CN116829721A - 一种产生诱导多能干细胞的方法、诱导多能干细胞和使用所述诱导多能干细胞的方法 - Google Patents
一种产生诱导多能干细胞的方法、诱导多能干细胞和使用所述诱导多能干细胞的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及产生诱导多能干细胞的方法。本公开内容的方法包括在适合于重编程干细胞的条件下在脐带羊膜干细胞中表达编码蛋白OCT3/4、SOX2、KLF4、LIN28和L‑MYC以及p53‑shRNA的外源核酸,由此产生诱导多能干细胞。本发明还涉及通过所述方法可获得的诱导多能干细胞群和通过所述方法获得的诱导多能干细胞群。另外,本发明涉及包含本发明的诱导多能干细胞的药物组合物。本发明还涉及使本发明的诱导多能干细胞分化的方法。另外,还涉及包含通过所述方法获得的分化诱导多能干细胞的药物组合物。此外,本发明涉及治疗受试者中的先天性或获得性退行性障碍的方法,所述方法包括向受试者施用从多能干细胞分化的靶细胞。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2020年7月20日提交的美国临时申请No.63/054,206的优先权权益,其内容通过引用整体结合于此以用于所有目的。
背景技术
本发明涉及产生诱导多能干细胞的方法。另外,本发明涉及通过所述方法可获得的诱导多能干细胞群,以及通过所述方法获得的诱导多能干细胞群。本发明还涉及包含本发明的诱导多能干细胞的药物组合物。本发明还涉及使本发明的诱导多能干细胞分化的方法。另外,还涉及包含通过所述方法获得的分化诱导多能干细胞的药物组合物。此外,本发明涉及治疗受试者中的先天性或获得性退行性障碍的方法,其包括向受试者施用从多能干细胞分化的靶细胞。
技术领域
干细胞是具有无限自我更新和在多种细胞或组织类型中分化的能力的细胞群。干细胞自我更新的能力对于它们作为原始未分化细胞的储库的功能是关键的,并且干细胞的“可塑性”依赖于它们转分化成不同于它们来源并且可能跨胚胎胚层的组织的能力。相反,由于端粒缩短,大多数体细胞自我更新的能力有限(综述于例如Dice,J.F.(1993)Physiol.Rev.73,149-159)。因此,基于干细胞的疗法具有用于治疗多种人类和动物疾病的潜力。
胚胎干细胞(从受精后约3至5天)无限增殖,并可自发分化成所有组织类型:因此它们被称为多能干细胞(综述于例如Smith,A.G.(2001)Annu.Rev.Cell.Dev.Biol.17,435-462)。尽管胚胎干细胞的潜力是巨大的,但它们的使用意味着许多伦理问题。因此,非胚胎干细胞已被提议作为替代来源。
成体干细胞是更组织特异性的并且可能具有较少的复制能力:因此它们被称为多能干细胞(综述于例如Paul,G.等人(2002)Drug Discov.Today 7,295-302)。这些细胞可以来源于骨髓基质、脂肪组织和真皮,并且具有分化成软骨细胞、脂肪细胞、成骨细胞、成肌细胞、心肌细胞、星形细胞和肌腱细胞的能力。然而,在许多情况下,从骨髓基质、脂肪组织、真皮和脐带血提取的干细胞的数量相当低。
非常年轻和适应性的成体干细胞(也称为新生干细胞)的广泛来源是脐带血或组织或胎盘。例如,大量干细胞可来源于脐带组织,即华通氏胶,脐带的基质(Mitchell,K.E.等人(2003)Stem Cells 21,50-60;美国专利5,919,702;美国专利申请2004/0136967)。这些细胞已显示具有分别分化成例如神经元表型和软骨组织的能力。间充质干细胞也从脐带静脉的内皮下层分离,脐带静脉是脐带中发现的三条血管(两条动脉,一条静脉)之一(Romanov,Y.A.等人(2003)Stem Cells 21,105-110;Covas,D.T.等人(2003)Braz.J.Med.Biol.Res.36,1179-1183)。此外,间充质干细胞以及上皮干细胞已经成功地从脐带羊膜组织分离(US2006/0078993)。尽管例如间充质干细胞可以在体外和体内经历分化,使得这些干细胞成为中胚层缺陷修复和疾病处理的有前景的候选者,但是成体干细胞的使用受到其多潜能性的限制。为了克服这种限制,非胚胎细胞可以重编程为多能干细胞:所谓的诱导多能干细胞(iPS)。
IPS是由Takahashi和Yamanaka首次产生的,他们通过过表达四种转录因子OCT3/4、SOX2、KLF4和C-MYC(也称为Yamanaka因子)将非胚胎细胞重编程为多能状态(Takahashi,K.和Yamanaka,S.(2006),Cell,126(4),pp.663–676)。详细地,Takahashi和Yamanaka使用了小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞,并经由逆转录病毒转导引入了Yamanaka因子,由此允许转录因子的过表达,并因此产生了表现出胚胎细胞的形态学和生长特性的细胞。尽管该方法是主要的突破,但是转导过程可能导致转移的DNA整合到宿主细胞的基因组中,使得iPS对于人类的治疗性治疗是批判性的。2011年Okita,K.等人,Nature methods,8(5),pp.409–412已经建立了产生iPS的非整合替代方法。Okita等人使用电穿孔将编码Yamanaka因子的三个附加型质粒载体和用于p53抑制的p53-shRNA转移到人皮肤成纤维细胞和牙髓中,因此允许外源DNA的过表达,由此产生无整合的人iPS。为了支持无整合的人iPS的生长和维持,Okita等人(同上)在由小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEF)或STO细胞系组成的饲养层上培养iPS,所述细胞系已经用新霉素抗性和鼠LIF基因(SNL)转化。然而,饲养层上的培养可能带来外源DNA污染iPS的风险。因此,根据Okita等人(同上)的无插入的iPS对于人类的治疗性治疗也是批判性的。
在其概念后十年,iPS技术进入临床转化阶段,其中进行了人中首次试验用于年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD;Mandai,M.等人,N Engl J Med,2017.376(11):p.1038-1046)和帕金森病(PD;Reardon,S.和Cyranoski,D.(2014)‘Japan stem-cell trial stirs envy’,Nature.England,pp.287–288.doi:10.1038/513287a)。iPS技术的最大希望在于其能够进行自体细胞治疗的潜力,这可以避免对长期免疫抑制或组织相容性匹配以防止移植细胞排斥的需要。这个范例已经在非人灵长类模型中用成纤维细胞和骨髓衍生的iPS得到证实(Morizane,A.等人,Stem Cell Reports,2013.1(4):p.283-92;Hallett,P.J.等人,CellStem Cell,2015.16(3):p.269-74;Wang,S.,等人,Cell Discov,2015.1:p.15012;Shiba,Y.等人,Nature,2016.538(7625):p.388-391),并且是用于AMD的基于iPS的细胞疗法首次人试验的基础(Mandai,M.等人,N Engl J Med,2017.376(11):p.1038-1046)。然而,与临床级iPS生产相关的显著的时间和成本将使得其不可能大规模实施用于人类治疗。此外,存在从患者产生自体iPS可能不实际的情况。例如,对于携带致病突变的患者,在可以使用来自这些患者的iPS之前,必须首先校正这些突变。当突变是易处理的时,这是可实现的,但是在突变是难处理的情况下,例如在许多疾病的散发形式的基础下,基因校正策略可能是不可行的。
因此,仍然需要产生iPS的替代方法,其中所得iPS能够分化成适合于人的治疗性治疗的靶细胞。因此,本发明的目的是提供一种产生和分化满足这些需要的iPS的方法。
发明内容
本发明涉及产生如本文所述的诱导多能干细胞的方法、所得诱导多能干细胞、使所得诱导多能干细胞分化的方法和用从诱导多能干细胞衍生的分化细胞治疗受试者中的障碍的方法。
在第一方面,本发明提供了一种产生诱导多能干细胞的方法,其中所述方法包括在适合于重编程干细胞的条件下,在脐带羊膜干细胞中表达编码蛋白OCT3/4、SOX2、KLF4、LIN28和L-MYC以及p53-shRNA的外源核酸,由此产生诱导多能干细胞。在该方法的实施方案中,脐带羊膜干细胞是脐带羊膜间充质干细胞或脐带羊膜上皮干细胞。
在第二方面,本发明还提供了一种通过所述方法可获得的诱导多能干细胞群,以及通过所述方法获得的诱导多能干细胞群。诱导多能干细胞群可以是从脐带羊膜间充质干细胞(群)衍生的诱导多能干细胞群,或者是从脐带羊膜上皮干细胞(群)衍生的诱导多能干细胞群。
在第三方面,本发明还提供了一种包含本发明的诱导多能干细胞的药物组合物。
在第四方面,本发明提供了一种使本发明的诱导多能干细胞分化成靶细胞的方法,其中在适合于分化的条件下使诱导多能干细胞分化成靶细胞。因此,本发明还提供了一种药物组合物,其包含通过本发明获得的分化诱导多能干细胞。
在第五方面,本发明提供了一种治疗受试者中先天性或获得性退行性障碍的方法,其包括向受试者施用从通过本发明获得的多能干细胞分化的靶细胞。
在第六方面,本发明提供了一种由本发明的诱导多能干细胞群产生的或由通过本发明的诱导多能干细胞分化获得的细胞产生的胞外膜囊泡。该第六方面进一步包括本发明的这种胞外膜囊泡作为治疗剂的递送载体的用途。
在第七方面,本发明提供了一种细胞培养基,其包含乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB170、EpiLife培养基、DMEM(杜尔贝科改良伊格尔培养基)、F12(Ham’s F12培养基)和FBS(胎牛血清)。
附图说明
当结合非限制性实施例和附图考虑时,参考详细描述将更好地理解本发明,其中:
图1显示了示意性代表本发明的产生诱导多能干细胞的方法的示例性实施方案的实验步骤的流程图。本文所用的干细胞是从脐带羊膜分离的——也称为脐带衬干细胞(CLSC)。该实施方案从通过从细胞培养装置解离细胞而收获分离的CLSC开始(然而,这里应注意CLSC也可以以分离的形式提供用于本发明的方法)。然后,CLSC计数,并将约0.7百万个细胞等分到微量离心机中并沉淀。将细胞沉淀重悬于适合于电穿孔的缓冲液中,然后将编码Yamanaka因子的质粒加入细胞-缓冲液混合物中。分别对脐带衬间质细胞(CLMC)和脐带衬上皮细胞(CLEC)用1个脉冲(脉冲的持续时间为约20ms且电压为约1600V)或用2个脉冲(脉冲的持续时间为30ms且电压为约1350V)进行电穿孔。电穿孔后,干细胞立即转移到适合于回收的培养基中,其中所述培养基含有抑制炎性反应和增强细胞存活的化合物。在回收适当时间后,将适合于回收的培养基用两种不同细胞培养基的1:1混合物替换,其中所述两种不同细胞培养基是适合于回收的培养基和第二细胞培养基。为了更新细胞培养基,在电穿孔后约4天,用相同的细胞培养基混合物替换培养基混合物。由此,产生了脐带衬诱导多能干细胞——本文也称为CLiPS——的集落。约又2天后,用第二细胞培养基替换两种不同细胞培养基的1:1混合物。同样大约每两天更换该培养基以保持培养基新鲜。当达到直径约0.5mm至1.5mm的大小时,挑取CLiPS集落并转移至适合于细胞培养和增殖的涂布的细胞培养容器中。再次,细胞培养基定期用相同的培养基替换。在达到约50%的汇合后,将CLiPS集落从涂布的培养装置上分离并转移至另一个适合于细胞培养和增殖的细胞培养容器中。这样,CLiPS集落被进一步解离。当达到约70-80%的汇合时,CLiPS以约1:3(v/v)的比率传代,其中通过使1个体积的解离的CLiPS与2个体积的新鲜培养基接触进行所述以约1:3(v/v)的比率传代。然后在含有增强细胞存活的物质的培养基中培养CLiPS,直到达到约30-60%的汇合。此时,CLiPS能够分化成任何所需的靶细胞。
图2显示了单个CLSC群的重编程效率的示例性比较。干细胞已经经受了不同的电穿孔设置,以将外源核酸转染到细胞中。使用Okita等人(同上)中所示的电穿孔参数(1650V,10ms,3个脉冲)和本发明中用于转染脐带羊膜上皮干细胞(本文也称为“脐带衬上皮干细胞”或CLEC,1350V,30ms,2个脉冲)和脐带羊膜间充质干细胞(本文也称为脐带衬间充质干细胞或CLMC,(1600V,20ms,1个脉冲)的相应参数进行电穿孔。将200K个经转染的细胞一式三份地铺在6孔板中。转染后约21天,以集落数/200,000x10计算重编程效率百分比。
图3显示了来自人CLMC的诱导多能干细胞的示例性集落发育。图3a-f显示了集落发育的代表性时程,其中图3a描述了在培养第0天在其维持培养基中培养的人CLMC的典型形态。图3b描述了在培养第15天在其维持培养基中培养的人CLMC的典型形态。图3c描述了在培养第24天在其维持培养基中培养的人CLMC的典型形态。图3d描述了在培养第29天在其维持培养基中培养的人CLMC的典型形态。图3e显示了第一代iPS集落的典型形态的4x放大,3f显示了第一代iPS集落的典型形态的10x放大。图3g-l描述了从人脐带衬细胞衍生的iPS的示例性免疫荧光染色,其显示了多能胚胎干细胞标记物的内源性表达的激活,其中图3g显示了KLF4的表达,图3h显示了NANOG的表达,图3i显示了OCT3/4的表达,图3j显示了SOX2的表达,图3k显示了SSEA4的表达,图3l显示了Tra-1-60的表达,图3m显示了示例性核型分析,其显示了在单个细胞系CLEC23(EC23-CLiPS)、CLMC23(EC23-CLiPS)、CLEC44(EC44-CLiPS)和CLMC44(MC44-CLiPS)中CLiPS的正常染色体数目和G带模式。图3n显示了重编程10天出现的放大20x的示例性人CLMSC-DTHN培养物,图3o显示了在层粘连蛋白-511基质(substrate)上培养的放大4x的扩增的人CLMSC-DTHN的示例性形态。图3p显示了在层粘连蛋白-511基质上培养的放大10x的扩增的人CLMSC-DTHN的形态。图3q显示了在层粘连蛋白-511基质上培养的放大20x的扩增的人CLMSC-DTHN的示例性形态。图3r显示了人多能标志物NANOG在处于第3代的CLMSC-DTHN iPS中的示例性表达。图3s显示了人多能标记物OCT3/4在处于第3代的CLMSC-DTHN iPS中的示例性表达。图3t显示了人多能标志物SOX2在处于第3代的CLMSC-DTHN iPS中的示例性表达。图3u显示了人多能标志物NTRA-1-81在处于第3代的CLMSC-DTHN iPS中的示例性表达。标尺:所有都是100μm。图3v显示了在原代亲代细胞、载体转染后11天的亲代细胞(D11转染的细胞)和已建立的iPS克隆(CLiPS)中重编程基因表达和多能基因表达的示例性RT-PCR分析。“Vec”表示对载体衍生序列特异的扩增。甘油醛-3-磷酸-脱氢酶(GAPDH)用作内部对照。使用没有逆转录的智人(H1)总RNA的PCR来控制所有引物对的基因组污染。
图4显示了CLiPS注射后免疫受损的非肥胖糖尿病重度联合免疫缺陷(NOD-SCID)小鼠形成的畸胎瘤的示例性组织学分析。畸胎瘤形成测定揭示了所有三个胚层的形成。图4a插图显示了皮下注射3个月后从人CLEC衍生的iPS获得的畸胎瘤。通过苏木精和曙红染色进一步分析畸胎瘤的切片。图4a显示了畸胎瘤中呼吸样上皮的存在。图4b显示了畸胎瘤中代表内胚层的腺结构的存在。在图4c中,箭头显示了畸胎瘤中软骨的存在。在图4d中,箭头显示了畸胎瘤中代表中胚层的骨的存在。图4e显示了畸胎瘤中肾组织的存在。实心箭头表示肾小球,空心箭头表示肾小管。
在图4f中,箭头显示了畸胎瘤中代表外胚层的神经上皮的存在。使用定向分化方案,诱导CLiPS分化成特定组织。图4g显示了用甲胎蛋白(AFP)和4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)显现的分化成肝细胞的CLiPS。图4h显示了用人血清白蛋白(HAS)、细胞角蛋白18(CK18)和DAPI显现的分化成肝细胞的CLiPS。图4I显示了用油红O显现的分化成肝细胞的CLiPS。图4j显示了用α-辅肌动蛋白(αACT)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnl)、肌球蛋白调节轻链2a(MLC2a)和DAPI显现的分化成心肌细胞的CLiPS。图4k显示了用底板(floor-plate)标志物FOXA2、顶板(roof plate)标志物LMX1A和DAPI显现的分化成多巴胺能神经元的CLiPS。图4l显示了用神经元特异性III类β-微管蛋白(TUJI)和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)显现的分化成多巴胺能神经元的CLiPS。图4m显示了用OLIG2和DAPI显现的分化成少突细胞祖细胞的CLiPS。图4n显示了用O4和DAPI显现的分化成少突细胞祖细胞的CLiPS。图4o显示了分化第45天成熟的人CLiPS衍生的多巴胺能神经元的电生理学分析。人CLiPS衍生的多巴胺能神经元用注入的电流激发动作电位的链。标尺:图4a、图4c和图4d中为200μm;图4b、图4e和图4f中为100μm;图4g、图4h、图4i、图4k、图4l、图4m中为50μm;图4j、图4n中为25μm。
图5显示了人CLiPS向各种不同细胞类型的示例性定向分化,其中图5a描述了用TH、Tuik和DAPI显现的人CLiPS衍生的神经元,图5b描述了用CK18、HAS和DAPI显现的人CLiPS衍生的肝细胞,图5c描述了用cTnl、αAct和DAPI显现的人CLiPS衍生的心肌细胞,和图5d描述了收缩的人CLiPS衍生的心肌细胞的电生理学分析,说明细胞产生自发的动作电位。
图6显示了在iPS和从它们分化的多巴胺能神经祖细胞上主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)I类和II类以及T细胞共刺激蛋白表达的示例性流式细胞术分析。图6a显示了未分化iPS上的免疫相关基因表达的流式细胞术图谱。图6b显示了神经细胞粘附分子(NCAM)-阳性群的流式细胞术分析。这些群被门控用于分析免疫相关蛋白表达。图6c显示了第25天分化的多巴胺能神经祖细胞上免疫相关蛋白表达的分析。
图7显示了从人CLiPS和人成体成纤维细胞-iPS(asF-iPS)衍生的多巴胺能神经元祖细胞(NPC)在NOD-SCID小鼠中植入的体内比较。将第25天多巴胺能NPC注射到NOD-SCID小鼠的纹状体中,以评价细胞在免疫缺陷环境中的植入和分化潜能。TH免疫反应性多巴胺能神经元存在于丰富的人NCAM阳性植入神经元中。图7a显示了从人asF-iPS衍生的第25天多巴胺能NPC的体内植入。图7b显示了从人CLEC-iPS(EC23-CLiPS)衍生的第25天多巴胺能NPC的体内植入。图7c显示了从CLMC-iPS(MC23-CLiPS)衍生的第25天多巴胺能NPC的体内植入。图7d显示了用人CLEC-iPS衍生的多巴胺能NPC移植后1个月,在免疫活性C57BL/6NTac小鼠中产生的帕金森病(PD)小鼠模型的移植半球的抗体染色。人NCAM(绿色)和TH(红色)双阳性神经元大量存在于注射部位。图7e显示了从移植位点起始的长神经元突起,该长神经元突起沿着胼胝体的镊子主体投射到脑的远端区域。图7f中的箭头指示人NCAM和TH双阳性神经元,其在注射位点大量存在,如箭头所示。图7g显示了与图7d所示相同截面的对侧非移植半球。图7h显示了在用人成体asF-iPS衍生的NPC移植的纹状体中没有可见的存活细胞,提示了免疫排斥。图7i显示了移植的半球中丰富的小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞聚集。图7j显示了在未移植的半球中不存在小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞聚集。图7k显示了图7i的更高放大倍数。可以看出,位于移植物附近和内部的小胶质细胞显示了激活的小胶质细胞的更变形的形态特征。图7l显示了图7k的更高放大倍数,表明CD68的表达,其是小胶质细胞的激活标志物。标尺:图7a-c和图7k中为100μm;图7d、图7g和图7h中为200μm;图7e、图7f和图7l中为50μm。
图8显示了移植后9个月,人CLEC衍生的(EC23-CLiPS)多巴胺能神经元在小鼠PD模型中的存活。图8a显示了移植的半球中存在的HuNu+/hNCAM+/TH+神经元。图8b是图8c-f的重叠,并且显示了图8a中加框区域的更高放大倍数。图8c显示了移植的半球中存在的hNCAM+神经元。图8d显示了移植的半球中存在的HuNu+神经元。图8e显示了移植的半球中存在的TH+神经元。图8f显示了移植的半球中存在的神经元的核。图8g示意性地显示了从通过将6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)注射到C57BL/6NTac小鼠的纹状体中诱导PD损伤开始的实验步骤。在NPC移植前一周和两周进行移植前旋转行为测定。图8h显示了在移植了从人EC23-CLiPS和asF-iPS衍生的多巴胺能NPC的小鼠和假对照中阿扑吗啡诱导的旋转不对称性测定的结果。移植后每两周进行一次测定,直至22周。从移植后第20周开始,人EC23-CLiPS组的动物与asF-iPS组相比显示了统计学上显著的旋转恢复(n=5,p<0.05)。在假组中没有观察到恢复。图8h显示了代表性的[18F]PE-P2I配体摄取的体内正电子发射断层扫描(PET)成像,以评估移植后6个月纹状体多巴胺能神经元中多巴胺转运蛋白(DAT)功能的恢复。与移植了人asF-iPS NPC或假对照的小鼠相比,移植了人EC23-iPS NPC的小鼠显示了DAT活性的恢复。标尺:图8a中为200μm;图8b-f中为100μm。
图9显示了移植小鼠中纹状体多巴胺产生的示例性体内PET成像。PET显示了[18F]PE-P2I配体摄取,以评估iPS衍生的NPCs移植后6个月纹状体多巴胺能神经元中多巴胺转运蛋白(DAT)功能的恢复。与移植了人成体iPS衍生的NPC或假移植对照的小鼠相比,移植了人CLEC-iPS衍生的NPC的小鼠显示了DAT活性的明显恢复。
图10显示了植入小鼠脑后6和9个月,从人CLiPS衍生的移植物的体内维持。该移植物对人抗原NCAM和TH多巴胺能标志物呈染色阳性。肿瘤的形成没有被记录。标尺:50μm。
图11显示了在完全免疫活性的Wistar Hannover大鼠中建立的内侧前脑束(MFB)损伤模型中移植的人EC23-CLiPS多巴胺能NPC的组织学和功能分析结果。图11a显示了移植后3个月人EC23-CLiPS神经元在大鼠脑的纹状体区域的植入,这通过对人细胞质(STEM121)和人核抗原(HuNu)抗体的阳性双染色证实。染色指示功能恢复。图11b显示了突触蛋白1与hNCAM+/TH+神经元的免疫反应性的共定位,这提示移植后3个月移植的人CLiPS衍生的细胞与宿主组织的可能的整合。图11c显示了大鼠脑中黑质中多巴胺能系统的逆行损伤。图11d显示了未损伤的大鼠脑,通过酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫染色证实了图11c的黑质中多巴胺能系统的逆行损伤。图11e显示了在移植了从人CLEC23-iPS衍生的多巴胺能NPC的大鼠中阿扑吗啡诱导的旋转不对称性测定的结果。结果表明,CLiPS-NPC的移植在6个月研究期间介导了PD的大鼠MFB模型中功能性运动缺陷的恢复。标尺:图11a和图11b中为100μm;图11c和图11d中为200μm。
图12a、b和c各自显示了通过使用PTTe-3培养基作为回收培养基而产生的从人CLEC衍生的诱导多能干细胞的示例性集落。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及在适合于重编程干细胞的条件下从脐带羊膜干细胞产生诱导多能干细胞由此产生诱导多能干细胞(iPS)的方法。
在本发明中,脐带羊膜间充质和上皮干细胞——在此也统称为脐带衬干细胞(CLSC),用于产生iPS——在此也称为脐带衬衍生的诱导多能干细胞或“CLiPS”。已经令人惊讶地发现,本发明的脐带衬衍生的诱导多能干细胞是能够分化成不同谱系的功能性靶细胞的稳健且同质的干细胞(参见实施例3和4)。例如,脐带衬衍生的诱导多能干细胞具有分化成多种细胞类型的能力,并且可以例如分化成各种细胞类型,诸如代表内胚层组织的肝细胞(参见实施例8)、代表中胚层组织的心肌细胞(参见实施例9)以及代表外胚层组织的多巴胺能神经元(参见实施例7)和少突细胞(参见实施例10)。更令人惊讶和重要的是发现,例如,人CLiPS衍生的多巴胺能神经元能够在不同物种中功能性地植入,并且在没有免疫抑制的情况下在小鼠帕金森病(PD)模型中存活达9个月,在没有免疫抑制的情况下在大鼠PD模型中存活达6个月(参见实施例12和13)。因此,总之,本发明人已经产生了能够在完全免疫活性宿主中移植、整合和介导治疗恢复的低免疫原性细胞源。本发明的脐带衬衍生的诱导多能干细胞可以潜在地用作人中同种异体细胞移植的细胞的通用来源,而不需要免疫抑制,并且这使得它们成为此类基于细胞的疗法的理想候选物。作为进一步的优点,在此发现本发明的脐带衬衍生的诱导多能干细胞可以通过无整合和无饲养物的方法产生,由此允许在目前的良好生产实践(cGMP)条件下生产iPS。由于最近已经建立了用于生产大量脐带羊膜间充质干细胞的GMP方法(参见国际申请WO 2018/067071或美国专利申请US2018127721),本发明提供了生产用于人或动物中随后的基于细胞的疗法的iPS的理想平台。
