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CN117411304A - Voltage doubling PFC circuit - Google Patents

Voltage doubling PFC circuit Download PDF

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Publication number
CN117411304A
CN117411304A CN202210797443.2A CN202210797443A CN117411304A CN 117411304 A CN117411304 A CN 117411304A CN 202210797443 A CN202210797443 A CN 202210797443A CN 117411304 A CN117411304 A CN 117411304A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
module
diode
energy storage
voltage
storage module
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN202210797443.2A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
莫小圳
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Guangzhou Shiyuan Electronics Thecnology Co Ltd
Hefei Shiyan Electronic Technology Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Guangzhou Shiyuan Electronics Thecnology Co Ltd
Hefei Shiyan Electronic Technology Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Guangzhou Shiyuan Electronics Thecnology Co Ltd, Hefei Shiyan Electronic Technology Co Ltd filed Critical Guangzhou Shiyuan Electronics Thecnology Co Ltd
Priority to CN202210797443.2A priority Critical patent/CN117411304A/en
Publication of CN117411304A publication Critical patent/CN117411304A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08—Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/12—Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/44—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for electromagnetic interference in converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
    • H02M5/02—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc
    • H02M5/04—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
    • H02M5/10—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/06—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode
    • H02M7/10—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode arranged for operation in series, e.g. for multiplication of voltage

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a voltage-multiplying PFC circuit, which comprises: the device comprises an inductor, a flow guide diode, a charging switch module, a first energy storage module, a second energy storage module and a driving module; the inductor is connected between the first end of the alternating current power supply and the charging switch module; the charging switch module is connected with the anode of the flow guide diode, the second end of the alternating current power supply and the driving module; the cathode of the flow guide diode is connected with the first end of the first energy storage module; the second end of the first energy storage module is connected with the first end of the second energy storage module and the second end of the alternating current power supply; the second end of the second energy storage module is connected with the charging switch module and the first grounding end; the driving module is used for sending a first signal to the charging switch module; the charging switch module is used for controlling the non-conduction between the inductor and the flow guide diode when receiving the first signal. The embodiment of the invention can improve the multiplexing rate of devices and reduce the number of the devices under the condition of realizing voltage doubling output, thereby reducing the cost.

Description

Voltage doubling PFC circuit
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of power electronics, in particular to a voltage-multiplying PFC circuit.
Background
With the development of domestic electronic industry, domestic products are increasingly sold to foreign sales markets. The voltage at home and abroad is generally lower (such as the voltage at about 110V in regions of Japan, the United states, canada and the like), and the voltage at home is 220V, so that the power factor needs to be improved first when the domestic electronic products are used at home and abroad.
The prior art generally has the following three ways to boost the power factor:
the first is to boost the voltage and increase the power factor by using the low-voltage input through active PFC (power factor correction ), but the circuit has complex control, high cost and large interference problem. The second type is passive PFC to boost the voltage, but passive PFC does not do so at high power due to the limitation imposed by the low voltage 110V input. The third type is semi-active PFC, the electronic devices in the circuit are more used, and when the inductor is charged, some electronic devices are in an idle state, so that the integration level of the circuit is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The voltage-multiplying PFC circuit provided by the embodiment can improve the multiplexing rate of devices and reduce the number of the devices under the condition of realizing voltage-multiplying output, thereby reducing the cost.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a voltage-multiplying PFC circuit including: the device comprises an inductor, a flow guide diode, a charging switch module, a first energy storage module, a second energy storage module and a driving module;
the inductor is connected between the first end of the alternating current power supply and the charging switch module;
the charging switch module is connected with the anode of the flow guide diode, the second end of the alternating current power supply and the driving module;
The cathode of the flow guide diode is connected with the first end of the first energy storage module;
the second end of the first energy storage module is connected with the first end of the second energy storage module and the second end of the alternating current power supply;
the second end of the second energy storage module is connected with the charging switch module and the first grounding end;
the driving module is used for sending a first signal to the charging switch module;
the charging switch module is used for controlling the non-conduction between the inductor and the flow guide diode when the first signal is received, enabling the inductor to be in a first charging state, controlling the conduction between the inductor and the flow guide diode when the first signal is not received, and enabling the first energy storage module and the second energy storage module to be alternately in a second charging state and enabling the inductor to be in a voltage output state.
The embodiment provides a voltage-multiplying PFC circuit, when a charging switch module in the voltage-multiplying PFC circuit receives a first signal sent by a driving module, an inductor is controlled to be in a first charging state, so that electric quantity in the inductor is improved, and when the inductor is in the first charging state, a current waveform is changed, so that correction of a power factor is realized. When the charging switch module does not receive the first signal, the first energy storage module and the second energy storage module are controlled to be in a second charging state alternately, namely, the first energy storage module and the second energy storage module are charged by the alternating current power supply alternately. When the charging switch module does not receive the first signal, the control inductor is in a voltage output state, namely the inductor charges the first energy storage module and the second energy storage module, and in combination, the voltage between the first end of the first energy storage module and the second end of the second energy storage module is the superposition value of the effective voltage value of the alternating current power supply and the output voltage of the inductor. The charging switch module is in a working state when receiving the first signal and not receiving the first signal, so that the multiplexing rate of the charging switch module is improved. The voltage-multiplying PFC circuit provided by the embodiment can improve the multiplexing rate of devices and reduce the number of the devices under the condition of realizing voltage-multiplying output, thereby reducing the cost.
