CN1186568A - Lateral-emitter field-emission device with simplified anode and fabrication thereof - Google Patents
Lateral-emitter field-emission device with simplified anode and fabrication thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN1186568A CN1186568A CN96194391A CN96194391A CN1186568A CN 1186568 A CN1186568 A CN 1186568A CN 96194391 A CN96194391 A CN 96194391A CN 96194391 A CN96194391 A CN 96194391A CN 1186568 A CN1186568 A CN 1186568A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J63/00—Cathode-ray or electron-stream lamps
- H01J63/02—Details, e.g. electrode, gas filling, shape of vessel
- H01J63/04—Vessels provided with luminescent coatings; Selection of materials for the coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J3/00—Details of electron-optical or ion-optical arrangements or of ion traps common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J3/02—Electron guns
- H01J3/021—Electron guns using a field emission, photo emission, or secondary emission electron source
- H01J3/022—Electron guns using a field emission, photo emission, or secondary emission electron source with microengineered cathode, e.g. Spindt-type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2201/00—Electrodes common to discharge tubes
- H01J2201/30—Cold cathodes
- H01J2201/304—Field emission cathodes
- H01J2201/30403—Field emission cathodes characterised by the emitter shape
- H01J2201/30423—Microengineered edge emitters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2209/00—Apparatus and processes for manufacture of discharge tubes
- H01J2209/38—Control of maintenance of pressure in the vessel
- H01J2209/385—Gettering
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Abstract
A lateral field-emission device (10) has a lateral emitter (100) substantially parallel to a substrate (20) and has a simplified anode structure (70). The anode's top surface is precisely spaced apart from the plane of the lateral emitter and receives electrons emitted by field emission from the edge of the lateral emitter cathode, when a suitable bias voltage is applied. The device may be configured as a diode, or as a triode, tetrode, etc. having control electrodes (140) positioned to allow control of current from the emitter to the anode by an electrical signal applied to the control electrode.
Description
The present invention relates generally to integrated emission microelectronics, be applicable to that particularly Field Emission Display has the simplification preparation method of transverse field ballistic device and this microelectronic component of simplified anode structure.
Because the low cost of manufacture of Field Emission Display, technology is simple, and is low in energy consumption, the brightness height, and can improve the scope at visual angle, so it is fine to be considered to development prospect, be the fine substitute of LCD.The more general substitute as semiconductor device of microelectronics feds also has a lot of application, as high-performance with can prepare from material widely but the purity of material is not needed strict control, but used similar in its preparation technology and equipment and the semiconductor fabrication.Heinz H.Busta had delivered the general survey article about microelectronic vacuum that is entitled as " VacuumMicroelectro-nics-1992 " on second volume second phase (in June, 1992) of " Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineer-ing " in 1992.Katherine Derbyshire the 55-65 page or leaf of " Solid State Technology " the 37th volume 11 phases (in November, 1994) article " BeyondAMLCDs:Field Emission Displays? " in, summarized the manufacture method and the operation principle of some good designs of feds, and its some application in flat-panel monitor have been discussed.A lot of textbooks and monograph are arranged, and as the 4th chapter of " electronics of solid and emission of ions " (DoverPublications, Inc., New York, NY, 1965) of R.O.Jenkins and W.G.Trodden, it is theoretical from the awkward silence at a meeting emission of metal that electronics has been discussed.
Term emitter and negative electrode can exchange in this manual, all refer to field-transmitting cathode.Here used term " the control utmost point " be meant with vacuum triode in control grid functionally similar electrode.In the feds of prior art, kind electrode also is called as " grid ".Here used ohmic contact is represented non-rectified current contact.Used fluorescent material is meant the material of cathodoluminescence in the specification.When explanation fluorescent material, use conventional method for expressing here, promptly at first provide the chemical formula of main or basic compound, it then is colon, the chemical formula of activator (activation host crystal luminous impurity) besides, as ZnS:Mn, wherein zinc sulphide is host crystal and manganese is activator.
In order to develop its speed-sensitive switch, to the insensitivity of variations in temperature and radiation, advantages such as low-power consumption have been developed various microelectronic component, and these devices use the field emission of cold cathode emitter emitting electrons.In prior art, the emitter of most microelectronics feds vertically points to substrate, deviates from substrate usually, but launches towards substrate sometimes.This class device has: as the United States Patent (USP) 3,789,471 of Spindt etc., the United States Patent (USP) 4,721 of Brodie, 885, people's such as Pribat United States Patent (USP) 5,127,990, the United States Patent (USP) 5 of Zimmerman, 141,459 and 5,203,731, and the article of above-mentioned Derbyshire.In these structures, anode normally is parallel to the transparent plate of substrate and has fluorescent material, and fluorescent material produces display light output by cathodoluminescence.The field emitter of some cold cathode microelectronic component is orientated in being basically parallel to the plane of substrate, as people's such as the United States Patent (USP) 4728851 of Lambe, Lee United States Patent (USP) 4,827,177, people's such as Cronin United States Patent (USP) 5,233,263 and 5,308,439.Here use term " transverse field emission " and " laterally negative electrode " or " lateral-emitter " in two patents of people such as Cronin, represent and launch point or the limit is the structure of substantially parallel substrate direction at horizontal direction.In this horizontal cathode construction of prior art, anode is basically perpendicular to substrate and emitter (as people's such as Cronin United States Patent (USP) 5,233,263 and 5,308,439) orientation, or with the emitter coplane (as people's such as Lee United States Patent (USP) 4,827,177), or need transparent substrate (as the United States Patent (USP) 4,728,851 of Lambe).Have been found that in the device with horizontal cathode construction, its structure and manufacturing process have obvious advantage,, can accurately control the size of inner element, aim at electric capacity and required bias voltage as cathode edge or sharp meticulous.
