsaturated compound of general formula (2) is vinyl cyclohexane, tert-Butyl vinyl ether, methyl methacrylate monomer, suitable-talan, methylene cyclohexane, tetraphenyl ethene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene.
In addition, additive can be following general formula (3) expression and have the tertiary amine of HOMO energy (highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy)-8.5eV to-11.0eV and LUMO energy (lowest unocccupied molecular orbital energy)-0.135eV to 3.5eV.
(in this general formula, R1-R3 is alkyl or aryl independently of each other).
In above-mentioned general formula (3), alkyl is straight or branched alkyl or straight or branched cycloalkyl, and it can be saturated or unsaturated group.It can be unsubstituted or is replaced as fluorine atom or chlorine atom, alkoxyl such as methoxy or ethoxy, aryl such as phenyl etc. by halogen atom.This cycloalkyl can contain a hetero-atom that is selected from S, N, O and P in ring, preferred N.
This alkyl is preferably low alkyl group, and low alkyl group is meant the straight or branched cycloalkyl of straight chained alkyl or the branched alkyl or 3-10 the carbon atom of 1-10 carbon atom here.
For preferred low alkyl group, can mention the low alkyl group that is replaced by phenyl, as benzyl.
Aryl is meant the group that contains one or more aromatic rings.These aromatic rings can contain a heteroatomic heterocycle that is selected from S, N, O and P, and also can be false aromatic ring.Term " false aromatic ring " is meant and accurately be not the group of aromatic hydrocarbons on the meaning, but because of electron delocalizationization shows by the mode identical with aromatic ring, as furans, thiophene and pyrroles.This aryl can be by halogen atom such as fluorine atom or chlorine atom, alkyl such as methyl or replacements such as ethyl, alkoxyl such as methoxy or ethoxy in addition.
The example of aromatic ring is benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, 1-benzyl naphthalene, anthracene, dihydroanthracene, pyridine, 4-phenylpyridine, 3-phenylpyridine, thiophene, benzothiophene, furans, pyrans, isobenzofuran, chromene, pyrroles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyrimidine, indoles, indolizine, iso-indoles, quinoline, isoquinolin, quinoxaline, carbazole etc.
Aryl is preferably and replaces or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl more preferably unsubstituted group.
The example of the compound of general formula (3) is tribenzyl amine and N-phenyl dibenzyl amine.
In addition, these additives can be contain 1-10, preferred 3-7 two keys and wherein the carbon number of linear fraction be 10-30 unsaturated chain organic compound, this compound have HOMO energy (highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy)-8.5eV to-11.0eV and LUMO energy (lowest unocccupied molecular orbital energy)-0.135eV to 3.5eV.
The example of these additives is squalene and (E)-β-farnesenes.
As other additive, can mention three (4-methoxyphenyl) phosphine, (1R) (+)-australene, bicyclopentadiene, two (ethylene glycol) divinyl ether, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, triptycene, [2,2]-p-cyclophane etc.
In addition, the present invention plays a role in nonaqueous electrolyte battery effectively, anodal relative mutually in this battery with negative pole, insert betwixt and can remain in wherein insulation micropore polyolefin film by electrolyte-impregnated and with it, or this electrolyte basically by electrolyte and at least the polymer of partial gelization form.
For example, in using the battery of micropore polyolefin film as dividing plate, the mechanism that opens circuit that is caused by the dividing plate heat fusing can stop and overcharges electric current.
In the case, owing to add additive, therefore the reaction efficiency from positive pole extraction lithium significantly reduces, and battery temperature is increased to such state, the thermal stability that promptly keeps positive electrode active materials, like this, this battery does not cause unusual living heat and battery temperature to reduce gradually at the time point that electric current stops.Therefore, can guarantee fail safe.
Can strengthen reliability by combining in addition with having the nonaqueous electrolyte battery charge control system that when predicting the battery temperature rising, disconnects the charging circuit function.
For disconnecting charging circuit by detecting the battery temperature rising, preferred semistor (PTC) or the temperature fuse of using can obtain high reliability when the working temperature of these semistors (PTC) or temperature fuse is in 60-120 ℃ of scope.
Can obtain the long and high excellent device of reliability of life-span by above-mentioned nonaqueous electrolyte battery is installed and the control system of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery that is used to charge on device.
Because to be used for additive of the present invention inoperative to the redox shuttle, so oxidation reaction is preferably irreversible, and they are with different at those of reversible JP-A-7-362614 of redox reaction and JP-A-9-50822.
Of the present invention other constitutes element to be explained below in detail.