It should be understood that the description in this section is not intended to identify key or critical features of the embodiments of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention. Other features of the present invention will become apparent from the description that follows.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings required for the description of the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is apparent that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a current waveform variation provided in the present embodiment;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 6 and 7 are current steering diagrams of the power switching unit of FIG. 4 when receiving a first signal;
FIGS. 8-9 are current steering diagrams of the power switching unit of FIG. 4 when the power switching unit does not receive the first signal;
fig. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 11 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 12 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 13 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 14 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 15 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 16 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order that those skilled in the art will better understand the present invention, a technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without making any inventive effort, shall fall within the scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and the claims of the present invention and the above figures are used for distinguishing between similar objects and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used may be interchanged where appropriate such that the embodiments of the invention described herein may be implemented in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention, and fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-multiplying PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention, and referring to fig. 1 and fig. 2, the voltage-multiplying PFC circuit provided in the embodiment includes: the device comprises an inductor L1, a flow guide diode DL, a charging switch module 110, a first energy storage module 130, a second energy storage module 131 and a driving module 140; the inductor L1 is connected between the first end L of the ac power source and the charging switch module 110; the charging switch module 110 is connected with the anode of the flow guiding diode DL, the second end N of the ac power supply and the driving module 140; the cathode of the flow guiding diode DL is connected with the first end of the first energy storage module 130; the second end of the first energy storage module 130 is connected with the first end of the second energy storage module 131 and the second end N of the alternating current power supply; the second end of the second energy storage module 131 is connected with the charging switch module 140 and the first ground GND 1; the driving module 140 is configured to send a first signal to the charging switch module 110; the charging switch module 110 is configured to control non-conduction between the inductor L1 and the current-guiding diode DL when receiving the first signal, and make the inductor L1 in a first charging state, and control conduction between the inductor L1 and the current-guiding diode DL when not receiving the first signal, and make the first energy storage module 130 and the second energy storage module 131 alternately in a second charging state and the inductor L1 in a voltage output state.
Specifically, the first end L of the ac power source may be a live wire end of the ac power source, or may be a zero line end of the ac power source, and the second end N of the ac power source may be a live wire end of the ac power source, or may be a zero line end of the ac power source. Any embodiment of the present invention will be described by taking the first end L of the ac power supply as the live wire end of the ac power supply as an example.
EMI circuitry (not shown) may also be included between the first end L of the ac power source and the second end N of the ac power source for filtering. The anode of the steering diode DL may be connected to the inductor L1 (see fig. 1), or the anode of the steering diode DL may not be connected to the inductor L1 (see fig. 2).
When the charging switch module 110 receives the first signal, the first end L of the ac power source is conducted with the second end N of the ac power source, and since the inductor L1 is not conducted with the current-guiding diode DL, the current output from the first end L of the ac power source flows through the inductor L1 and the charging switch module 110 to the second end N of the ac power source, and the current output from the second end N of the ac power source flows through the charging switch module 110 and the inductor L1 to the first end L of the ac power source, so that the inductor L1 is in the first charging state. The longer the duration that the charging switch module 110 receives the first signal, the more the inductor L1 charges, and thus, the amount of electricity charged by the inductor L1 can be controlled by controlling the duration that the charging switch module 110 receives the first signal. The length of the charge of inductor L1 affects the variation of the current waveform. Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the change of the output current waveform provided in the present embodiment, referring to fig. 3, when the charging switch module 110 receives the first signal, the inductor L1 is charged, the output current waveform of the inductor L1 will change during charging, and the output current waveform also changes along with the charging duration of the inductor L1, so that the output current waveform can be adjusted by controlling the duration of the first signal, thereby adjusting the power factor.
When the charging switch module 110 does not receive the first signal, the inductor L1 is turned on with the current-guiding diode DL. When the alternating current power source is in the positive half shaft, the current output by the first end L of the alternating current power source flows to the second end N of the alternating current power source through the inductor L1, the flow guide diode DL and the first energy storage module 130, so that the first energy storage module 130 is charged, and even if the first energy storage module 130 is in a second charging state. When the alternating current power source is in the negative half shaft, the current output by the second end N of the alternating current power source flows to the first end L of the alternating current power source through the second energy storage module 131 and the charging switch module 110, so that the second energy storage module 131 is charged, and even if the second energy storage module 131 is in a second charging state. Since the first and second energy storage modules 130 and 131 are connected in series, the voltage between the first and second ends of the first and second energy storage modules 130 and 131 is twice the effective voltage value of the ac power source, and for example, when the voltage range of the ac power source is-110V to 110V, the voltage value that the first and second energy storage modules 130 and 131 can output to the load is 220V. Because the inductor L1 stores electric quantity in the first charging state, when the inductor L1 is conducted with the current-guiding diode DL, the inductor L1 can charge the first energy-storage module 130 and the second energy-storage module 131, and at this time, the voltage that the voltage-multiplying PFC circuit can output is the sum of twice the effective voltage value of the ac power supply and the output voltage of the inductor L1.
