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CN118175606A - 5G (5G) extension type pico-base station topology updating method and system based on TR069 protocol - Google Patents

5G (5G) extension type pico-base station topology updating method and system based on TR069 protocol Download PDF

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Publication number
CN118175606A
CN118175606A CN202410586273.2A CN202410586273A CN118175606A CN 118175606 A CN118175606 A CN 118175606A CN 202410586273 A CN202410586273 A CN 202410586273A CN 118175606 A CN118175606 A CN 118175606A
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China
Prior art keywords
unit
base station
topology
slot
host unit
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CN202410586273.2A
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Inventor
任恩贤
周国勇
陈发亮
邓梦璨
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Shenzhen Jiaxian Communication Technology Co ltd
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Shenzhen Jiaxian Communication Technology Co ltd
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Priority to CN202410586273.2A priority Critical patent/CN118175606A/en
Publication of CN118175606A publication Critical patent/CN118175606A/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W40/00Communication routing or communication path finding
    • H04W40/24Connectivity information management, e.g. connectivity discovery or connectivity update
    • H04W40/248Connectivity information update
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/03Protocol definition or specification 
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W24/00Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
    • H04W24/04Arrangements for maintaining operational condition
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W56/00Synchronisation arrangements
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02DCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

The embodiment of the invention discloses a topology updating method and a system of a 5G expansion type leather base station based on a TR069 protocol, wherein the method comprises the following steps: step 1: establishing a topology data model of a base station, wherein parameters of the topology data model comprise connection relation information among a host unit, an expansion unit and a remote unit; step 2: the network manager issues a request message of the synchronous base station topology; step 3: after receiving the request message, the base station gathers topology data of a host unit, an extension unit and a remote unit of the base station, sends a response message to the network manager, and carries the gathered topology data; when the topology of the base station changes, the base station informs the network manager of the change information; step 4: after receiving the response message or the change message, the network manager updates the topology map and replies the response message to the base station. The invention perfects the topology data model, avoids using the full parameter synchronization parameter to update the base station topology, and improves the efficiency.

Description

5G (5G) extension type pico-base station topology updating method and system based on TR069 protocol
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of base station topology, in particular to a 5G extension type leather base station topology updating method and system based on a TR069 protocol.
Background
In recent years, 5G networks have evolved rapidly. The 5G base station is core equipment in the 5G network and mainly provides wireless coverage to realize wireless signal transmission between the wired communication network and the wireless terminal. The 5G extended pico-base station is an important 5G base station, and can meet the high performance requirement of 5G indoor coverage, so that the 5G extended pico-base station is increasingly applied to 5G networks.
Currently, a 5G extended pico-base station includes a host unit, an extension unit, and a remote radio unit. A set of 5G extension type leather base station comprises at least one host unit, wherein a plurality of extension units are hung under the host unit, and a plurality of remote units are hung under the extension units. In order to expand the coverage area of the 5G signal, the extension units can be cascaded, namely the extension units hang down the extension units, so that the whole 5G extension type leather base station hangs down more remote units, and the signal coverage area is increased. When the 5G expansion type pico-base station is accessed to the network manager, the whole topological structure of the 5G expansion type pico-base station needs to be displayed in the network manager in real time, so that operation and maintenance personnel can find out whether the problem occurs on the base station link or not in time, and whether manual processing is needed or not.
The invention patent with the application number of CN202010819234.4 introduces a modeling method based on a TR181 data structure model defined by CWMP (also known as TR069 protocol), and the following problems exist when the method is used for expressing the topological structure of a common 5G extended type pico-base station:
1. The device information mu { i }, EU { i }, RU { i } scheme is used to express the hooking relationship between the host unit, the extension unit, and the remote unit, but when a multi-Slot (Slot) scenario exists for the host unit, the object carrying the expression is absent.
2. The modeling method does not describe in detail the connection of ports between the host unit, the extension unit and the remote unit, for example: which port is used by the host unit to connect with the expansion unit, which port is used by the expansion unit to connect with the cascaded expansion unit, which port is used by the expansion unit to connect with the remote unit, etc.
3. How to effectively deal with the topology change of the base station between the network manager and the base station.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the embodiment of the invention is to provide a topology updating method and a system for a 5G expansion type leather base station based on a TR069 protocol, so that a network manager can display the topology structure of the base station in real time.