Preferred lithium-contained composite oxide as positive electrode active materials comprises Li in the present invention xCoO 2, Li xNiO 2(US4302518), Li xMnO 2, Li xCo yNi 1-yO 2(JP-A-63-299056), Li xCo fV 1-fO z, Li xNi 1-yM yO 2(M=Ti, V, Mn, Fe), Li xCo aNi bM cO 2(M=Ti, Mn, Al, Mg, Fe, Zr), Li xMn 2O 4, Li xMn 2-yM yO 4(M=Na, Mg, Sc, Y, Fe, Co, Ni, Ti, Zr, Cu, Zn, Al, Pb, Sb) (x=0-1.2, y=0-0.9, f=0.9-0.98, z=2.0-2.3, a+b+c=1,0≤a≤1,0≤b≤1,0≤c≤1).Numerical value x discharges and recharges the preceding value of beginning, and this numerical value raises or reduction because of discharging and recharging.
Lithium-contained composite oxide as positive electrode active materials can mix, this mixture is ground and powder is fired or prepare by solution reaction by suitable ratio of components with carbonate, nitrate oxide or the hydroxide of transition metal such as cobalt, manganese or nickel by carbonate, nitrate, oxide or the hydroxide with lithium in the present invention.Method for cooking is particularly preferred, and firing temperature can be 250-1500 ℃, decomposes and fusing at this temperature lower part mixing cpd.Firing time is preferably 1-80 hour.Fire gas atmosphere and can be any in air atmosphere, oxidizing atmosphere or the reducing atmosphere, there is no particular restriction.
In the present invention, multiple different positive electrode active materials can be mixed use.For example, can use those that when discharging and recharging, expand opposite with shrinkage.Expand and the preferred example of the positive electrode active materials that (when deviating from lithium ion) shrinks during in charging is a spinel-type lithium-magnesium containing oxide in when discharge (when embedding lithium ion).Expand and the preferred example of the positive electrode active materials that (when deviating from lithium ion) shrinks during in charging is a spinel-type lithium-magnesium containing oxide in when discharge (when embedding lithium ion).Shrink and the preferred example of the positive electrode active materials that (when deviating from lithium ion) expands during in charging is to contain lithium and cobalt oxides in when discharge (when embedding lithium ion).The Mn oxide that spinel-type contains lithium is preferably Li 1-xMn 2O 4(0≤x≤1), the cobalt/cobalt oxide that contains lithium is preferably Li 1-xCoO 2(0≤x≤1).
Conductive agent in positive electrode active materials of the present invention can be electrically conductive material, as long as they in the battery of structure chemical change do not take place.For example, can use graphite such as native graphite (flake graphite etc.) and Delanium, carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen are black, channel black, furnace black, dim and thermal black, conductive fiber such as carbon fiber and metallic fiber, metal dust such as fluorocarbons, copper, nickel, aluminium and silver, conductive whiskers is brilliant in zinc oxide and potassium titanate, and conducting metal oxide is titanium oxide for example, and organic conductive material such as polyphenylene derivative.These conductive agents can only contain wherein a kind of or its mixture.In these conductive agents, particularly preferably be Delanium, acetylene black and nickel powder.The amount of conductive agent does not have particular restriction, but is preferably 1-50 weight %, preferred especially 1-30 weight %.For carbon or graphite, 2-15 weight % is particularly preferred.
Preferred binder in cathode mixture of the present invention is to have decomposition temperature to be not less than 300 ℃ polymer.The example of binding agent is a polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), tetrafluoroethene-hexafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoraoethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA), vinylidene difluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylcopolymer copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE resin), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), vinylidene fluoride-five fluorine propylene copolymer, propylene-TFE copolymer, ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene copolymer (ECTFE), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-TFE copolymer and vinylidene fluoride-perfluoro methyl vinyl ether-TFE copolymer.In these binding agents, most preferably polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
As the current collector of positive pole, can use any electrical conductivity body, as long as they in the battery of structure chemical reaction do not take place.For example,, can use stainless steel for the material of collector body, nickel, aluminium, titanium and carbon, with and surface aluminium or the stainless steel handled with carbon, nickel, titanium or silver.Aluminum or aluminum alloy is particularly preferred.Can be with the surface oxidation of these materials.In addition, the surface of collector body can be by the surface treatment roughening.For the shape of collector body, they can be the moulding article of paper tinsel, film, sheet material, net and perforated material, lath, porous body, foaming body, fiber cluster, forms such as supatex fabric.Its thickness is not had particular restriction, and the thickness that uses is 1-500 μ m.
Be used for the compound that negative material of the present invention can be lithium, lithium alloy and can absorb and discharge lithium ion, as alloy, intermetallic compound, carbon, organic compound, inorganic compound, metal complex and organic high molecular compound.These materials can be used alone or as a mixture.
For lithium alloy, can mention Li-Al (US4002492), Li-Al-Mn, Li-Al-Mg, Li-Al-Sn, Li-Al-In, Li-Al-Cd, Li-Al-Te, Li-Ga (JP-A-60-257072), Li-Cd, Li-In, Li-Pb, Li-Bi, Li-Mg etc.Lithium content preferably is not less than 10%.
Alloy and intermetallic compound comprise the compound etc. of compound, transition metal and the tin of transition metal and silicon.The compound of nickel and silicon is particularly preferred.