Because the first energy storage module 130 and the second energy storage module 131 store electric quantity in the second charging state, when the inductor L1 is in the first charging state, the voltage multiplying PFC circuit can still output the voltage to the load that is twice the effective voltage value of the ac power supply and the added value of the output voltage of the inductor L1. Therefore, when the charging switch module 110 receives the first signal or does not receive the first signal, the voltage value output by the voltage-multiplying PFC circuit to the load is fixed.
When the first energy storage module 130 or the second energy storage module 131 is in the second charging state, the first end L of the ac power source is conducted with the second end N of the ac power source, and since the first energy storage module 130 and the second energy storage module 131 are not directly connected to the first end L of the ac power source and the second end N of the ac power source, when the first energy storage module 130 is in the second charging state, the current passing through the first energy storage module 130 passes through the charging switch module 110. When the second energy storage module 131 is in the second charging state, the current passing through the second energy storage module 131 passes through the charging switch module 110. When the charging switch module 110 receives the first signal or does not receive the first signal, the charging switch module 110 is in an operating state. Therefore, the voltage-multiplying PFC circuit provided by the embodiment can improve the multiplexing rate of devices and reduce the number of the devices, thereby reducing the circuit cost.
It should be noted that, in the voltage-multiplying PFC circuit provided in the embodiment of the present invention, a fusing module may be disposed between the first end L of the ac power supply and the inductor L1, where the fusing module is configured to disconnect when the current output from the first end of the ac power supply is too large, so that the first end L of the ac power supply is not conductive with the inductor L1. When the fusing module is turned off, the driving module 140 sends the first signal to the charging switch module 110 or does not send the first signal, and the inductor L1 is not conductive to the steering diode DL.
The embodiment provides a voltage-multiplying PFC circuit, when a charging switch module in the voltage-multiplying PFC circuit receives a first signal sent by a driving module, an inductor is controlled to be in a first charging state, so that electric quantity in the inductor is improved, and when the inductor is in the first charging state, a current waveform is changed, so that correction of a power factor is realized. When the charging switch module does not receive the first signal, the first energy storage module and the second energy storage module are controlled to be in a second charging state alternately, namely, the first energy storage module and the second energy storage module are charged by the alternating current power supply alternately. When the charging switch module does not receive the first signal, the control inductor is in a voltage output state, namely the inductor charges the first energy storage module and the second energy storage module, and in combination, the voltage between the first end of the first energy storage module and the second end of the second energy storage module is the superposition value of the effective voltage value of the alternating current power supply and the output voltage of the inductor. The charging switch module is in a working state when receiving the first signal and not receiving the first signal, so that the multiplexing rate of the charging switch module is improved. The voltage-multiplying PFC circuit provided by the embodiment can improve the multiplexing rate of devices and reduce the number of the devices under the condition of realizing voltage-multiplying output, thereby reducing the cost.
Based on the above embodiment, optionally, fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage doubling PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention, and referring to fig. 4, the voltage doubling PFC circuit according to the present embodiment further includes an input voltage sampling module 150, an output voltage sampling module 160, a control module 170, a winding power module 180, a flyback voltage regulator module 190, and a protection module 210; the input voltage sampling module 150 is connected with the first end L of the ac power supply, the second end N of the ac power supply and the control module 170, and the input voltage sampling module 150 is used for collecting a first voltage value of the ac power supply and sending the first voltage value to the control module 170; the output voltage sampling module 160 is connected to the first end of the first energy storage module 130, the second end of the second energy storage module 131 and the control module 170, and the output voltage sampling module 160 is configured to collect a second voltage value between the first end of the first energy storage module 130 and the second end of the second energy storage module 131 and send the second voltage value to the control module 170; the protection module 210 is connected to the charging switch module 110, and the protection module 210 is configured to detect a current value in the charging switch module 110 and send a second signal to the control module 170 when the current value is greater than a set threshold; the control module 170 is configured to control the driving module 140 to send the first signal to the power switch module 120 according to the first voltage value, the second signal, or the second voltage value, and control the duration of the first signal; the flyback transformer module 190 is connected with the first end of the first energy storage module 130, the second end of the second energy storage module 131 and the winding power supply module 180, and the flyback transformer module 190 is used for obtaining a second voltage value and converting the second voltage value into a third voltage value to be sent to the winding power supply module 180; the winding power module 180 is connected to the control module 170, the driving module 140 and the protection module 210, and the winding power module 180 is used for supplying power to the control module 170, the driving module 140 and the protection module 210.
Specifically, with continued reference to fig. 3, the control module 170 may control the drive module 140 to send the first signal to the charge switch module 110 at the zero point of the first voltage value (corresponding to the input voltage waveform in fig. 3).