现在首先描述本发明的产生iPS的方法,该方法可以包括表达编码蛋白OCT3/4、SOX2、KLF4、LIN28和L-MYC以及p53-shRNA的外源核酸。编码OCT3/4(序列ID No:1)的核酸,有时也称为POU5FL、OCT3或OCT4,编码八聚体结合转录因子4。OCT3/4(序列ID No:2)与SOX2形成异二聚体以调节细胞中的多能性因子。SOX2(序列ID No:3),有时也称为SEY,编码性别决定区Y-box 2转录因子(序列ID No:4)。当SOX2结合OCT3/4时,其结合非回文基因组序列,从而激活细胞中多能因子的转录。KLF4(序列ID No:5),有时也称为GKLF,编码Krueppel样因子4。KLF4(序列ID No:6)是锌指转录因子,其作为肿瘤抑制因子起作用,通过介导肿瘤抑制因子p53来控制细胞周期的G1至G2转换。L-MYC(序列ID No:7)编码激活增殖基因表达的转录因子(序列ID No:8)。LIN28(序列ID No:9)编码RNA结合蛋白Lin-28同系物A(序列IDNo:10),其调节干细胞的自我更新。p53-shRNA(序列ID No:11)编码针对p53的小发夹RNA,p53是一种当蛋白在细胞中积累时可以通过终止它来调节细胞周期的蛋白。为了避免p53终止细胞周期,p53-shRNA可以沉默转录后p53的表达。为了产生CLiPS,可以将编码OCT3/4、SOX2、KLF4、LIN28、L MYC和p53-shRNA的外源核酸转移至CLSC中以进行表达。或者,蛋白OCT3/4、SOX2、KLF4、LIN28、L-MYC和p53-shRNA可以直接转移至CLSC。
如上所述,本发明的诱导多能干细胞群可通过对脐带羊膜干细胞重编程而获得。脐带干细胞可以是脐带羊膜的(分离的)间充质干细胞,也称为脐带衬间充质干细胞(CLMC),或脐带羊膜的(分离的)上皮干细胞,也称为脐带衬上皮干细胞(CLEC)。用于产生本发明的iPS的CLEC和CLMC可以来自任何哺乳动物物种,诸如小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠、兔、山羊、马、狗、猫、绵羊、猴或人,在一个实施方案中优选人来源的干细胞。因此,本发明的iPS也可以来自任何哺乳动物物种,诸如小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠、兔、山羊、马、狗、猫、绵羊、猴或人,在一个实施方案中优选人来源的干细胞。
在脐带羊膜上皮干细胞用作起始材料的情况下,这些上皮干细胞可例如如美国专利申请2006/0078993(得到授权的美国专利9,085,755和9,737,568)或相应的国际专利申请WO2006/019357中所述获得。如果脐带羊膜间充质干细胞用作起始材料,它们也可如美国专利申请2006/0078993(得到美国专利9,085,755和9,737,568)或相应的国际专利申请WO2006/019357中所述获得。
也可以使用如公开的美国申请2018/127721或相应的国际申请WO 2018/067071中所述的间充质干细胞群作为起始材料。国际申请WO 2018/067071的间充质干细胞群的优点是该群的干细胞中99%或更多对三种间充质干细胞标志物CD73、CD90呈阳性,同时缺乏CD34、CD45和HLA-DR的表达,这意味着国际申请WO 2018/067071的间充质干细胞群的99%或甚至更多细胞表达干细胞标志物CD73、CD90和CD105,而不表达标志物CD34、CD45和HLA-DR。这种非常同质且明确定义的细胞群是临床试验和基于细胞的疗法的理想候选者,因为它们例如完全满足对于用于细胞疗法的人间充质干细胞普遍接受的标准,如Dominii等人“Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells.TheInternational Society for Cellular Therapy position statement”,Cytotherapy(2006)Vol.8,No.4,315-317、Sensebe等人“Production of mesenchymal stromal/stemcells according to good manufacturing practices:a,review”,Stem Cell Research&Therapy 2013,4:66)、Vonk等人Stem Cell Research&Therapy(2015)6:94或KundrotasActa Medica Lituanica.2012.Vol.19.No.2.P.75–79所定义的。因此,国际申请WO 2018/067071的间充质干细胞群是在GMP条件下生产本发明CLiPS的理想起始材料。
在此背景下注意到,用转基因转染的CLMC将保持其干性和干细胞特征,但可能显示表达间充质干细胞标志物诸如CD73、CD90和CD105的细胞的百分比降低,而同时也可能显示表达阴性标志物诸如CD34、CD45或HLA-DR的细胞的百分比增加。参见Yap等人,MalaysianJ Pathol 2009;31(2):113-120);也参见Madeira等人,Journal of Biomedicine andBiotechnology.Volume 2010,Article ID 735349,12页。鉴于此,通过本文所述并从脐带羊膜分离的CLMC的重编程而产生的本发明CLiPS可以是干细胞群,其中CLiPS群的至少约81%或更多、约82%或更多、至少83%或更多、至少84%或更多、至少约85%或更多、约86%或更多、约87%或更多、约88%或更多、约89%或更多、约90%或更多、约91%或更多、约92%或更多、约93%或更多、约94%或更多、约95%或更多、约96%或更多、约97%或更多、约98%或更多、约99%或更多细胞可表达以下标志物中的每一种:CD73、CD90和CD105。另外,本发明的这种CLMC衍生的诱导多能干细胞群可以是这样的群体,其中至少约81%或更多、约82%或更多、至少83%或更多、至少84%或更多、至少约85%或更多、约86%或更多、约87%或更多、约88%或更多、约89%或更多、约90%或更多、约91%或更多、约92%或更多、约93%或更多、约94%或更多、约95%或更多、约96%或更多、约97%或更多、约98%或更多、约99%或更多可以缺乏CD34、CD45和HLA-DR中每一种的表达。本发明的这种CLMC衍生的诱导多能干细胞群的一个优选实例可以是这样的群体,其中CLMC群的至少约90%或更多、约91%或更多、约92%或更多、约93%或更多、约94%或更多、约95%或更多、约96%或更多、约97%或更多、约98%或更多、约99%或更多细胞表达CD73、CD90和CD105中的每一种,并且缺乏CD34、CD45和HLA-DR中每一种的表达。
再次回到本发明的诱导多能干细胞(群)的产生,重要的是注意到,这样的诱导多能干细胞是通过将脐带羊膜干细胞(群)重编程为这样的诱导多能干细胞(群)的任何适合的方法可获得的。尽管产生这种诱导多能干细胞的一种方法包括在适合于重编程干细胞的条件下在脐带羊膜干细胞中表达编码蛋白OCT3/4、SOX2、KLF4、LIN28和L-MYC以及p53-shRNA的外源核酸,由此产生诱导多能干细胞,但本发明决不限于通过该方法获得的CLiPS。相反,CLiPS可以通过任何适合的方法获得,例如在Cieslar-Probuda等人“Transdifferentiation and reprogramming:Overview of the processes,theirsimilarities and differences”BBA–Molecular Cell Research,第1864卷,第7期,2017年7月,1359-1369页的综述中所述。例如,在本发明中,重编程也可以通过使用小分子化学地进行,或通过在细胞内表达编码重编程因子的外源核酸生物地进行。或者,编码蛋白OCT3/4、SOX2、KLF4、LIN28、L-MYC和p53-shRNA的外源核酸可以作为用于表达的任何适合的核酸提供。例如,核酸可以是脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)、包括信使RNA(mRNA)的核糖核酸(RNA)和微小RNA(miRNA)。外源核酸可以原样转移,或者外源核酸可以掺入到适合于转移到细胞中的一种或多种载体中。在此上下文中,可以使用任何适合于转移到CLSC中的载体。这种载体的一个说明性实例可以是质粒。在本发明中,外源核酸可以由一种、两种、三种或四种适合于转移到干细胞中的载体提供。在一个说明性实例中,三种载体可以提供用于将CLSC重编程为CLiPS的外源核酸,其中所述载体可以是pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp53-F(Addgene质粒#27077;序列ID No:12)、pCXLE-hSK(Addgene质粒#27078,序列ID No:13)和pCXLE-hUL(Addgene质粒#27080;序列ID No:14)。
根据上述,可以使用任何适合于将外源核酸或蛋白质转移到CSLC中的方法。在一个实例中,病毒载体可用于将外源核酸转移到CSLC中。这种病毒载体的实例可以是逆转录病毒、慢病毒、可诱导的慢病毒、仙台病毒或腺病毒。或者,可以进行转染以将外源核酸转移到CSLC中。在本发明中,转染可以包括电穿孔、显微注射、脂质体和非脂质体介导的转染和声穿孔(sonoporation)。
在优选的实例中,CLSC可以经受电穿孔,其中电参数可以根据所使用的CLSC的类型进行调节,因为CLMC可能需要与CLEC不同的电穿孔条件。电参数可以包括施加到干细胞的电脉冲的数目、施加的电脉冲的持续时间和施加的电脉冲的电压。每个电参数可以是可调节的,以进一步优化本发明的电穿孔。当这样做时,可以独立地或与一个或多个其它电参数组合地调节每个电参数(参见实施例1)。在本发明中,可以应用任何适合于允许外源核酸转移到CLSC中的参数设置。在本发明的一个实例中,CLMC可以经受电穿孔。在这种情况下,可以用1个电脉冲进行电穿孔,所述电脉冲的持续时间可以是约15毫秒(ms)至约25ms,电压可以是约1550V至约1650V。因此,在一个实例中,CLMC可以经受1个电脉冲的电穿孔,所述电脉冲的持续时间可以是约20ms,电压可以是约1600V。另外,本文已经发现,产生可用量/数量的从CLMC衍生的CLiPS的电穿孔取决于转染的每种载体(质粒)DNA与用于转染的CLMC的数量的比率。该比率在本文中通过使用的每种载体(质粒)DNA的量(以μg计)比经受电穿孔的CLMC数(以1×106个细胞计)来表示。在说明性的实施例中,每种载体的载体(质粒)DNA的量与细胞数的比率可以在1.5μg DNA比约1×106个CLMC至约2.5μg DNA比约1×106个CLMC的范围内。因此,该比率可以是约2.5μg DNA比约1×106个CLMC,约2.25μg DNA比约1×106个CLMC,约1.8μg DNA比约1×106个CLMC,约1.7μg DNA比约1×106个CLMC,约1.67μg DNA比约1×106个CLMC,约1.6μg DNA比约1×106个CLMC,或约1.5μg DNA比约1×106个CLMC(参见表1,其显示了使用每种质粒的载体(质粒)DNA的量与细胞数的约1.67μg DNA比约1×106个CLMC的比率产生了有效的转化产率)。因此,在产生从CLMC衍生的CLiPS的一个实施方案中,优选在CLMC的电穿孔中以相同量使用每种载体。CLEC也可以经受电穿孔以产生本发明的CLiPS。在从CLEC衍生CLiPS的情况下,电穿孔可以用2个电脉冲进行,其可以各自具有约25ms至约35ms的持续时间和约1300V至约1400V的电压。因此,在一个实施例中,CLEC可以经受2个电脉冲的电穿孔,所述电脉冲可以各自具有约30ms的持续时间和约1350V的电压。如对于CLMC一样,对于从CLEC衍生的CLiPS也发现了,产生可用量/数量的从CLEC衍生的CLiPS的电穿孔取决于转染的每种质粒DNA的量与用于转染的CLEC的数量的比率。此比率在本文中也通过用于转染的载体(质粒)DNA的量(以μg计)比待转染的CLEC数(以1×106个细胞计)来表示。在说明性的实施例中,载体(质粒)DNA的量与细胞数的比率可以在约1.5μg DNA比约1×106个CLEC至约2.5μg DNA比约1×106个CLEC的范围内。因此,该比率可以是约1.5μg DNA比约1×106个CLEC,约1.6μg DNA比约1×106个CLEC,约1.67μg DNA比约1×106个CLEC,约1.7μgDNA比约1×106个CLEC,约1.8μg DNA比约1×106个CLEC,约1.9μg DNA比约1×106个CLEC,约2.0μg DNA比约1×106个CLEC,或约2.5μg DNA比约1×106个CLEC(参见表1,其显示了使用每种载体的质粒DNA的量与细胞数的约1.67μg DNA比约1×106个CLEC的比率提供了有效的转化产率)。因此,在产生从CLEC衍生的CliPS的一个实施方案中,优选在CLEC的电穿孔中以相同的量使用每种载体。CLEC和CLMC两者的电穿孔可以在本发明的方法中在均匀电场中进行。由此,可以使电穿孔的关键后果诸如pH变化、离子形成或发热最小化。可以通过使电极之间的间隙最大化同时使每个电极的表面积最小化来产生均匀电场。提供这种均匀电场的系统的一个说明性实例是ThermoFisher Scientific的NeonTM转染系统。适合的商业转染系统的另一个实例是Gene Pulser MXcell电穿孔系统,可购自Bio-Rad。最后,可以使用任何适合的电穿孔缓冲液进行转染。在使用商业转染系统如NeonTM转染系统的情况下,通常将转染系统制造商提供的相应电穿孔缓冲液用于电穿孔。
转染后,可将干细胞转移到适合于细胞回收和细胞培养的培养基中。在本发明中,可以使用任何适合于细胞回收和/或增殖的细胞培养基。这种适合的细胞培养基的说明性实例可以是通常用于培养(增殖)人诱导多能干细胞的培养基,诸如mTeSR1、StemMACSTMiPS-Brew XF、TeSRTM-E8、mTeSRTMPlus、TeSRTM2、mTeSRTM1。对于细胞回收培养,也可以使用能够支持CLEC或CLMC增殖(无分化)/健康生长的任何培养基。用于CLEC的这种培养的合适培养基的实例例如描述于美国专利申请2006/0078993,并且包括EpiLife培养基、培养基171、MEGM-乳腺上皮细胞培养基或这样的培养基的混合物,诸如培养基PTT-e3(其已经在本文用于产生从CLEC衍生的CLiPS,并且其在下文详细描述)。用于CLMC的这种培养的合适培养基的实例例如描述于美国专利申请2006/0078993和2018/127721以及国际专利申请WO2007/046775,并且包括DMEM/10%FBS、DMEM:F12培养基(DMEM和Ham’s F12培养基的1:1混合物)或培养基诸如PPT-6(包含DMEM、F12-Medim、培养基171和FBS的培养基,参见美国申请2018/127721)或PTT4(其中后者已经用于本文实施例部分来产生从CLMC衍生的CLiPS)。对于这种细胞回收培养,也可以使用这些培养基的混合物(例如mTeSR1与培养基PTTe-3或培养基PTT-4的混合物)。适合于如本文所述的经转染的CLEC或CLMC的细胞回收的培养基可以进一步含有生长因子,其可以刺激细胞生长和增殖。可以将生长因子原样加入到细胞培养基中。另外,回收培养基可以含有血清,诸如例如胎牛血清(FBS)。因此,适合于转染后细胞回收的培养基可以是无血清或含血清的培养基。
根据上述公开内容,适合于细胞回收的培养基的组成可以不同,取决于所使用的CLSC。
例如,适合于回收经转染的CLMC的培养基可以由(化学)成分确定的培养基和FBS组成。因此,适合于回收经转染的CLMC的培养基可由分别约80%(v/v)、约85%(v/v)、约90%(v/v)或约95%(v/v)化学成分确定的培养基和约20%(v/v)、约15%(v/v)、约10%(v/v)或约5%(v/v)FBS组成。在优选的实施例中,在培养基PTT-4中培养CLMC以在转染后回收细胞,其中培养基PTT-4,如国际专利申请WO2007/046775中所述,由90%(v/v)CMRL-1066和10%(v/v)FBS组成。适合于回收经转染的CLEC的培养基可以是无血清培养基,其中所述培养基可以含有细胞因子和生长因子。
适合于回收经转染的CLEC的培养基也可以是成分确定的培养基。这种回收培养基可以包含乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、EpiLife培养基、DMEM(杜尔贝科改良伊格尔培养基)、F12(Ham’s F12培养基)和FBS(胎牛血清)。
在说明性的实施例中,这种培养基包含终浓度为约10%至约30%(v/v)的乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、终浓度为约20%至约40%(v/v)的EpiLife培养基、终浓度为约5%至约15%(v/v)的F12、终浓度为约30%至约45%(v/v)的DMEM和终浓度为约0.1%至2%(v/v)的FBS。一种这样的培养基可以包含终浓度为约15%至约25%(v/v)的乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、终浓度为约25%至约35%(v/v)的EpiLife培养基、终浓度为约7.5%至约13%(v/v)的F12、终浓度为约35%至约40%(v/v)的DMEM和终浓度为约0.5%至1.5%(v/v)的FBS。另一种这样的培养基可以包含终浓度为约20%(v/v)的乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB170、终浓度为约30%(v/v)的EpiLife培养基、终浓度为约12.5(v/v)的F12、终浓度为约37.5%(v/v)的DMEM和终浓度为约1.0%(v/v)的FBS。如本文所用,“%(v/v)”的值是指相对于培养基的终体积的单个组分的体积。这意味着,如果培养基中存在例如终浓度为约35%至约40%(v/v)的DMEM,则1升培养基含有约350ml至400ml DMEM。在一个实施方案中,通过混合以下以获得1000ml终体积的培养基来获得适合于回收经转染的CLEC细胞的培养基:
-200ml乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170,
-300ml EpiLife培养基,
-250ml DMEM,
-250ml DMEM/F12,和
-1%胎牛血清
在适合于回收经转染的CLEC的培养基中的生长因子可以是胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)诸如IGF-1或IGF-2,表皮生长因子(EGF)诸如HB-EGF或EPR、转化生长因子(TGF)诸如TGF-α或TGF-β1、活化素、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)、转铁蛋白和胰岛素。在一个实例中,在培养基PTTe-3中培养CLEC以在转染后回收细胞,其中培养基PTTe-3含有人表皮生长因子(EGF)、一种或多种转化生长因子诸如TGF-α和/或TGF-β(TGF-β1、TGF-β2和/或TGF-β3)或胰岛素。
根据上文,适合于回收经转染的CLEC的培养基可以包含终浓度为约1ng/ml至约15ng/ml的人表皮生长因子(EGF)。回收培养基还可以包含终浓度为约1μg/ml至约7.5μg/ml的胰岛素。这种回收培养基可以进一步包含以下补充物中的至少一种:腺嘌呤、氢化可的松和3,3’,5-三碘-L-甲腺原氨酸钠盐(T3)。在一个实施方案中,培养基包含腺嘌呤、氢化可的松和3,3’,5-三碘-L-甲腺原氨酸钠盐(T3)中的所有三种。在这种情况下,培养基可以包含终浓度为约0.05mM至约0.1mM腺嘌呤的腺嘌呤、终浓度为约0.1μM至0.5μM氢化可的松的氢化可的松和终浓度为约0.1ng/ml至约5ng/ml的3,3’,5-三碘-L-甲腺原氨酸钠盐(T3)。回收培养基可以包含一种或多种转化生长因子(TGF),例如转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)和/或转化生长因子α(TGF-α)。在这种培养基中,TGF-β1可以以约0.1ng/ml至约5ng/ml的终浓度存在,TGF-α可以以约1.0ng/ml至约10ng/ml的终浓度存在。另外,回收CLEC的培养基可以包含来自霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae)的霍乱毒素(其可例如以目录号C8052从Sigma Aldrich商购获得)。如果使用来自霍乱弧菌的霍乱毒素,其可以以约1×10-11M至约1×10-10M的终浓度存在。
“DMEM”是指杜尔贝科改良伊格尔培养基,其在1969年开发,并且是基础培养基Eagle(BME)的改良(参见图1,其显示了可从Lonza获得的DMEM的数据表)。最初的DMEM配方含有1000mg/L的葡萄糖,并首次报道用于培养胚胎小鼠细胞。此后,DMEM已经成为细胞培养的标准培养基,其可从多种来源商购获得,诸如ThermoFisher Scientific(目录号11965-084)、Sigma Aldrich(目录号D5546)或Lonza,仅举几个供应商。因此,任何可商购获得的DMEM都可用于本发明。在优选的实施方案中,本文所用的DMEM是可以目录号12-604F从Lonza获得的DMEM培养基。该培养基是补充了4.5g/L葡萄糖和L-谷氨酰胺的DMEM)。在另一个优选的实施方案中,本文使用的DMEM是Sigma Aldrich目录号D5546的DMEM培养基,其含有1000mg/L葡萄糖和碳酸氢钠,但不含L-谷氨酰胺。
“F12”培养基是指Ham’s F12培养基。该培养基也是标准细胞培养基,并且是最初设计为在与血清和激素和转铁蛋白组合使用时培养各种哺乳动物和杂交瘤细胞的营养混合物。任何可商购获得的Ham’s F12培养基(例如,来自ThermoFisher Scientific(目录号11765-054)、Sigma Aldrich(目录号N4888)或Lonza,仅举几个供应商)均可用于本发明。在优选的实施方案中,使用来自Lonza的Ham’s F12培养基。“DMEM/F12”或“DMEM:F12”是指DMEM与Ham’s F12培养基的1:1混合物。另外,DMEM/F12(1:1)培养基是一种广泛使用的支持许多不同哺乳动物细胞生长的基础培养基,可从各种供应商诸如ThermoFisherScientific(目录号11330057)、Sigma Aldrich(目录号D6421)或Lonza商购获得。任何可商购获得的DMEM:F12培养基可用于本发明。在优选的实施方案中,本文所用的DMEM:F12培养基是DMEM/F12(1:1)培养基,可以目录号12-719F从Lonza获得(其是DMEM:F12,含有L-谷氨酰胺、15mM HEPES和3.151g/L葡萄糖)。
“M171”是指培养基171,其已经被开发为用于正常人乳腺上皮细胞生长培养的基础培养基。这种基础培养基也被广泛使用,并且可例如从供应商诸如ThermoFisherScientific或Life Technologies Corporation(目录号M171500)商购获得。任何可商购获得的M171培养基都可以用于本发明。在优选的实施方案中,本文使用的M171培养基是可以目录号M171500从Life Technologies Corporation获得的M171培养基。
“乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170”是指用于乳腺上皮细胞生长的基础营养培养基,其可以粉末形式商购获得,例如以目录号M2162从美国Biological,Salem MassachusettsUSA或以目录号(MBS652676_10l)从荷兰Bio-Connect B.V.,Huissen获得。
EpiLife培养基是指HEPES和碳酸氢盐缓冲的液体培养基,其不使用氯化钙制备,并且通常用于人表皮角质形成细胞和人角膜上皮细胞的长期无血清培养,并且设计用于在具有5%CO2和95%空气气氛的培养箱中使用。可以目录号MEPICF500从ThermoFisherScientific或以产品代码E0151从Sigma Aldrich获得。
“CMRL培养基”是指由Connaught Medical Research Laboratories最初开发的用于Earle's'L'细胞在无血清条件下生长的培养基。已知CMRL培养基还在补充了马或小牛血清时尤其可用于克隆猴肾细胞和用于其它哺乳动物细胞系的生长。CMRL培养基可例如从ThermoFisher Scientific(目录号11530037)商购获得。
“FBS”是指胎牛血清(也称为“胎小牛血清”),即在血液自然凝固后接着离心以除去任何剩余的红细胞后剩余的血液级分。胎牛血清是用于真核细胞体外细胞培养的最广泛使用的血清补充物,因为它具有非常低水平的抗体并且含有更多的生长因子,允许在许多不同的细胞培养应用中的通用性。FBS优选从国际血清工业协会(ISIA)的成员获得,该协会主要聚焦于通过适当的来源可追溯性、标记的真实性和适当的标准化和监督,血清和动物衍生产品的安全性和安全使用。作为ISIA成员的FBS供应商包括Abattoir BasicsCompany、Animal Technologies Inc.、Biomin Biotechnologia LTDA、GE Healthcare、Thermo Fisher Scientific and Life Science Production的Gibco,仅提及少数。在目前优选的实施方案中,FBS以目录号A15-151从GE Healthcare获得。