But when the transverse field ballistic device being used for covering the display unit of anode of fluorescent material, a lot of problems are arranged.In some existing structures, cathodoluminescence only takes place in the very narrow and small zone of the anode edge of facing lateral-emitter.In addition, dim out owing to the cause of opaque electrode or by fluorescent material itself or planar be absorbed from the light of fluorescent material emission.In some existing structures, must use very high anode voltage.To the Low-voltage Electronic field emission display (as with respect to the emitter anode potential less than about 10 volts), electronics reality only penetrates the fluorescent material of 1nm magnitude.Therefore, in the display with existing horizontal electronics feds display element, the light emission that cathodoluminescence causes produces along the edge of the fluorescent material of facing the emitter element.And, wait other electronic field emission displays as Spindt type (in people's such as Spindt the patent and illustrate in the review article of H.H.Busta), luminous at reciprocal phosphor surface usually in the face of the observer.
Here Shuo Ming device architecture has the horizontal electron emitter that places certain distance on the phosphor anode.When adding suitable bias voltage, electrons emitted is launched at the upper surface of fluorescent material, and compares with other horizontal electronics feds display elements, can be at impact fluroescence powder element on the large tracts of land more.Therefore, use this new construction, light is directly launched to the observer, and can be to existing structure like that owing to do not die down by fluorescent material.And, compare with existing structure, more producing light on the big unit area.In the existing explanation of lateral-emitter field emission display, do not have to show that fluorescent material how to give this anode component provides the bias voltage contact.Here Shuo Ming new construction has and places the metal anode contact of (burying) under the fluorescent material, and being connected to the device of burying contact from the surface is used to provide bias voltage in addition.
This emitted transverse type structure is when having above-mentioned obvious advantage, owing to adopt relative wide variety of materials and processing step, so these can accurately control some costliness in the lateral-emitter field-emission device structure manufacturing of inner member size and aligning.These processing steps comprise that the conformal layer with expendable material forms the required step of wall that limits some size.Required some materials and processing step during the present invention has omitted and made shortened manufacturing time thus, reduced cost, the simplified anode structure also is provided, and kept the advantage of horizontal cathode construction simultaneously and designed the automatic aligning of horizontal negative electrode.This simple structure and the preparation method is to the fieldtron that the fluorescent material anode is arranged that is used for display element with there is not the fieldtron of fluorescent material effective simply, cheaply.Therefore the invention solves the problem of prior art.
A free-revving engine of the present invention provides a kind of display, utilizes the light emission of each display unit improved.Corresponding purpose provides the feds structure that is specially adapted to display unit.Another corresponding purpose provides the more direct Field Emission Display towards the display observer of light that makes from the fluorescent material emission.Also a corresponding purpose provides and has emitted transverse type device and compare the long-pending more most field emission display cell structure that accounts for cellar area of light emitting surface.Another object of the present invention provides a kind of metallization structure, and other characteristic and the advantage of improved emitted transverse field emission display are achieved.Particularly do not make the anode electric contact structure of any part deepening of the phosphor surface of display unit.A corresponding purpose provides the anode contact, and it plays the minute surface effect that emission light is reflexed to the display observer.Another purpose provides can provide the display unit anode construction that improves performance, and the coulomb that reduces or eliminates fluorescent material thus is aging.Another special purpose provides display unit, and this display unit is by making the control electrode structure with a single metal step, thereby obtains simplifying.Basic goal of the present invention provides the display that has improved, and it still keeps all known advantage of emitted transverse feds: as meticulous cathode edge or point; Negative electrode and anode spacing from accurate control (to reduce the deviation between operating voltage and device and device), negative electrode with control pole span from accurate control (with control cathode with control the utmost point overlapping, thereby electrode capacitance in the control makes required bias voltage obtain more accurate control); The control utmost point and cathode construction automatic aimed at, the autoregistration of anode construction and the control utmost point and negative electrode; And the layout density of having improved.Another object of the present invention is the existing advantage that keeps lateral-emitter field-emission device, this design flexibility for integrated morphology is extremely important, this integrated morphology can reduce the interconnected number between device, can reduce cost and improve the reliability and the performance of device thus.Another free-revving engine of the present invention provides the technology of using existing microelectronic manufacturing technology and device, makes integrated lateral-emitter field emission display cellular construction, its rate height that manufactures a finished product, and the size and the aligning of the accurate control device of energy, good reproducibility.Main purpose of the present invention is the simplified anode structure of transverse field ballistic device.Another main purpose of the present invention provides preparation technology, and this technology has been omitted some required masks in the preparation of autoregistration transverse field ballistic device, can shorten preparation time thus, reduce preparation cost.
In a scheme of the present invention, usefulness is basically parallel to the lateral-emitter of substrate and the anode construction of simplification prepares feds.Lateral-emitter field-emission device has the film emitting cathode, and its thickness is no more than the hundreds of dust, and emission tooth shape limit or point have a little radius of curvature.The anode device of having simplified can also have one or more control utmost points.The plane of anode upper surface and lateral-emitter accurately separates, and when adding suitable bias voltage, it receives the limit or the sharp institute electrons emitted of emitted transverse negative electrode.These devices can constitute diode or the triode of one or more control utmost points, tetrode etc. are arranged, and can control the electric current of emitter to anode when the control utmost point is positioned to add the signal of telecommunication to them.In concrete simple embodiment of the present invention, the individual signals control utmost point places on the plane of transmitting side or point or down, and aims at automatically with this limit.Device after the simplification is particularly suitable for arrayed applications, comprises the Field Emission Display array.
In another program of the present invention, the new preparation method of similar processing step prepared new unit and array thereof during use prepared with semiconductor integrated circuit.Preparation technology's different embodiment can also can prepare the device that difference in functionality and complexity are arranged with conduction or insulating substrate.Anode preparation is simple, need not need the preparation conformal to cover the prior art technology that forms wall.In the preferred for preparation technology of a simple anode device, carry out following step: the deposit anode film; Deposit insulation film on anode film; Ultra-thin conduction emission film of deposit and composition on insulating barrier; Corrode the groove opening of passing emitter and insulating barrier, and stop, forming and aim at automatically the transmitting side of emitter thus at the anode film place; Offer the biased device of emitter and anode, add enough bias voltages to produce electronic field emission from the transmitting side of emitter to anode.Anode film can comprise the fluorescent material of the device that is specially adapted to Field Emission Display.Preparation technology can also comprise following step: give control utmost point deposit supplementary insulation film and deposit additional conductive film, they are aimed at automatically with emitter tooth shape limit or point.