When the voltage-doubling PFC circuit has a first fault or overload, the current value passing through the charging switch module 110 may rise rapidly, when the current value is greater than the set threshold, the voltage-doubling PFC circuit may have a short circuit, and when the current value is serious, a fire may occur, so, in order to avoid an accident, the protection module 210 sends a second signal to the control module 170 when the current value is greater than the set threshold. When the control module 170 receives the second signal, the control driving module 140 stops sending the first signal to the charging switch module 110, and when the charging switch module 110 cannot receive the first signal, the second voltage value is twice the effective voltage value of the ac power supply, and at this time, the load stops working due to the excessively low second voltage value.
When the voltage-doubling PFC circuit fails, the second voltage value will be greater than the set voltage value, so the control module 170 may also determine whether the circuit fails according to the second voltage value (corresponding to the output voltage waveform in fig. 3) sent by the output voltage sampling module 160, and stop sending the first signal to the charging switch module 110 when it is determined that the circuit fails. When the second fault is eliminated, the second voltage value is equal to or smaller than the set voltage value, and therefore, the control module 170 may determine whether the second fault is eliminated according to the second voltage value. After the second fault is eliminated, the control module 170 may control the driving module 140 to send the first signal to the charging switch module 110 again and control the duration of the first signal.
Because the second voltage value is high, flyback voltage regulator module 190 is required to step down and output a third voltage value that winding power module 180 can receive. The third voltage value may be, for example, 15V. The winding voltage module 180 is configured to convert the third voltage value into a voltage value that can be used by the control module 170, the driving module 140, and the protection module 210. The voltages required for the control module 170, the driving module 140, and the protection module 210 during normal operation may be different, and the winding power module 180 outputs different voltage values according to the voltages required for the control module 170, the driving module 140, and the protection module 210. For example, the winding power module 180 may output a voltage value of 5V or 3.3V to the control module 170 and a voltage value of 15V to the driving module 140 and the protection module 210.
Optionally, the control module is configured to control the driving module to send a first signal with a set duration to the charging switch module when the first voltage value is 0.
Specifically, with continued reference to fig. 3 and 4, when the first voltage value is 0, the control module 170 controls the driving module 140 to send a first signal with a set duration to the charging switch module 110, then controls the driving module 140 not to send the first signal to the charging switch module 110, and when the first voltage value becomes 0 again, controls the driving module 140 to send the first signal with the set duration to the charging switch module 110 again. The control module 170 controls the driving module 140 to transmit the first signal to the charging switch module 110 at the zero point of the first voltage value, and does not need to control the driving module 140 to transmit the first signal to the charging switch module 110 for a plurality of times, so that crosstalk can be reduced, control accuracy can be reduced, and cost can be reduced.
Optionally, with continued reference to fig. 4, the first energy storage module 130 includes a first capacitor C1 and a first resistor R1; the second energy storage module 131 includes a second capacitor C2 and a second resistor R2; the first end of the first capacitor C1 is connected with the cathode of the flow guide diode DL and the first end of the first resistor R1, and the second end of the first capacitor C1 is connected with the first end of the second capacitor C2, the second end of the first resistor R1, the first end of the second resistor R2 and the second end N of the alternating current power supply; the second terminal of the second capacitor C2 is connected to the charging switch module 110 and the first ground GND 1.
Specifically, the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2 are used for storing energy, and the first resistor R1 and the second resistor R2 are used for dividing voltage, so that voltages on the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2 are equal. Secondly, when the inductor L1 is not conducted with the current-guiding diode DL, a discharging loop can be formed inside the energy storage module 130, so as to reduce the voltage on the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2, and avoid the damage caused by the overlarge voltage on the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2 during the maintenance of the staff.
Optionally, fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another voltage-doubling PFC circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention, and referring to fig. 4 and 5, the charging switch module 110 includes a rectifier bridge unit 111 and a power switch unit 120; the anode of the steering diode DL is connected to the first end of the rectifying bridge unit 111 (refer to fig. 4) or the second end of the rectifying bridge unit 111 (refer to fig. 5); the first end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the inductor L1, the second end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the first end of the power switch unit 120, the third end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the second end of the power switch unit 120, the second end of the second energy storage module 131 and the first grounding end GND1, and the fourth end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the second end N of the alternating current power supply and the second end of the first energy storage module 130; the control terminal of the power switch unit 120 is connected to the driving module 140.