适合于细胞回收的培养基也可以含有化合物,其可以抑制炎性反应和/或还可以增强转染后的细胞存活和增殖。这种化合物的示例性实例可以是糖皮质激素。糖皮质激素是类固醇激素,其能够上调核中抗炎蛋白的表达并抑制胞质中促炎蛋白的表达。本文所用的糖皮质激素可以是泼尼松龙、甲泼尼龙、地塞米松、倍他米松、皮质酮或氢化可的松,仅列举了一些适合的糖皮质激素的说明性实例。也可以一起使用两种或更多种糖皮质激素,例如皮质酮和氢化可的松的混合物。糖皮质激素可以以任何适合的浓度使用,例如,以约0.1μM至约2.5μM或至约5μM的浓度。在一个说明性实施例中,适合于回收经转染的CLSC的培养基中的糖皮质激素可以是以约0.1μM至约2.5μM的浓度使用的氢化可的松。在一个实施例中,适合于回收经转染的CLSC的培养基中的氢化可的松浓度为约0.5μM至约2μM。在一个这样的说明性实施例中,氢化可的松浓度为约1μM。
经转染的CLSC的回收可以在细胞培养装置诸如细胞培养容器中进行。细胞培养容器可以是、但不限于培养瓶、培养皿、滚瓶和多层板。此外,细胞培养容器可被涂布以提供一层,其可通过向细胞提供代谢物而促进细胞生长。细胞培养容器的涂层可以是血清衍生的或无血清的。血清来源的涂层的实例可以是具有来自基底膜样基质诸如Matrigel的凝胶状蛋白质的涂层。细胞培养容器的无血清涂层的特征可以替代地在于无动物和异种物质(xeno)的,从而允许在cGMP条件下培养细胞。细胞培养容器的无血清涂层的实例可以是具有重组蛋白或其部分的涂层,诸如例如具有细胞外基质蛋白的涂层,所述细胞外基质蛋白诸如胶原蛋白、纤连蛋白、弹性蛋白、层粘连蛋白,包括例如层粘连蛋白-511E8片段、或层粘连蛋白521、玻连蛋白,例如以可商购获得的citronectin XFTM、CELLstart或SynthemaxTM玻连蛋白基质的形式。在本发明的一个实例中,经转染的CLEC可以优选在具有血清来源的涂层的细胞培养容器中培养,而CLMC可以优选在具有无血清涂层的细胞培养容器中培养。
在适合的时间段后,可以用另一种细胞培养基替换适合于回收经转染的CLSC的培养基。适合的时间段可以是例如转染后约1、约2或约3天。因此,在一个实施例中,可在转染后约2天进行培养基更换。用于培养基更换的另一种细胞培养基也可以是不同细胞培养基的混合物。在本发明中,可以使用任何适合于产生iPS的细胞培养基或细胞培养基混合物。此外,适合的细胞培养基或细胞培养基混合物可以含有可以抑制炎性反应和增强细胞存活的化合物。在本发明中,适合于转染后细胞回收的培养基可以在适合的时间段后用两种不同细胞培养基的混合物替换,以确保当细胞经历体细胞重编程时从其天然状态转变为更多能状态时,营养物和生长因子的合适共混物向细胞的适当供应。因此,本发明的细胞培养基混合物可以由可含有氢化可的松的适合于细胞回收的培养基和第二细胞培养基组成。在优选的实施例中,两种不同细胞培养基以约1:1(v/v)的比率混合,其中混合物可以通过使1个体积的适合于细胞回收的培养基与1个体积的第二细胞培养基接触来制备。在另一个优选的实施例中,两种不同细胞培养基以约1:2(v/v)或2:1的比率混合,其中混合物可以通过使1个体积的适合于细胞回收的培养基与2个体积的第二细胞培养基(或2个体积的适合于细胞回收的培养基与1个体积的第二细胞培养基)接触来制备。用于产生细胞培养混合物的第二细胞培养基可以是任何适合于增强或维持iPS增殖的细胞培养基(这样的培养基在本文中也称为“维持培养基”)。使用混合物,诸如用于细胞回收的培养基和维持培养基的1:1混合物,提供了允许CLiPS细胞逐渐从其同源培养基转变到ES/iPSC培养基的优点,而不是可能损害其生存力的突然转变。不希望受理论的束缚,假定在转染后约两天,一些成功转染的脐带衬干细胞将开始获得多能干细胞特征,并伴随获得PSC的营养需求。这种适合的细胞培养基的说明性实例包括、但不限于商业上的维持培养基,诸如mTeSR1、StemMACSTM iPS-BrewXF、TeSRTM-E8、mTeSRTMPlus、TeSRTM2或mTeSRTM1、hPSC XF Medium、Essential 8Medium(ThermoFisher Scientific)、StemFlex(ThermoFisher Scientific)、StemFit Basic02(Ajinomoto Co.Inc)或PluriSTEM(Merck Millipore)。如果iPS集落在无动物和异种物质的GMP条件下培养,则可以优选使用培养基mTeSRTM 1,因为它是在GMP条件下制备的。因此,在一个优选的实施例中,mTeSR1可为用于产生细胞培养混合物的第二细胞培养基。在本发明中,1:1(v/v)细胞培养基混合物可以在适合的时间段内用相同的细胞培养基混合物替换。这个适合的时间段可以是转染后约3、约4、约5或约6天。因此,在一个实施例中,在转染后4天,可以用相同的混合物替换1:1(v/v)细胞培养基混合物。在适合的时间段后,可进一步用仅用于产生细胞培养混合物的第二细胞培养基替换1:1(v/v)细胞培养基混合物。在这种情况下,适合的时间段可以是转染后约4、约5、约6或约7天。在一个实施例中,在转染后6天,可以用第二细胞培养基替换1:1(v/v)细胞培养基混合物。在优选的实施例中,在转染后6天,可分别用mTeSR1和mTeSRTM 1替换1:1(v/v)细胞培养基混合物。定期的细胞培养基更换和替换可以有助于增加存活CLiPS。因此,CLiPS集落可以生长和增殖。
在将细胞培养基混合物更换为一种细胞培养基后,可以进一步培养CLiPS。为此,细胞培养基也可以定期用相同的培养基替换,以确保营养物和生长因子的合适混合物向细胞的适当供应。例如,细胞培养基可以每天或每两天、每三天或每四天进行替换。在本发明的一个实施例中,细胞培养基可以每两天进行替换。因此,CLiPS集落可进一步生长和增殖。
在转染后约10、11、12、13、14、15或16天,CLiPS集落可变得肉眼可见(参见实施例2)。当达到适合的大小时,可以选择CLiPS并转移到另一个经涂布的培养容器中以进一步培养和增殖。在这种情况下,适合的集落大小可以包括直径约0.1mm至约2mm的长度。在本发明的一个实施例中,当达到直径约0.5mm至约1.5mm的长度时,可以选择CLiPS集落,其中在转染后约20天,CLiPS集落可以达到这种大小。为了将具有合适大小的CLiPS集落转移至另一个培养容器中,可以挑取CLiPS集落。如果需要,这可以手动地执行。为了便于集落挑取,可以使用允许集落的放大视图的装置。这种装置的实例可以是放大镜或显微镜。在本发明中,CLiPS可以在明视场显微镜下选择和挑取。转向细胞培养容器,可以将挑取的CLiPS集落转移至另一个细胞培养容器,其中细胞培养容器的涂层可以与用于回收经转染的CLSC的细胞培养容器的涂层不同,或者其可以是相同的。在优选的实施例中,培养容器的涂层是相同的,因为迄今为止在cGMP合适条件下培养的CLMC衍生的CLiPS可以保持无动物和异种物质,由此保持cGMP条件。因此,CLMC衍生的CLiPS集落可以例如被转移于用无血清物质诸如层粘连蛋白-511E8片段涂布的细胞培养容器中,用于进一步培养(参见实施例3)。或者,CLEC和/或CLMC衍生的CLiPS集落可以例如被转移于用血清来源物质诸如Matrigel涂布的细胞培养容器中,用于进一步培养。细胞培养基可以优选与集落挑取之前所用的相同。在本发明的实施例中,也可以在集落挑取后定期替换细胞培养基。例如,培养基可以每天、每两天或每三天进行替换。在本发明的优选实施例中,在集落挑取后,可以每天更换细胞培养基。
当达到适合的汇合时,CLiPS集落或由集落形成的细胞群通常从经涂布的细胞培养容器分离并转移至更大的细胞培养容器,以在集落挑取后直接在使用的相同培养条件下进一步培养。适合的汇合可以是至少约40%、至少约45%、至少约50%、至少约55%、至少约60%和至少约65%汇合。在此上下文中注意到,术语“细胞群”与形成集落的CLiPS增殖相关使用时是更适合的,因为当它们达到约70%至约80%的汇合时,CLiPS细胞不呈现集落样外观。为了从经涂布的细胞培养容器分离CLiPS集落或由集落形成的细胞群,可以使用任何适合于破坏细胞粘附或水解肽键的解离剂。这种适合的解离剂的实例可以是含有螯合剂诸如乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)的溶液或含有酶诸如胰蛋白酶或分散酶的溶液(参见本申请的实验部分,其中分散酶已用于从经涂布的细胞培养容器解离CLiPS集落)。细胞培养基也可以定期进行替换,例如每天、每两天或每三天。在本发明的优选实施例中,细胞培养基可以每天进行替换。这样,CLiPS可以进一步生长和增殖。
在本发明中,当达到适合的大小时,CLiPS集落或由集落形成的细胞群可以传代。适合的大小可对应于约50%、约55%、约60%、约65%、约70%、约75%、约80%、约85%、约90%和约95%汇合。在本发明的一个实施例中,当培养物达到约60-90%汇合时,CLiPS集落或由其形成的细胞群可以传代。因此,在优选的实施例中,当达到约70-80%汇合时,CLiPS集落或由其形成的细胞群可以传代。对于传代,CLiPS可以以适合的比率传代,其中一个体积的CLiPS可以与多个体积的细胞培养基接触。在本发明中,CLiPS可以以约1:3(v/v)、或约1:4(v/v)、或约1:5(v/v)或约1:6(v/v)的比率传代,其中所述传代可以通过将1个体积的解离的CLiPS分别分成约2、或约3、或约4或约5个体积的解离的CLiPS来进行。在优选的实施例中,CLiPS可以以约1:3(v/v)的比率传代。为了允许本发明的培养的CLiPS传代,同样可以使用任何适合于从培养容器分离细胞的酶。例如,分散酶可以用于此目的。此外,任何适合于除去细胞与细胞粘附的化学品都可以用于本发明上下文中的CLiPS传代,其中化学品的浓度可以适合于除去细胞与细胞粘附而不损害细胞。这种化学品的说明性实例可以是EDTA。由于EDTA在较高浓度时可以杀死细胞,本发明的适合的EDTA浓度可以是大约0.5mM。在本发明中,用于传代的细胞培养基可以补充了适合于增强CLiPS解离时的存活的物质。为此目的,可以使用任何适合于增强CLiPS解离时的存活的物质。这种合适物质的实例可以是信号传导途径诸如rho相关蛋白激酶(ROCK)信号传导途径的抑制剂。因此,RHO/ROCK途径抑制剂Y-27632可以是适合于增强解离的CLiPS存活的物质的说明性实例。或者,也可以使用用于人iPS细胞的单细胞克隆的成分确定的补充物,诸如CloneRTM(可从StemCell Technologies获得),以增强解离的细胞的存活。在本发明中,传代的CLiPS可以在补充了适合于增强解离的CLiPS在分化成靶细胞之前存活适合的时间段的物质的培养基中培养。
通过在传代后培养CLiPS,可以获得含有(原代)分离的CLiPS的主细胞库。为了产生CLiPS的主细胞库,可以将通过本文所述方法获得的CLiPS细胞接种在培养容器诸如细胞培养板中。为此目的,CLiPS可以悬浮并培养在任何适合的培养基中,通常是用于iPS细胞的维持培养基,诸如上文提及的商业培养基,诸如mTeSR1、StemMACSTM iPS-Brew XF、TeSRTME8、mTeSRTMPlus、TeSRTM2或mTeSRTM1、 hPSC XF Medium、Essential 8Medium(ThermoFisher Scientific)、StemFlex(ThermoFisher Scientific)、StemFit Basic02(Ajinomoto Co.Inc)或PluriSTEM(Merck Millipore)。从CLMC衍生的CLiPS和从CLEC衍生的CLiPS都可以在这样的iPS维持培养基中培养。对于传代培养,可以以任何适合的浓度接种CLiPS细胞(CLMC和CLEC衍生的CLiPS),例如,或约0.5×106个细胞/ml至约5.0×106个细胞/ml的浓度。在一个实施例中,以约1.0×106个细胞/ml的浓度悬浮细胞以进行传代培养。传代培养可以通过在简单的培养瓶中培养来进行,也可以在例如多层系统中培养,所述多层系统诸如CellSTACK(Corning,NY,USA)或细胞工厂(Nunc,ThermoFisher Scientific Inc.的一部分,Waltham,MA,USA),其可以堆叠在培养箱中。或者,传代培养也可在封闭的自持式系统诸如生物反应器中进行。生物反应器的不同设计是本领域技术人员已知的,例如平行板、中空纤维或微流体生物反应器。参见,例如,Sensebe等人“Production of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells according to good manufacturingpractices:a review”(同上)。商业中空纤维生物反应器的一个说明性实例是Cell Expansion System(Terumo BCT,Inc),其例如已用于临床试验的骨髓间充质干细胞的扩增(参见Hanley等,Efficient Manufacturing of Therapeutic MesenchymalStromal Cells Using the Quantum Cell Expansion System,Cytotherapy.2014年8月;16(8):1048-1058))和国际专利申请WO 2018/067071中所述的高纯度脐带衬间充质干细胞群的扩增。可用于本发明CLiPS群传代培养的可商购获得的生物反应器的另一个实例是可从GE Healthcare获得的Xuri Cell Expansion System。如果用于治疗应用的工作细胞库将在GMP条件下生产并且需要高数量的细胞,则CLiPS群在自动化系统诸如Cell Expansion System中的培养是特别有益的。对于传代培养,CLiPS也可培养至合适量的细胞已生长。在说明性的实施例中,CLiPS被传代培养直到CLiPS达到约70%至约80%汇合。CLiPS群的分离/培养可以在用于哺乳动物细胞培养的标准条件下进行。一旦从传代培养物中获得所需/合适数量的CLiPS,通过将它们从用于传代培养的培养容器中移出来收获细胞。CLiPS的收获通常通过酶处理进行。随后收集分离的CLiPS,并且直接使用或保存用于进一步使用。通常,通过低温保存进行保存。术语“低温保存”在本文中以其常规含义使用,以描述其中通过冷却至低零下温度诸如(通常)-80℃或-196℃(液氮的沸点)保存CLiPS的方法。低温保存可以如本领域技术人员已知的进行,并且可以包括使用冷冻保护剂,诸如二甲基亚砜(DMSO)或甘油,其减缓CLiPS细胞中冰晶的形成。
本发明还涉及通过本文所述方法可获得的CLiPS和通过本文所述方法获得的CLiPS。通过本发明可获得/获得的CLiPS可以强健地生长和增殖(参见实施例2和实施例3)。因此,与培养从例如骨髓基质、脂肪组织、真皮或华通氏胶衍生的iPS相比,CLiPS培养可能更有效。CLiPS功能性分析揭示了人胚胎干细胞标志物的表达,表明自我更新特性和正常核型(参见实施例4和实施例5)。此外,CLiPS能够在体外和体内分化成多种细胞类型(功能性靶细胞),表明多能性(参见实施例6)。因此,CLiPS高度适合于医学和治疗应用。因此,本发明还涉及包含通过本文所述方法可获得/获得的iPS的药物组合物。
本发明进一步涉及在适合于分化的条件下使CLiPS分化成靶细胞的方法。适合的靶细胞的实例包括、但决不限于神经元细胞、多巴胺能神经元细胞、少突细胞、星形胶质细胞、皮层神经元、肝细胞、软骨细胞、肌细胞、骨细胞、牙细胞、毛囊细胞、内耳毛细胞、皮肤细胞、黑素细胞、心肌细胞、造血祖细胞、血细胞、免疫细胞、T或B淋巴细胞、小胶质细胞、自然杀伤细胞或运动神经元,仅提及了少数。为了促进定向分化成靶细胞,CLiPS可暴露于引发物质,通常在本领域技术人员已知的将从其它来源衍生的iPS分化成靶细胞的条件下。暴露可以在适合的条件下进行,其可以包括在充满细胞培养基的细胞培养容器中培养,所述细胞培养基适合于引发CLiPS分化和随后的培养。在本发明中,可以使用任何适合于引发、增殖和分化iPS的细胞培养基,其中培养基组成和因此分化方法可以取决于靶细胞,并且可以用于使iPS分化成期望的靶细胞的已知方案中获得(在这方面参见Hirschi等人“InducedPluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine”Annu Rev Biomed Eng.2014年7月11;16:277–294或Shi等人“Induced pluripotent stem cell technology:a decade ofprogress”Nat Rev Drug Discov.2017年2月;16(2):115–130)。例如,CLiPS可以在适于CLiPS增殖和分化成多巴胺能神经元细胞的培养基中培养。在这种情况下,培养基可以是补充了生长因子诸如B-27减维生素A、转化生长因子3-β(TGFβ3)、神经胶质细胞系衍生神经营养因子(GDNF)、脑衍生神经营养因子(BDNF)、抗坏血酸、二丁基cAMP、糖原合酶激酶3的抑制剂诸如CHIR99021和γ分泌酶抑制剂诸如诱导神经元分化的(2S)-N-[(3,5-二氟苯基)乙酰基]-L-丙氨酰-2-苯基]甘氨酸1,1-二甲基乙基酯(DAPT)的神经基础培养基。这种培养基的说明性示例是NB27。实施例7中示例性地显示了CLiPS分化成多巴胺能神经元细胞。作为另一个实施例,CLiPS可以在适于CLiPS增殖和分化成肝细胞的培养基中培养。在这种情况下,培养基可以是补充了诱导分化成中内胚层命运的化合物的无蛋白质、脂质和生长因子的培养基。补充了激活素A的RPMI 1640-B27可以是用于CLiPS分化成肝细胞的合适培养基的说明性实例。实施例8中示例性地显示了CLiPS分化成肝细胞。作为另一个说明性实例,CLiPS可以培养在适于CLiPS增殖和分化成心肌细胞的培养基中。在这种情况下,培养基可以是补充了糖原合酶激酶3抑制剂诸如CHIR99021的无蛋白质、脂质和生长因子的培养基。RPMI/2%-B27减去胰岛素可以是用于CLiPS分化成肝细胞的合适培养基的实例。实施例9中示例性地显示了CLiPS分化成心肌细胞。作为另一个说明性实例,可以使用化学成分确定的富含生长因子的培养基将CLiPS分化成少突细胞,所述培养基允许分化成配对的框6阳性(PAX6+)神经干细胞,其然后产生少突细胞转录因子阳性(OLIG2+)祖细胞(参见实施例10)。在这种情况下,可以注意到CLiPS分化成靶细胞也可以在适合于cGMP生产的条件下进行。
本发明还包括包含通过本文所述方法获得的分化的CLiPS的药物组合物。CLiPS及其神经衍生物的免疫原性的分析显示免疫原性降低(实施例11)。包含分化的CLiPS的药物组合物的实例是注射溶液或任何类型的适合于植入分化的CLiPS的移植物。在一个实例中,这样的移植物可以包含分化的CLiPS衍生的多层化组织,诸如器官或其部分。在一个实施例中,适合于移植分化的CLiPS的移植物可以包括用分化的CLiPS涂布的可植入基质。药物组合物可以被配制/调整用于肠胃外应用。在这种情况下,肠胃外应用可以包括旨在注射、输注或植入人体或动物体内的无菌制剂。在完全免疫活性的小鼠和大鼠帕金森病模型中移植CLiPS衍生的多巴胺能神经元显示功能性移植和甚至多巴胺再摄取功能的显著恢复(参见实施例12和实施例13)。
本发明进一步包括治疗受试者中先天性或获得性退行性障碍的方法,其中受试者可以选自小鼠、大鼠、兔、猪、狗、猫、非人灵长类动物或人。在优选的实施例中,受试者是人。在此上下文中,治疗可以包括向受试者施用通过如本文所述的方法从CLiPS分化的靶细胞。该疾病可以是任何已知的被认为是通过基于细胞的疗法治疗的疾病,在此上下文中参见例如Shi等人“Induced pluripotent stem cell technology:a decade of progress”(同上)。先天性或获得性退行性障碍可具有不同的起源。例如,这种先天性或获得性退行性障碍可以是神经障碍,诸如例如帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS)、脊髓小脑性共济失调(SCA)和巴藤病。肝脏退行性障碍的实例尤其可以是肝衰竭、肝硬化和病毒性肝炎。先天性或获得性退行性障碍也可以是心脏障碍,尤其包括急性Danon病、短QT综合征、Brugada综合征、心肌梗塞、Jervell和Lange-Nielsen综合征。该障碍也可以是自身免疫性疾病,例如多发性硬化。
本发明还涉及可由CLiPS或CLiPS的分化衍生物产生的细胞外膜囊泡。这样的囊泡可以包括但不限于直径范围为30纳米(nm)至150纳米(nm)的囊泡,也称为外泌体。最初认为外泌体主要负责排泄功能,现在已知其参与多种重要的生物学过程,诸如细胞-细胞通讯、细胞衰老、增殖和分化、组织内稳态、组织修复和再生、抗原呈递和免疫调节(参见例如Pegtel,D.M.和S.J.Gould,Exosomes.Annu Rev Biochem,2019.88:p.487-514或Kalluri,R.和V.S.LeBleu,The biology,function,and biomedical applications ofexosomes.Science,2020.367(6478)。外泌体参与了广泛的疾病,包括癌症(参见例如Visan,K.S.,R.J.Lobb,和A.Moller,The role of exosomes in the promotion ofepithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis.Front Biosci(LandmarkEd),2020.25:p.1022-1057,或Zhang,L.和D.Yu,Exosomes in cancer development,metastasis,and immunity.Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer,2019.1871(2):p.455-468)、骨关节炎(Asghar,S.等人,Exosomes in intercellular communication andimplications for osteoarthritis.Rheumatology(Oxford),2020.59(1):p.57-68)、中枢神经系统的疾病诸如中风、阿尔茨海默病(AD)、帕金森病(PD)、朊病毒病和肌萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS)(参见例如Liu,W.等人,Role of Exosomes in Central Nervous SystemDiseases.Front Mol Neurosci,2019.12:p.240或Quek,C.和A.F.Hill,The role ofextracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases.Biochem Biophys ResCommun,2017.483(4):p.1178-1186)、精神障碍(Saeedi,S.等人,The emerging role ofexosomes in mental disorders.Transl Psychiatry,2019.9(1):p.122)、心血管疾病(Wang,Y.等人,Exosomes:An emerging factor in atherosclerosis.BiomedPharmacother,2019.115:p.108951)、代谢疾病(参见例如Dini,L.等人,Microvesiclesand exosomes in metabolic diseases and inflammation.Cytokine Growth FactorRev,2020.51:p.27-39或Soazig,L.L.,A.Ramaroson,和M.M.Carmen,Exosomes inmetabolic syndrome,in Exosomes:A Clinical Compendium,L.R.Edelstein等人,Editors.2020,Academic Press.p.343–356)和更多。