The example of carbonaceous material is coke, RESEARCH OF PYROCARBON, native graphite, Delanium, little different, the graphitization mesophase ball of middle carbon (mesocarbon).Vapor deposition carbon, vitreous carbon, carbon fiber (polyacrylonitrile fibre, pitch fibers, cellulose fiber peacekeeping vapor deposition carbon fiber), amorphous carbon and by the carbon of firing the organic material preparation.These can use or mix use separately.Wherein, graphite material preferably, for example those that obtain by the graphitization mesophase ball, native graphite and Delanium.These carbonaceous material de-carbons also can contain different compounds such as O, B, P, N, Si, SiC and B outward 4C.Its content is preferably 0-10 weight %.
Inorganic compound comprises for example tin compound and silicon compound, and inorganic oxide comprises for example titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, niobium oxide, barium oxide and ferriferous oxide.Inorganic in addition chalcogenide comprises, for example iron sulfide, molybdenum sulfide and titanium sulfide.For organic high molecular compound, can use polythiophene, polyacetylene etc., for nitride, can use cobalt nitride, copper nitride, nickel nitride, iron-nitride, manganese nitride etc.
These negative materials also can composite form use, and for example can consider carbon and alloy composite, carbon and inorganic compound combination etc.
The average grain diameter that is used for material with carbon element of the present invention is preferably 0.1-60 μ m, more preferably 0.5-30 μ m, the preferred 1-10m of specific area 2/ g.In addition, consider crystal structure, preferably have hexahedron interplanar distance (d002) 3.35-3.40 dust and c axle (LC) vertically crystalline size be no more than the graphite of 100 dusts.
In the present invention, because Li is contained in the positive electrode active materials, therefore, can use the negative material (as carbon) that does not contain Li.In addition, when inciting somebody to action a small amount of (about 0.01-10 weight portion, by 100 weight portion negative materials) when Li adds in this negative material that does not contain Li, even because the reaction of partial L i and electrolyte causes this material rustization, Li also can by be contained in Li in the negative material additional and this be preferred.For example, Li can be contained in the negative active core-shell material according to following mode.That is, the lithium metal of heat fused is coated with on the collector body of suppressing negative material thereon, negative material is flooded by lithium, or in advance impose on electrode group on by pressure welding lithium metal and in the negative material of Li electrochemical doping in electrolyte.
Similar with the conductive agent in cathode mixture, the conductive agent in the negative pole compound can be any electric conducting material that does not carry out chemical change in the structure battery.In addition, carbonaceous material is being used as under the situation of negative material, carbonaceous material itself just has electronic conductivity, therefore, can comprise or not comprise conductive agent.
Binding agent in the negative pole compound can be thermoplasticity or thermosetting resin, preferably has decomposition temperature and is not less than 300 ℃ polymer.The example of binding agent is a polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), styrene butadiene rubbers, tetrafluoraoethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA), vinylidene difluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylcopolymer copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE resin), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), vinylidene fluoride-five fluorine propylene copolymer, propylene-TFE copolymer, ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene copolymer (ECTFE), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-TFE copolymer and vinylidene fluoride-perfluoro methyl vinyl ether-TFE copolymer.More preferably styrene butadiene rubbers and polyvinylidene fluoride.In these binding agents, styrene butadiene rubbers most preferably.
For the cathodal current collector body, can use any electronic conductor, as long as they in the battery of structure chemical change do not take place.For example,, can use stainless steel, nickel, copper, titanium and carbon, copper or the stainless steel that handle with carbon, nickel, titanium or silver on its surface, and Al-Cd alloy for the material of collector body.Copper or copper alloy are particularly preferred.Can be with the surface oxidation of these materials.In addition, the surface of collector body can be by the surface treatment roughening.For the shape of collector body, they can be the moulding article of paper tinsel, film, sheet material, net and perforated material, lath, porous body, foaming body, fiber cluster, forms such as supatex fabric.Its thickness is not had particular restriction, and the thickness that uses is 1-500 μ m.
Except conductive agent and binding agent, these electrode compounds also can contain various additives such as filler, dispersant, ionic conductive agent, hypertensor etc.These fillers can be any fiber material that chemical change does not take place in the structure battery.Usually, use the fiber and the carbon fiber of olefin polymer such as polypropylene and poly fiber, glass.The amount of filler does not have particular restriction, but is preferably 0-30 weight %.
Except the mixed layer that contains positive electrode active materials and negative material; be used for the bottom that is used to improve cohesive force, conductivity, cycle characteristics and efficiency for charge-discharge between collector body and the mixed layer that positive pole of the present invention and negative pole can further have setting, being used for of setting to mixed layer mechanical protection or chemoprotectant protective layer.This bottom or protective layer can contain the particle of binding agent, conductive agent particle, no conductivity etc.
Nonaqueous electrolyte among the present invention comprises nonaqueous solvents that contains at least a non-cyclic ester and the lithium salts that dissolves in solvent.