Fig. 1 is the partial plan of the preferred array embodiment of feds prepared in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the side cutaway view of the embodiment of single feds prepared in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the side cutaway view of another embodiment of single feds.
Fig. 4 a and 4b represent the flow chart according to preparation technology's of the present invention embodiment.
Fig. 5 a and 5b are a series of side cutaway views of accordingly result of the processing step of Fig. 4 a and 4b.
Fig. 1 is the partial plan of the preferred array embodiment of feds prepared in accordance with the present invention.In simpler array shown in Figure 1, each feds at least with the public anode of another device, and each anode is public by two or more devices at least.Some emitters among Fig. 1 are also public by two devices.Element is public to use of the present invention or work and nonessential between the device, but for the design of high density (number of devices of unit are) array with prepare useful.Consult the individual devices of Fig. 2 the present invention may be better understood the basic characteristics of device.
Fig. 2 is the side cutaway view of the embodiment of single feds prepared in accordance with the present invention.Feds by 10 expressions prepares on flat plate substrate 20.Insulating barrier 30 has top major surface, and it is defined for the reference plane 40 of other elements of explanation.Conductive material layer 50 is as burying contact layer.Should be noted that as shown in Figure 2 conductive layer 50 can be on the reference plane or be formed in the groove of insulating barrier 30 deposit conductive layer 50 and complanation gained surface forms.Under latter event, the upper surface of conductive layer 50 is in reference plane 40.Preparation insulating barrier 60 covers conductive layer 50 on reference plane 40.The conductive layer of parallel plane 40 is as anode 70.Specification from behind and claim as can be known, the preferred for preparation technology that will illustrate below is located at the upper surface of anode 70 under the plane of lateral-emitter 100 automatically.As the embodiment of Fig. 2, some devices have independently anode, and the zone of the anode of adjacent devices by insulating barrier 80 separates each other and insulate.In the left side of Fig. 2, the fraction anode 70 of adjacent devices is arranged in the left side of insulating barrier 80; The structure of the individual devices of this part and this explanation or work are irrelevant.There is the insulating barrier 90 of predetermined thickness to be parallel to substrate.Also be parallel to very ultra thin conductor layers and composition that substrate preparation forms emitter layer 100, form lateral-emitter thus.Conduction contact 120 can be connected to emission layer 100 buries contact layer 50.If device has the control utmost point 140 on emitter 100, then need prepare two-layer extra play: insulating barrier 130, composition are to form the conductive layer of the control utmost point 140.In this device preparing process (below detailed description), provide opening 160 with directional etching.This opening passes above all conductions of anode and/or insulating barrier, extends downwardly into the upper surface of anode 70.After the corrosion, the processing step of corrosion opening 160 forms tooth shape limit or point 110 at emitted transverse film 100 terminations.Tooth shape limit or point 110 have very little radius of curvature.Be limited to half of thickness of ultra-thin emitted transverse layer 100.The preferred thickness of emitted transverse very thin films 100 is less than about 300 dusts, and the radius of curvature of lateral-emitter limit that is limited or point is less than 150 dusts.The person skilled in art knows, for being biased in sharp 110 places and providing enough electric field to produce the cold-cathode field emission with low, radius of curvature is a key factor, and radius of curvature can be less than half of film thickness.It is insulation film 90 (being scheduled to) thickness that another decision effectively produces a key factor of the electric field of emission.The thickness that the film thickness control of conventional semiconductor integrated technique is enough to control insulation film 90 reaches required precision.Device of the present invention can be worked under 10 to 50 volts or lower bias voltage.In preferred embodiment shown in Figure 2, anode 70 is at least partially in below the lateral-emitter 100.That is, anode 70 extends beyond the vertical plane that opening 160 sidewalls limit by transmitting side 100.
Should be noted that the conduction of each electrode of fabricate devices connects according to a conventional method, therefore do not show in the drawings.For example can prepare these conductions by the out-of-plane vertical prominent point as Fig. 2 side cutaway view connects.For example, the conductive bumps point can and/or be buried contact layer 50 from emitter 100 and extended to the biased surface conductance pad of emitter.Preparation connects for anode 70 biased similar conductions, and this connection is connected electricity and isolates with emitter.If device is triode or the tetrode that the control utmost point is arranged, need preparation to connect for the conduction of the control utmost point 140 increase control signals equally.Just now being provided with of explanation can be conversely, and emitter connects and can directly prepare on surface pads, and burying contact layer 50 can be as the anode contact.Certainly, in order to produce electronic field emission, biased polarity is necessary for relative emitter anode for just.Preparation does not need identical conduction at same on-chip different components and connects setting.Some device can be buried the anode contact, and other devices can be buried the emitter contact on the same substrate.For the setting that the emitter of a device will be connected with the anode of another device, can make circuit layout compact, more effective.Adopt such setting, by the insulating material (as prior art) that lateral separation and/or interruption are placed in one, the difference in the same plane connects with the place that need not be connected can keep electric independent.
Fig. 3 is the side cutaway view of another embodiment of single feds of the present invention.Transverse field ballistic device as shown in Figure 3 is a diode component, does not control the utmost point.Anode with 70 devices of representing shown in Figure 3 comprises phosphor powder layer 75, and this phosphor powder layer is the part of anode 70.If the phosphor anode conduction, then whole anode 70 can comprise fluorescent material.Anode 70 shown in Figure 3 has the fluorescent powder film of separately indicating 75, represents another embodiment.It is one different that the device of Fig. 3 and Fig. 2 also have, and promptly anode 70 does not extend to below the emission tooth shape limit or point 110 of lateral-emitter 100.The another way of key diagram 3 another structures is openings 160, and its sidewall limits the vertical plane of the transmitting side 110 that comprises lateral-emitter 100, and the horizontal plane that this sidewall surpasses anode 70 extends.But the vertical extent of opening 160 is only extended vertically up in the upper surface present embodiment of anode 70 by opening 160 still is the upper surface of fluorescence membrane 75) restriction.The minimum vertical elongation of the opening 160 of Fig. 3 device is the predetermined thickness sum of the predetermined thickness and the lateral-emitter 100 of insulating barrier 90.Feds can have a plurality of anode 70 (not shown)s.In the useful example of this structure, each emitter has three anodes, and each anode has different fluorescence colors.Useful especially RGB red in showing that be combined as, three anode devices of green and blue fluorescence.