已显示外泌体货物由包括蛋白质、脂质和核酸的各种生物分子组成。RNA种类诸如tRNA、mRNA、lncRNA、环状RNA和miRNA可以潜在地调节靶细胞和组织中的基因表达。由某些细胞类型产生的外泌体已显示具有治疗性质。在这方面,从不同来源(诸如骨髓、脂肪组织和脐带)分离的间充质干细胞(MSC)已经表现为特别有利。MSC衍生的外泌体在角膜、心血管、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和炎性肠病等的动物模型中显示出潜在的治疗效果。除了内源性细胞外,体外培养的多能干细胞(PSC)诸如胚胎干细胞(ESC)和诱导多能干细胞(iPS)已显示产生外泌体(Song,Y.H.等人,Exosomes Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells asPotential Treatment for Cardiovascular Diseases.Adv Exp Med Biol,2017.998:p.187-206,或Jeske,R.等人,Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived ExtracellularVesicles:Characteristics and Applications.Tissue Eng Part B Rev,2020.26(2):p.129-144。给予无细胞iPS来源的外泌体被认为比iPS衍生的细胞更安全,这是由于由残留的未分化细胞形成肿瘤的风险(Riazifar,M.等人,Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles:Extended Messages of Regeneration.Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol,2017.57:p.125-154)。值得注意的是,已证实了从iPS分化衍生物分离的外泌体的治疗特性。例如,用从iPS衍生的心肌细胞的外泌体进行治疗,增强了心肌梗塞小鼠模型中的心脏恢复,相比于未治疗动物细胞凋亡和纤维化显著降低。外泌体还拯救了iPS-心肌细胞体外培养物免于缺氧和外泌体生物起源抑制(Liu,B.等人,Cardiac recovery via extended cell-freedelivery of extracellular vesicles secreted by cardiomyocytes derived frominduced pluripotent stem cells.Nat Biomed Eng,2018.2(5):p.293-303)。在另一研究中,从iPS衍生的MSC分离的来自iPS衍生的MSC外泌体的外泌体在体外划痕测定中加速人皮肤成纤维细胞和人角质形成细胞的增殖,并增强伤口愈合。与从原代MSC分离的那些相比,这些外泌体的作用没有显著差异(Kim,S.等人,Exosomes Secreted from InducedPluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Accelerate Skin CellProliferation.Int J Mol Sci,2018.19(10)。
因此,根据这些报道,由本发明的CLiPS(从CLMC或CLEC衍生的)或CLiPS的分化衍生物产生的细胞外膜囊泡或外泌体被认为可用于治疗疾病,包括上述示例性疾病诸如癌症、骨关节炎、中枢神经系统疾病诸如中风、阿尔茨海默病(AD)、帕金森病(PD)、朊病毒病和肌萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS)、精神障碍或代谢疾病。
此外,利用其有效的货物递送能力,外泌体被积极地寻求作为用于促进各种治疗剂诸如微RNA、药物和肽的细胞摄取的递送载体(参见Antimisiaris,S.G.,S.Mourtas和A.Marazioti,Exosomes and Exosome-Inspired Vesicles for Targeted DrugDelivery.Pharmaceutics,2018.10(4);Liao,W.等人,Exosomes:The next generation ofendogenous nanomaterials for advanced drug delivery and therapy.ActaBiomater,2019.86:p.1-14或Wang,X.等人,Cell-derived Exosomes as PromisingCarriers for Drug Delivery and Targeted Therapy.Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2018.18(4):p.347-354。与其一致,由本发明的CLiPS(从CLMC或CLEC衍生的)或CLiPS的分化衍生物产生的细胞外膜囊泡或外泌体也被考虑可以作为用于促进治疗剂的细胞摄取的递送载体而使用。因此,本发明也包括CLiPS或CLiPS的分化衍生物用于递送外源性装载的或转基因表达的分子的用途。
由CLiPS(从CLMC或CLEC衍生的)或CLiPS的分化衍生物产生的细胞外膜囊泡和外泌体可使用文献中描述的相应方法分离。通常,从外泌体分泌到其中的细胞外环境纯化外泌体。用于分离外泌体的已知方法包括超速离心、超滤、尺寸排阻色谱、场流分级、聚合物共沉淀、免疫亲和、微流控或声学纳米过滤器。所有这些方法都可以用于分离由本文所述的CLiPS或CLiPS的分化衍生物产生的外泌体。
本发明将通过以下非限制性实验实施例进一步说明。
实验实施例
实施例1:开发用于CLiPS的适合的电穿孔参数
发现根据Okita等人(同上)所述方案的电穿孔根本不起作用。当按照Okita等人(同上)的方案用附加型载体pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp53-F、pCXLE-hSK和pCXLE-hUL电穿孔CLMC的反应混合物时,没有检测到IPS集落。对于CLMC,按照Okita等人(同上)的方案,在用附加型载体pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp53-F、pCXLE-hSK和pCXLE-hUL(Addgene质粒#27077(SEQ ID NO:12)、#27078(SEQ ID NO:13)、#27080(SEQ ID NO:14)电穿孔CLMC后,CLEC的平均重编程效率(按照IPS集落计数表示)为仅0.2%。因此,需要从草稿开发用于CLMC衍生的CLiPS方法的合适电穿孔方案,或者在CLEC的情况下,以提供显著改进的电穿孔方案。为此目的,改变电参数诸如构成电穿孔的电脉冲数目、持续时间和电压,以开发用于CLSC的可用电穿孔条件。在本实验中,对单独的CLMC和CLEC样品进行了无数不同的电穿孔设置,所述样品分别在本文所述的细胞特异性条件下培养。在每次电穿孔后,将约200.000个细胞一式三份地铺在6孔板中进行培养。在电穿孔后约21天,进行然后已发展出的CLSC集落的计数,以测定存活率。该存活率用于得出关于电穿孔效率的结论。以集落数/200,000x 100%计算了效率百分比。
表1和图2中所示的结果表明,CLMC和CLEC都可以发现适合的电穿孔条件。对于1×106个细胞的数目使用三种载体(pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp53-F、pCXLE-hSK和pCXLE-hUL)中每一种的1.67μg(质粒)DNA的量,本文发现的用于CLEC的最佳电穿孔设置包括2个电脉冲,每个电脉冲为30ms和1350V。用这些设置转染的四个单独的CLEC系(CLEC42、CLEC44、CLEC23和CLEC30)分别表现出4.67%、7.33%、9.33%和7.50%的存活率。与Okita等人(同上)相比,用于CLEC的电穿孔设置将对于CLEC42的电穿孔效率提高了约23.35%,将对于CLEC44的电穿孔效率提高了约36.65%。因此,已经令人惊讶地发现,与Okita等人用于人皮肤成纤维细胞的电穿孔的条件相比,这些电穿孔参数/设置对于CLEC将电穿孔效率平均增加约30%。值得注意的是,这里使用的电穿孔设置与上皮细胞诸如角膜上皮细胞的成功电穿孔报道的条件(30ms和1300V的1个电脉冲,质粒DNA的量(μg)与细胞数(1×106个细胞)的比率为1:1(参见Png,E等人(2011),Journal of Cellular Physiology.United States,226(3),pp.693–699))显著不同。
优化电穿孔方案的效果对于CLMC甚至更显著,因为如上所述,根据Okita等人(同上)的电穿孔根本不产生存活的CLMC。这里发现,用20ms和1600V的1个电脉冲以及三种附加型载体(pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp53-F、pCXLE-hSK和pCXLE-hUL)中每一种的质粒DNA的量与细胞数的1.67μg(质粒)DNA比约1×106个CLMC的比率成功转染了四个单独的CLMC系(CLMC42、CLMC44、CLMC23和CLMC30)。所得转基因细胞分别显示6.17%、7.50%、5.00%和7.33%的存活率。值得注意的是,本文发现的对于从CLMC产生CLiPS最佳的电穿孔/转染条件也不同于迄今报道的电穿孔条件。在此上下文中参见例如Sprangers,A.J.,Freeman,B.和Ogle,B.M.(2011),pp.62–66,他们研究了人胚胎干细胞(hESC)衍生的间充质干细胞的电穿孔的可能的负效应。这样,Sprangers等人发现,使用20ms和1400V的1个电脉冲在1×106个间充质干细胞中转染总共4μg(质粒)DNA提供了MSC转染的最佳条件。因此,本发明提供了分别用于CLEC和CLMC电穿孔的独特且有效的方案。四个单独的CLSC系(来自不同供体的细胞)之间转染效率的变化是个体间的可变性,是iPS衍生的固有和记录的特征。为了证实供体CLSC系和由它们衍生的CLiPS的性别(gender),用基因特异性引物对从各个CLSC系分离的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增以确定DYS439和SRY基因座的存在,这两者均存在于Y染色体上。证实从雄性供体获得的aSF4成人皮肤成纤维细胞用作阳性对照。
表1:用于产生CLiPS的优化的电穿孔条件
实施例2:无转基因整合和饲养者的人iPS的衍生
新加坡CellResearch Corporation Pte Ltd分离并供应脐带衬上皮细胞(CLEC)和脐带衬间充质细胞(CLMC)。CLEC和CLMC分别在其培养基PTT-e3和PTT-4中解冻和繁殖。来自健康的78岁男性亚洲供体的成人皮肤成纤维细胞购自CellResearch Corporation PteLtd,并在DMEM/10%FBS中培养。
培养基PTT-4由90%(v/v)CMRL-1066和10%(v/v)FBS组成,而培养基PTTe-3具有以下组成:
使用实施例1中建立的条件进行体细胞重编程,并且进一步以不依赖于饲养者的方式进行。通过用TrypLE Express(ThermoFisher Scientific)解离收获对数期培养物,并在1.5ml离心管中沉淀0.72百万个细胞。将细胞沉淀重悬于120μL缓冲液R(NeonTMTransfection System 100μL Kit,Thermo Fisher Scientific MPK10096)中。将含有附加型载体pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp53-F、pCXLE-hSK和pCXLE-hUL(分别为Addgene质粒#27077(SEQID NO:12)、#27078(SEQ ID NO:13)、#27080(SEQ ID NO:14))各1.2μg的混合物加入细胞中并充分混合(对于1×106个细胞数,每种载体的使用量为1.67μg(质粒)DNA)。将细胞悬浮液装入100μL Tip中,并使用以下参数进行Neon电穿孔:成人皮肤成纤维细胞——1,650V,10ms,3个脉冲;CLEC——1350V,30ms,2个脉冲;CLMC——1600V,20ms,1个脉冲。立即将细胞转移到6ml含有1μM氢化可的松(StemCell Technologies)的CLEC或CLMC培养基中,并均匀分配到Matrigel涂布的6孔板的3个孔中。两天后,将培养基更换为CLEC或CLMC培养基和补充了1μM氢化可的松的mTeSR1的1:1混合物。在转染后第4天,用相同的培养基进行培养基更换。在转染后第6天,将培养基更换为完全mTeSR1,氢化可的松在此省略。随后,每两天用mTeSR1进行培养基更换。当iPS集落的直径达到约1-2mM时(向前约第20天),在明视野显微镜下手动挑取它们,并将每个集落置于Matrigel涂布的24孔板(Nunc)的单个孔中。当每个孔中的细胞达到~50%汇合时,用Dispase(StemCell Technologies)将它们分离并转移到Matrigel涂布的6孔板的孔中。随后,当细胞接近汇合时,通过用0.5mM EDTA解离将细胞以1:3传代。新传代的细胞在含有10μM ROCK抑制剂Y-27632的培养基中培养过夜。除了mTeSR1之外,其它商业ES/iPS培养基诸如StermMACSTM iPS-Brew XF(Miltenyi Biotec)和TeSR-E8(StemCell Technologies)已经用于维持iPS培养物。
用于产生CLiPS的方案:
1.通过使用TrypLE Express(ThermoFisher Scientific)解离,收获分别在T-75瓶中在其维持培养基PTTe-3和PTT-4中培养的活跃分裂CLEC或CLMC。
2.细胞计数,并将0.72百万个细胞等分到微量离心管中并沉淀。
3.将细胞沉淀重悬于120μL缓冲液R(NeonTM Transfection System 100μL Kit,Thermo Fisher Scientific MPK10096)中。加入含有pCXLE-hUL、pCXLE-hSK和pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp53-F各1.2μg的混合物并充分混合。
4.将细胞悬浮液装入100μLTip中。对于CELC使用以下参数进行电穿孔:1350V,30ms,2个脉冲,对于CLMC使用以下参数进行电穿孔:1600V,20ms,1个脉冲。
5.立即将细胞转移到4ml含有1μM氢化可的松的CLEC或CLMC培养基(分别为PTTe-3和PTT-4)中,然后分配到Matrigel涂布的6孔板的3个孔中。
6.电穿孔后两天,将培养基更换为CLEC或CLMC培养基(分别为PTT-e3和PTT-4)和补充了1μM氢化可的松的mTeSR1的1:1(v/v)混合物。
7.电穿孔后四天,用相同的1:1(v/v)培养基混合物进行培养基替换。
8.电穿孔后六天,将培养基换成仅mTeSR1。氢化可的松在此省略。
9.每两天更换进行培养基替换。
10.iPS集落可能早在转染后2周就开始出现。当iPS集落的直径达到约0.5mm至约1mm时(向前约第20天),在明视野显微镜下手动挑取它们,并将每个集落置于Matrigel涂布的24孔板(Nunc)的单个孔中。
11.在集落挑取后,每天进行分离的集落的培养基更换。
12.当每个孔中的细胞占据约50%的培养表面时,用Dispase(StemCellTechnologies)将它们分离并转移到Matrigel涂布的6孔板的孔中。
13.随后,当细胞达到约70%-80%汇合时,通过使用0.5mM EDTA解离将细胞以1:3传代。新传代的细胞在含有10μM ROCK抑制剂Y-27632的培养基中培养过夜。
按照上述方案,在形态上看起来与亲代细胞不同的小细胞簇开始出现,开始于约第10天。到第15天,细胞簇获得确定的边缘(图3b),并且从向前的第20天出现离散的胚胎干细胞样集落(图3c和图3d)。当集落的直径达到1-2mm时挑取集落,扩增以进行表征和贮存。扩增的CLiPS表现出与成人皮肤成纤维细胞衍生的iPS或人胚胎干细胞(ES)的细胞形态学不可区分的细胞形态学,具有特征性的大核和薄细胞质(图3e和图3f)。
实施例3:cGMP相容性CLiPS(CLMSC-DTHN)的衍生
为了提供可以在与人治疗应用相容的条件下产生CLiPS的概念证明,使用WO2018/067071中描述的方案从命名为CLMSC-DTHN的cGMP级CLMC系产生iPS,用于产生间充质干细胞群,其中99%的干细胞表达标志物CD73、CD90和CD105,而不表达标志物CD34、CD45和HLA-DR)cGMP质量试剂,只要可能。重编程方案与实施例2中描述用于CLMC的方案相同,但是Matrigel(一种由Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm(EHS)小鼠肉瘤细胞制备的细胞外基质)被重组人层粘连蛋白-511E8片段(iMatrix-511SILK,ReproCELL)替代,其是用于涂布细胞培养容器的成分确定的、无动物和异种物质的基质。此外,用于重编程和CLiPS克隆的随后维持的mTeSR1被cGMP mTeSRTM1(StemCell Technologies)替代。
在本文所述的条件下,CLMSC-DTHN以与CLMC相当的动力学和效率重编程(数据未显示)。在用重编程载体转染后10天时,可以观察到具有紧密形态的小细胞簇(图3n)。这些簇从向前的第20天发展为可分离的集落。扩增的集落显示人多能干细胞的特征性细胞形态(图3n-q)。
CLiPS的增殖和低温保存
当培养物达到~90%汇合时,进行CLiPS的传代培养(再次使用适合于维持iPS细胞的培养基,诸如mTeSR1或TeSR-E8)。用过的培养基与可能存在的任何明显分化的区域一起被吸出。应当小心不让细胞暴露于空气太长时间。用预热(37℃)的杜尔贝科氏磷酸缓冲盐水(DPBS)冲洗培养物一次。将适当体积的重热(37℃)0.5mM EDTA溶液加入到培养基中,根据培养容器——24孔培养皿的0.5ml/孔、6孔培养皿的1ml/孔或对于6cm培养皿的2ml。将培养物置于37℃培养箱中5分钟,随后在显微镜下观察。细胞应该呈现圆形但不从表面脱离。37℃孵育的持续时间随不同的CLiPS系而变化,范围可为约5-10分钟。孵育持续时间将主要基于对每个细胞系的先前经验。孵育后,轻轻地吸出EDTA溶液,小心不要移去细胞。使用1ml移液器,将含有ROCK抑制剂Y-27632的培养基诸如mTeSR1或TeSR-E8直接分配到细胞上以将其除去。所用培养基的体积取决于所用容器的大小——24孔培养皿的0.5ml/孔、6孔培养皿的1ml/孔或对于6cm培养皿的2ml。重复温和移液直到大部分细胞被移出。然后将细胞悬浮液转移到15ml Falcon管中。用新鲜培养基冲洗培养容器,并将冲洗液与Falcon管中的细胞悬浮液合并。将管中的细胞稀释至适合的体积,以便铺板于新的Matrigel涂布的容器上。分开比率可以在1:3至1:10的范围内,这取决于初始培养物的密度以及单个CLiPS系的生长速率。
为了低温保存,将细胞悬浮在补充了10%v/v的组织培养级二甲基亚砜(DMSO;例如Hybri-MaxTM,Sigma-Aldrich)的mTeSR1或TeSR-E8(或任何其它适合的培养基)中。然后将细胞悬浮液等分到适当数量的冷冻管中。每个等分试样的细胞密度取决于在融化和培养该份试样时达到细胞汇合的所需速率。然后将冷冻管转移至缓慢冷冻装置诸如Mr.FrostyTMFreezing Container(Thermo Scientific)或Cell Freezing Containers(BioCision LLC)中,并在-80℃放置过夜。第二天,将冷冻管转移至液氮储存。不建议将CLiPS等分试样在-80℃下放置超过24小时。几种商业冷冻培养基诸如mFreSrTM(StemCellTechnologies)和CS10(Biolife Solutions)也可用于低温保存,并可根据生产商的说明书使用。
实施例4:CLiPS功能性的分析
CLiPS功能性通过在电穿孔后将集落发育CLiPS进行免疫荧光染色来测定。由此,分析了多能胚胎干细胞标志物(OCT4、SOX2、KLF4、NANOG、SSEA-4、TRA-1-81)的表达。为此,用磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)中的4%甲醛固定细胞15分钟,随后用PBS洗涤3次,每次5分钟。为了细胞内或核标志物(OCT4、SOX2、KLF4、NANOG)的染色,用PBS中的0.1%Triton X-100渗透细胞10分钟,然后用FDB(5%FCS/1%NGS/1%BSA)封闭1小时。为了表面标志物(SSEA-4、TRA-1-81)的染色,省略渗透步骤。细胞与用FDB适当稀释的第一抗体在4℃孵育过夜,然后与适当的荧光染料偶联的第二抗体在室温下孵育2小时。将染色的样品在具有DAPI的ProLongDiamond Antifade Mountant(ThermoFisher Scientific)中固定。
此外,通过进行核型分析和G条带分析来评估单个CLiPS系中染色体的数目和结构,其中G条带分析由新加坡的Cytogenetics Laboratory,KK Women’s and Children’sHospital Pte.Ltd.进行。
另外,进行RT-PCR分析以分析载体转染后11天在原代亲代细胞(D11转染的细胞)和CLiPS中重编程和多能基因的表达。为此目的,使用RNeasy Mini或Plus Mini试剂盒(Qiagen)从细胞沉淀分离总RNA。用DNase I处理2μg的总RNA,并用于使用RevertAid HMinus First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit(Fermentas,Thermo Fisher Scientific)的cDNA合成。PCR反应如下设置:0.5μl cDNA,5μl 2×MyTaq HS Mix(Bioline),0.2μl正向引物(10μM),0.2μl反向引物(10μM),4.2μl PCR水。在MJ Mini Thermal Cycler(Bio-Rad)中进行热循环,条件如下:1×95℃1min,30×(95℃15s,Tm 15s,72℃15s),72℃1min。所用的引物序列和退火温度(Tm)提供于下表2中。
通过琼脂糖凝胶分析进行定性表达分析,其中将样品上样到1×TAE缓冲液中的掺入SYBR安全DNA染色剂(Thermo Fisher Scientific)的2%琼脂糖凝胶上,并在80V电泳30分钟。使用ChemiDoc Imaging System(Bio-Rad)捕获凝胶图像。
表2:引物序列
结果显示,如抗体染色所证明的,CLiPS显示人胚胎干细胞(hES)标志物KLF4、NANOG、OCT4、SOX2、SSEA4和TRA-1-60的强健表达(图3g-l)。G-条带分析显示,CLiPS维持正常核型达到从集落挑取的17代(图3m)。亲代细胞、转染后第11天的细胞和扩增的iPS克隆中基因表达的RT-PCR分析揭示,内源性OCT4、SOX2、KLF4、LIN28和L-MYC基因的激活已经取代了这些基因的载体驱动表达在完全重编程的CLiPS中维持多能性的作用(图3v)。在转染后第11天,内源性NANOG基因座(一种用于体细胞重编程的关键基因)的诱导是明显的。CLiPS克隆中没有可检测水平的EBNA-1转录物提示质粒载体已经从这些细胞中丢失。在CLiPS中表达另外的hES特异性基因GDF3、DPPA5、DNMT3、FGF4和REX-1进一步证实了它们的hES样分子表型。TERT,其编码端粒酶的催化逆转录酶亚基(该亚基对调节自我更新和维持多能性是必需的),在CLiPS中以与H1 hES中相同的水平表达。
实施例5:CLiPS-DTHN中多能胚胎干细胞标志物的表达分析
为了分析表明多能性的多能胚胎干细胞标志物(Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、Nanog)的表达,在电穿孔后对发育中的CLMSC-DTHN进行免疫荧光染色。免疫荧光染色方案与实施例4中描述用于CLiPS的方案相同。
结果显示,CLMSC-DTHN以与其非GMP对应物不可区分的水平表达多能干细胞标志物NANOG、OCT4、SOX2和TRA-1-81(图3r-u)。因此,CLMSC-DTHN可提供非GMP衍生的CLiPS所需的相同胚胎特性。
实施例6:测定CLiPS多能性
通过畸胎瘤形成测定在NOD-SCID小鼠中评估CLiPS和aSF-iPS的多能性。为此目的,沉淀1×106个CLiPS细胞,重悬于0.1ml冰冷的Matrigel中,并注射到6-8周龄NOD/MrkBomTac-Prkdcscid小鼠的背侧。3个月后处死小鼠,收获畸胎瘤用于组织学分析,其中使用标准技术进行石蜡切片和苏木精和曙红染色。
结果显示,从将iPS皮下注射到小鼠背侧后1个月开始,在一些小鼠中形成可触知的肿瘤。注射后3个月分离的畸胎瘤的组织学分析显示CLiPS自发分化为内胚层、中胚层和外胚层谱系的组织(图4a-f)。
实施例7:CLiPS向多巴胺能神经元的分化