For non-cyclic ester, can mention non-ring manganese ester such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and dipropyl carbonate (DPC), and alphatic carboxylic acid ester such as methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate and ethyl propionate.Wherein, preferred non-ring manganese ester is as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate.
Nonaqueous solvents can further contain cyclic carbonate ester such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC) and vinylene carbonate (VC), gamma lactone such as gamma-butyrolacton, acyclic ether is as 1,2-dimethoxy-ethane (DME), 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE) and ethyoxyl methoxy base ethane (EME), cyclic ethers such as oxolane and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and aprotic organic solvent such as methyl-sulfoxide, 1, the 3-dioxolanes, formamide, acetamide, dimethyl formamide, dioxolanes, acetonitrile, propionitrile, nitromethane, ethyl Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) dimethyl ether, phosphotriester, trimethoxy-methane, dioxolane derivatives, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolone, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidone, the polypropylene carbonate ester derivant, tetrahydrofuran derivatives, ethylether, 1,3-propane sultone, methyl phenyl ethers anisole, methyl-sulfoxide and N-methyl pyrrolidone.These materials can use separately or use with its two or more mixture.Wherein, preferably use the mixed system of cyclic carbonate ester and non-ring manganese ester or cyclic carbonate ester, non-ring manganese ester and as the mixed system of the alphatic carboxylic acid ester of major constituent.
The lithium salts that is dissolved in these solvents comprises for example LiClO 4, LiBF 4, LiPF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiSbF 6, LiSCN, LiCl, LiCF 3SO 3, LiCF 3CO 2, Li (CF 3SO 2) 2, LiAsF 6, LiN (CF 3SO 2) 2, LiB 10Cl 10(JP-A-57-74974), the lithium salts of lower alphatic carboxylic acid (JP-A-60-41733), LiCl, LiBr, LiI (JP-A-60-247265), chloroborane lithium (JP-A-61-165957), tetraphenyl lithium borate (JP-A-61-214376) etc.These can only contain a kind of or contain two or more mixture in electrolyte etc.Wherein, especially preferably contain LiPF 6
In the present invention, particularly preferred electrolyte is to contain at least a ethylene carbonate, carbonic acid Methylethyl ester and as the LiPF of lithium salts 6A kind of electrolyte.Electrolytical amount contained in the battery does not have particular restriction, can use by necessary amount, and this necessary amount depends on the amount of positive electrode active materials and negative material and the size of battery.The amount that is dissolved in the lithium salts in the nonaqueous solvents does not have particular restriction, but is preferably 0.2-2mol/l, preferred especially 0.5-1.5mol/l.
In addition,, also known additives can be added in the electrolyte, as long as they do not destroy effect of the present invention if necessary.This electrolyte is usually by using with the mode of electrolyte-impregnated or filling dividing plate such as porous polymer, glass filter or adhesive-bonded fabric.
In addition, not flammable for making electrolyte, in electrolyte, can comprise halogen-containing solvent such as carbon tetrachloride and chlorotrifluoroethylene.In electrolyte, also can contain carbon dioxide, to realize high-temperature storage stability.
In addition, can use the gelation electrolyte that comprises organic solid electrolyte based, described organic solid electrolyte based contains above-mentioned nonaqueous electrolyte.For organic solid electrolyte based, effectively matrix material such as poly(ethylene oxide), PPOX, polyphosphazene, polyaziridine, poly-sulphur alkylidene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyhexafluoropropylene, and derivative, mixture and compound.Particularly preferably be the copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene and the mixture of polyvinylidene fluoride and poly(ethylene oxide).
For dividing plate, use the very thin film of insulation micropore with macroion permeability and required mechanical strength.This dividing plate preferably has to be not less than in temperature closes the function that these micropores strengthen resistance thus under 80 ℃.Consider organic solvent resistance and hydrophobic performance, use sheet material or nonwoven fabrics by olefin polymer that comprises a kind of or its combination in polypropylene and the polyethylene or glass fibre preparation.The aperture of dividing plate is preferably in such scope, and promptly active material, binding agent and the conductive agent deviate from of self-electrode sheet material is preferably 0.01-1 μ m without these micropore permeations and for example micro-pore diameter.The thickness of dividing plate is generally 10-300 μ m.Porosity is generally 30-80% by to the permeability of electronics or ion, the kind of material or the thickness measurement of film.