In order to solve the above technical problems, an embodiment of the present invention provides a topology updating method for a 5G extended pico-base station based on TR069 protocol, including:
Step 1: establishing a topology data model of a base station, wherein parameters of the topology data model comprise connection relation information among a host unit, an expansion unit and a remote unit;
Step 2: the network manager issues a request message of the synchronous base station topology;
Step 3: after receiving the request message, the base station gathers topology data of a host unit, an extension unit and a remote unit of the base station, sends a response message to the network manager, and carries the gathered topology data; when the topology of the base station changes, the base station informs the network manager of the change information;
step 4: after receiving the response message or the change message, the network manager updates the topology map and replies the response message to the base station.
Correspondingly, the embodiment of the invention also provides a 5G expansion type leather base station topology updating system based on the TR069 protocol, which comprises the following steps:
And a model building module: establishing a topology data model of a base station, wherein parameters of the topology data model comprise connection relation information among a host unit, an expansion unit and a remote unit;
Topology request module: the network manager issues a request message of the synchronous base station topology;
Topology collection module: after receiving the request message, the base station gathers topology data of a host unit, an extension unit and a remote unit of the base station, sends a response message to the network manager, and carries the gathered topology data; when the topology of the base station changes, the base station informs the network manager of the change information;
Topology updating module: after receiving the response message or the change message, the network manager updates the topology map and replies the response message to the base station.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. Based on the TR181 data model, the 5G expansion type leather base station increases the bearing objects and parameters of the base band unit slot, and perfects the topology data model.
2. The invention defines the coding specification of the corresponding parameters of the topology data model, further embodies the port connection relation of each unit in the base station topology, and distinguishes whether the first parameter with RouteIndex values is carried or not according to the main control with slots or without slots, so that the topology information of the main control is more definite.
3. When the expansion units are cascaded, the port coding rule is not expressed by newly adding a plurality of cascaded bearing objects of EU (i) in the data model parameters, but port cascading information with the number between the first number of the parameter value and the number between the last "+" of the parameter value as a boundary is used for the port coding rule.
4. The invention determines the TR069 message processing flow of the base station and the network manager when the topology changes, limits the change message, and avoids the problem of low efficiency of updating the topology of the base station by using the full parameter synchronization parameter.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of a topology updating method of a 5G extended pico base station based on TR069 protocol according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a topology diagram of a 5G extended pico-base station of embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a topology diagram of a 5G extended pico-base station of embodiment 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a topology diagram of a 5G extended pico-base station of embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that, without conflict, the embodiments of the present application and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other, and the present application will be further described in detail with reference to the drawings and the specific embodiments.
In the embodiment of the present invention, if there is a directional indication (such as up, down, left, right, front, and rear … …) only for explaining the relative positional relationship, movement condition, etc. between the components in a specific posture (as shown in the drawing), if the specific posture is changed, the directional indication is correspondingly changed.
In addition, the description of "first," "second," etc. in this disclosure is for descriptive purposes only and is not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implying an indication of the number of features being indicated. Thus, a feature defining "a first" or "a second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature.
Referring to fig. 1, the topology updating method of the 5G extended pico-base station based on TR069 protocol according to the embodiment of the present invention includes steps 1 to 4.
Step 1: and establishing a topology data model of the base station, wherein parameters of the topology data model comprise connection relation information among the host unit, the extension unit and the remote unit.
The topology data model comprises a host unit (comprising a host unit slot), an extension unit and a remote unit, and is a multi-instance data model. The data model parameters are defined as follows:
the device. Deviceinfo. Mu. Slot. I. Eu routeindex parameter name indicates a connection relationship between the host unit and the extension unit, and a corresponding parameter value indicates a connection condition of a port in the connection relationship.
Device.DeviceInfo.MU.{i}.Slot.{i}.EU.{i}.RU.{i}.RouteIndex
The parameter names represent connection relations among the host unit, the extension unit and the remote units, and the corresponding parameter values represent connection conditions of ports in the connection relations.
The { i } is a multi-instance numbered number. The MU represents a host unit, the EU represents an extension unit, and the RU represents a remote unit.
Wherein device. Deviceinfo. Mu. { i } represents a host unit object;
device. Deviceinfo. Mu.{ i }. Slot.{ i } represents the host unit's master-to-Slot path-carrying object;
device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. I. EU. I. Represents the path-carrying object of the host unit's master to the Slot, then to the expansion unit;
Device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. I. EU. I. RU. I. Represents the path-carrying object of the host unit's master to the socket, then to the expansion unit, the remote unit;
Device. Deviceinfo. Mu { i }, slot { i }, eu routeindex represents the path parameter index from the host unit to the extension unit;
device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. EU. I. RU. RouteIndex represents the path parameter index from the host unit through the extension unit and finally to the remote unit.
