CN118559371A - Processing method of plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool - Google Patents
Processing method of plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool Download PDFInfo
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- CN118559371A CN118559371A CN202411063160.0A CN202411063160A CN118559371A CN 118559371 A CN118559371 A CN 118559371A CN 202411063160 A CN202411063160 A CN 202411063160A CN 118559371 A CN118559371 A CN 118559371A
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- molten pool
- copper molten
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- copper
- processing
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- 238000007514 turning Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 41
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
Abstract
The application relates to the technical field of plunger pump cylinder body processing, and particularly discloses a processing method of a plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool. The method comprises the following steps: step 1: and (2) forming and processing a blank, namely, step (2): processing a connecting cylinder and a copper molten pool, and step 3: machining a center hole, and step 4: stamping die, step 5: welding a die; and 2, welding the annular side wall at one end of the connecting column to the other end by reserving the annular side wall at one end of the connecting column, and then welding the convex surface of the spherical mold in the step 4 and the annular side wall of the machined copper molten pool into a whole, so as to form a closed copper molten pool. Solves the technical problems that in the prior art, a large number of steel matrixes need to be turned for processing a copper molten pool, steel scraps are generated, and material waste is caused.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of plunger pump cylinder body processing, in particular to a processing method of a plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool.
Background
The plunger pump is a core element of hydraulic equipment, the cylinder body is used as a key friction pair part of the plunger pump and is a core of the plunger pump, and the performance and the quality of the cylinder body directly influence the transmission efficiency and the service life of the plunger pump. At present, the most widely used material of the plunger pump cylinder body is a copper-steel bimetal composite material, a copper alloy (especially lead bronze) is used as a working layer of a friction pair, a steel alloy is used as a matrix of the plunger pump, and the working layer prepared by using the copper alloy has the characteristics of good antifriction, wear resistance, fatigue resistance and the like, and meanwhile, has the properties of good seizure resistance, embedding property, compliance and the like due to a soft-hard phase structure. The steel material is used as a matrix material of the plunger pump cylinder body to play a role in bearing and impact resistance, and the copper-steel bimetal composite material formed by compounding the two materials has the excellent performances of the two materials. In production, in order to bond the copper alloy with the steel material matrix, two processes of casting and fusion casting are generally used. The casting process is to process columnar steel substrate, turn concave annular copper molten pool on one end surface of the steel substrate, pour molten lead bronze alloy liquid into heated copper molten pool of the steel substrate, solidify the molten lead bronze alloy liquid to obtain a blank of the bimetal cylinder, turn the copper molten pool by the turning process, and process the copper alloy layer into a spherical friction pair working layer. The casting process also needs to process a copper molten pool, but the copper alloy is directly put into the copper molten pool, the whole workpiece is put into a multi-temperature-zone sintering furnace for heating, and as the melting point of the copper alloy is lower than that of the steel matrix, when the melting point of the copper alloy is reached, the copper alloy is melted, tiled in the copper molten pool of the steel matrix, taken out and cooled to obtain a bimetallic cylinder blank, the copper molten pool is turned by a turning process, and a copper alloy working layer is processed into a spherical friction pair working layer.
When the copper alloy and the steel matrix are combined, the copper alloy is melted into a liquid state, and the combination of the copper alloy and the steel matrix is completed in a copper molten pool, so that the copper molten pool is required to be processed; meanwhile, in the plunger pump, the cylinder body is correspondingly characterized in structure due to the characteristics of the plunger pump, a connecting cylinder is required to be processed on the other end face of the copper molten pool of the steel base material, the structure is shown in fig. 1, one end of the cylinder body 6 is provided with the connecting cylinder body 2, and the other end face is provided with a spherical friction pair working layer.
In the prior art, a steel is firstly processed into a steel matrix blank 1, then a connecting cylinder 2 is turned at one end of the steel matrix blank 1, and a copper molten pool 3 is turned at the other end, so that a large amount of steel matrix materials are required to be turned off in the processing mode of the two-end turning structure, the use of the steel matrix materials is increased, and a large amount of steel scraps are generated, so that the overall production cost of the cylinder body is increased, and a processing method for avoiding a large amount of turning is required to be sought at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a processing method of a plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool, which is used for solving the technical problems that in the prior art, a copper molten pool and a connecting cylinder are required to be turned on a steel matrix blank, the cutting amount is large, the waste of materials is large, and the production cost is high.