The shape of electronics can be any in Coin shape, button type, sheet type, column type, the plate and rectangle.When battery be shaped as coin and button type the time, mainly use the compound of positive electrode active materials or negative material by the mode that is compressed to the disk shape.The thickness of disk and diameter are according to the dimension measurement of battery.When battery be shaped as sheet type column type, square type the time, mainly by coating on collector body, the dry and mode of suppressing collector body then, use the compound of positive electrode active materials or negative material.For being coated with, can use conventional coating process.For example, for example can use reverse rolling method, directly rolling method, scraper plate rubbing method, scraper rubbing method, extrude finishing, curtain membrane type rubbing method, intaglio printing rubbing method, rod and be coated with method, The tape casting, dip coating and extrusion rubbing method.Wherein, preferred scraper plate rubbing method, scraper rubbing method and extrude finishing.Coating is preferably undertaken by speed 0.1-100m/min.In the case, the satisfied surface thickness of coating can be chosen the coating process that the drying property with the performance of solution and compound adapts and obtains.This coating can order be carried out or carry out simultaneously on the collector body two sides on each face of collector body.In addition, preferably on the collector body two sides, coating is set, and the coating on the one side can comprise the multilayer that contains mixed layer.This mixed layer also contains binding agent, electric conducting material etc. except containing the material such as positive electrode active materials and negative material that participates in the lithium ion embedding and deviate from.Except mixed layer, the protective layer that do not contain active material can be set, be arranged at priming coat on the collector body, be arranged at intermediate layer between the mixed layer etc., these layers that preferably do not contain active material can contain conductive particle, insulated particle, binding agent etc.
That coating can be is continuous coated, be interrupted coating or stripe coating.The thickness of coating, length or width depend on the size of battery, and the thickness of the coating on the one side is preferably 1-2000 μ m especially under dried compacting state.
For making disk or sheet drying or dehydration, can adopt customary way.Especially preferably use hot-air, vacuum, infrared ray, far infrared, electron ray and low humidity air or its combination.Temperature is preferably 80 to 350 ℃, preferred 100-250 ℃ especially.Consider cycle characteristics, water content preferably is no more than 2000ppm in entire cell, preferably be no more than 500ppm in cathode mixture, negative pole compound and electrolyte.The drawing method of sheet material can be customary way, and particularly preferred method is die pressing and calender pressing.Do not limit pressing pressure especially, but be preferably 0.2-3t/cm 2The pressing speed of calender drawing method is preferably 0.1-50m/min.Press temperature is preferably room temperature to 200 ℃.The width of anodal sheet material is preferably 0.9-1.1 with the width ratio of negative electrode plate, preferred especially 0.95-1.0.Unrestricted to positive electrode active materials with the content ratio of negative material, because it can change according to the kind of compound and the proportioning of compound, but consider that volume, cycle characteristics and fail safe can be restricted to optimum value.
The shape of central roll electrode of the present invention needn't be real column type, also can be ellipticity column type or square column type with oval cross section, as rectangular build.
Preferred combination is the combination of aforesaid preferred chemical material and preferred battery component part among the present invention.Preferred combination is as follows.Contain Li xCoO 2, Li xNiO 2, Li xMn 2O 4(0≤x≤1) as positive electrode active materials, and contains acetylene black simultaneously as conductive agent.Anodal current collector is made of stainless steel or aluminium, and is net, sheet, paper tinsel or lath-shaped.The preferably not independent containing metal lithium of negative material, and contain at least a compound such as alloy and carbonaceous material.The cathodal current collector body is made of stainless steel or aluminium, and is net, sheet, paper tinsel or lath-shaped.In the compound that uses with positive electrode active materials or negative active core-shell material, can contain material with carbon element such as acetylene black and graphite as the electrical conductivity agent.For binding agent, can use fluorine-containing thermoplastic compound such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene, contain polymerizing acrylic acid thing and elastomer such as styrene butadiene rubbers and ethylene-propylene ter-polymers or its mixture.Electrolyte preferably contains ring or non-ring manganese ester such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate or other alphatic carboxylic acid ester such as methyl acetate and methyl propionate, i.e. LiPF 6As lithium salts.This barrier film preferably includes polypropylene or polyethylene or its mixture.This battery can have Any shape such as column type, platypelloid type, slim and rectangle.This battery preferably has the device (pressure release type safety valve for example in, current blocking type safety valve, guarantee the dividing plate of resistance during at high temperature) of the time guaranteeing to prevent the fail safe of error in work.
Embodiment
Embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to following accompanying drawing.
Embodiment 1
Fig. 1 is the longitdinal cross-section diagram that is used for the cylindrical battery of present embodiment.In Fig. 1, label 1 is meant by processing to have the battery container that the stainless steel materials of anti-organic bath prepares, 2 expressions are provided with the sealing plate of safety valve, 3 expression insulating washers, 4 expression electrode plate groups, and positive pole and negative pole (inserting dividing plate therebetween) repeatedly be wound as spiral type and insert in the housing 1.Positive terminal 5 is drawn and is connected with sealing plate 2 from positive pole.Anode connector 6 is drawn and is connected with battery container 1 from negative pole.Label 7 expression insulated rings, it is arranged at the top and lower part of electrode plate groups 4.Positive pole, negative pole etc. will be explained below in detail.
Positive pole prepares by following mode.With Li 2CO 3And Co 3O 4Mix to be incorporated in and fired under 900 ℃ 10 hours, with preparation LiCoO 2Powder.This powder and 3% acetylene black and 7% fluorocarbon polymer binding agent (are pressed LiCoO 2The weight meter of powder) mixes, then this mixture is suspended in the moisture cmc soln, prepare anodal mixed slurry thus.Be applied on the thick aluminium foil of 30 μ m the anodal mixed slurry of gained and drying, then calendering is with the positive plate of preparation thickness 0.18mm, width 37mm and length 390mm.