作为CLiPS潜在的未来治疗应用的重要先决条件,有必要证明它们在确定的体外条件下分化成特定组织类型的能力。对于多巴胺能神经元分化,使用Kriks,S.等人,Nature,2011.480(7378):p.547-51描述的中脑底板诱导方案,将iPS分化成多巴胺能神经祖细胞和神经元。简言之,iPS以3.5-4.0×104个细胞/cm2的密度铺板在Matrigel(Corning)涂布的培养皿上,并在含有Knock-Out DMEM、15%敲除血清替代物、1×GlutaMAX和10mMβ-巯基乙醇的敲除血清替代培养基(KSR)中培养5天。从第5天开始,如Tomishima“Midbraindopamine neurons from hESCs.”2012Jun 10.In:StemBook.Cambridge(MA):HarvardStem Cell Institute;2008-.(可从https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK133274/doi:10.3824/stembook.1.70.1获得)中所述,将KSR培养基逐步过渡到N2培养基。在第11天,将培养基更换为NB27培养基,其由Neurobasal培养基、2%B27减维生素A和1×GlutaMAX组成并补充了CHIR(直至第13天)、BDNF(脑衍生神经营养因子,20ng/ml;Miltenyi)、抗坏血酸(0.2mM,Sigma)、GDNF(胶质细胞系衍生神经营养因子,20ng/ml;Miltenyi)、TGFβ3(转化生长因子类β3,1ng/ml;R&D)、二丁酰cAMP(0.5mM;Santa Cruz Biotechnology)和DAPT(10nM;Tocris)9天。在第20天,使用Accutase(Gibco)解离细胞,并以高细胞密度(3-4×105个细胞/cm2)将细胞重新铺在预先涂布了聚-L-鸟氨酸(PLO;15mg/ml)/层粘连蛋白(1μg/ml)/纤连蛋白(2μg/ml)的培养皿上,在补充了10μM ROCK抑制剂Y-27632的NB27培养基中。培养物在NB27培养基中维持,每隔一天替换培养基,直到所需终点。在此阶段分析分化的细胞的细胞特异性标志物表达。为此目的,进行冷冻切片,其中通过在37℃下孵育30分钟使含有切片的载玻片脱水,冷却至室温并用TBST洗涤3次。如实施例4中所述进行切片透化、封闭、抗体染色和固定。使用来自相同宿主物种的第一抗体,使用荧光染料缀合的单价抗体(Jackson ImmunoResearch)使第一个第一抗体饱和,然后与第二个第一抗体和缀合的第二抗体依次温育。
结果显示,使用该方案从CLiPS和asF5-iPS获得多巴胺能神经元。抗体染色揭示,几乎90%的细胞共表达底板标志物FOXA2和顶板标志物LMX1A(图4k,k’,k”),这是中脑DA神经元前体的明确标志。如TUJ1染色所示,进一步分化产生丰富的成熟神经元,其中约30-50%共表达多巴胺能标志物酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)(图4l,l’,l”)。在分化第45天对CLiPS衍生的神经元的电生理学分析证实,细胞显示成熟的功能性质,其中动作电位的序列在注射超极化电流时显示成熟中脑DA神经元的电压暂降响应特征(图4m)。
实施例8:CLiPS向肝细胞的分化
作为CLiPS潜在的未来治疗应用的重要先决条件,有必要证明它们在确定的体外条件下分化成期望的靶细胞类型或特定组织类型的能力。对于肝分化,最初开发的用于人胚胎细胞(ES)在小鼠饲养层上分化的方案(Medine,C.N.等人,J Vis Exp,2011(56):p.e2969)适用于Matrigel上mTeSR1中的CLiPS和asF-iPS分化。一种改进是当iPS培养物达到20-30%汇合时,补充DMSO至2%并孵育24小时。当培养物达到~30%-60%汇合时,通过用引发培养基(补充了100ng/mL激活素A和50ng/mL Wnt3a的RPMI 1640-B27)替换mTeSR1,诱导定形内胚层形成。培养物在引发培养基中维持3天,每24小时更换培养基。在引发培养基中72小时后,将培养基换成SR-DMSO(80%KO-DMEM,20%KO-SR,0.5%L-谷氨酰胺,1%非必需氨基酸,0.1mMβ-巯基乙醇和1%DMSO)5天,每48小时更换培养基)。在第8天,将培养物转到补充了10ng/mL hHGF和20ng/mL OSM的L-15成熟和维持培养基(Leibovitz L-15培养基,8.3%磷酸胰蛋白示(tryptose)肉汤,8.3%热灭活FBS,10μM 21-半琥珀酸氢化可的松,1μM胰岛素(牛胰),1%L-谷氨酰胺,0.2%抗坏血酸)9天(每48小时更换培养基)。在此阶段再次分析分化的细胞的细胞特异性标志物表达。为此目的,如实施例7中所述进行冷冻切片。
结果显示,使用该方案从CLiPS和asF5-iPS获得了肝细胞样细胞。抗体染色显示,分化17天后肝细胞标志物甲胎蛋白(AFP;图4g,g’,g”)、细胞角蛋白18(CK18)和人血清白蛋白(HSA;图4h,h’,h”)的表达。大多数分化的细胞表现出肝细胞的多边形特征。此外,用油红O染色显示细胞中大量脂滴积累,这是培养的肝细胞的标志(图4i,i’,i”)。
实施例9:CLiPS分化成心肌细胞
作为CLiPS潜在的未来治疗应用的重要先决条件,有必要证明它们在确定的体外条件下分化成特定组织类型的能力。对于心肌细胞分化,iPS的心肌细胞分化方案由Lian,X.等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2012.109(27),p.E1848-57中描述的方案进行修改。将维持在mTeSR1中Matrigel上的iPS用StemPro Accutase(Thermo Fisher Scientific)在37℃下解离成单细胞5分钟,然后以1×105-2×105个细胞/cm2(5×105个细胞/24孔)接种到Matrigel涂布的细胞培养皿上在补充了5μM ROCK抑制剂(Y-27632;Stemgent)的mTeSR1中24小时。在修改中,当细胞达到~80%汇合时,将培养基换成补充了2%DMSO的mTeSR1。当细胞达到汇合时,用在RPMI/B27-胰岛素中的CHIR99021处理它们24小时。在另一修改中,CHIR99021的浓度从该阶段的原始12μM降低至5μM。第二天,将培养基换成不含胰岛素的RPMI/2%B27。两天后,将一半的旧培养基与等体积的含有10μM IWP2(Tocris)的新鲜培养基混合。弃去孔中剩余的培养基,将混合物加入培养物中。两天后,将培养基换成仅无胰岛素的RPMI/2%B27。48小时后,将培养物维持在RPMI/2%B27中,每3天更换培养基,直到所需终点。如实施例7所述,固定搏动的心肌细胞,并对其进行细胞特异性标记物染色。
结果显示,使用该方案从CLiPS和asF5-iPS获得心肌细胞。抗体染色揭示,从分化的8天开始观察到自发收缩的心肌细胞的表达。功能性心脏标记物肌球蛋白调节轻链2a(MLC2a)、心脏肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)和α-辅肌动蛋白(αACT)的免疫荧光抗体染色揭示了分化的心肌细胞内的肌节结构(图4j,j’,j”)。在它们之间没有观察到分化效率的显著差异。
实施例10:CLiPS向少突细胞的分化
为了进一步证明本发明的诱导多能干细胞分化成给定靶细胞类型的能力,将CLiPS分化成少突细胞。根据Douvaras,P.和V.Fossati,Nat Protoc,2015.10(8):p.1143-54的方案进行CLiPS和asF-iPS的少突细胞分化。此外,如实施例7中所述进行冷冻切片以分析细胞特异性标志物表达。
在分化的第75天时,获得Olig2阳性少突细胞前体细胞簇(OPCs;图4n)和O4阳性晚期OPCs簇(图4o)。
实施例11:免疫原性分析
为了获得对CLiPS及其神经衍生物的免疫原性的一定了解,通过流式细胞术分析评价了这些细胞的一组免疫原性相关标志物表达。为此目的,通过用TrypLE Express解离来收获原代细胞和第25天分化的DA NPC,而通过用0.5mM EDTA解离来收获iPS培养物。将细胞重悬于含有0.1%牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的1×不含Ca2+和Mg2+的DPBS中,达到5百万个细胞/ml。将100μl细胞用适当的缀合抗体或其同种型对照在冰上在黑暗中染色30分钟。对于HLA-E和HLA-G染色,在染色前根据制造商的说明书用BD Phosflow Perm/Wash Buffer I(BDBiosciences)渗透细胞。染色后,细胞在1×不含Ca2+和Mg2+的DPBS/5mM EDTA中洗涤2×,在黑暗中用1%多聚甲醛固定1小时,然后在1×不含Ca2+和Mg2+的DPBS/5mM EDTA中洗涤2×。将细胞重悬于0.5ml 1×不含Ca2+和Mg2+的DPBS/5mM EDTA中,并在流式细胞仪上分析。在FACSCalibur上分析染色的原代细胞和iPS,而在FACSCanto II仪器(均来自BDBiosciences)上分析染色的多巴胺能神经元祖细胞(NPC)。使用FlowJo软件包(FlowJoLLC)分析数据。所用的抗体列于表3。
表3:用于流式细胞术的抗体
MHC I类HLA-A、-B和-C以及MHC II类HLA-DR分子已知对于同种异体免疫应答是重要的。结果显示,HLA-ABC在所有iPS样品中都表达,但对EC23-CLiPS观察到水平显著降低(图6a)。HLA-DR表达在所有iPS样品中都不存在(图6b),与以前iPS中HLA-II表达可忽略的报道(K.等人,Sci Rep,2017.7(1):p.13072和Chen,H.F.等人,Cell Transplant,2015.24(5):p.845-64.)一致。T细胞共刺激分子CD40、CD80和CD86在同种异体免疫应答期间激活T细胞中发挥重要作用。在所评估的三种分子中,仅CD40在iPS上表达,与其余相比,最低水平由asF-iPS表达,最高水平由MC23-CLiPS表达(图6a)。由于已报道致耐受性HLA-E和HLA-G在CLMC(Deuse,T.等人,Cell Transplant,2011.20(5):p.655-67)和CLEC(Zhou,Y.等人,Cell Transplant,2011.20(11-12):p.1827-41)上表达,也研究了这些抗原通过CLiPS的表达。对渗透的细胞的分析显示,在MC23-CLiPS和EC44-CLiPS中仅有HLA-E的微小表达,在其它样品中低于可检测水平。接下来,在第25天分化培养物上重复整个标记物组的表达分析。对NCAM阳性染色门控的神经细胞群进行分析。所有样品的NCAM+部分超过97%,asF-iPS和EC23-CLiPS显示了相当的99.5%的分化效率(图6b)。HLA-ABC由所有NPC样品表达,但与它们的亲本iPS相比,是在一般较低水平上(图6c)。EC23-CLiPS衍生的NPC在样品中表达最低水平的HLA-ABC,反映了其亲本iPS显示的趋势。在MC23-CLiPS上HLA-ABC表达水平在其分化成NPC时降低。CD40表达在所有NPC样品中均下调,仅EC23-iPS衍生的和EC44-iPS衍生的NPC显示轻微表达。在所有NPC样品中HLA-E表达都不存在,但是在asF-iPS衍生的和EC23-iPS衍生的NPC中观察到HLA-G的轻微上调。这些结果表明CLiPS中免疫生殖器降低。
实施例12:在帕金森病的完全免疫活性小鼠模型中移植CLiPS衍生的多巴胺能神
经元
以前的研究表明,使用各种方案从人胚胎干细胞和iPS产生的多巴胺能神经元可以植入啮齿类动物(Kriks,S.等人,Nature,2011.480(7378):p.547-51;Hargus,G.等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2010.107(36):p.15921-6;Doi,D.等人,Stem Cell Reports,2014.2(3):p.337-50;Grealish,S.等人,Cell Stem Cell,2014.15(5):p.653-65;Kirkeby,A.等人,Cell Rep,2012.1(6):p.703-14;Qiu,L.等人,Stem Cells Transl Med,2017.6(9):p.1803-1814;Rhee,Y.H.等人,J Clin Invest,2011.121(6):p.2326-35;Samata,B.等人,Nat Commun,2016.7:p.13097;Wakeman,D.R.等人,Stem Cell Reports,2017.9(1):p.149-161)和非人灵长类动物(Kriks,S.等人,Nature,2011.480(7378):p.547-51;Hargus,G.等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2010.107(36):p.15921-6;Wakeman,D.R.等人,Stem Cell Reports,2017.9(1):p.149-161;Daadi,M.M.等人,PLoSOne,2012.7(7):p.e41120;Kikuchi,T.等人,Nature,2017.548(7669):p.592-596)帕金森病(PD)的模型中。在所有这些研究中,动物是免疫功能不全的或者是药理学上免疫抑制的以防止移植排斥。当使用自体(Morizane,A.等人,Stem Cell Reports,2013.1(4):p.283-92;4.Hallett,P.J.等人,Cell Stem Cell,2015.16(3):p.269-74;Wang,S.等人,CellDiscov,2015.1:p.15012;Emborg,M.E.等人,Cell Rep,2013.3(3):p.646-50;Sundberg,M.等人,Stem Cells,2013.31(8):p.1548-62)或MHC匹配的同种异体(Morizane,A.等人,2017.8(1):p.385)iPS衍生细胞进行移植时,仅排除了对免疫受损或免疫抑制动物的需要。
为了证明使用本发明的方法分化的CLiPS衍生的DA NPC的可植入性,将从asF-iPS、EC23-CLiPS和MC23-CLiPS分化的移植的第25天NPC移植到免疫受损的NOD-SCID小鼠中(n=3)。在这种情况下,注意到所有动物实验都按照由新加坡National NeuroscienceInstitute(NNI)的Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(IACUC)批准的方案进行。
为了测试CLiPS衍生的DA NPC的免疫原性,需要在PD模型上进行移植。为此目的,产生6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)单侧损伤小鼠模型。单侧6-OHDA损伤是用于啮齿类动物的确定方法,包括将6-OHDA注射到啮齿类动物脑中,引起以一定程度的旋转不对称性为特征的运动功能障碍(Bagga,V.,Dunnett,S.B.和Fricker,R.A.(2015)Behavioural BrainResearch.Elsevier B.V.,288,pp.107–117)。在本发明中,在购自InVivos Pte Ltd并在Animal Research Facility,NNI在SPF条件下维持的NOD/MrkBomTac-Prkdcscid小鼠(4周龄)和购自InVivos Pte Ltd的雄性C57BL/6NTac小鼠(6-8周龄)中诱导6-OHDA损伤,其中用于该实验的小鼠是完全免疫活性的,并且在移植之前或之后没有施用免疫抑制。
为了产生小鼠PD模型,通过立体定位注射,在如下坐标将7.5μg 6-OHDA(Sigma,Merck-Millipore;以2.5mg/ml溶解于含有0.2%抗坏血酸的0.9%NaCl中)递送到左纹状体中:前-后(AP)+0.5mm;内侧-外侧(ML)-距前囟1.8mm;背-腹(DV)-距颅骨3.0mm。适应两周后,将3种NPC样品(即从asF-iPS、EC23-CLiPS和MC23-CLiPS衍生的NPC)移植到免疫活性的6-OHDA损伤的C57BL/6小鼠的纹状体中,该小鼠是通过对小鼠模型进行立体定位注射而认为是成功损伤的。
为了确定用于移植的合适模型,对阿扑吗啡诱导的旋转进行评分,并且将每分钟显示>6次旋转的小鼠用于移植。为了移植,通过解离收获第25天多巴胺能祖细胞,并将其重悬于补充了10ng/mL BDNF、10ng/mL GDNF的HBSS中,至~1.25×105个细胞/μl。在下列坐标处将2μL细胞悬浮液注射到损伤小鼠中:AP+0.5mm;ML-2.0mm,距颅骨DV-2.8mm。为了评价移植的NPC是否可以整合和介导损伤动物的功能性益处,以2周的间隔进行旋转不对称性测试。每2周进行旋转测定,直至9个月,其中给小鼠腹膜内注射溶解于含有0.1%w/v抗坏血酸的0.9%NaCl中的0.05mg/kg阿扑吗啡。使用数码相机记录旋转并手动计数。在移植后1、6和9个月通过终末麻醉处死所述批的动物。
移植后六个月,通过使用放射性配体(2-[18F]氟乙基8-[(2E)-3-碘丙-2-烯-1-基]-3-(4-甲基苯基)-8-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷-2-羧酸酯)([18F]FE-PE2I)的正电子发射断层扫描(PET)成像,评价NPC移植的、假注射的和未操作的小鼠的纹状体多巴胺转运蛋白(DAT)活性。在成像期之前,使动物禁食3小时。在扫描期间,用来自成像床的整合热空气通道使动物保持温暖。在整个扫描期间监测呼吸速率和温度以确保足够的麻醉水平。在SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre(SEMC)使用nanoScan PET/MRI扫描仪(Mediso Ltd.,匈牙利)对小鼠成像。该扫描仪配备了12个探测器模块,分别以1:3和1:5的重合模式具有94mm的轴向视场(FOV)和94mm或120mm直径的横轴FOV。首先将动物头部置于俯卧位置,在通过尾静脉而静脉内注射最大体积为0.1ml的3.57-10.61MBq的[18F]FE-PE2I后,用持续时间递增的帧,即4次10秒,4次20秒,3次1分钟,7次3分钟和6次6分钟,进行62分钟的3D动态PET扫描。[18F]PE-PE2I在新加坡Radiopharmaceuticals Pte Ltd.MRI合成。MRI图像用于PET扫描的衰减校正,并在数据分析中作为PET图像的结构参考。因此,使用nanoScan PET/MRI扫描仪的MRI部件获得T1加权MRI图像。在MRI扫描期间,集成的小鼠头部线圈覆盖整个大脑。使用3D GRE EXT序列获得0.6mm的切片:64mm方形FOV,128×128矩阵,20-ms重复时间(TR),2.3-ms回波时间(TE),25度翻转角。使用PMOD(3.5版;PMODTechnologies)进行[18F]FE-PE2I PET图像的所有图像和动力学分析。首先使用PMOD中的FUSION工具将所有PET图像自动配准到MRI图像。然后将MRI图像手动配准到T2加权的小鼠模板(Mirrimone,C57BL/6J小鼠;Ma,Y.等人,Neuroscience,2005.135(4):p.1203-15;Mirrione,M.M.等人,Neuroimage,2007.38(1):p.34-42),其包含具有20个区域的感兴趣体积(VOI)模板。手动配准的准确性由两个不同的人访问和验证。最后,应用组合的变换矩阵将PET图像变换为MRI小鼠模板。左纹状体和右纹状体以及小脑的VOI用于分析。为了减少由于误配准和错义而产生的误差(He,B.和E.C.Frey,Phys Med Biol,2010.55(12):p.3535-44),对获得的VOI应用具有一个体素的3D侵蚀。使用非侵入性参照组织模型定量[18F]FE-PE2I结合,因为与用动脉输入函数的动力学分析相比,它们同样准确(Varrone,A.等人,Nucl Med Biol,2012.39(2):p.295-303)。结合潜能(BPnd)值是使用简化的参照组织模型(SRTM)(Lammertsma,A.A.和S.P.Hume,1996.4(3Pt 1):p.153-8)以小脑作为参照计算的。还从纹状体和小脑的VOI提取区域时间活性曲线(TAC)。在成像期间,用100%O2中的5%异氟烷诱导麻醉,并用1.5-2%异氟烷维持。
分析小鼠脑切片中小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞的存在,因为已知这些细胞在CNS中的同种异体移植物和异种移植物排斥中起重要作用(Hoornaert,C.J.等人,Stem Cells TranslMed,2017.6(5):p.1434-1441)。为此目的,在用4%PFA经心脏灌注后进行小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞特异性标志物Iba1的免疫染色。为此目的,将PFA灌注的脑在4%PFA中后固定过夜,然后在PBS中15%和30%w/v蔗糖溶液中继续平衡,直到它们沉降到试管底部。将脑包埋在OCT冷冻培养基中,在CM3050 S低温恒温器(Leica Biosystems)上切下18μm切片,将其收集在BOND Plus载玻片(Leica Microsystems)上。
结果显示,在移植后1个月,在所有3组中均存在hNCAM+/TH+神经元(图7a-c),表明NPC能够分化成成熟神经元并在宿主环境中存活。然而,在asF-iPS(图7h)或MC23-iPS(数据未显示)组中没有明显的植入迹象。可以看到hNCAM/TH+纤维从EC23-CLiPS组的移植核心中的神经元沿着胼胝体的轴突束延伸(图7d和图7e)。小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞特异性标志物Iba1的免疫染色揭示了与未注射的半球相比,注射的半球中小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞的丰度(图7i和图7j)。渗入移植物核心的小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞显示活化的小胶质细胞的变形样形态特征,而移植物周围的那些小胶质细胞显示静止细胞典型的分枝形态。此外,浸润的小胶质细胞对于CD68染色阳性,该CD68是活化的小胶质细胞的标志物。在移植后1个月,在asF5-iPS-和MC23-CLiPS NPC移植脑的注射位点没有观察到小胶质细胞的积累,大概是因为在异种移植物清除后它们已经分散并恢复到静止状态。如通过人核抗原(HuNu)和人NCAM染色所证实的,在一些移植了EC23-CLiPS NPC的动物中,人TH+神经元存活长达9个月(图8a-f)。旋转不对称性测试表明,当用多巴胺激动剂阿扑吗啡刺激时,由于多巴胺耗竭而导致损伤的纹状体上的突触后D2多巴胺受体的超敏性,损伤的动物将表现出可逆的旋转(contraversive rotation)。所给予的介入的功效将表现为这种旋转不对称性的改善。与asF-iPS NPC或假移植动物相比,仅用EC23-CLiPS NPC移植的动物显示两个物种的旋转行为改善(图8h)。在这些小鼠中,在移植后第20周开始,旋转的减少达到显著(p<0.05),在第20周和第22周分别降低至18.2±24.7%和11.1±20.8%。模型显示恢复延迟,移植后最初观察到恶化。这可能是由于立体定位注射引起炎性反应和NPC成熟、与宿主组织整合和神经支配宿主组织需要时间。EC23-CLiPS NPC移植动物中帕金森病运动症状的功能改善提示移植纹状体中多巴胺能功能的功能性恢复。为了进一步研究这一点,我们在移植的小鼠中用多巴胺转运蛋白(DAT)配体[18F]FE-PE2I(Bang,J.I.等人,Nucl Med Biol,2016.43(2):p.158-64;Sasaki,T.,et al.,.J Nucl Med,2012.53(7):p.1065-73)进行PET成像。DAT是突触前跨膜蛋白,主要负责突触处释放的多巴胺的再摄取,DAT的分子成像是用于研究多巴胺能功能的已建立的工具。移植后6个月的PET成像显示,移植的损伤半球中DAT活性恢复到EC23-iPS NPC移植小鼠中未损伤半球的活性的约71.4±10.3%(n=3)(图8i)。相反,asF-iPS-NPC移植小鼠的恢复率仅为16.4±4.0%。这些结果清楚地表明EC23-iPS NPC移植小鼠中多巴胺再摄取功能的显著恢复。
实施例13:在完全免疫活性的啮齿类大鼠帕金森病模型中移植CLiPS衍生的多巴
胺能神经元
我们的移植结果表明,当移植到C56BL/6小鼠的纹状体中时,EC23-CLiPS衍生的NPC是耐受的。为了排除这种现象的可能的物种特异性偏差,在不同的物种Wistar大鼠中重复了移植研究。通过将6-OHDA注射到MFB中以损伤黑质纹状体途径,在这些大鼠中诱导帕金森氏综合症。在这种情况下,注意到所有动物实验都按照由新加坡National NeuroscienceInstitute(NNI)的Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(IACUC)批准的方案进行。由新加坡National Technological University(NTU)的IACUC提供了大鼠实验的额外批准。已知MFB损伤与纹状体损伤相比引起多巴胺系统更完全的消耗,因此推测其不太可能导致自发恢复(Torres,E.M.和S.B.Dunnett,Animal Models of Movement Disorders:Volume I,E.L.Lane和S.B.Dunnett,Editors.2012,Humana Press:Totowa,NJ.p.267-279)。大鼠具有完全的免疫活性,并且在移植之前或之后没有施用免疫抑制。为了分析,从InVivos Pte Ltd.购买~8周龄Wistar雌性大鼠。通过在以下坐标处将4μl中的20μg 6-OHDA立体定位注射到左内侧前脑束(MFB)中诱导单侧损伤:AP-4.4mm;ML-1.2mm;和DV-距硬脑膜8.6mm。为了确定适合的移植模型,如实施例12中所述对阿扑吗啡诱导的旋转评分。将显示>6次旋转/分钟的大鼠用3μl约1.25×105个细胞/μl第25天多巴胺能祖细胞在参照前囟的以下坐标处移植到左纹状体中:AP+0.8mm;ML-2.5mm;和DV–距硬脑膜5mm。为了评价移植的NPC是否能整合和介导损伤动物的功能性益处,如实施例12中所述以1个月间隔进行旋转不对称性测试。如实施例12中所述在4%PFA经心脏灌注后6个月时通过终末麻醉处死大鼠并收获脑用于免疫组织学分析。一些没有通过损伤标准的动物也同样进行移植,并在移植后1和3个月处死,以评价细胞存活和植入。