Below in conjunction with available and preferred material novel, that the preferable preparation technique explanation has each structural detail of emitted transverse fieldtron of simplified anode.
The present invention adopts the novel preparation process of similar step in the semiconductor integrated circuit preparation to come fabricate devices and array thereof.Each embodiment of preparation technology can prepare the device of difference in functionality and complexity with conducting electricity or insulating substrate.The distinguishing feature of all preparation process implementing examples of explanation here is: can simply form anode, without the wall in the prior art.(in prior art, cover with the sacrifice conformal and to form wall.)
Fig. 4 a and 4b represent the flow chart according to preparation technology's of the present invention embodiment.Fig. 5 a and 5b are a series of side cutaway views of accordingly result of the processing step of Fig. 4 a and 4b.Prepare below in the explanation of selection process of feds, with reference to Fig. 4 a, 4b, 5a, and 5b, identical or similar processing step and corresponding these step gained result's side cutaway view is all used same steps as symbol S1 among the figure, S2 ..., S18 represents.Diode component preparation technology's simple overall process at first is described, then key diagram 4a and 4b detailed process represented, that Fig. 5 a and 5b result further specify.Table I has been listed the processing step of Fig. 4 a and 4b.
In the easy manufacture technology of the diode feds that simplified anode is arranged, carry out following step: deposit anode film 70 (S7); Deposit insulation film 90 (S8) on anode film; The ultra-thin conduction emitter of deposit film 100 and composition (S12) on insulation film; Corrode the groove opening 160 (S15) of passing emission layer and insulating barrier, and stop, forming and aim at automatically emitter transmitting side 110 thus at the anode film place; Offer the biased device of emitter and anode (S18), emitter and anode are added enough bias voltages to produce the electronic field emission from the transmitting side 110 of emitter 100 to anode 70.The anode film 70 of step S7 deposit can comprise fluorescent powder film 75, to be suitable for the used device of Field Emission Display.Phosphor material powder can be the cathodoluminescence material, and can select according to conductivity and/or glow color.
S1 provides substrate
The S2 deposition insulating layer
S3 composition and erosion grooves
S4 depositing conductive material in groove is buried contact layer with formation
The S5 complanation
The S6 deposition insulating layer
The conductive layer of S7 deposit predetermined thickness
The insulating barrier of S8 deposit predetermined thickness
S9 deposit conductive layer is to form control utmost point layer
The insulating barrier of S10 deposit predetermined thickness
S11 is provided to the conduction contact of burying contact layer
The ultra-thin emission layer of S12 deposit and composition
The insulating barrier of S13 deposit predetermined thickness
S14 deposit and composition control utmost point layer (if having)
S15 provides the opening down to anode upper surface
S16 contacts opening contact hole with anode for emitter, the control utmost point (if having)
The contact of S17 depositing metal
S18 provides the device that adds suitable bias voltage and signal voltage
Table I has been listed step of preparation process shown in Fig. 4 a and the 4b
Device preparing process such as triode, tetrode can comprise the step to control utmost point deposit supplementary insulation film 130 and deposit additional conductive film 140, and the control utmost point has and emitter D shape limit or point 110 self-aligning control utmost point limits 150.In the detailed process explanation, these additional steps are called " optional " step below, only just carry out them when the concrete device architecture of the control utmost point is arranged.It will be understood by those skilled in the art that among Fig. 4 a and the 4b, the detailed process shown in Fig. 5 a and the 5b result can change, suitably omit particular step with the preparation simple Devices.Can understand that equally technical and order processing step can change.
Below with reference to Fig. 4 a, 4b, 5a and 5b describe the selection process of preparation feds in detail.
In order to prepare the triode device that one or two control utmost point is arranged, carry out composition 4a, 4b, the technology shown in 5a and the 5b.Substrate 20 (S1) is provided, and it can be a silicon chip.Deposition insulating layer 30 (S2) on substrate.Can on silicon chip, form insulating barrier 30 by the thick about one micron silicon oxide film of deposit.On insulating barrier, limit the figure of depositing conductive material.In selection process, limit groove figure and erode to surface of insulating layer (S3).At step S4, depositing metal is buried contact layer 50 with formation in groove, complanation then (S5).Although be called the metal deposit here, the electric conducting material of step S4 deposit can be as metals such as aluminium, tungsten, titaniums, also can be as transparent conductors such as tin oxide, tin indium oxides.(to make the application that all devices have common-emitter on substrate, substrate is a conductive substrate, and works to bury the emitter contact.In these are used, step S2, S3, S4 and S5 can omit, if the control utmost point is arranged, the step that then needs similar S2 will be will control the insulation of the utmost point and substrate.) deposition insulating layer 60 (S6).As forming the silica of about 0.1 to 2 micron thickness with chemical vapor deposition.
Conductive layer of deposit predetermined thickness (S7) and composition are to form anode layer 70.If anode 70 does not need the cathodoluminescence as light source, then the conductive anode layer 70 of deposit can be metallic film or wait other conductive films as indium oxide or tin indium oxide (ITO) among the step S7.Use if device is done light emission, as showing, then conductive layer can be conducting fluorescence powder 75 or comprise electric conducting material and on the composite bed of fluorescence membrane 75.Suitable fluorescent material comprises zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulphide (ZnS) and other compounds.Some other fluorescent material are: ZnO: Zn; SnO
2: Eu; ZnGa
2O
4: Mn; La
2O
2S: Tb; Y
2O
2S: Eu; LaOBr: Tb; ZnS: Zn+In
2O
3ZnS: Cu, Al+In
2O
3(ZnCd) S: Ag+In
2O
3And ZnS: Mn+In
2O
3Also other suitable fluorescent materials adopt as TakashiHase etc. at " microelectronics and electronics physics make progress " (AcademicPress, San Diego, CA, the material of introducing in " fluorescent material of cathode ray tube " of 79 volume 271-373 pages or leaves 1990), these materials have also been used used conventional fluorescent material symbol here.If need composition anode layer 70 in using, can carry out composition with substeps such as photoetching in the conventional semiconductor fabrication practice and corrosion.Particularly, the step by similar S3, S4 and S5 forms and composition anode layer 70.