In order to solve the problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the processing method of the plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool comprises the following steps:
step 1: and (3) forming and processing a blank: cutting the steel bar into steel matrix blanks, wherein the length of the steel bar only comprises the sum of the length of the cylinder body and the length of the turning connecting cylinder body and the machining allowance;
step 2: processing a connecting column and a copper molten pool: and (2) processing a connecting column body at one end face of the steel matrix blank in the step (1), and welding an annular side wall at the other end face to form a copper molten pool.
The beneficial effects of this embodiment lie in:
1. In the prior art, after the steel matrix blank is formed, the two ends need to be turned to form a connecting cylinder and a copper molten pool, so that a section of steel material needs to be reserved at the two ends when the steel matrix blank is formed and is turned to form the connecting cylinder and the copper molten pool, but the connecting cylinder and the copper molten pool only retain less material in the center or the periphery of the steel matrix, so that the cutting amount is large and the material waste is large; the cutting time is also long, so that a large amount of steel scraps are generated in the process of turning the connecting cylinder and the copper molten pool. The application directly welds the annular side wall to form the copper molten pool, when the steel matrix blank is formed, only one section of steel material is reserved at one end for later turning, the whole length of the steel matrix blank is smaller than that of the steel matrix blank in the prior art, and when in turning, only one end is turned, so that the cutting quantity is reduced, the material utilization rate is improved, and the cutting time is shortened, so that fewer steel scraps are generated in the process, and steel is saved.
2. In the prior art, the steel matrix blank needs to be turned at two ends, so that the turning is needed twice, the workpiece is clamped on a turning machine tool to process a connecting cylinder, the part is required to be disassembled, and a copper molten pool is turned after the reverse clamping, so that the machining time is longer. In the application, the annular side wall of the copper molten pool and the connecting cylinder are designed on the same end face for turning, and the machining can be finished only by one-time clamping, so that the turning efficiency is higher.
3. The annular side wall of the copper molten pool and the connecting cylinder are designed on the same end face for turning, and steel materials which are not needed by the connecting cylinder and the copper molten pool can be turned at one time.
Further, when the connecting column is processed in the step 2, a ring body with the same thickness as the annular side wall of the copper molten pool is reserved on the periphery of the blank, and the ring body is cut down to be used as the annular side wall of the copper molten pool. The application skillfully utilizes that the reserved parts of the connecting cylinder and the copper molten pool after turning are different, the connecting cylinder and the annular side wall of the copper molten pool are processed at the same end in the processing process, and the annular side wall is moved to the other end of the steel matrix by cutting and welding to form the copper molten pool; therefore, the outer ring material at one end of the connecting cylinder is used as the annular side wall for welding the copper molten pool, and raw materials are further saved.
Further, the step 3 further includes: step 3: machining a center hole: machining a central hole along the central axis of the steel substrate, wherein the central hole penetrates through a copper molten pool from one end of the connecting cylinder to the other end of the connecting cylinder, and the step 4: stamping die: selecting a steel plate stamping spherical mold, wherein the spherical surface of the spherical mold is consistent with the spherical surface structure of the working surface of the bimetal friction pair; step 5: welding mould: and (3) welding the processed spherical surface die with the convex surface inwards to form a whole with the annular side wall of the processed copper molten pool, so as to form a closed copper molten pool. In the prior art, when copper alloy and a steel substrate are compounded, an opening of a copper melting pool is upward, a copper alloy working layer blank with a flat upper end surface is formed in the copper melting pool, after the double-metal compounding is completed, a central hole is drilled, a working layer is processed into a spherical surface and other working procedures are needed, turning, drilling and polishing are needed, so that copper alloy scraps are formed on the copper alloy working surface in the processing process, the turned copper alloy can only be abandoned and sold, the copper alloy is wasted, the production cost is high, the central hole is firstly processed, the central hole is used as an inlet of the copper alloy in casting or casting, a spherical mold consistent with a spherical friction pair structure is designed to be welded with the copper melting pool to form a closed space, and after the steel substrate is inverted, copper alloy raw materials are added through the central hole, and the copper alloy working layer blank formed into the spherical surface by casting or casting.