结果显示,通过中脑切片中TH的DAB染色,在模型中证实了6-OHDA经由MFB逆向运输导致的黑质中多巴胺能神经元的单侧耗尽(图11d)。给在阿扑吗啡刺激下显示至少5转/分钟的动物移植asF-iPS-、EC23-CLiPS-和MC23-CLiPS-衍生的NPC。移植后3个月的组织学分析显示,只有在EC23-CLiPS组中存在hCyto+/HuNu+和hCCAM+/TH+细胞。此外,移植物中的TH+神经元显示Synapsin1的表达,表明与宿主神经元的整合(图11b)。此外,与asF-iPS NPC或假移植动物相比,仅用EC23-CLiPS NPC移植的动物显示两种物种的旋转行为改善(图11e)。大鼠模型也显示恢复延迟,移植后最初观察到恶化。这可能是由于立体定位注射引起炎性反应和NPC成熟、与宿主组织整合和神经支配宿主组织需要时间。结果还表明在CLiPS衍生的NPC移植大鼠中多巴胺再摄取功能的显著恢复。
对于本领域技术人员来说,在不背离本发明的范围和精神的情况下,可以对本文公开的发明进行各种替换和修改是显而易见的。
本说明书中提及的所有专利和出版物都表示本发明所属领域的普通技术人员的水平。所有专利和出版物在此引入作为参考,其程度如同每个单独的出版物被具体地和单独地指明引入作为参考。
在此示例性描述的本发明可以在没有任何元件、限制的情况下适当地实施,而没有在此具体公开的元件、限制。因此,例如,术语“包括”、“包含”、“含有”等应被广义地而非限制性地理解。另外,本文所采用的术语和表达方式已经用作描述性术语而非限制性术语,并且在使用这些术语和表达方式时,无意排除所示和所述特征或其部分的任何等同物,但是应认识到,在所要求保护的本发明的范围内,各种修改是可能的。因此,应当理解,尽管本发明已经通过优选实施方案和任选特征具体公开,但是本领域技术人员可以采用本文公开的其中实施的发明的修改和变化,并且这样的修改和变化被认为在本发明的范围内。本发明在此已经被广泛和一般地描述。落入一般公开内容的每个较窄的种类和亚属分组也形成本发明的一部分。这包括本发明的一般性描述,附带条件或负面限制从该属中除去任何主题,而不管所去除的材料是否在本文中具体叙述。另外,在本发明的特征或方面以马库什组的形式描述的情况下,本领域技术人员将认识到本发明也因此以马库什组的任何单独成员或成员的亚组的形式描述。本发明的其它实施例将从以下权利要求书中变得显而易见。
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<110> 细胞研究私人有限公司
新加坡卫生服务私人有限公司
<120> 一种产生诱导多能干细胞的方法、诱导多能干细胞和使用所述诱导多能干细胞的方法
<130> LC23310001P
<140> US 63/054,206
<141> 2020-07-20
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Gly Gly Leu Leu Ala Pro Gly Gly Asn Ser Met Ala Ser Gly Val Gly
130 135 140
Val Gly Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala Gly Val Asn Gln Arg Met Asp Ser Tyr
145 150 155 160
Ala His Met Asn Gly Trp Ser Asn Gly Ser Tyr Ser Met Met Gln Asp
165 170 175
Gln Leu Gly Tyr Pro Gln His Pro Gly Leu Asn Ala His Gly Ala Ala
180 185 190
Gln Met Gln Pro Met His Arg Tyr Asp Val Ser Ala Leu Gln Tyr Asn
195 200 205
Ser Met Thr Ser Ser Gln Thr Tyr Met Asn Gly Ser Pro Thr Tyr Ser
210 215 220
Met Ser Tyr Ser Gln Gln Gly Thr Pro Gly Met Ala Leu Gly Ser Met
225 230 235 240
Gly Ser Val Val Lys Ser Glu Ala Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Val Val Thr
245 250 255
Ser Ser Ser His Ser Arg Ala Pro Cys Gln Ala Gly Asp Leu Arg Asp
260 265 270
Met Ile Ser Met Tyr Leu Pro Gly Ala Glu Val Pro Glu Pro Ala Ala
275 280 285
Pro Ser Arg Leu His Met Ser Gln His Tyr Gln Ser Gly Pro Val Pro
290 295 300
Gly Thr Ala Ile Asn Gly Thr Leu Pro Leu Ser His Met
305 310 315
<210> 5
<211> 1007
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 5
ccccggcgga aaaccaagac gctcatgaag aaggataagt acacgctgcc cggcgggctg 60
ctggcccccg gcggcaatag catggcgagc ggggtcgggg tgggcgccgg cctgggcgcg 120
ggcgtgaacc agcgcatgga cagttacgcg cacatgaacg gctggagcaa cggcagctac 180
agcatgatgc aggaccagct gggctacccg cagcacccgg gcctcaatgc gcacggcgca 240
gcgcagatgc agcccatgca ccgctacgac gtgagcgccc tgcagtacaa ctccatgacc 300
agctcgcaga cctacatgaa cggctcgccc acctacagca tgtcctactc gcagcagggc 360
acccctggca tggctcttgg ctccatgggt tcggtggtca agtccgaggc cagctccagc 420
ccccctgtgg ttacctcttc ctcccactcc agggcgccct gccaggccgg ggacctccgg 480
gacatgatca gcatgtatct ccccggcgcc gaggtgccgg aacccgccgc ccccagcaga 540
cttcacatgt cccagcacta ccagagcggc ccggtgcccg gcacggccat taacggcaca 600
ctgcccctct cacacatggg ggatctcaaa attgtcgctc ctgtcaaaca aactcttaac 660
tttgatttac tcaaactggc tggggatgta gaaagcaatc caggtccact catgaacaat 720
tcgcccttca ccatggctgt cagtgacgcg ctgctcccat ctttctccac gttcgcgtct 780
ggcccggcgg gaagggagaa gacactgcgt caagcaggtg ccccgaataa ccgctggcgg 840
gaggagctct cccacatgaa gcgacttccc ccagtgcttc ccggccgccc ctatgacctg 900
gcggcggcga ccgtggccac agacctggag agcggcggag ccggtgcggc ttgcggcggt 960
agcaacctgg cgcccctacc tcggagagag accgaggagt tcaacga 1007
<210> 6
<211> 513
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 6
Met Arg Gln Pro Pro Gly Glu Ser Asp Met Ala Val Ser Asp Ala Leu
1 5 10 15
Leu Pro Ser Phe Ser Thr Phe Ala Ser Gly Pro Ala Gly Arg Glu Lys
20 25 30
Thr Leu Arg Gln Ala Gly Ala Pro Asn Asn Arg Trp Arg Glu Glu Leu
35 40 45
Ser His Met Lys Arg Leu Pro Pro Val Leu Pro Gly Arg Pro Tyr Asp
50 55 60
Leu Ala Ala Ala Thr Val Ala Thr Asp Leu Glu Ser Gly Gly Ala Gly
65 70 75 80
Ala Ala Cys Gly Gly Ser Asn Leu Ala Pro Leu Pro Arg Arg Glu Thr
85 90 95
Glu Glu Phe Asn Asp Leu Leu Asp Leu Asp Phe Ile Leu Ser Asn Ser
100 105 110
Leu Thr His Pro Pro Glu Ser Val Ala Ala Thr Val Ser Ser Ser Ala
115 120 125
Ser Ala Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Ser Gly Pro Ala Ser Ala
130 135 140
Pro Ser Thr Cys Ser Phe Thr Tyr Pro Ile Arg Ala Gly Asn Asp Pro
145 150 155 160
Gly Val Ala Pro Gly Gly Thr Gly Gly Gly Leu Leu Tyr Gly Arg Glu
165 170 175
Ser Ala Pro Pro Pro Thr Ala Pro Phe Asn Leu Ala Asp Ile Asn Asp
180 185 190
Val Ser Pro Ser Gly Gly Phe Val Ala Glu Leu Leu Arg Pro Glu Leu
195 200 205
Asp Pro Val Tyr Ile Pro Pro Gln Gln Pro Gln Pro Pro Gly Gly Gly
210 215 220
Leu Met Gly Lys Phe Val Leu Lys Ala Ser Leu Ser Ala Pro Gly Ser
225 230 235 240
Glu Tyr Gly Ser Pro Ser Val Ile Ser Val Ser Lys Gly Ser Pro Asp
245 250 255
Gly Ser His Pro Val Val Val Ala Pro Tyr Asn Gly Gly Pro Pro Arg
260 265 270
Thr Cys Pro Lys Ile Lys Gln Glu Ala Val Ser Ser Cys Thr His Leu
275 280 285
Gly Ala Gly Pro Pro Leu Ser Asn Gly His Arg Pro Ala Ala His Asp
290 295 300
Phe Pro Leu Gly Arg Gln Leu Pro Ser Arg Thr Thr Pro Thr Leu Gly
305 310 315 320
Leu Glu Glu Val Leu Ser Ser Arg Asp Cys His Pro Ala Leu Pro Leu
325 330 335
Pro Pro Gly Phe His Pro His Pro Gly Pro Asn Tyr Pro Ser Phe Leu
340 345 350
Pro Asp Gln Met Gln Pro Gln Val Pro Pro Leu His Tyr Gln Gly Gln
355 360 365
Ser Arg Gly Phe Val Ala Arg Ala Gly Glu Pro Cys Val Cys Trp Pro
370 375 380
His Phe Gly Thr His Gly Met Met Leu Thr Pro Pro Ser Ser Pro Leu
385 390 395 400
Glu Leu Met Pro Pro Gly Ser Cys Met Pro Glu Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys
405 410 415
Arg Gly Arg Arg Ser Trp Pro Arg Lys Arg Thr Ala Thr His Thr Cys
420 425 430
Asp Tyr Ala Gly Cys Gly Lys Thr Tyr Thr Lys Ser Ser His Leu Lys
435 440 445
Ala His Leu Arg Thr His Thr Gly Glu Lys Pro Tyr His Cys Asp Trp
450 455 460
Asp Gly Cys Gly Trp Lys Phe Ala Arg Ser Asp Glu Leu Thr Arg His
465 470 475 480
Tyr Arg Lys His Thr Gly His Arg Pro Phe Gln Cys Gln Lys Cys Asp
485 490 495
Arg Ala Phe Ser Arg Ser Asp His Leu Ala Leu His Met Lys Arg His
500 505 510
Phe
<210> 7
<211> 679
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 7
cttcaccatg gactacgact cgtaccagca ctatttctac gactatgact gcggggagga 60
tttctaccgc tccacggcgc ccagcgagga catctggaag aaattcgagc tggtgccatc 120
gccccccacg tcgccgccct ggggcttggg tcccggcgca ggggacccgg cccccgggat 180
tggtcccccg gagccgtggc ccggagggtg caccggagac gaagcggaat cccggggcca 240
ctcgaaaggc tggggcagga actacgcctc catcatacgc cgtgactgca tgtggagcgg 300
cttctcggcc cgggaacggc tggagagagc tgtgagcgac cggctcgctc ctggcgcgcc 360
ccgggggaac ccgcccaagg cgtccgccgc cccggactgc actcccagcc tcgaagccgg 420
caacccggcg cccgccgccc cctgtccgct gggcgaaccc aagacccagg cctgctccgg 480
gtccgagagc ccaagcgact cggagaatga agaaattgat gttgtgacag tagagaagag 540
gcagtctctg ggtattcgga agccggtcac catcacggtg cgagcagacc ccctggatcc 600
ctgcatgaag catttccaca tctccatcca tcagcaacag cacaactatg ctgcccgttt 660
tcctccagaa agctgctcc 679
<210> 8
<211> 364
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 8
Met Asp Tyr Asp Ser Tyr Gln His Tyr Phe Tyr Asp Tyr Asp Cys Gly
1 5 10 15
Glu Asp Phe Tyr Arg Ser Thr Ala Pro Ser Glu Asp Ile Trp Lys Lys
20 25 30
Phe Glu Leu Val Pro Ser Pro Pro Thr Ser Pro Pro Trp Gly Leu Gly
35 40 45
Pro Gly Ala Gly Asp Pro Ala Pro Gly Ile Gly Pro Pro Glu Pro Trp
50 55 60
Pro Gly Gly Cys Thr Gly Asp Glu Ala Glu Ser Arg Gly His Ser Lys
65 70 75 80
Gly Trp Gly Arg Asn Tyr Ala Ser Ile Ile Arg Arg Asp Cys Met Trp
85 90 95
Ser Gly Phe Ser Ala Arg Glu Arg Leu Glu Arg Ala Val Ser Asp Arg
100 105 110
Leu Ala Pro Gly Ala Pro Arg Gly Asn Pro Pro Lys Ala Ser Ala Ala
115 120 125
Pro Asp Cys Thr Pro Ser Leu Glu Ala Gly Asn Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala
130 135 140
Pro Cys Pro Leu Gly Glu Pro Lys Thr Gln Ala Cys Ser Gly Ser Glu
145 150 155 160
Ser Pro Ser Asp Ser Glu Asn Glu Glu Ile Asp Val Val Thr Val Glu
165 170 175
Lys Arg Gln Ser Leu Gly Ile Arg Lys Pro Val Thr Ile Thr Val Arg
180 185 190
Ala Asp Pro Leu Asp Pro Cys Met Lys His Phe His Ile Ser Ile His
195 200 205
Gln Gln Gln His Asn Tyr Ala Ala Arg Phe Pro Pro Glu Ser Cys Ser
210 215 220
Gln Glu Glu Ala Ser Glu Arg Gly Pro Gln Glu Glu Val Leu Glu Arg
225 230 235 240
Asp Ala Ala Gly Glu Lys Glu Asp Glu Glu Asp Glu Glu Ile Val Ser
245 250 255
Pro Pro Pro Val Glu Ser Glu Ala Ala Gln Ser Cys His Pro Lys Pro
260 265 270
Val Ser Ser Asp Thr Glu Asp Val Thr Lys Arg Lys Asn His Asn Phe
275 280 285
Leu Glu Arg Lys Arg Arg Asn Asp Leu Arg Ser Arg Phe Leu Ala Leu
290 295 300
Arg Asp Gln Val Pro Thr Leu Ala Ser Cys Ser Lys Ala Pro Lys Val
305 310 315 320
Val Ile Leu Ser Lys Ala Leu Glu Tyr Leu Gln Ala Leu Val Gly Ala
325 330 335
Glu Lys Arg Met Ala Thr Glu Lys Arg Gln Leu Arg Cys Arg Gln Gln
340 345 350
Gln Leu Gln Lys Arg Ile Ala Tyr Leu Thr Gly Tyr
355 360
<210> 9
<211> 901
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 9
ccccctggat ccctgcatga agcatttcca catctccatc catcagcaac agcacaacta 60
tgctgcccgt tttcctccag aaagctgctc ccaagaagag gcttcagaga ggggtcccca 120
agaagaggtt ctggagagag atgctgcagg ggaaaaggaa gatgaggagg atgaagagat 180
tgtgagtccc ccacctgtag aaagtgaggc tgcccagtcc tgccacccca aacctgtcag 240
ttctgatact gaggatgtga ccaagaggaa gaatcacaac ttcctggagc gcaagaggcg 300
gaatgacctg cgttcgcgat tcttggcgct gagggaccag gtgcccaccc tggccagctg 360
ctccaaggcc cccaaagtag tgatcctaag caaggccttg gaatacttgc aagccctggt 420
gggggctgag aagaggatgg ctacagagaa aagacagctc cgatgccggc agcagcagtt 480
gcagaaaaga attgcatacc tcactggcta cggagatctc aaaattgtcg ctcctgtcaa 540
acaaactctt aactttgatt tactcaaact ggctggggat gtagaaagca atccaggtcc 600
actcatgaac aattcgccct tcaccatggg ctccgtgtcc aaccagcagt ttgcaggtgg 660
ctgcgccaag gcggcagaag aggcgcccga ggaggcgccg gaggacgcgg cccgggcggc 720
ggacgagcct cagctgctgc acggtgcggg catctgtaag tggttcaacg tgcgcatggg 780
gttcggcttc ctgtccatga ccgcccgcgc cggggtcgcg ctcgaccccc cagtggatgt 840
ctttgtgcac cagagtaagc tgcacatgga agggttccgg agcttgaagg agggtgaggc 900
a 901
<210> 10
<211> 209
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<400> 10
Met Gly Ser Val Ser Asn Gln Gln Phe Ala Gly Gly Cys Ala Lys Ala
1 5 10 15
Ala Glu Glu Ala Pro Glu Glu Ala Pro Glu Asp Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala
20 25 30
Asp Glu Pro Gln Leu Leu His Gly Ala Gly Ile Cys Lys Trp Phe Asn
35 40 45
Val Arg Met Gly Phe Gly Phe Leu Ser Met Thr Ala Arg Ala Gly Val
50 55 60
Ala Leu Asp Pro Pro Val Asp Val Phe Val His Gln Ser Lys Leu His
65 70 75 80
Met Glu Gly Phe Arg Ser Leu Lys Glu Gly Glu Ala Val Glu Phe Thr
85 90 95
Phe Lys Lys Ser Ala Lys Gly Leu Glu Ser Ile Arg Val Thr Gly Pro
100 105 110
Gly Gly Val Phe Cys Ile Gly Ser Glu Arg Arg Pro Lys Gly Lys Ser
115 120 125
Met Gln Lys Arg Arg Ser Lys Gly Asp Arg Cys Tyr Asn Cys Gly Gly
130 135 140
Leu Asp His His Ala Lys Glu Cys Lys Leu Pro Pro Gln Pro Lys Lys
145 150 155 160
Cys His Phe Cys Gln Ser Ile Ser His Met Val Ala Ser Cys Pro Leu
165 170 175