For negative pole, use graphited mesophase ball (to be called " middle phase graphite ") under 2800 ℃ of high temperature.This centre phase graphite is mixed with 5% styrene butadiene rubbers (by the weight of middle graphite mutually), then this mixture is suspended in the moisture cmc soln, prepare anodal mixed slurry thus.Be applied on the thick Copper Foil two sides of 0.02mm gained negative pole mixed slurry and drying, then calendering is with the negative plate of preparation thickness 0.20mm, width 39mm and length 420mm.
The aluminum joint is connected with positive plate, and nickel system joint is connected with negative plate, with positive plate and negative plate between insertion positive plate and negative plate thick 0.025mm, wide 45mm and the polypropylene separator of long 950mm be wound as spiral type and insert diameter 17.00mm and the battery container of height 50.0mm in.The electrolyte that uses is a kind of of preparation by the following method, with 1mol/lLiPF 6Be dissolved in the mixed solvent that comprises 30: 50: 20 EC of volume ratio, DEC and MP, and in this electrolyte, add hexaphenyl benzene, para-terpheny, 1-phenylpiperazine, 1 as additive, 2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, cyclohexylbenzene, 1,3, each in 5-triphenylbenzene, ten dihydrobenzos [9.10] phenanthrene and the divinylbenzene (they all are the organic compounds of general formula (1)), addition is 2 weight %, by the total weight of organic solvent and additive.Electrolyte is poured in the battery container,, prepared battery 1-9 of the present invention thus then with this housing seal.
Embodiment 2
Prepare the spiral type cylindrical cell by the mode identical with embodiment 1, different is with tert-Butyl vinyl ether, methyl methacrylate monomer, vinyl cyclohexane and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene (they all are the organic compounds of general formula (2)) is as adding additive in electrolyte.The battery that so obtains is called battery 10-14 of the present invention.
Embodiment 3
Prepare the spiral type cylindrical cell by the mode identical with embodiment 1, different is with tribenzyl amine and N-phenyl-dibenzyl amine (they all are the organic compounds of general formula (3)) as adding additive in electrolyte.The battery that so obtains is called battery 15 of the present invention and 16.
Embodiment 4
Prepare the spiral type cylindrical cell by the mode identical with embodiment 1, different is with squalene and (E)-β-farnesene (they are organic compounds, corresponding to have 1-10 two keys and at the unsaturated organic compound of a linear fraction 10-30 carbon atom) as the adding additive in electrolyte.The battery that so obtains is called battery 17 of the present invention and 18.
Embodiment 5
Prepare the spiral type cylindrical cell by the mode identical with embodiment 1, different is with three (4-methoxyphenyl) phosphine, (1R)-(+)-australene, bicyclopentadiene, two (ethylene glycol) divinyl ether, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, triptycene and [2,2]-p-cyclophane are as adding additive in electrolyte.The battery that so obtains is called battery 19-25 of the present invention.
Comparative example 1
Prepare contrast spiral type cylindrical cell by the mode identical, wherein in electrolyte, do not add additive with embodiment 1.The battery that so obtains is called control cell (battery 26).
Comparative example 2
Prepare the spiral type cylindrical cell by the mode identical with embodiment 1, different is as adding additive in electrolyte with biphenyl, thiophene and 3-chlorothiophene.The battery that so obtains is called control cell (battery 27-29).
Then, each five battery among battery 1-25 of the present invention and the control cell 26-29 are carried out constant-potential charge 2 hours under 20 ℃ of ambient temperatures under restriction electric current 500mA and charging voltage 4.2V, and under charged state, detecting the flash-over characteristic of these batteries under 1A.Then, these batteries are stored in 80 ℃ the thermostatic chamber 5 days under charged state, battery after this storage is discharged and recharged under condition same as described above equally, and the capacitance recover rate after obtaining to store (capacitance * 100 (%) before the capacitance/storage after the storage).These results provide in table 1-6.
In addition, each 20 battery is overcharged under 1A from charged state, and confirm whether to produce unusual living heat.The cell number that occurs unusual living heat in 20 batteries is provided in table 1-6.