Secondly, in the traditional processing procedure, when a casting process is adopted, the friction pair on the surface of the cylinder body and the spherical friction pair are required to be simultaneously cast, and in the traditional process, the opening of a copper melting tank of the spherical friction pair and the opening of the cylinder body are opposite in orientation, so that a steel plate is also required to be welded to seal the opening of the cylinder body during casting; in the scheme, the steel matrix is inverted during casting, so that the opening of the cylinder body is not required to be sealed again, namely, the copper melting pool is sealed, and the working procedure is not prolonged.
Further, the center position of the spherical mold in the step 4 further includes a cylindrical mold. In the prior art, after the copper alloy and the steel matrix blank are compounded, a central hole is machined, so that the central hole is required to be drilled in the copper alloy layer, but the cylindrical die is arranged in the center of the spherical die, and the cylindrical die is used for directly forming the central hole in the casting process, so that the waste of copper alloy raw materials can be further reduced.
Further, the welded annular side wall in the step 2 is a closed annular side wall with a spherical mold and a cylindrical mold, which is integrally stamped. The annular side wall with the cover plate of the spherical surface is directly stamped, the annular side wall is welded on the steel substrate to form a closed copper molten pool, and compared with the process of welding the annular side wall firstly and then welding the spherical surface die, the integral annular side wall with the cover plate can avoid two times of welding, and the sealing performance is better.
Further, the length of the cylindrical mold is greater than the depth of the copper bath. Therefore, after the spherical surface die and the annular side wall are welded, the cylindrical die can extend into the central hole, so that the central hole of the copper alloy layer casting after the copper alloy and the steel matrix blank are compounded is communicated with the central hole of the steel matrix blank.
Further, the steel material of the stamping die in the step 4 is a metal material consistent with the steel matrix blank. The same steel material is convenient for the later welding process.
Drawings
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art plunger pump,
Figure 2 is a diagram of a prior art turning process for a copper bath of a steel substrate,
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a turning process of a copper pool of a steel substrate according to an embodiment of the invention,
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a steel matrix and spherical mold according to example 1 of the present invention,
FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing the structure of a steel matrix and spherical mold according to example 2 of the present invention,
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a steel matrix and spherical mold according to embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following is a further detailed description of the embodiments:
Reference numerals in the drawings of the specification include: steel matrix blank 1, connecting cylinder 2, annular side wall 21, copper molten pool 3, central hole 4, spherical mould 5, cylindrical mould 51, cylinder 6.
Examples are shown in fig. 1-6:
example 1:
the processing method of the plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool comprises the following steps:
step 1: and (3) forming and processing a blank: directly cutting the steel bar into blanks with the size of a steel matrix, wherein the length of the blanks only comprises the sum of the length of a cylinder body main body, the length of a turning connecting cylinder and the machining allowance;
The steel matrix blank 1 is cylindrical steel which is cut from a steel rod, and as the copper molten pool 3 and the connecting cylinder 2 are respectively required to be processed at two ends, a section of steel is reserved at two ends of the steel matrix blank 1 as shown in fig. 1 and 2 in the prior art, and the steel is turned into the copper molten pool 3 and the connecting cylinder 2 by a lathe in the later period conveniently, so that when the steel matrix blank 1 is cut, the length of the steel matrix blank comprises the length of a main body of a cylinder body and the steel of which the copper molten pool 3 and the connecting cylinder 2 are respectively reserved at two ends. In the application, since one end of the connecting column body 2 is reserved at the later stage, and the ring body is used as the annular side wall 21 to be welded at the other end to form the copper molten pool 3, when the steel matrix blank 1 is processed into a cylinder shape, the length of the steel matrix blank 1 only needs to be reserved with a section of steel for later turning the connecting column body 2, and the whole length of the steel matrix blank is smaller than that of the prior art, and more steel matrix blanks 1 can be cut out by the same steel rod.