Specifically, the driving module 140 is configured to send a first signal to a control terminal of the power switch unit 120. Fig. 6 and fig. 7 are current guidance diagrams of the power switch unit in fig. 4 when the power switch unit 120 receives the first signal, and when the power switch unit 120 receives the first signal, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120 are conducted, referring to fig. 6, fig. 6 is a current guidance diagram of the ac power source in the positive half axis, and the current output by the first end L of the ac power source flows to the second end N of the ac power source after passing through the inductor L1, the first end and the second end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120, and the third end and the fourth end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, so as to charge the inductor L1. Referring to fig. 7, fig. 7 is a current flow diagram of the ac power source in the negative half axis, and after the current output from the second end N of the ac power source passes through the fourth end and the second end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120, and the third end and the first end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, the current flows to the first end L of the ac power source, so as to charge the inductor L1. When the ac power source is positive or negative, the inductor L1 may be in the first charging state. Fig. 8-9 are current guidance diagrams of fig. 4 when the power switch unit does not receive the first signal, and when the power switch unit 120 does not receive the first signal, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120 are not conductive, referring to fig. 8, fig. 8 is a current flow diagram of the ac power source in the positive half axis, and the current output by the first end L of the ac power source flows to the second end N of the ac power source after passing through the inductor L1, the current-guiding diode DL and the first capacitor C1, so as to charge the first capacitor C1. In this process, the inductor L1 will also output a voltage to charge the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2. Referring to fig. 9, fig. 9 is a current flow diagram of the ac power source in the negative half axis, and the current output by the second end N of the ac power source flows to the first end L of the ac power source through the second capacitor C2, the third end and the first end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, and the inductor DL, so as to charge the second capacitor C2, and in this process, the inductor will also output a voltage to charge the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2.
Similarly, in the structure shown in fig. 5, when the power switch unit 120 receives the first signal, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120 are turned on, the ac power source is on the positive half-axis or the negative half-axis, and the inductor L1 may be in the first charging state. When the power switch unit 120 does not receive the first signal, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120 are not conducted, and when the ac power source is in the positive half-axis, the current output by the first end L of the ac power source flows to the second end N of the ac power source through the inductor L1, the first end and the second end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, the current-guiding diode DL and the first capacitor C1, so as to charge the first capacitor C1, and in this process, the inductor L1 also outputs a voltage to charge the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2. When the ac power source is on the negative half axis, the current output from the second end N of the ac power source flows to the first end L of the ac power source through the second capacitor C2, the third end and the first end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 and the inductor L1, so as to charge the second capacitor C2, and in this process, the inductor L1 also outputs a voltage to charge the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2.
It should be noted that the voltage-doubling PFC circuit shown in fig. 5 may also include an input voltage sampling module 150, an output voltage sampling module 160, a control module 170, a winding power module 180, a flyback voltage conversion module 190, and a protection module 210. The voltage-doubling PFC circuit provided in this embodiment includes only one first ground terminal GND1, and since one ground terminal needs a set of winding power sources, the voltage-doubling PFC circuit provided in this embodiment may only set one set of winding power sources in the winding power source module 180, thereby further reducing the number of devices and reducing the cost.
Alternatively, fig. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a further voltage-doubling PFC circuit according to the present embodiment, and fig. 11 is a schematic structural diagram of a further voltage-doubling PFC circuit according to the present embodiment, where the charging switch module 110 includes a rectifier bridge unit 111, a power switch unit 120, and a first diode D1; the anode of the steering diode DL is connected to a first end (refer to fig. 10) of the rectifying bridge unit 111 or a second end (refer to fig. 11) of the rectifying bridge unit 110; the first end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the inductor DL, the second end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the first end of the power switch unit 120, the third end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the second end of the power switch unit 120, the cathode of the first diode D1 and the second grounding end GND2, the fourth end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the second end N of the alternating current power supply and the second end of the first energy storage module 130, and the second end of the second energy storage module 130 is connected with the anode of the first diode D1 and the first grounding end GND 1; the control terminal of the power switch unit 120 is connected to the driving module 140.
Specifically, referring to fig. 5 and 6, when the power switch unit 120 receives the first signal and the ac power source is in the positive half-axis, the current passing through the third end and the fourth end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 flows to the first end of the second capacitor C2, and then flows from the second end of the second capacitor C2 to the third end and the fourth end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 to form a discharge loop of the second capacitor C2, and the voltage-multiplying PFC circuit shown in fig. 5 consumes the electric quantity in the second capacitor C2, while the voltage-multiplying PFC circuit provided in the embodiment receives the first signal and the ac power source is in the positive half-axis by the power switch unit 120, the cathode voltage of the first diode D1 is greater than the anode voltage, and the arrangement of the first diode D1 blocks the discharge loop of the second capacitor C2.
Referring to fig. 10, when the power switch unit 120 receives the first signal, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120 are turned on, and when the ac power source is in the positive half-axis, the current output from the first end L of the ac power source flows through the inductor L1, the first end and the second end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, the power switch unit 120, the third end and the fourth end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, and flows to the second end N of the ac power source, so that the inductor L1 is in the first charging state. When the ac power source is in the negative half-axis, the current output from the second end N of the ac power source flows to the first end L of the ac power source through the fourth end and the second end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, the power switch unit 120, the third end and the first end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, and the inductor L1, so that the inductor L1 is in the first charging state. When the power switch unit 120 does not receive the first signal, the first terminal and the second terminal of the power switch unit 120 are not conductive. When the alternating current power supply is positioned at the positive half shaft, the current output by the first end L of the alternating current power supply flows to the second end N of the alternating current power supply through the inductor L1, the flow guide diode DL and the first capacitor C1, so that the first capacitor C1 is charged, and in the process, the inductor L1 also outputs voltage. When the alternating current power supply is in the negative half shaft, the current output by the second end N of the alternating current power supply flows to the first end L of the alternating current power supply through the second capacitor C2, the first diode D1, the third end and the first end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 and the inductor L1, so that the second capacitor C2 is charged, and in the process, the inductor L1 also outputs voltage.