In next step (S8), the insulating barrier 90 of the accurate predetermined thickness of deposit.The predetermined thickness of insulating barrier 90 to the decision emitter to the minimum distance of anode, also determine that thus the electric field under the given bias voltage is extremely important.Step S8 can comprise that forming 0.1 to 2 micron with chemical vapor deposition is scheduled to thick silica.
If at 100 times needs of emission layer control utmost point layer 140 then carry out step S9 and S10.(Fig. 5 a shows such control utmost point layer, but Fig. 5 b omitted, and can select control utmost point layer down with expression.) if desired, deposit and patterning conductive control utmost point layer 140 in step S9.In step 10, the insulating barrier 130 of deposit predetermined thickness on whole conduction control utmost point layer 140 with its insulation, and provides the dull and stereotyped insulating surface that is parallel to substrate for next step.No matter whether carry out step S9 and S10, all will provide dull and stereotyped insulating surface.
Go on to say preparation technology with reference to Fig. 4 b and 5b, two figure represent the respective side pseudosection of all the other steps and device respectively.In step S11, by the suitable contact hole of folding and therein depositing conductive material (forming prominent point) bury contact layer 50 conduction contact 120 be provided to form and the ohmic contact of burying contact layer 50, to give.In step 12, the ultra-thin emission layer 100 of deposit and composition.The preferred material of conduction emitted transverse layer 100 is titanium, tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum or as alloys such as titanium-tungsten alloys.But, also can use other conductors, as aluminium, gold, silver, copper, mix copper aluminium, platinum, palladium, polysilicon etc., or as tin oxide or tin indium oxide transparent membrane conductors such as (ITO).Need to use the material of low work function to produce the electronics emission especially.Thus, the work function of preferred material is less than three electron-volts, and preferred material is that its work function is less than an electron-volt.For in radius of curvature better less than 150 dusts, emission blade edge or point 110 are arranged in the better fine structure less than 50 dusts, the deposit in the control S12 step is to form the thick film of better about 100-300 dust.Be the preferred embodiment of preparation Fig. 2, carry out the composition of lateral-emitter 100, lateral-emitter 100 is extended on segment anode 70 at least.Deposition insulating layer 130 (S13) on emission layer.As forming the silica of about 0.1 to 2 micron thickness with chemical vapor deposition.If two control utmost points and need their relative emission layer 100 symmetries are arranged, then the thickness of this insulating barrier 130 should with being of uniform thickness of the insulating barrier 130 of deposit among the step S10.If introduce the control utmost point 140, then deposit and patterning conductive material (S14) are controlled the utmost point 140 to form.(the control utmost point 140 can be deposited in the groove figure and complanation, and contact layer 50 is the same with burying.) should be noted that step S4, S9 (if finishing), S12, the conductive film of deposit and composition is all aimed at anode film 70 to the small part of deposit and composition among the step S7 among the S14 (if finishing).
In step 15, the opening that passes all layers above the anode 70 is provided, this opening is down to the upper surface of anode layer 70.The composition opening is with crossing to small part emission layer 50 (if having, control utmost point layer 140), with the transmitting side 110 (if having, limiting the limit 150 of control utmost point layer 140) that limits emission layer 100.Carry out this step with conventional directional etching technology, as carrying out with the reactive ion etching that is called " trench etching " in the semiconductor fabrication.Preferred embodiment for preparation Fig. 2 carries out step S15, stays partial insulative layer 90 at least, keeps at least and cover part anode 70.
In step S16, if desired, the contact hole of exploitation emitter-base bandgap grading, the control utmost point and anode.In step S17, need to locate the depositing metal contact.In addition, can after carrying out step S13, S14 but before S15, carry out this technology (S16 and S17).At this moment, the order of processing step is: S13, S14 (if having), S16, S17, S15 then.Should be noted that for some display application (showing as " headband "), needing to form all layers all is the device architecture of substantially transparent material.If desired, then can make the transparent membrane of available and preferred thickness among the present invention.
In step S18, provide the device that adds suitable bias voltage and suitable electrical signal (to the device of the control utmost point is arranged).Comprise as these devices selectively being arranged on the contact pad of device upper surface, and can selectively comprise lead-in wire bonding, carrier band bonding apparatus, upside-down mounting or C4 bonding etc. automatically to be electrically connected.Certainly, in using these devices, must add suitable bias voltage and control signal with conventional power supply and signal source.Comprise enough voltage amplitudes that correct polarity (anode just) is provided, to produce from transmitting side 110 to anode the cold-cathode field emission of 70 electronic current.If desired, can there be the place prominent point of conduction contact and/or the contact pad that passivation layer is provided except that being electrically connected on the device upper surface.Finish Fig. 4 a thus, 4b, the explanation of detailed process shown in 5a and the 5b.