Step 2: processing of the connecting cylinder 2 and the copper molten pool 3: machining the same end face of the steel matrix blank 1, and in the machining process, retaining the cylindrical steel material of the connecting column 2 at the center of the end face of the blank and retaining the steel material of the ring body at the periphery of the end face;
As shown in fig. 2, the present application finds that the positions of the reserved steel materials of the connecting cylinder 2 and the copper molten pool 3 do not coincide in the turning process, and the length of the connecting cylinder 2 is larger than the depth of the copper molten pool 3, so that the present application skillfully processes the annular side wall 21 of the connecting cylinder 2 and the copper molten pool 3 which need to be turned on one end of the steel matrix blank 1, and when the steel matrix blank 1 is cut from a steel rod, the length of the steel matrix blank 1 only comprises the length of a cylinder body and a reserved section of turned steel materials. During processing, a technician sets the parameters of a part to be turned on a numerical control machine tool, clamps the steel matrix blank 1 on the machine tool, and after the clamping is finished, uses a cutter on the machine tool to turn the positions of the ring body and the connecting cylinder 2[ Chen Xing 1] which are not required to be reserved. So that the central cylindrical steel material of the connecting column 2 is formed at one end of the steel matrix blank 1 and the annular side wall 21 remains on the circumferential edge of the steel matrix blank 1. Processing of copper molten pool 3: cutting the reserved annular side wall 21 from the end surface of the steel matrix blank 1, and welding the annular side wall on the other end surface of the steel matrix blank 1 far away from the connecting cylinder 2 to form a copper molten pool 3;
After turning, the annular side wall 21 is cut directly by using a lathe, after cutting, the steel matrix blank 1 is turned over, the other end face of the steel matrix blank 1 is aligned with the cut annular side wall 21 for welding, no gap for liquid leakage is ensured after welding, the melting point of the welded covering metal is higher than that of the copper alloy, and the welding seam is ensured not to be damaged when the copper alloy is melted into a liquid state.
Step 3: machining a center hole: a central hole is machined along the central axis of the steel substrate, which penetrates the copper bath from one end of the connecting cylinder 2 to the other.
The structure of the plunger pump cylinder body is shown in figure 1, the center of the plunger pump cylinder body is provided with a center hole penetrating through the cylinder body, the center hole is firstly processed during production, then copper alloy compounding is continued, when the center hole is processed, the end face of the connecting cylinder body 2 and the bottom of a copper molten pool are required to penetrate through, and the diameter of the center hole is smaller than that of the connecting cylinder body 2.
Step 4: stamping die: and a steel plate is selected to be punched into a spherical mold 5 with the spherical radian structure consistent with that of the working surface of the bimetal friction pair. As shown in fig. 4, the spherical mold 5 needs to be made of a metal material with a melting point higher than that of copper alloy during punching, so that the spherical mold 5 cannot be melted during copper alloy casting. In order to facilitate the post-welding process, the spherical mold 5 may be made of the same metal material as the steel matrix blank 1.
Step 5: welding mould: the spherical mold 5 is combined with the annular side wall 21 of the finished copper bath 3. Welding is integrated to form a closed copper molten pool.
After the spherical mold 5 is punched, the spherical mold 5 and the annular side wall 21 can be welded to form a closed copper molten pool 3.
In casting, the steel matrix blank 1 is inverted, and since the central hole penetrates the steel matrix and there is an opening in the end face of the connecting cylinder 2, the copper alloy can be added to the copper bath 3 through the central hole after inversion. Because the copper molten pool 3 is sealed by the spherical mold 5, the raw materials can be stored in the copper molten pool 3, after the addition is completed, the whole is heated, so that the copper alloy raw materials in the copper molten pool 3 are melted, the copper alloy and the steel matrix blank 1 are further compounded into a whole, the compounded copper alloy layer is spherical, and the turning amount of a working surface of a bimetal friction pair machined by the post-processing machine is reduced.
Example 2
Embodiment 2 is different from embodiment 1 in that a cylindrical mold 51 having a diameter smaller than that of the center hole is punched in the middle of the spherical mold 5 of embodiment 2, and the structure is as shown in fig. 5, the cylindrical mold 51 and the spherical mold 5 in embodiment 2 are integrated into a plate, and the outer diameter of the cylindrical mold 51 is smaller than the inner diameter of the center hole by the punched shell structure, so that the cylindrical mold 51 can be inserted into the center hole when the spherical mold 5 is welded on the annular sidewall 21 of the copper melting tank 3, but the inner sidewall of the center hole and the cylindrical mold 51 leave a gap, and the copper alloy raw material can be added into the copper melting tank 3 through the gap, and of course, the length of the cylindrical mold 51 is identical to the depth of the copper melting tank 3, but in order to ensure that the center hole of the copper alloy layer after copper alloy casting is connected to and penetrates through the center hole of the steel base blank 1, the cylindrical mold 51 is preferably designed to have a length larger than the depth of the copper melting tank 3.