Compared to the voltage-doubling PFC circuit provided in fig. 10, the rectifier bridge unit 111 in the voltage-doubling PFC circuit provided in fig. 11 can split the heat on the current-guiding diode DL, and for example, when the first capacitor C1 is charged, the current output by the first end L of the ac power supply in fig. 11 may pass through the first end and the second end of the rectifier bridge unit 111, the heat may be distributed in the rectifier bridge unit 111 and the current-guiding diode DL, so that the current output by the first end L of the ac power supply is prevented from passing through the current-guiding diode DL only, and the heat in the current-guiding diode DL is excessively large.
Alternatively, fig. 12 is a schematic structural diagram of a further voltage-doubling PFC circuit according to the present embodiment, and fig. 13 is a schematic structural diagram of a further voltage-doubling PFC circuit according to the present embodiment, where the charging switch module 110 includes a rectifier bridge unit 111, a power switch unit 120, and a second diode D2; the anode of the steering diode DL is connected to a first end (refer to fig. 12) of the rectifying bridge unit 111 or a second end (refer to fig. 13) of the rectifying bridge unit 111; the first end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the cathodes of the inductor L1 and the second diode D2, the second end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the first end of the power switch unit 120, the third end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the second end of the power switch unit 120 and the second ground end GND2, and the fourth end of the rectifier bridge unit 111 is connected with the second end N of the ac power supply and the second end of the first energy storage module 130; the second end of the second energy storage module 131 is connected with the anode of the second diode D2 and the first ground GND 1; the control terminal of the power switch unit 120 is connected to the driving module 140.
Specifically, referring to fig. 12, when the power switching unit 120 receives the first signal, the current flow direction of the ac power source at the positive half axis or the negative half axis is the same as that of the structure shown in fig. 10 under the same condition. When the power switching unit 120 does not receive the first signal, the current flow of the ac power source at the positive half axis is the same as that of the structure shown in fig. 10 under the same conditions. When the power switch unit 120 does not receive the first signal and the ac power source is in the negative half-axis, the current output by the second end N of the ac power source flows to the first end L of the ac power source through the second capacitor C2, the second diode D2 and the inductor L1, so as to charge the second capacitor C1, and in this process, the inductor L1 also outputs a voltage.
The voltage-doubling PFC circuits shown in fig. 12 and 13 can avoid the discharge of the second capacitor C2 when the power switch unit 120 receives the first signal and the ac power is in the positive half-axis. The second diode D2 may prevent the current in the inductor L1 from flowing to the first ground GND1 when the power switching unit 120 does not receive the first signal and the ac power source is in the negative half-axis.
Alternatively, fig. 14 is a schematic structural diagram of a further voltage-doubling PFC circuit according to the present embodiment, and fig. 15 is a schematic structural diagram of a further voltage-doubling PFC circuit according to the present embodiment, where the charging switch module 110 includes a power switch unit 120, a third diode D3, a fourth diode D4, and a fifth diode D5; the anode of the steering diode DL is connected to the anode of the third diode D3 (refer to fig. 14) or the cathode of the third diode D3 (refer to fig. 15); an anode of the third diode D3 is connected to the inductor L1 and a cathode of the fifth diode D5, and a cathode of the third diode D3 is connected to the first end of the power switch unit 120; the second end of the power switch unit 120 is connected with the second grounding end GND2 and the anode of the fourth diode D4, and the control end of the power switch unit 120 is connected with the driving module 140; the cathode of the fourth diode D4 is connected to the second end N of the ac power source and the second end of the first energy storage module 130; an anode of the fifth diode D5 is connected to the second terminal of the second energy storage module 131 and the first ground GND1.
Specifically, referring to fig. 15, when the power switch unit 120 receives the first signal, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120 are turned on, and when the ac power source is in the positive half-axis, the current output from the first end L of the ac power source flows to the second end N of the ac power source through the inductor L1, the third diode D3, the power switch unit 120, and the fourth diode D4, so as to charge the inductor L1. When the alternating current power supply is in the negative half shaft, the inductor L1 is not charged. When the power switch unit 120 does not receive the first signal, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120 are not conductive, and when the ac power source is in the positive half-axis, the current output from the first end L of the ac power source flows to the second end N of the ac power source through the inductor L1, the third diode D3, the current-guiding diode DL and the first capacitor C1, so as to charge the first capacitor C1, and in this process, the inductor L1 also outputs a voltage. When the alternating current power supply is positioned at the negative half shaft, the current output by the second end N of the alternating current power supply flows to the first end L of the alternating current power supply through the second capacitor C2, the fifth diode D5 and the inductor L1, so that the second capacitor C2 is charged, and in the process, the inductor L1 also outputs voltage.