If wish to work when field emission unit is vacuum or low-pressure inert gas in opening 160, need this space or cavity are sealed.Can carry out this encapsulating process with the similar technology of describing in the 30510th " being suitable for the ionogenic gas device of integrated circuit (IC)-components size and technology " of the 305th phase of September in 1989 " Research Disclosure ".Can begin this technology by corroding a little assist openings, this opening is connected to the opening that step S15 provides, but unlike that opening darker (promptly being no more than the degree of depth of anode layer 70).This assist openings can preparation in the cavity part that separates with the emission edge zone.Can be with sacrifice the assist openings that organic material such as parylene fill the main cavity opening and be attached thereto, complanation then temporarily.Deposit inorganic insulation layer, this layer extend comprising on the entire device surface of expendable material, to seal cavity.Only using reactive ion etching perforate in inorganic insulation layer on the assist openings.With the plasma etching that can penetrate this hole,, from cavity, remove and sacrifice organic material as the oxygen plasma etching.Gas around the removal devices is with the cavity of finding time then.The inertia blanketing gas is introduced this gas then under required pressure if desired.The sputtering deposit inorganic insulation layer is directly filled this hole and assist openings then, so that the hole is blocked.Introduce the degasification material if desired, the plug-hole step can comprise two or more substeps: a certain amount of degasification material of deposit, the deposit inorganic insulation layer is to carry out plug-hole then.The inorganic insulation layer of blocking the hole seals up cavity, and keeping in it is the inert gas of vacuum or introducing.If adopt this scheme, select the degasification material to remove unwanted any gas, as oxygen or sulfurous gas.Some suitable degasification material is Ca, Ba, Ti, the alloy of Th etc., or other conventional degasification materials in the existing vacuum tube structure.Fig. 4 a, 4b, the technology of not shown maintenance vacuum of 5a and 5b or gas atmosphere.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that each of can be on same substrate a plurality of feds being carried out above-mentioned manufacturing process simultaneously goes on foot the integrated array for preparing feds,, provide between them each interconnected simultaneously as the array of Fig. 1.The integrated array of feds constructed in accordance has each device of explanation here, and by unit cell arrangement, each unit comprises at least one emitter and at least one anode.Press the row and column arrangement units, for example anode is interconnected by row, and emitter is interconnected by row.
Feds structure of the present invention has a lot of different purposes with preparation technology, particularly aspect the flat-panel monitor of making high-definition image demonstration, literal demonstration or graphical information demonstration etc.Can expect that flat-panel monitor of the present invention can substitute any existing display, comprise LCD, this is because their preparations are simple, cost is low, low in energy consumption, brightness is high and visual angle that improvement is arranged.Display constructed in accordance can also be used in the new purposes such as the display of analogue system.In the embodiment of the substrate of using substantially transparent and film, the display of introducing structure of the present invention is very useful to improving demonstration true to nature.
After having read specification of the present invention disclosed herein or embodiment, for a person skilled in the art, other embodiment of the present invention are conspicuous.For example, to various objectives, the order of processing step can change; Improved photoetching composition, deposit, burn into or other technologies all can be used; The material of functional equivalent can be replaced the material that specifically uses among the embodiment of explanation here; Preferred size can be different; Also can there be other to change to be suitable for the device of different purposes and condition.Should be noted that this specification and example only are exemplary, scope and spirit of the present invention are limited by following claims.
Claims (36)
1. use the field emission display of cold-cathode field emission electron sources, comprising:
A) substrate, its upper surface is defined as first plane;
B) place with described first plane parallel and separate field emission electron emitter on second plane of first preset distance, described emitter has transmitting side;
C) has the buried conductive contact layer of upper and lower major surfaces, one of described upper and lower major surfaces and described first plane contact;
D) contact with the conduction emitter that the described transmitting side of described emitter separates, it with emitter be electrically connected to the described buried conductive contact layer of small part, so that negative electrode contact to be provided;
D) place between described first and second planes, first insulating barrier of top major surface arranged;
E) place anode on the described top major surface of described first insulating barrier, it contact with described conduction emission and separates, and extends up to it highly less than till the distance between described first and second planes from the top major surface of described first insulating barrier;
F) be electrically connected to the conductive anode contact of described anode, give described device biasing thus;
G) device of adding described bias voltage for described emitter and described anode, the bias voltage that add are enough to produce the cold-cathode emitting electron electric current from the described transmitting side of described electron emitter to described anode.
2. device as claimed in claim 1 also comprises:
H) the conduction control utmost point places the 3rd plane that separates with described first and second planes, and the described control utmost point has the control utmost point limit of aiming at substantially with the described transmitting side of described emitter;
I) second insulating barrier, it places between the described second and the 3rd plane, with the described control utmost point and the described electron emitter of insulating;
J) contact with described conduction emitter, described conductive anode contact, and the conduction control utmost point contact that separates of described control utmost point limit, it is electrically connected to the described control utmost point; And
K) device of control signal is provided for the contact of the described conduction control utmost point, described thus device can be used as triode control.
3. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by, and described anode to small part extends to below the described transmitting side.
4. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by, and described anode comprises fluorescent material.
5. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by, and described electron emitter comprises the membrane structure of thickness less than 300 dusts.
6. device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by, and the described transmitting side of described electron emitter comprises the sword of radius of curvature less than 150 dusts.
7. device as claimed in claim 4 is characterized by, and described fluorescent material comprises and is selected from following material: ZnO: Zn; SnO
2: Eu; ZnGa
2O
4: Mn; La
2O
2S: Tb; Y
2O
2S: Eu; LaOBr: Tb; ZnS: Zn+In
2O
3ZnS: Cu, Al+In
2O
3(ZnCd) S: Ag+In
2O
3And ZnS: Mn+In
2O
3
8. device as claimed in claim 4 is characterized by, and described fluorescent material comprises a plurality of fluorescent materials that different colours cathodoluminescence is arranged.
9. device as claimed in claim 4 is characterized by, and described fluorescent material comprises fluorescent material red, green, the cathodoluminescence partly of blue streak spectrum respectively.
10. device as claimed in claim 5 is characterized by, and described membrane structure comprises the film that be used for electronics emission of its work function of one deck less than about three electron-volts at least.
11. device as claimed in claim 5 is characterized by, described membrane structure comprises the layer of metal film at least.
12. the device as one of claim 1-11 is characterized by, described substrate, and described emitter, described anode, the described control utmost point, and described first and second insulating barriers are all to the light substantially transparent.