Table 1 (embodiment 1)
No. Additive HOMO LUMO Recovery rate after the storage Test overcharges
1 Hexaphenyl benzene -9.442 0.0813 91.2 0/20
2 Para-terpheny -9.3829 0.0474 93.7 0/20
3 The 1-phenylpiperazine -8.8402 0.3045 94.8 0/20
4 1,2,3, the 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline -9.1063 0.3747 92.8 0/20
5 Cyclohexylbenzene -9.4288 0.3961 92.3 0/20
6 1,3, the 5-triphenylbenzene -9.5698 0.1704 93.7 0/20
7 Ten dihydrobenzos [9,10] phenanthrene -8.8282 0.5063 91.4 0/20
8 Divinylbenzene -9.0738 -0.1222 91.7 0/20
9 1,4-dicyclohexyl benzene -9.2999 0.3508 91.7 0/20
Table 2 (embodiment 2)
No. Additive HOMO LUMO Recovery rate after the storage Test overcharges
10 Tert-Butyl vinyl ether -9.3128 1.4402 93.5 0/20
11 Methyl methacrylate monomer -10.56 0.4128 91.5 0/20
12 Vinyl cyclohexane -10.124 1.1991 91.7 0/20
13 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene -9.5072 0.6255 91.5 0/20
14 The methylene cyclohexane -9.8256 1.1529 94.6 0/20
Table 3 (embodiment 3)
No. Additive HOMO LUMO Recovery rate after the storage Test overcharges
15 Tribenzyl amine -9.0909 0.1285 94.8 0/20
16 N-phenyl-dibenzyl amine -9.2571 0.2468 92.6 0/20
Table 4 (embodiment 4)
No. Additive HOMO LUMO Recovery rate after the storage Test overcharges
17 Squalene -9.2002 0.9853 93.4 0/20
18 (E)-β-farnesene -9.3018 0.3382 91.5 0/20
Table 5 (embodiment 5)
No. Additive HOMO LUMO Recovery rate after the storage Test overcharges
19 Three (4-methoxyphenyl)-phosphines -8.7072 0.1294 94.1 0/20
20 (1R)-(+)-australene -9.6117 1.1448 94.3 0/20
21 Bicyclopentadiene -9.5743 0.9682 93.2 0/20
22 Two-(ethylene glycol)-divinyl ether -9.5991 1.1676 92.5 0/20
23 9, the 10-dihydroanthracene -9.171 0.3121 91.7 0/20
24 Triptycene -9.2378 0.1824 93.9 0/20
25 [2,2]-p-cyclophane -8.9716 0.2534 91.1 0/20
Table 6 (comparative example 1 and 2)
No. Additive HOMO LUMO Recovery rate after the storage Test overcharges
26 Do not have 93.9 8/20
27 Biphenyl -9.1449 -0.1419 78.4 0/20
28 Thiophene -9.5429 -0.1917 72.3 0/20
29 The 3-chlorothiophene -9.2515 -0.4247 69.6 0/20
As shown in table 6, for the battery 26 that does not wherein add additive, unusual living heat appears in 8 batteries of 20 batteries when overcharging.So far,, a plurality of secure mechanical (comprising that the protective circuit and the electric current that are used to charge disconnect machinery) guaranteed battery security by being set, but in that the unusual living heat of meeting appearance under the safeguard protection is not set, as Comparative Examples 1.
Fig. 2 provides the measurement result of middle voltage of comparative example 1 when overcharging (battery 26) and battery one side temperature.
As can be seen, by overcharging, lithium in the positive pole is extracted out, therefore cause positive electrode resistance to raise, resistance to liquid rising (because of the electrolyte oxidation Decomposition), raise (because liquid-consumed) with battery temperature, like this because therefore unusual living heat appear in thermal stability reduction under the dividing plate fusion temperature.
On the other hand, as shown in table 1-5, for the battery 1-25 that wherein additive of the present invention is added in the electrolyte, even when they overcharge, unusual living heat does not appear yet.Fig. 3 provides the behavior that overcharges that wherein hexaphenyl benzene is added as the battery in the electrolyte among the embodiment 1 of representative embodiment.
From the foregoing description as can be seen, the back cell voltage that begins to overcharge significantly raises at once, and has damaged the polarization characteristic of battery.Battery temperature also raises too early, and electric current flows and stops under the dividing plate fusion temperature, the result, and battery temperature safety reduces under the unusual living heat not causing.
This is because form high resistance oxidation polymerization film by preferred oxidation polymeric additive when overcharging in the mode of extracting lithium in positive pole on anodal surface, and because polarization increases, electrolyte obviously takes place to be decomposed, owing to electrolyte depletion or dividing plate before anodal thermal stability reduction are closed, electric current flows and stops like this.
Obviously, can play semistor (PTC) or the Thermal Cutoffs that disconnects the charging circuit function when perception battery temperature raises, improve the batter-charghing system reliability by being arranged on.The working temperature of semistor (PTC) or Thermal Cutoffs is 60-120 ℃ suitably, because positive electrode active materials must work under thermal stable temperature, and does not work under the common ambient temperature of battery device.
In addition, because the additive that is used for embodiment is in negative pole reducing resistance excellence, therefore compare with the conventional additives that uses in the comparative example, they are the bin stability excellence at high temperature.
As mentioned above, find, but the additive of the application of the invention, even obtain in the safety that overcharges down also, high-temperature storage characteristics is good and the very high battery of reliability.
By additive concentration is studied, discovery can realize the improvement to fail safe under 0.1 weight % or higher concentration.When this amount surpassed 20 weight %, the flash-over characteristic of battery began to reduce.Notice that this is because electrolytical conductivity itself reduces.