Lys Ala Gln Gln Gly Pro Ser Ala Gln Gly Lys Pro Thr Tyr Phe Arg
180 185 190
Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Ile His Ser Pro Thr Leu Leu Pro Glu Ala Gln
195 200 205
Asn
<210> 11
<400> 11
000
<210> 12
<211> 11681
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 12
gtcgacattg attattgact agttattaat agtaatcaat tacggggtca ttagttcata 60
gcccatatat ggagttccgc gttacataac ttacggtaaa tggcccgcct ggctgaccgc 120
ccaacgaccc ccgcccattg acgtcaataa tgacgtatgt tcccatagta acgccaatag 180
ggactttcca ttgacgtcaa tgggtggagt atttacggta aactgcccac ttggcagtac 240
atcaagtgta tcatatgcca agtacgcccc ctattgacgt caatgacggt aaatggcccg 300
cctggcatta tgcccagtac atgaccttat gggactttcc tacttggcag tacatctacg 360
tattagtcat cgctattacc atggtcgagg tgagccccac gttctgcttc actctcccca 420
tctccccccc ctccccaccc ccaattttgt atttatttat tttttaatta ttttgtgcag 480
cgatgggggc gggggggggg ggggggcgcg cgccaggcgg ggcggggcgg ggcgaggggc 540
ggggcgggcg aggcggagag gtgcggcggc agccaatcag agcggcgcgc tccgaaagtt 600
tccttttatg gcgaggcggc ggcggcggcg gccctataaa aagcgaagcg cgcggcgggc 660
gggagtcgct gcgcgctgcc ttcgccccgt gccccgctcc gccgccgcct cgcgccgccc 720
gccccggctc tgactgaccg cgttactccc acaggtgagc gggcgggacg gcccttctcc 780
tccgggctgt aattagcgct tggtttaatg acggcttgtt tcttttctgt ggctgcgtga 840
aagccttgag gggctccggg agggcccttt gtgcgggggg agcggctcgg ggggtgcgtg 900
cgtgtgtgtg tgcgtgggga gcgccgcgtg cggctccgcg ctgcccggcg gctgtgagcg 960
ctgcgggcgc ggcgcggggc tttgtgcgct ccgcagtgtg cgcgagggga gcgcggccgg 1020
gggcggtgcc ccgcggtgcg gggggggctg cgaggggaac aaaggctgcg tgcggggtgt 1080
gtgcgtgggg gggtgagcag ggggtgtggg cgcgtcggtc gggctgcaac cccccctgca 1140
cccccctccc cgagttgctg agcacggccc ggcttcgggt gcggggctcc gtacggggcg 1200
tggcgcgggg ctcgccgtgc cgggcggggg gtggcggcag gtgggggtgc cgggcggggc 1260
ggggccgcct cgggccgggg agggctcggg ggaggggcgc ggcggccccc ggagcgccgg 1320
cggctgtcga ggcgcggcga gccgcagcca ttgcctttta tggtaatcgt gcgagagggc 1380
gcagggactt cctttgtccc aaatctgtgc ggagccgaaa tctgggaggc gccgccgcac 1440
cccctctagc gggcgcgggg cgaagcggtg cggcgccggc aggaaggaaa tgggcgggga 1500
gggccttcgt gcgtcgccgc gccgccgtcc ccttctccct ctccagcctc ggggctgtcc 1560
gcggggggac ggctgccttc gggggggacg gggcagggcg gggttcggct tctggcgtgt 1620
gaccggcggc tctagagcct ctgctaacca tgttcatgcc ttcttctttt tcctacagct 1680
cctgggcaac gtgctggtta ttgtgctgtc tcatcatttt ggcaaagaat tcgcccttca 1740
ccatggcggg acacctggct tcggatttcg ccttctcgcc ccctccaggt ggtggaggtg 1800
atgggccagg ggggccggag ccgggctggg ttgatcctcg gacctggcta agcttccaag 1860
gccctcctgg agggccagga atcgggccgg gggttgggcc aggctctgag gtgtggggga 1920
ttcccccatg ccccccgccg tatgagttct gtggggggat ggcgtactgt gggccccagg 1980
ttggagtggg gctagtgccc caaggcggct tggagacctc tcagcctgag ggcgaagcag 2040
gagtcggggt ggagagcaac tccgatgggg cctccccgga gccctgcacc gtcacccctg 2100
gtgccgtgaa gctggagaag gagaagctgg agcaaaaccc ggaggagtcc caggacatca 2160
aagctctgca gaaagaactc gagcaatttg ccaagctcct gaagcagaag aggatcaccc 2220
tgggatatac acaggccgat gtggggctca ccctgggggt tctatttggg aaggtattca 2280
gccaaacgac catctgccgc tttgaggctc tgcagcttag cttcaagaac atgtgtaagc 2340
tgcggccctt gctgcagaag tgggtggagg aagctgacaa caatgaaaat cttcaggaga 2400
tatgcaaagc agaaaccctc gtgcaggccc gaaagagaaa gcgaaccagt atcgagaacc 2460
gagtgagagg caacctggag aatttgttcc tgcagtgccc gaaacccaca ctgcagcaga 2520
tcagccacat cgcccagcag cttgggctcg agaaggatgt ggtccgagtg tggttctgta 2580
accggcgcca gaagggcaag cgatcaagca gcgactatgc acaacgagag gattttgagg 2640
ctgctgggtc tcctttctca gggggaccag tgtcctttcc tctggcccca gggccccatt 2700
ttggtacccc aggctatggg agccctcact tcactgcact gtactcctcg gtccctttcc 2760
ctgaggggga agcctttccc cctgtctctg tcaccactct gggctctccc atgcattcaa 2820
actgaggtaa gggcgaattc aagcttcggg gactagtcat atgataatca acctctggat 2880
tacaaaattt gtgaaagatt gactggtatt cttaactatg ttgctccttt tacgctatgt 2940
ggatacgctg ctttaatgcc tttgtatcat gctattgctt cccgtatggc tttcattttc 3000
tcctccttgt ataaatcctg gttgctgtct ctttatgagg agttgtggcc cgttgtcagg 3060
caacgtggcg tggtgtgcac tgtgtttgct gacgcaaccc ccactggttg gggcattgcc 3120
accacctgtc agctcctttc cgggactttc gctttccccc tccctattgc cacggcggaa 3180
ctcatcgccg cctgccttgc ccgctgctgg acaggggctc ggctgttggg cactgacaat 3240
tccgtggtgt tgtcggggaa gctgacgtcc tttccatggc tgctcgcctg tgttgccacc 3300
tggattctgc gcgggacgtc cttctgctac gtcccttcgg ccctcaatcc agcggacctt 3360
ccttcccgcg gcctgctgcc ggctctgcgg cctcttccgc gtcttcgcct tcgccctcag 3420
acgagtcgga tctccctttg ggccgcctcc ccgcatcggt aaattcactc ctcaggtgca 3480
ggctgcctat cagaaggtgg tggctggtgt ggccaatgcc ctggctcaca aataccactg 3540
agatcttttt ccctctgcca aaaattatgg ggacatcatg aagccccttg agcatctgac 3600
ttctggctaa taaaggaaat ttattttcat tgcaatagtg tgttggaatt ttttgtgtct 3660
ctcactcgga aggacatatg ggagggcaaa tcatttaaaa catcagaatg agtatttggt 3720
ttagagtttg gcaacatatg cccatatgct ggctgccatg aacaaaggtt ggctataaag 3780
aggtcatcag tatatgaaac agccccctgc tgtccattcc ttattccata gaaaagcctt 3840
gacttgaggt tagatttttt ttatattttg ttttgtgtta tttttttctt taacatccct 3900
aaaattttcc ttacatgttt tactagccag atttttcctc ctctcctgac tactcccagt 3960
catagctgtc cctcttctct tatggagatc cctcgacctg cagcccaagc ttggcgtaat 4020
catggtcata gctgtttcct gtgtgaaatt gttatccgct cacaattcca cacaacatac 4080
gagccggaag cataaagtgt aaagcctggg gtgcctaatg agtgagctaa ctcacattaa 4140
ttgcgttgcg ctcactgccc gctttccagt cgggaaacct gtcgtgccag cggatctcaa 4200
ttccgatcat attcaataac ccttaatata acttcgtata atgtatgcta tacgaagtta 4260
ttaggtctga agaggagttt acgtccagcc aagcttagga tcaattctca tgtttgacag 4320
cttatcatcg ataagctgat cctcacaggc cgcacccagc ttttcttccg ttgccccagt 4380
agcatctctg tctggtgacc ttgaagagga agaggagggg tcccgagaat ccccatccct 4440
accgtccagc aaaaaggggg acgaggaatt tgaggcctgg cttgaggctc aggacgcaaa 4500
tcttgaggat gttcagcggg agttttccgg gctgcgagta attggtgatg aggacgagga 4560
tggttcggag gatggggaat tttcagacct ggatctgtct gacagcgacc atgaagggga 4620
tgagggtggg ggggctgttg gagggggcag gagtctgcac tccctgtatt cactgagcgt 4680
cgtctaataa agatgtctat tgatctcttt tagtgtgaat catgtctgac gaggggccag 4740
gtacaggacc tggaaatggc ctaggagaga agggagacac atctggacca gaaggctccg 4800
gcggcagtgg acctcaaaga agagggggtg ataaccatgg acgaggacgg ggaagaggac 4860
gaggacgagg aggcggaaga ccaggagccc cgggcggctc aggatcaggg ccaagacata 4920
gagatggtgt ccggagaccc caaaaacgtc caagttgcat tggctgcaaa gggacccacg 4980
gtggaacagg agcaggagca ggagcgggag gggcaggagc aggaggggca ggagcaggag 5040
gaggggcagg agcaggagga ggggcaggag gggcaggagg ggcaggaggg gcaggagcag 5100
gaggaggggc aggagcagga ggaggggcag gaggggcagg aggggcagga gcaggaggag 5160
gggcaggagc aggaggaggg gcaggagggg caggagcagg aggaggggca ggaggggcag 5220
gaggggcagg agcaggagga ggggcaggag caggaggagg ggcaggaggg gcaggagcag 5280
gaggaggggc aggaggggca ggaggggcag gagcaggagg aggggcagga gcaggagggg 5340
caggaggggc aggaggggca ggagcaggag gggcaggagc aggaggaggg gcaggagggg 5400
caggaggggc aggagcagga ggggcaggag caggaggggc aggagcagga ggggcaggag 5460
caggaggggc aggaggggca ggagcaggag gggcaggagg ggcaggagca ggaggggcag 5520
gaggggcagg agcaggagga ggggcaggag gggcaggagc aggaggaggg gcaggagggg 5580
caggagcagg aggggcagga ggggcaggag caggaggggc aggaggggca ggagcaggag 5640
gggcaggagg ggcaggagca ggaggagggg caggagcagg aggggcagga gcaggaggtg 5700
gaggccgggg tcgaggaggc agtggaggcc ggggtcgagg aggtagtgga ggccggggtc 5760
gaggaggtag tggaggccgc cggggtagag gacgtgaaag agccaggggg ggaagtcgtg 5820
aaagagccag ggggagaggt cgtggacgtg gagaaaagag gcccaggagt cccagtagtc 5880
agtcatcatc atccgggtct ccaccgcgca ggccccctcc aggtagaagg ccatttttcc 5940
accctgtagg ggaagccgat tattttgaat accaccaaga aggtggccca gatggtgagc 6000
ctgacgtgcc cccgggagcg atagagcagg gccccgcaga tgacccagga gaaggcccaa 6060
gcactggacc ccggggtcag ggtgatggag gcaggcgcaa aaaaggaggg tggtttggaa 6120
agcatcgtgg tcaaggaggt tccaacccga aatttgagaa cattgcagaa ggtttaagag 6180
ctctcctggc taggagtcac gtagaaagga ctaccgacga aggaacttgg gtcgccggtg 6240
tgttcgtata tggaggtagt aagacctccc tttacaacct aaggcgagga actgcccttg 6300
ctattccaca atgtcgtctt acaccattga gtcgtctccc ctttggaatg gcccctggac 6360
ccggcccaca acctggcccg ctaagggagt ccattgtctg ttatttcatg gtctttttac 6420
aaactcatat atttgctgag gttttgaagg atgcgattaa ggaccttgtt atgacaaagc 6480
ccgctcctac ctgcaatatc agggtgactg tgtgcagctt tgacgatgga gtagatttgc 6540
ctccctggtt tccacctatg gtggaagggg ctgccgcgga gggtgatgac ggagatgacg 6600
gagatgaagg aggtgatgga gatgagggtg aggaagggca ggagtgatgt aacttgttag 6660
gagacgccct caatcgtatt aaaagccgtg tattcccccg cactaaagaa taaatcccca 6720
gtagacatca tgcgtgctgt tggtgtattt ctggccatct gtcttgtcac cattttcgtc 6780
ctcccaacat ggggcaattg ccggaaccct taatataact tcgtataatg tatgctatac 6840
gaagttatta ggtccctcga agaggttcac tagcggatct caattgggca tacccatgtt 6900
gtcacgtcac tcagctccgc gctcaacacc ttctcgcgtt ggaaaacatt agcgacattt 6960
acctggtgag caatcagaca tgcgacggct ttagcctggc ctccttaaat tcacctaaga 7020
atgggagcaa ccagcaggaa aaggacaagc agcgaaaatt cacgccccct tgggaggtgg 7080
cggcatatgc aaaggatagc actcccactc tactactggg tatcatatgc tgactgtata 7140
tgcatgagga tagcatatgc tacccggata cagattagga tagcatatac tacccagata 7200
tagattagga tagcatatgc tacccagata tagattagga tagcctatgc tacccagata 7260
taaattagga tagcatatac tacccagata tagattagga tagcatatgc tacccagata 7320
tagattagga tagcctatgc tacccagata tagattagga tagcatatgc tacccagata 7380
tagattagga tagcatatgc tatccagata tttgggtagt atatgctacc cagatataaa 7440
ttaggatagc atatactacc ctaatctcta ttaggatagc atatgctacc cggatacaga 7500
ttaggatagc atatactacc cagatataga ttaggatagc atatgctacc cagatataga 7560
ttaggatagc ctatgctacc cagatataaa ttaggatagc atatactacc cagatataga 7620
ttaggatagc atatgctacc cagatataga ttaggatagc ctatgctacc cagatataga 7680
ttaggatagc atatgctatc cagatatttg ggtagtatat gctacccatg gcaacattag 7740
cccaccgtgc tctcagcgac ctcgtgaata tgaggaccaa caaccctgtg cttggcgctc 7800
aggcgcaagt gtgtgtaatt tgtcctccag atcgcagcaa tcgcgcccct atcttggccc 7860
gcccacctac ttatgcaggt attccccggg gtgccattag tggttttgtg ggcaagtggt 7920
ttgaccgcag tggttagcgg ggttacaatc agccaagtta ttacaccctt attttacagt 7980
ccaaaaccgc agggcggcgt gtgggggctg acgcgtgccc ccactccaca atttcaaaaa 8040
aaagagtggc cacttgtctt tgtttatggg ccccattggc gtggagcccc gtttaatttt 8100
cgggggtgtt agagacaacc agtggagtcc gctgctgtcg gcgtccactc tctttcccct 8160
tgttacaaat agagtgtaac aacatggttc acctgtcttg gtccctgcct gggacacatc 8220
ttaataaccc cagtatcata ttgcactagg attatgtgtt gcccatagcc ataaattcgt 8280
gtgagatgga catccagtct ttacggcttg tccccacccc atggatttct attgttaaag 8340
atattcagaa tgtttcattc ctacactagt atttattgcc caaggggttt gtgagggtta 8400
tattggtgtc atagcacaat gccaccactg aaccccccgt ccaaatttta ttctgggggc 8460
gtcacctgaa accttgtttt cgagcacctc acatacacct tactgttcac aactcagcag 8520
ttattctatt agctaaacga aggagaatga agaagcaggc gaagattcag gagagttcac 8580
tgcccgctcc ttgatcttca gccactgccc ttgtgactaa aatggttcac taccctcgtg 8640
gaatcctgac cccatgtaaa taaaaccgtg acagctcatg gggtgggaga tatcgctgtt 8700
ccttaggacc cttttactaa ccctaattcg atagcatatg cttcccgttg ggtaacatat 8760
gctattgaat tagggttagt ctggatagta tatactacta cccgggaagc atatgctacc 8820
cgtttagggt taacaagggg gccttataaa cactattgct aatgccctct tgagggtccg 8880
cttatcggta gctacacagg cccctctgat tgacgttggt gtagcctccc gtagtcttcc 8940
tgggcccctg ggaggtacat gtcccccagc attggtgtaa gagcttcagc caagagttac 9000
acataaaggc aatgttgtgt tgcagtccac agactgcaaa gtctgctcca ggatgaaagc 9060
cactcagtgt tggcaaatgt gcacatccat ttataaggat gtcaactaca gtcagagaac 9120