The corresponding value of the path parameter index adopts a set of topological coding rules, and the rules are as follows:
M slot.M1_E1...En-1+En, wherein M slot is an optional field that does not exist if the baseband unit has no slots or only 1 slot; otherwise, when the baseband unit has multiple slots, this field must exist.
M slot represents, as one embodiment, the slot number to which the host unit MU corresponds.
M 1 represents the downstream port number used by the host unit MU.
E 1...En-1+En indicates that there are one or more EU downlink port numbers, which are connected in the middle, and if the last-stage expansion unit hangs down a remote unit, the last port number is indicated by +with the previous port number.
Step 2: the network manager issues a request message for synchronizing the topology of the base station. The RPC method is GetParameterValues, carries the parameter "device. Deviceinfo. MU.", and only collects topology data under the parameter node.
Step 3: after receiving the request message, the base station gathers topology data of the host unit, the extension unit and the remote unit of the base station, sends a response message to the network manager, and carries the gathered topology data. And sending a message with the RPC method of GetParameterValuesResponse to the network manager. Topology data is one or more sets of parameters and values defined in a topology data model.
When the topology of the base station changes, the base station informs the network manager of the changed information through EventCode in the Inform message of 4 VALUE CHANGE and carries the changed parameters and values.
Step 4: after receiving the response message or the change message, the network manager updates the topology map and replies a response message (InformiResponse message) to the base station.
Example 1: 5G (5G) expansion type leather base station with simple networking
The present embodiment introduces a simple 5G extended pico-base station, where the base band unit of the base station is a single server commonly used at present as the base band unit, and is single master control, without a slot. The next-stage expansion unit and the remote unit are hung. The networking is described as follows:
1. The baseband unit is connected with the expansion unit 1 through a port 1;
2. The extension unit 1 is connected with the remote unit 11 through a port 1;
3. the baseband unit is connected with the expansion unit 2 through the port 2;
4. the expansion unit 2 is connected to the remote unit 21 via port 1.
Based on the above situation, the data model of the base station is shown in table 1:
The topology of which is shown in figure 2.
Example 2: 5G (5G) extension type leather base station for cascade networking
The embodiment introduces a 5G extension type leather base station, a baseband unit of the base station is a multi-master slot type server, and the extension unit adopts a two-stage cascade mode.
The networking is described as follows:
1. the baseband unit has two main controls, main control 1 and main control 2. The main control 1 is provided with a slot 1 and a slot 2, and the main control 2 is provided with a slot 1 and a slot 2;
2. the port 3 of the slot 1 of the baseband unit main control 1 is connected with the expansion unit 1;
3. The port 5 of the slot 2 of the baseband unit main control 2 is connected with the expansion unit 2;
4. the port 1 of the expansion unit 1 is connected with the expansion unit 11;
5. port 2 of expansion unit 1 is connected to expansion unit 12;
6. The port 1 of the extension unit 11 is connected with the remote unit 11;
7. the port 2 of the expansion unit 11 is connected with the remote unit 12;
8. the port 2 of the expansion unit 2 is connected to a remote unit 21.
The base station is based on the above, and its data model is shown in table 2.
The topology of which is shown in figure 3.
In the above procedure, since the host unit has 2 different slots, the slot value is specially identified by the first digit before the symbol. The protocol specifies { i } as a multi-instance number randomly allocated to the base station, and does not give meaning to other attributes of the actual object, independent of { i } value in Slot { i }. The method is more in line with the TR069 protocol, and can distinguish whether the baseband unit carries the slot or not more simply.
Example 3 Process flow when a remote Unit is added to a base station
In this embodiment, based on embodiment 1, an expansion unit 3 is added, and the baseband unit is connected to the expansion unit 3 through a port 3, and the steps are as follows:
1. The base station reports the information message, eventCode is 4 VALUE CHANGE and carries the newly added parameter device.
2. After receiving the message, the network manager updates the topology map and replies an InformaResponse message to the base station.
The topology after the change is shown in fig. 4.
Example 4 post-base station-nanotube synchronization topology information flow
1. The network manager issues a synchronous base station topology message, and the RPC method is GetParameterValues and carries a parameter of "device.
2. After receiving the message, the base station informs the network manager of all the child node parameters hung under the device.
3. After receiving the message reported by the base station, the network manager analyzes the topology parameters and values and updates the base station topology map.
The analysis rule is processed according to the topology coding rule.
The flow chart is shown in figure 1.