As mentioned above, the amount of adding additive in electrolyte is preferably 0.1-20 weight %.
The invention is not restricted to these embodiment.
Industrial applicibility
As mentioned above, the present invention is a kind of rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery, it is characterized in that the HOMO energy-8.5eV that has by solvent and additive gross weight 0.1-20% is added in the nonaqueous electrolyte as additive to the organic compound of-11.0eV and LUMO energy-0.135eV to 3.5eV. By adding additive of the present invention, overcharging also safe, good storage characteristic and the battery of high reliability even can obtain. These batteries are by using the micropore polyolefin film as dividing plate, and reliability can be further enhanced.
In addition, can detect the battery charge controller that disconnects charging circuit when battery is stable to raise by being installed in, the more rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of high reliability is provided.
The rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of the application of the invention, the portable phone, portable data assistance device, Computer-Aided Coding device, personal computer, PDA, portable audio device, electric car, the road measurement of the level that high security and good long-life characteristics can be provided is with power supply etc.

Claims (18)

1. rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery, comprise positive pole, negative pole and nonaqueous electrolyte, described positive pole comprises lithium-contained composite oxide, negative pole comprises the material that can absorb and discharge lithium, nonaqueous electrolyte comprises nonaqueous solvents and at least a organic compound, wherein organic compound have the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energy be-8.5eV is-0.135eV to 3.5eV to-11.0eV and lowest unocccupied molecular orbital energy, these energy calculate by using the Hamiltonian PM3 method in the semiempirical molecular orbital computing method, and the total amount of organic compound is counted 0.1-20 weight % by the total amount of nonaqueous solvents and organic compound.
2. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 1, wherein this organic compound is the aromatic compounds of following general formula (1) expression:
Figure C008069790002C1
In this general formula, for being selected from hydrogen atom, alkyl, aryl or amino group, condition is that number of hydrogen atoms is not more than 5 to R1-R6 independently of each other, and 2 adjacent alkyl form or do not form 5 yuan or 6 yuan of rings.
3. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 2, the compound of its formula of (1) expression is for being selected from hexaphenyl benzene, para-terpheny, 1-phenylpiperazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, cyclohexylbenzene, 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, ten dihydrobenzos [9,10] luxuriant and rich with fragrance, divinylbenzene and 1, the aromatic compounds of 4-dicyclohexyl benzene.
4. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 1, wherein this organic compound is the compound of following general formula (2) expression:
In this general formula, the oxygen carbonyl that R1-R4 represents for hydrogen atom, alkyl, alkoxyl, aryl or R5OCO-independently of each other, and two adjacent alkyl R1 are with R2, R3 and R4 formation or do not form 5 yuan or 6 yuan of rings, and R5 is an alkyl or aryl.
5. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 4, the compound of its formula of (2) expression is for being selected from tert-Butyl vinyl ether, methyl methacrylate monomer, vinyl cyclohexanone, 2, the compound of 3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and methylene cyclohexanone.
6. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 1, wherein this organic compound is the compound of following general formula (3) expression:
In this general formula, R1-R3 is alkyl or aryl independently of each other.
7. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 6, the compound of its formula of (3) expression is the compound that is selected from tribenzyl amine and N-phenyl-dibenzyl amine.
8. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 1, wherein this organic compound be have 1 to 10 two key and wherein the carbon number of linear fraction be the individual unsaturated chain organic compound of 10-30.
9. rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery according to Claim 8, wherein the unsaturated chain organic compound is squalene or (E)-β-farnesene.
10. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 1, wherein organic compound is for being selected from three (4-methoxyphenyl) phosphine, (1R)-(+)-australene, bicyclopentadiene, two (ethylene glycol) divinyl ether, 9, the organic compound of 10-dihydroanthracene, triptycene, [2,2]-p-cyclophane.
11. rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery according to claim 1-10, wherein this nonaqueous electrolyte contains any one described organic compound of claim 1-10, and it is anodal relative mutually with negative pole, insert betwixt can by electrolyte-impregnated and make it remain in wherein insulation micropore polyolefin film, or this electrolyte basically by nonaqueous electrolyte and at least the polymer of partial gelization form.
12. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 1-10, it has the battery charge controller that disconnects charging circuit when battery temperature raises detecting.
13., be semistor or Thermal Cutoffs wherein detecting the device that disconnects charging circuit when battery temperature raises according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 12.
14. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 13, wherein the working temperature of semistor or Thermal Cutoffs is 60-120 ℃.
15. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 2, wherein said negative pole comprises carbonaceous material.
16. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 4, wherein said negative pole comprises carbonaceous material.
17. according to the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery of claim 11, it has the battery charge controller that disconnects charging circuit when battery temperature raises detecting.
18. a device that is selected from portable phone, portable data assistance device, area of computer aided encoder, personal computer, PDA, portable audio device, electric car, the road measurement of the level with power supply is equipped with any one the rechargeable nonaqueous electrolytic battery according to claim 1-14 on these devices.
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