Optionally, fig. 16 is a schematic structural diagram of still another voltage-doubling PFC circuit according to the present embodiment, where the charging switch module 110 includes a power switch unit 120, a sixth diode D6, a seventh diode D7, and an eighth diode D8; the anode of the guide diode DL is connected with the inductor L1, and the cathode of the guide diode DL is connected with the first end of the first energy storage module 130; the anode of the sixth diode D6 is connected to the second end N of the ac power source and the second end of the first energy storage module 130, and the cathode of the sixth diode D6 is connected to the first end of the power switch unit 120; the second end of the power switch unit 120 is connected with the cathode of the seventh diode D7, the anode of the eighth diode D8 and the second ground GND2, and the control end of the power switch unit 120 is connected with the driving module 140; the anode of the seventh diode D7 is connected to the second end of the second energy storage module 131 and the first ground GND 1; the cathode of the eighth diode D8 is connected to the inductor L1.
Specifically, referring to fig. 16, when the power switch unit 120 receives the first signal, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120 are turned on, and when the ac power source is in the positive half-axis, the inductor L1 is not charged. When the ac power source is at the negative half axis, the current output by the second end N of the ac power source flows to the first end L of the ac power source through the sixth diode D6, the power switch unit 120, the eighth diode D8, and the inductor L1, so as to charge the inductor L1. When the power switch unit 120 does not receive the first signal, the first end and the second end of the power switch unit 120 are not conductive, and when the ac power source is in the positive half-axis, the current output from the first end L of the ac power source flows to the second end N of the ac power source through the inductor L1, the current-guiding diode DL and the first capacitor C1, so as to charge the first capacitor C1, and in this process, the inductor L1 also outputs a voltage. When the alternating current power supply is positioned at the negative half shaft, the current output by the second end N of the alternating current power supply flows to the first end L of the alternating current power supply through the second capacitor C2, the seventh diode D7, the eighth diode D8 and the inductor L1, so that the second capacitor C2 is charged, and in the process, the inductor L1 also outputs voltage.
It should be noted that the voltage-doubling PFC circuit shown in fig. 10 to 16 may also include an input voltage sampling module 150, an output voltage sampling module 160, a control module 170, a winding power module 180, a flyback voltage conversion module 190 and a protection module 210,
on the basis of the above embodiment, optionally, the power switch unit includes an IGBT and a ninth diode; the first end of the IGBT is connected with the cathode of the ninth diode, the second end of the IGBT is connected with the anode of the ninth diode, and the control end of the IGBT is connected with the driving module.
Specifically, the control end of the IGBT is connected with the driving module, when the control end of the IGBT receives the first signal, the first end and the second end of the IGBT are conducted, and when the control end of the IGBT does not receive the first signal, the first end and the second end of the IGBT are not conducted. The ninth diode is used to protect the IGBT.
It should be appreciated that various forms of the flows shown above may be used to reorder, add, or delete steps. For example, the steps described in the present invention may be performed in parallel, sequentially, or in a different order, so long as the desired results of the technical solution of the present invention are achieved, and the present invention is not limited herein.
The above embodiments do not limit the scope of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alternatives are possible, depending on design requirements and other factors. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. The utility model provides a voltage doubling PFC circuit which characterized in that includes: the device comprises an inductor, a flow guide diode, a charging switch module, a first energy storage module, a second energy storage module and a driving module;
the inductor is connected between the first end of the alternating current power supply and the charging switch module;
the charging switch module is connected with the anode of the flow guide diode, the second end of the alternating current power supply and the driving module;
the cathode of the flow guide diode is connected with the first end of the first energy storage module;
the second end of the first energy storage module is connected with the first end of the second energy storage module and the second end of the alternating current power supply;
the second end of the second energy storage module is connected with the charging switch module and the first grounding end;
the driving module is used for sending a first signal to the charging switch module;
The charging switch module is used for controlling the non-conduction between the inductor and the flow guide diode when the first signal is received, enabling the inductor to be in a first charging state, controlling the conduction between the inductor and the flow guide diode when the first signal is not received, and enabling the first energy storage module and the second energy storage module to be alternately in a second charging state and enabling the inductor to be in a voltage output state.
2. The voltage-doubling PFC circuit of claim 1, further comprising an input voltage sampling module, an output voltage sampling module, a control module, a winding power supply module, a flyback transformer module, and a protection module;
the input voltage sampling module is connected with the first end of the alternating current power supply, the second end of the alternating current power supply and the control module, and is used for collecting a first voltage value of the alternating current power supply and sending the first voltage value to the control module;
the output voltage sampling module is connected with the first end of the first energy storage module, the second end of the second energy storage module and the control module, and is used for collecting a second voltage value between the first end of the first energy storage module and the second end of the second energy storage module and sending the second voltage value to the control module;
The protection module is connected with the charging switch module and is used for detecting a current value in the charging switch module and sending a second signal to the control module when the current value is greater than a set threshold value;
the control module is used for controlling the driving module to send the first signal to the charging switch module according to the first voltage value, the second signal or the second voltage value, and controlling the duration of the first signal;
the flyback voltage transformation module is connected with the first end of the first energy storage module, the second end of the second energy storage module and the winding power supply module, and is used for acquiring the second voltage value, converting the second voltage value into a third voltage value and sending the third voltage value to the winding power supply module;
the winding power supply module is connected with the control module, the driving module and the protection module, and is used for supplying power to the control module, the driving module and the protection module.