13. a method of making feds comprises following step:
(a) provide substrate;
(b) first insulating barrier is set on described substrate;
(c) on described first insulating barrier first conductive layer is set, anode layer is provided thus, described anode layer has first predetermined thickness and top major surface;
(d) second insulating barrier is set on described anode layer, described second insulating barrier has second predetermined thickness;
(e) on described second insulating barrier, be provided with and the composition second thick conductive layer of hundreds of dust only,, provide the lateral-emitter layer thus so that it is basically parallel to described substrate;
(f) provide opening by described emitted transverse layer and described second insulating barrier, form the transmitting side of described lateral-emitter layer thus, described opening extends to the described top major surface of described anode layer;
(g) offer described lateral-emitter layer and the biased device of described anode layer, the described bias voltage that add is enough to produce the electronics cold cathode emission current from the described transmitting side of described lateral-emitter layer to described anode layer.
14. the preparation method as claim 13 is characterized by, the described step (a) that substrate is provided also comprises provides conductive substrate.
15. the preparation method as claim 13 is characterized by, the described step (c) that first conductive layer is set also comprises phosphor powder layer is set, and forms anode thus, and this anode has the described top major surface that comprises fluorescent material at least.
16. the preparation method as claim 13 is characterized by, the step (e) of described setting and composition second conductive layer also is included in to the described anode layer of small part extends described second conductive layer.
17. the preparation method as claim 13 is characterized by, and carries out the described step (f) that opening is provided, and stays described second insulating barrier of part at least simultaneously, makes the described reserve part described anode layer in cover part at least.
18. preparation method as claim 14, it is characterized by, the described step (g) that the biasing device is provided also comprises provides electrically contacting and give the biased device of described conductive substrate between described conductive substrate and the described emitted transverse layer, and preparation has the device of common issue electrode structure thus.
19. preparation method as claim 14, it is characterized by, the described step (g) that the biasing device is provided also comprises provides electrically contacting and give the biased device of described conductive substrate between described conductive substrate and the described anode layer, and preparation has the device of public anode structure thus.
20. the preparation method as claim 13 is characterized by, the described substrate step (a) that provides also comprises following step:
(i) provide conductive substrate;
The 3rd insulating barrier (ii) is set on described conductive substrate; And
(iii) on described the 3rd insulating barrier, be provided with and composition the 3rd conductive layer, bury contact layer to provide.
21. the preparation method as claim 13 is characterized by, the described substrate step (a) that provides also comprises following step:
(i) provide insulating substrate;
The 3rd conductive layer (ii) is set on described insulating substrate, buries contact layer to provide.
22. the preparation method as claim 21 is characterized by, the described step (g) that the biasing device is provided also comprises and offers the biased device of described the 3rd conductive layer.
23. the preparation method as claim 21 is characterized by, described the 3rd conductive layer is provided with step and also comprises described the 3rd conductive layer of composition.
24., also comprise following step as the preparation method of claim 21:
(A) the described insulating substrate of the described insulating substrate of composition, and selective etching, forming the opening of described the 3rd conductive layer,
(B) described the 3rd conductive layer is set in the described opening of described insulating substrate.
25., also comprise following step as the preparation method of claim 13:
(h) the 3rd conductive layer that separates with described first and second conductive layers is set, to form control utmost point layer;
(i) also provide the opening that passes described the 3rd conductive layer to carry out described opening step (f) is provided, form the described control utmost point limit of described control utmost point layer thus;
(j) offer the device that described the 3rd conductive layer adds the signal of telecommunication, the described signal of telecommunication that add is enough to control described electronic current.
26., also comprise following step as the preparation method of claim 25:
(k) on described second conductive layer, the 3rd insulating barrier is set, wherein:
Carry out the step that is provided with of described the 3rd conductive layer afterwards in the described second conductive layer setting and pattern step (e), wherein, the described step (f) that opening is provided comprises provides the described opening that passes described the 3rd insulating barrier.
27. a method of making feds comprises following step:
(a) provide insulating substrate;
(b) on described insulating substrate, be provided with and select composition first conductive layer;
(c) on described first conductive layer, form first insulating barrier;
(d) on described first insulating barrier second conductive layer is set, anode layer is provided thus, described anode layer has first predetermined thickness and top major surface;
(e) second insulating barrier is set on described anode layer, described second insulating barrier has second predetermined thickness;
(f) on described second insulating barrier, be provided with and composition the 3rd thick conductive layer of hundreds of dust only, make described the 3rd conductive layer be basically parallel to described substrate, the lateral-emitter layer is provided thus;
(g) provide the opening that passes described lateral-emitter layer and described second insulating barrier, form the transmitting side of described lateral-emitter layer thus, described opening extends to the described top major surface of described anode layer; And
(h) offer described lateral-emitter layer and the biased device of described anode layer, the described bias voltage that add is enough to produce the electronics cold cathode emission current from the described transmitting side of described lateral-emitter layer to described anode layer.
28. preparation method as claim 27, it is characterized by, described, being provided with also, the step (d) of composition second conductive layer also comprises setting and patterned phosphor layer, form the anode layer of the described top major surface that has described anode layer at least thus, this anode layer comprises fluorescent material.
29. the preparation method as claim 27 is characterized by, the step (f) of described setting and composition the 3rd conductive layer also is included in to the described anode layer of small part extends described the 3rd conductive layer.
30. the preparation method as claim 27 is characterized by, the described step (g) of opening that provides also comprises: stay described second insulating barrier of part at least, be used for the described anode layer in cover part at least.
31., also comprise following step as the preparation method of claim 27:
(i) the 3rd insulating barrier that is parallel to described second conductive layer is set;
(j) the 4th conductive layer is set, described the 4th conductive layer and described lateral-emitter layer is separated by described the 3rd insulating barrier;
(k) when carrying out the described step (g) that opening is provided, provide the opening that passes described the 3rd insulating barrier, described the 4th conductive layer, form the limit of described the 4th conductive layer thus;
(l) device that adds the signal of telecommunication is provided for described the 4th conductive layer, the described signal of telecommunication that add is enough to control described electronic current.