The diameter of the cylindrical die 51 is smaller than that of the central hole, so when copper alloy is added, the copper alloy can enter the copper molten pool 3 through the gap between the cylindrical die 51 and the central hole, after high-temperature casting, the central hole of the copper alloy layer is directly cast, and the central hole of the steel matrix are implemented.
Example 3
Embodiment 3 is different from embodiment 1 in that in embodiment 3, when the connecting column 2 is processed, the connecting column 2 is directly processed without retaining the peripheral side wall of the blank, because the annular side wall 21 of embodiment 3 is structured with a spherical cover plate, the structure of the spherical cover plate is identical to that of the spherical mold and the cylindrical mold, the structure is shown in fig. 6, therefore, the annular side wall 21 with the spherical cover plate can be directly welded on the end face of the steel substrate blank 1 to form a closed copper molten pool 3, and the annular side wall 21 with the spherical cover plate is also directly punched.
In the embodiment 1, the steel bar is cut into blanks with the size of the steel matrix, and only the steel material of the connecting column 2 is reserved, so that the annular side wall 21 of the connecting column 2 and the copper molten pool needs to be processed at the same end at the same time during processing, the annular side wall 21 is cut off and transferred to the other end to be welded to form the copper molten pool, the annular side wall 21 of the copper molten pool does not need to be reserved in the embodiment, the connecting column 2 is directly turned, the annular side wall 21 shown in fig. 6 is welded at the other end, and the annular side wall 21 with the spherical cover plate is integrally stamped and has the function of a die, so that the two-time welding is not needed, and the sealing performance and the integrity are better.
The foregoing is merely exemplary embodiments of the present application, and specific structures and features that are well known in the art are not described in detail herein. It should be noted that modifications and improvements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the structure of the present application, and these should also be considered as the scope of the present application, which does not affect the effect of the implementation of the present application and the utility of the patent. The protection scope of the present application is subject to the content of the claims, and the description of the specific embodiments and the like in the specification can be used for explaining the content of the claims.
Claims (4)
1. The processing method of the plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
Step 1: and (3) forming and processing a blank: cutting the steel bar into blanks of a steel matrix, wherein the length of the blanks is the sum of the length of a cylinder body, the length of a turning connecting cylinder body and the machining allowance;
step 2: processing a connecting cylinder and a copper molten pool: processing a connecting column body on one end face of the steel matrix blank in the step 1, and welding an annular side wall on the other end face to form a copper molten pool;
Step 3: machining a center hole: machining a central hole along the central axis of the steel substrate, wherein the central hole penetrates through a copper molten pool from one end of the connecting cylinder to the other end;
Step 4: stamping die: selecting a steel plate stamping spherical mold, wherein the spherical surface of the spherical mold is consistent with the spherical surface structure of the working surface of the bimetal friction pair;
Step 5: welding mould: welding the convex surface of the spherical mold inwards with the annular side wall of the machined copper molten pool into a whole to form a closed copper molten pool;
And 2, when the connecting column body is processed in the step, retaining a ring body with the same thickness as the annular side wall of the copper molten pool at the periphery of the blank, and cutting off the ring body to serve as the annular side wall of the copper molten pool.
2. The method for processing the plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool, which is characterized in that: the center position of the spherical mold in the step 4 also comprises a cylindrical mold protruding towards the center hole.
3. The method for processing the plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool, which is characterized in that: the length of the cylindrical die is larger than the depth of the copper molten pool, and the cylindrical die can extend into the central hole after being welded with the steel substrate, and a gap is reserved between the cylindrical die and the central hole.
4. The method for processing the plunger pump bimetal friction pair cast copper molten pool according to claim 3, which is characterized in that: and (4) selecting a metal material consistent with the steel matrix blank as the steel material of the stamping die in the step (4).
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| Title |
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| 赵贺;吴志生;阴旭;: "柱塞泵缸体焊接工艺研究现状", 山西冶金, no. 01, 28 February 2018 (2018-02-28) * |
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