The 5G extension type leather base station topology updating system based on the TR069 protocol comprises a model building module, a topology request module, a topology gathering module and a topology updating module.
And a model building module: and establishing a topology data model of the base station, wherein parameters of the topology data model comprise connection relation information among the host unit, the extension unit and the remote unit.
Topology request module: the network manager issues a request message for synchronizing the topology of the base station.
Topology collection module: after receiving the request message, the base station gathers topology data of a host unit, an extension unit and a remote unit of the base station, sends a response message to the network manager, and carries the gathered topology data; when the topology of the base station changes, the base station notifies the network manager of the change information.
Topology updating module: after receiving the response message or the change message, the network manager updates the topology map and replies the response message to the base station.
As one embodiment, the parameters of the topology data model are specifically device.deviceinfo.mu.{ i }, slot.{ i }, eu.routeindex and/or device.deviceinfo.mu.{ i }, slot.{ i }, eu.{ i }, ru.{ i }, routeIndex;
wherein device. Deviceinfo. Mu.{ i }, slot.{ i }, eu. Routeindex represents a connection relationship between a host unit and an extension unit, the corresponding parameter value represents the connection condition of the ports in the connection relation;
Device information. Mu.{ i }, slot.{ i }, eu.{ i }, ru.{ i }, routeIndex, which represent connection relationships among the host unit, the extension unit, and the remote unit, and corresponding parameter values represent connection conditions of ports in the connection relationships;
The { i } is a multi-instance number, the MU represents a host unit, the EU represents an extension unit, and the RU represents a remote unit;
Wherein device. Deviceinfo. Mu. { i } represents a host unit object;
device. Deviceinfo. Mu.{ i }. Slot.{ i } represents the host unit's master-to-Slot path-carrying object;
device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. I. EU. I. Represents the path-carrying object of the host unit's master to the Slot, then to the expansion unit;
Device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. I. EU. I. RU. I. Represents the path-carrying object of the host unit's master to the socket, then to the expansion unit, the remote unit;
Device. Deviceinfo. Mu { i }, slot { i }, eu routeindex represents the path parameter index from the host unit to the extension unit;
device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. EU. I. RU. RouteIndex represents the path parameter index from the host unit through the extension unit and finally to the remote unit.
As an implementation manner, the parameter value corresponding to the parameter of the topology data model is M slot.M1_E1...En-1+En, where M slot is an optional field, and if the baseband unit has no slot or only 1 slot, the field does not exist; otherwise, when the baseband unit has a plurality of slots, the field must exist;
M 1 represents the downstream port number used by the host unit MU;
E 1...En-1+En indicates that there are one or more EU downlink port numbers, which are connected in the middle, and if the last-stage expansion unit hangs down a remote unit, the last port number is indicated by +with the previous port number.
M slot represents, as one embodiment, the slot number to which the host unit MU corresponds.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (8)

1. The utility model provides a 5G extension type skin base station topology updating method based on TR069 protocol, which is characterized in that the method comprises the following steps:
Step 1: establishing a topology data model of a base station, wherein parameters of the topology data model comprise connection relation information among a host unit, an expansion unit and a remote unit;
Step 2: the network manager issues a request message of the synchronous base station topology;
Step 3: after receiving the request message, the base station gathers topology data of a host unit, an extension unit and a remote unit of the base station, sends a response message to the network manager, and carries the gathered topology data; when the topology of the base station changes, the base station informs the network manager of the change information;
step 4: after receiving the response message or the change message, the network manager updates the topology map and replies the response message to the base station.
2. The method for updating topology of 5G extended skin base station based on TR069 protocol of claim 1, wherein the parameters of the topology data model are specifically device.
Wherein device. Deviceinfo. Mu.{ i }, slot.{ i }, eu. Routeindex represents a connection relationship between a host unit and an extension unit, the corresponding parameter value represents the connection condition of the ports in the connection relation;
Device information. Mu.{ i }, slot.{ i }, eu.{ i }, ru.{ i }, routeIndex, which represent connection relationships among the host unit, the extension unit, and the remote unit, and corresponding parameter values represent connection conditions of ports in the connection relationships;
The { i } is a multi-instance number, the MU represents a host unit, the EU represents an extension unit, and the RU represents a remote unit;
Wherein device. Deviceinfo. Mu. { i } represents a host unit object;
device. Deviceinfo. Mu.{ i }. Slot.{ i } represents the host unit's master-to-Slot path-carrying object;
device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. I. EU. I. Represents the path-carrying object of the host unit's master to the Slot, then to the expansion unit;
Device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. I. EU. I. RU. I. Represents the path-carrying object of the host unit's master to the socket, then to the expansion unit, the remote unit;
Device. Deviceinfo. Mu { i }, slot { i }, eu routeindex represents the path parameter index from the host unit to the extension unit;
device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. EU. I. RU. RouteIndex represents the path parameter index from the host unit through the extension unit and finally to the remote unit.