3. The voltage-doubling PFC circuit of claim 2, wherein the control module is configured to control the drive module to send a first signal to the charge switch module for a set duration when the first voltage value is 0.
4. The voltage-doubler PFC circuit of claim 1, wherein the first energy storage module comprises a first capacitor and a first resistor; the second energy storage module comprises a second resistor and a second capacitor; the first end of the first capacitor is connected with the cathode of the flow guide diode and the first end of the first resistor, and the second end of the first capacitor is connected with the first end of the second capacitor, the second end of the first resistor, the first end of the second resistor and the second end of the alternating current power supply;
the second end of the second capacitor is connected with the charging switch module and the first grounding end.
5. The voltage-doubling PFC circuit of claim 1, wherein the charge switch module comprises a rectifier bridge unit and a power switch unit;
the anode of the flow guide diode is connected with the first end of the rectifier bridge unit or the second end of the rectifier bridge unit;
the first end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the inductor, the second end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the first end of the power switch unit, the third end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the second end of the power switch unit, the second end of the second energy storage module and the first grounding end, and the fourth end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the second end of the alternating current power supply and the second end of the first energy storage module;
And the control end of the power switch unit is connected with the driving module.
6. The voltage-doubling PFC circuit of claim 1, wherein the charge switch module comprises a rectifier bridge unit, a power switch unit, and a first diode;
the anode of the flow guide diode is connected with the first end of the rectifier bridge unit or the second end of the rectifier bridge unit;
the first end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the inductor, the second end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the first end of the power switch unit, the third end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the second end of the power switch unit, the cathode of the first diode and the second grounding end, and the fourth end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the second end of the alternating current power supply and the second end of the first energy storage module;
the second end of the second energy storage module is connected with the anode of the first diode and the first grounding end;
and the control end of the power switch unit is connected with the driving module.
7. The voltage-doubling PFC circuit of claim 1, wherein the charge switch module comprises a rectifier bridge unit, a power switch unit, and a second diode;
The anode of the flow guide diode is connected with the first end of the rectifier bridge unit or the second end of the rectifier bridge unit;
the first end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the inductor and the cathode of the second diode, the second end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the first end of the power switch unit, the third end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the second end of the power switch unit and the second grounding end, and the fourth end of the rectifier bridge unit is connected with the second end of the alternating current power supply and the second end of the first energy storage module;
the second end of the second energy storage module is connected with the anode of the second diode and the first grounding end;
and the control end of the power switch unit is connected with the driving module.
8. The voltage-doubling PFC circuit of claim 1, wherein the charge switch module comprises a power switch unit, a third diode, a fourth diode, and a fifth diode;
the anode of the flow guide diode is connected with the anode of the third diode or the cathode of the third diode;
the anode of the third diode is connected with the inductor and the cathode of the fifth diode, and the cathode of the third diode is connected with the first end of the power switch unit;
The second end of the power switch unit is connected with the second grounding end and the anode of the fourth diode, and the control end of the power switch unit is connected with the driving module;
the cathode of the fourth diode is connected with the second end of the alternating current power supply and the second end of the first energy storage module;
and the anode of the fifth diode is connected with the second end of the second energy storage module and the first grounding end.
9. The voltage-doubling PFC circuit of claim 1, wherein the charge switch module comprises a power switch unit, a sixth diode, a seventh diode, and an eighth diode;
the anode of the flow guide diode is connected with the inductor;
the anode of the sixth diode is connected with the second end of the alternating current power supply and the second end of the first energy storage module, and the cathode of the sixth diode is connected with the first end of the power switch unit;
the second end of the power switch unit is connected with the cathode of the seventh diode, the anode of the eighth diode and the second grounding end, and the control end of the power switch unit is connected with the driving module;
the anode of the seventh diode is connected with the second end of the second energy storage module and the first grounding end;
And the cathode of the eighth diode is connected with the inductor.
10. The voltage-doubling PFC circuit according to any one of claims 5-9, wherein the power switching unit comprises an IGBT and a ninth diode;
the first end of the IGBT is connected with the cathode of the ninth diode, the second end of the IGBT is connected with the anode of the ninth diode, and the control end of the IGBT is connected with the driving module.
CN202210797443.2A 2022-07-06 2022-07-06 Voltage doubling PFC circuit Pending CN117411304A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202210797443.2A CN117411304A (en) 2022-07-06 2022-07-06 Voltage doubling PFC circuit

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202210797443.2A CN117411304A (en) 2022-07-06 2022-07-06 Voltage doubling PFC circuit

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN117411304A true CN117411304A (en) 2024-01-16

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202210797443.2A Pending CN117411304A (en) 2022-07-06 2022-07-06 Voltage doubling PFC circuit

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN117411304A (en)

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