32. a method of making feds comprises following step:
(a) provide flat plate substrate;
(b) first insulating barrier is set on described substrate;
(c) described first insulating barrier of composition, and corrode described first insulating barrier to form groove;
(d) first conductive layer is set in described groove, buries contact layer with formation;
(e) described burying second insulating barrier is set on the contact layer;
(f) on described second insulating barrier second conductive layer is set, to form anode layer, described anode layer has first predetermined thickness and top major surface;
(g) the 3rd insulating barrier is set on the described anode layer to small part, described the 3rd insulating barrier has second predetermined thickness;
(h) also the 3rd conductive layer of composition the 3rd predetermined thickness that only the hundreds of dust is thick is set on described the 3rd insulating barrier, described the 3rd conductive layer is basically parallel to described substrate, forms thin emitter layer thus;
(i) be provided with the 4th insulating barrier of the 4th predetermined thickness to the described thin emitter layer of small part;
(j) be provided with and described the 4th conductive layer of composition on described the 4th insulating barrier, it is basically parallel to described substrate, and partly aims at described anode layer at least, forms control utmost point layer thus;
(k) provide the opening that passes described control utmost point layer, described the 4th insulating barrier, described thin emitter layer, reaches described the 3rd insulating barrier, when the opening of the described top major surface that extends to described anode layer is provided, form the transmitting side of described thin emission layer and the control utmost point limit of described control utmost point layer thus.
(l) offer described thin emitter layer and the biased device of described anode layer, the described bias voltage that add is enough to produce the electronics cold cathode emission current from described emitter limit to described anode layer.
(m) offer the device of described control utmost point layer plus signal voltage, the described signal of telecommunication that add is enough to control described electron stream.
33. the preparation method as claim 32 is characterized by, the described step (f) that second conductive layer is set also comprises phosphor powder layer is set, and forms the anode of the described top major surface that has described anode layer at least thus, and this anode layer comprises fluorescent material.
34. the preparation method as claim 32 is characterized by, the step (h) of described setting and composition the 3rd conductive layer also is included in to the described anode layer of small part extends described the 3rd conductive layer.
35. the preparation method as claim 32 is characterized by, the described step (k) of opening that provides also comprises: stay described the 3rd insulating barrier of part at least, be used for the described anode layer in cover part at least.
36. the preparation method as claim 13 is characterized by, the described step (e) that second conductive layer is set also comprises: control the deposit of described second conductive layer, to form about 100 dusts to the thickness between 300 dusts.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/458,137 | 1995-06-02 | ||
| US08/459,033 | 1995-06-02 | ||
| US08459033 US5618216C1 (en) | 1995-06-02 | 1995-06-02 | Fabrication process for lateral-emitter field-emission device with simplified anode |
| US08/458,137 US5811929A (en) | 1995-06-02 | 1995-06-02 | Lateral-emitter field-emission device with simplified anode |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1186568A true CN1186568A (en) | 1998-07-01 |
Family
ID=27038874
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN96194391A Pending CN1186568A (en) | 1995-06-02 | 1996-05-31 | Lateral-emitter field-emission device with simplified anode and fabrication thereof |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0829093A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH11510639A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR19990022217A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1186568A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU5962896A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2221378A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1996038854A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103021759A (en) * | 2013-01-06 | 2013-04-03 | 电子科技大学 | Constant current emission field emission electron source |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR102245536B1 (en) * | 2013-07-16 | 2021-04-28 | 아크조노벨코팅스인터내셔널비.브이. | Intumescent composition |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8621600D0 (en) * | 1986-09-08 | 1987-03-18 | Gen Electric Co Plc | Vacuum devices |
| US4904895A (en) * | 1987-05-06 | 1990-02-27 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electron emission device |
| US5192240A (en) * | 1990-02-22 | 1993-03-09 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Method of manufacturing a microelectronic vacuum device |
| US5214347A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1993-05-25 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Layered thin-edged field-emitter device |
| US5266155A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1993-11-30 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Method for making a symmetrical layered thin film edge field-emitter-array |
| US5173634A (en) * | 1990-11-30 | 1992-12-22 | Motorola, Inc. | Current regulated field-emission device |
| US5493177A (en) * | 1990-12-03 | 1996-02-20 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Sealed micromachined vacuum and gas filled devices |
| JP3235172B2 (en) * | 1991-05-13 | 2001-12-04 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Field electron emission device |
| US5144191A (en) * | 1991-06-12 | 1992-09-01 | Mcnc | Horizontal microelectronic field emission devices |
| US5233263A (en) * | 1991-06-27 | 1993-08-03 | International Business Machines Corporation | Lateral field emission devices |
| KR950003648B1 (en) * | 1992-11-13 | 1995-04-17 | 삼성전관 주식회사 | Fild emission device and manufacturing method thereof |
| JPH08510588A (en) * | 1993-01-19 | 1996-11-05 | ダニロビッチ カルポフ，レオニド | Field emission device |
| CA2219254A1 (en) * | 1995-05-08 | 1996-11-14 | Advanced Vision Technologies, Inc. | Field emission display cell structure and fabrication process |
-
1996
- 1996-05-31 CN CN96194391A patent/CN1186568A/en active Pending
- 1996-05-31 JP JP8536743A patent/JPH11510639A/en active Pending
- 1996-05-31 WO PCT/US1996/008254 patent/WO1996038854A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-05-31 EP EP96916907A patent/EP0829093A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-05-31 CA CA002221378A patent/CA2221378A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-05-31 KR KR1019970708696A patent/KR19990022217A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-05-31 AU AU59628/96A patent/AU5962896A/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103021759A (en) * | 2013-01-06 | 2013-04-03 | 电子科技大学 | Constant current emission field emission electron source |
| CN103021759B (en) * | 2013-01-06 | 2016-05-04 | 电子科技大学 | A kind of field emission electron source of constant current transmitting |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0829093A1 (en) | 1998-03-18 |
| AU5962896A (en) | 1996-12-18 |
| JPH11510639A (en) | 1999-09-14 |
| KR19990022217A (en) | 1999-03-25 |
| WO1996038854A1 (en) | 1996-12-05 |
| CA2221378A1 (en) | 1996-12-05 |
| EP0829093A4 (en) | 1998-06-17 |
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