3. The method for updating the topology of the 5G extended pico-base station based on the TR069 protocol as set forth in claim 2, wherein the parameter value corresponding to the parameter of the topology data model is M slot.M1_E1...En-1+En, wherein M slot is an optional field, which does not exist if the base-band unit has no slot or only 1 slot; otherwise, when the baseband unit has a plurality of slots, the field must exist;
M 1 represents the downstream port number used by the host unit MU;
E 1...En-1+En indicates that there are one or more EU downlink port numbers, which are connected in the middle, and if the last-stage expansion unit hangs down a remote unit, the last port number is indicated by +with the previous port number.
4. The method for topology upgrade of 5G extended skin base station based on TR069 protocol as recited in claim 3, wherein M slot represents a slot number corresponding to the host unit MU.
5. A TR069 protocol-based 5G extended pico-base topology update system, comprising:
And a model building module: establishing a topology data model of a base station, wherein parameters of the topology data model comprise connection relation information among a host unit, an expansion unit and a remote unit;
Topology request module: the network manager issues a request message of the synchronous base station topology;
Topology collection module: after receiving the request message, the base station gathers topology data of a host unit, an extension unit and a remote unit of the base station, sends a response message to the network manager, and carries the gathered topology data; when the topology of the base station changes, the base station informs the network manager of the change information;
Topology updating module: after receiving the response message or the change message, the network manager updates the topology map and replies the response message to the base station.
6. The TR069 protocol based 5G extended skin base station topology upgrade system of claim 5, wherein parameters of said topology data model are specifically device.deviceinfo.mu.{ i }, slot.{ i }, eu.routeindex and/or device.deviceinfo.mu.{ i }, slot.{ i }, eu.{ i }, ru.{ i }, routeIndex;
wherein device. Deviceinfo. Mu.{ i }, slot.{ i }, eu. Routeindex represents a connection relationship between a host unit and an extension unit, the corresponding parameter value represents the connection condition of the ports in the connection relation;
Device information. Mu.{ i }, slot.{ i }, eu.{ i }, ru.{ i }, routeIndex, which represent connection relationships among the host unit, the extension unit, and the remote unit, and corresponding parameter values represent connection conditions of ports in the connection relationships;
The { i } is a multi-instance number, the MU represents a host unit, the EU represents an extension unit, and the RU represents a remote unit;
Wherein device. Deviceinfo. Mu. { i } represents a host unit object;
device. Deviceinfo. Mu.{ i }. Slot.{ i } represents the host unit's master-to-Slot path-carrying object;
device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. I. EU. I. Represents the path-carrying object of the host unit's master to the Slot, then to the expansion unit;
Device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. I. EU. I. RU. I. Represents the path-carrying object of the host unit's master to the socket, then to the expansion unit, the remote unit;
Device. Deviceinfo. Mu { i }, slot { i }, eu routeindex represents the path parameter index from the host unit to the extension unit;
device. Device info. MU. I. Slot. EU. I. RU. RouteIndex represents the path parameter index from the host unit through the extension unit and finally to the remote unit.
7. The topology upgrade system of claim 6, wherein the parameters of said topology data model correspond to parameter values of M slot.M1_E1...En-1+En, wherein M slot is an optional field that does not exist if the baseband unit has no slots or only 1 slot; otherwise, when the baseband unit has a plurality of slots, the field must exist;
M 1 represents the downstream port number used by the host unit MU;
E 1...En-1+En indicates that there are one or more EU downlink port numbers, which are connected in the middle, and if the last-stage expansion unit hangs down a remote unit, the last port number is indicated by +with the previous port number.
8. The TR069 protocol based 5G extended pico base station topology upgrade system of claim 7, wherein M slot represents a slot number corresponding to host unit MU.
CN202410586273.2A 2024-05-13 2024-05-13 5G (5G) extension type pico-base station topology updating method and system based on TR069 protocol Pending CN118175606A (en)

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中华人民共和国工业和信息化部: "5G5G小基站网络管理系统南向接口数据模型小基站网络管理系统南向接口数据模型", 《中华人民共和国通信行业标准》, 28 July 2023 (2023-07-28), pages 2 - 4 *

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