ccctttgtgt ttggtccccc cccgtgtcac atgtggaaca gggcccagtt ggcaagttgt 9180
accaaccaac tgaagggatt acatgcactg ccccgcgaag aaggggcaga gatgtcgtag 9240
tcaggtttag ttcgtccggg gcggggcatc gatcctctag agtcgacgct agcggatccg 9300
acgccgccat ctctaggccc gcgccggccc cctcgcacag acttgtggga gaagctcggc 9360
tactcccctg ccccggttaa tttgcatata atatttccta gtaactatag aggcttaatg 9420
tgcgataaaa gacagataat ctgttctttt taatactagc tacattttac atgataggct 9480
tggatttcta taagagatac aaatactaaa ttattatttt aaaaaacagc acaaaaggaa 9540
actcacccta actgtaaagt aattgtgtgt tttgagacta taaatatccc ttggagaaaa 9600
gccttgtttg ggccgactcc agtggtaatc tacttcaaga gagtagatta ccactggagt 9660
cttttttgga attcctgcag cccgggggat ccgctgcatt aatgaatcgg ccaacgcgcg 9720
gggagaggcg gtttgcgtat tgggcgctct tccgcttcct cgctcactga ctcgctgcgc 9780
tcggtcgttc ggctgcggcg agcggtatca gctcactcaa aggcggtaat acggttatcc 9840
acagaatcag gggataacgc aggaaagaac atgtgagcaa aaggccagca aaaggccagg 9900
aaccgtaaaa aggccgcgtt gctggcgttt ttccataggc tccgcccccc tgacgagcat 9960
cacaaaaatc gacgctcaag tcagaggtgg cgaaacccga caggactata aagataccag 10020
gcgtttcccc ctggaagctc cctcgtgcgc tctcctgttc cgaccctgcc gcttaccgga 10080
tacctgtccg cctttctccc ttcgggaagc gtggcgcttt ctcatagctc acgctgtagg 10140
tatctcagtt cggtgtaggt cgttcgctcc aagctgggct gtgtgcacga accccccgtt 10200
cagcccgacc gctgcgcctt atccggtaac tatcgtcttg agtccaaccc ggtaagacac 10260
gacttatcgc cactggcagc agccactggt aacaggatta gcagagcgag gtatgtaggc 10320
ggtgctacag agttcttgaa gtggtggcct aactacggct acactagaag aacagtattt 10380
ggtatctgcg ctctgctgaa gccagttacc ttcggaaaaa gagttggtag ctcttgatcc 10440
ggcaaacaaa ccaccgctgg tagcggtggt ttttttgttt gcaagcagca gattacgcgc 10500
agaaaaaaag gatctcaaga agatcctttg atcttttcta cggggtctga cgctcagtgg 10560
aacgaaaact cacgttaagg gattttggtc atgagattat caaaaaggat cttcacctag 10620
atccttttaa attaaaaatg aagttttaaa tcaatctaaa gtatatatga gtaaacttgg 10680
tctgacagtt accaatgctt aatcagtgag gcacctatct cagcgatctg tctatttcgt 10740
tcatccatag ttgcctgact ccccgtcgtg tagataacta cgatacggga gggcttacca 10800
tctggcccca gtgctgcaat gataccgcga gacccacgct caccggctcc agatttatca 10860
gcaataaacc agccagccgg aagggccgag cgcagaagtg gtcctgcaac tttatccgcc 10920
tccatccagt ctattaattg ttgccgggaa gctagagtaa gtagttcgcc agttaatagt 10980
ttgcgcaacg ttgttgccat tgctacaggc atcgtggtgt cacgctcgtc gtttggtatg 11040
gcttcattca gctccggttc ccaacgatca aggcgagtta catgatcccc catgttgtgc 11100
aaaaaagcgg ttagctcctt cggtcctccg atcgttgtca gaagtaagtt ggccgcagtg 11160
ttatcactca tggttatggc agcactgcat aattctctta ctgtcatgcc atccgtaaga 11220
tgcttttctg tgactggtga gtactcaacc aagtcattct gagaatagtg tatgcggcga 11280
ccgagttgct cttgcccggc gtcaatacgg gataataccg cgccacatag cagaacttta 11340
aaagtgctca tcattggaaa acgttcttcg gggcgaaaac tctcaaggat cttaccgctg 11400
ttgagatcca gttcgatgta acccactcgt gcacccaact gatcttcagc atcttttact 11460
ttcaccagcg tttctgggtg agcaaaaaca ggaaggcaaa atgccgcaaa aaagggaata 11520
agggcgacac ggaaatgttg aatactcata ctcttccttt ttcaatatta ttgaagcatt 11580
tatcagggtt attgtctcat gagcggatac atatttgaat gtatttagaa aaataaacaa 11640
ataggggttc cgcgcacatt tccccgaaaa gtgccacctg g 11681
<210> 13
<211> 12693
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 13
gtcgacattg attattgact agttattaat agtaatcaat tacggggtca ttagttcata 60
gcccatatat ggagttccgc gttacataac ttacggtaaa tggcccgcct ggctgaccgc 120
ccaacgaccc ccgcccattg acgtcaataa tgacgtatgt tcccatagta acgccaatag 180
ggactttcca ttgacgtcaa tgggtggagt atttacggta aactgcccac ttggcagtac 240
atcaagtgta tcatatgcca agtacgcccc ctattgacgt caatgacggt aaatggcccg 300
cctggcatta tgcccagtac atgaccttat gggactttcc tacttggcag tacatctacg 360
tattagtcat cgctattacc atggtcgagg tgagccccac gttctgcttc actctcccca 420
tctccccccc ctccccaccc ccaattttgt atttatttat tttttaatta ttttgtgcag 480
cgatgggggc gggggggggg ggggggcgcg cgccaggcgg ggcggggcgg ggcgaggggc 540
ggggcgggcg aggcggagag gtgcggcggc agccaatcag agcggcgcgc tccgaaagtt 600
tccttttatg gcgaggcggc ggcggcggcg gccctataaa aagcgaagcg cgcggcgggc 660
gggagtcgct gcgcgctgcc ttcgccccgt gccccgctcc gccgccgcct cgcgccgccc 720
gccccggctc tgactgaccg cgttactccc acaggtgagc gggcgggacg gcccttctcc 780
tccgggctgt aattagcgct tggtttaatg acggcttgtt tcttttctgt ggctgcgtga 840
aagccttgag gggctccggg agggcccttt gtgcgggggg agcggctcgg ggggtgcgtg 900
cgtgtgtgtg tgcgtgggga gcgccgcgtg cggctccgcg ctgcccggcg gctgtgagcg 960
ctgcgggcgc ggcgcggggc tttgtgcgct ccgcagtgtg cgcgagggga gcgcggccgg 1020
gggcggtgcc ccgcggtgcg gggggggctg cgaggggaac aaaggctgcg tgcggggtgt 1080
gtgcgtgggg gggtgagcag ggggtgtggg cgcgtcggtc gggctgcaac cccccctgca 1140
cccccctccc cgagttgctg agcacggccc ggcttcgggt gcggggctcc gtacggggcg 1200
tggcgcgggg ctcgccgtgc cgggcggggg gtggcggcag gtgggggtgc cgggcggggc 1260
ggggccgcct cgggccgggg agggctcggg ggaggggcgc ggcggccccc ggagcgccgg 1320
cggctgtcga ggcgcggcga gccgcagcca ttgcctttta tggtaatcgt gcgagagggc 1380
gcagggactt cctttgtccc aaatctgtgc ggagccgaaa tctgggaggc gccgccgcac 1440
cccctctagc gggcgcgggg cgaagcggtg cggcgccggc aggaaggaaa tgggcgggga 1500
gggccttcgt gcgtcgccgc gccgccgtcc ccttctccct ctccagcctc ggggctgtcc 1560
gcggggggac ggctgccttc gggggggacg gggcagggcg gggttcggct tctggcgtgt 1620
gaccggcggc tctagagcct ctgctaacca tgttcatgcc ttcttctttt tcctacagct 1680
cctgggcaac gtgctggtta ttgtgctgtc tcatcatttt ggcaaagaat tcgcccttca 1740
ccatgtacaa catgatggag acggagctga agccgccggg cccgcagcaa acttcggggg 1800
gcggcggcgg caactccacc gcggcggcgg ccggcggcaa ccagaaaaac agcccggacc 1860
gcgtcaagcg gcccatgaat gccttcatgg tgtggtcccg cgggcagcgg cgcaagatgg 1920
cccaggagaa ccccaagatg cacaactcgg agatcagcaa gcgcctgggc gccgagtgga 1980
aacttttgtc ggagacggag aagcggccgt tcatcgacga ggctaagcgg ctgcgagcgc 2040
tgcacatgaa ggagcacccg gattataaat accggccccg gcggaaaacc aagacgctca 2100
tgaagaagga taagtacacg ctgcccggcg ggctgctggc ccccggcggc aatagcatgg 2160
cgagcggggt cggggtgggc gccggcctgg gcgcgggcgt gaaccagcgc atggacagtt 2220
acgcgcacat gaacggctgg agcaacggca gctacagcat gatgcaggac cagctgggct 2280
acccgcagca cccgggcctc aatgcgcacg gcgcagcgca gatgcagccc atgcaccgct 2340
acgacgtgag cgccctgcag tacaactcca tgaccagctc gcagacctac atgaacggct 2400
cgcccaccta cagcatgtcc tactcgcagc agggcacccc tggcatggct cttggctcca 2460
tgggttcggt ggtcaagtcc gaggccagct ccagcccccc tgtggttacc tcttcctccc 2520
actccagggc gccctgccag gccggggacc tccgggacat gatcagcatg tatctccccg 2580
gcgccgaggt gccggaaccc gccgccccca gcagacttca catgtcccag cactaccaga 2640
gcggcccggt gcccggcacg gccattaacg gcacactgcc cctctcacac atgggggatc 2700
tcaaaattgt cgctcctgtc aaacaaactc ttaactttga tttactcaaa ctggctgggg 2760
atgtagaaag caatccaggt ccactcatga acaattcgcc cttcaccatg gctgtcagtg 2820
acgcgctgct cccatctttc tccacgttcg cgtctggccc ggcgggaagg gagaagacac 2880
tgcgtcaagc aggtgccccg aataaccgct ggcgggagga gctctcccac atgaagcgac 2940
ttcccccagt gcttcccggc cgcccctatg acctggcggc ggcgaccgtg gccacagacc 3000
tggagagcgg cggagccggt gcggcttgcg gcggtagcaa cctggcgccc ctacctcgga 3060
gagagaccga ggagttcaac gatctcctgg acctggactt tattctctcc aattcgctga 3120
cccatcctcc ggagtcagtg gccgccaccg tgtcctcgtc agcgtcagcc tcctcttcgt 3180
cgtcgccgtc gagcagcggc cctgccagcg cgccctccac ctgcagcttc acctatccga 3240
tccgggccgg gaacgacccg ggcgtggcgc cgggcggcac gggcggaggc ctcctctatg 3300
gcagggagtc cgctccccct ccgacggctc ccttcaacct ggcggacatc aacgacgtga 3360
gcccctcggg cggcttcgtg gccgagctcc tgcggccaga attggacccg gtgtacattc 3420
cgccgcagca gccgcagccg ccaggtggcg ggctgatggg caagttcgtg ctgaaggcgt 3480
cgctgagcgc ccctggcagc gagtacggca gcccgtcggt catcagcgtc agcaaaggca 3540
gccctgacgg cagccacccg gtggtggtgg cgccctacaa cggcgggccg ccgcgcacgt 3600
gccccaagat caagcaggag gcggtctctt cgtgcaccca cttgggcgct ggaccccctc 3660
tcagcaatgg ccaccggccg gctgcacacg acttccccct ggggcggcag ctccccagca 3720
ggactacccc gaccctgggt cttgaggaag tgctgagcag cagggactgt caccctgccc 3780
tgccgcttcc tcccggcttc catccccacc cggggcccaa ttacccatcc ttcctgcccg 3840
atcagatgca gccgcaagtc ccgccgctcc attaccaaga gctcatgcca cccggttcct 3900
gcatgccaga ggagcccaag ccaaagaggg gaagacgatc gtggccccgg aaaaggaccg 3960
ccacccacac ttgtgattac gcgggctgcg gcaaaaccta cacaaagagt tcccatctca 4020
aggcacacct gcgaacccac acaggtgaga aaccttacca ctgtgactgg gacggctgtg 4080
gatggaaatt cgcccgctca gatgaactga ccaggcacta ccgtaaacac acggggcacc 4140
gcccgttcca gtgccaaaaa tgcgaccgag cattttccag gtcggaccac ctcgccttac 4200
acatgaagag acatttttaa aagggcgaat tgcctgcagg aattcaagct tcggggacta 4260
gtcatatgat aatcaacctc tggattacaa aatttgtgaa agattgactg gtattcttaa 4320
ctatgttgct ccttttacgc tatgtggata cgctgcttta atgcctttgt atcatgctat 4380
tgcttcccgt atggctttca ttttctcctc cttgtataaa tcctggttgc tgtctcttta 4440
tgaggagttg tggcccgttg tcaggcaacg tggcgtggtg tgcactgtgt ttgctgacgc 4500
aacccccact ggttggggca ttgccaccac ctgtcagctc ctttccggga ctttcgcttt 4560
ccccctccct attgccacgg cggaactcat cgccgcctgc cttgcccgct gctggacagg 4620
ggctcggctg ttgggcactg acaattccgt ggtgttgtcg gggaagctga cgtcctttcc 4680
atggctgctc gcctgtgttg ccacctggat tctgcgcggg acgtccttct gctacgtccc 4740
ttcggccctc aatccagcgg accttccttc ccgcggcctg ctgccggctc tgcggcctct 4800
tccgcgtctt cgccttcgcc ctcagacgag tcggatctcc ctttgggccg cctccccgca 4860
tcggtaaatt cactcctcag gtgcaggctg cctatcagaa ggtggtggct ggtgtggcca 4920
atgccctggc tcacaaatac cactgagatc tttttccctc tgccaaaaat tatggggaca 4980
tcatgaagcc ccttgagcat ctgacttctg gctaataaag gaaatttatt ttcattgcaa 5040
tagtgtgttg gaattttttg tgtctctcac tcggaaggac atatgggagg gcaaatcatt 5100
taaaacatca gaatgagtat ttggtttaga gtttggcaac atatgcccat atgctggctg 5160
ccatgaacaa aggttggcta taaagaggtc atcagtatat gaaacagccc cctgctgtcc 5220
attccttatt ccatagaaaa gccttgactt gaggttagat tttttttata ttttgttttg 5280
tgttattttt ttctttaaca tccctaaaat tttccttaca tgttttacta gccagatttt 5340
tcctcctctc ctgactactc ccagtcatag ctgtccctct tctcttatgg agatccctcg 5400
acctgcagcc caagcttggc gtaatcatgg tcatagctgt ttcctgtgtg aaattgttat 5460
ccgctcacaa ttccacacaa catacgagcc ggaagcataa agtgtaaagc ctggggtgcc 5520
taatgagtga gctaactcac attaattgcg ttgcgctcac tgcccgcttt ccagtcggga 5580
aacctgtcgt gccagcggat ctcaattccg atcatattca ataaccctta atataacttc 5640
gtataatgta tgctatacga agttattagg tctgaagagg agtttacgtc cagccaagct 5700
taggatcaat tctcatgttt gacagcttat catcgataag ctgatcctca caggccgcac 5760
ccagcttttc ttccgttgcc ccagtagcat ctctgtctgg tgaccttgaa gaggaagagg 5820
aggggtcccg agaatcccca tccctaccgt ccagcaaaaa gggggacgag gaatttgagg 5880
cctggcttga ggctcaggac gcaaatcttg aggatgttca gcgggagttt tccgggctgc 5940
gagtaattgg tgatgaggac gaggatggtt cggaggatgg ggaattttca gacctggatc 6000
tgtctgacag cgaccatgaa ggggatgagg gtgggggggc tgttggaggg ggcaggagtc 6060
tgcactccct gtattcactg agcgtcgtct aataaagatg tctattgatc tcttttagtg 6120
tgaatcatgt ctgacgaggg gccaggtaca ggacctggaa atggcctagg agagaaggga 6180
gacacatctg gaccagaagg ctccggcggc agtggacctc aaagaagagg gggtgataac 6240
catggacgag gacggggaag aggacgagga cgaggaggcg gaagaccagg agccccgggc 6300
ggctcaggat cagggccaag acatagagat ggtgtccgga gaccccaaaa acgtccaagt 6360
tgcattggct gcaaagggac ccacggtgga acaggagcag gagcaggagc gggaggggca 6420
ggagcaggag gggcaggagc aggaggaggg gcaggagcag gaggaggggc aggaggggca 6480
ggaggggcag gaggggcagg agcaggagga ggggcaggag caggaggagg ggcaggaggg 6540
gcaggagggg caggagcagg aggaggggca ggagcaggag gaggggcagg aggggcagga 6600
gcaggaggag gggcaggagg ggcaggaggg gcaggagcag gaggaggggc aggagcagga 6660
ggaggggcag gaggggcagg agcaggagga ggggcaggag gggcaggagg ggcaggagca 6720
ggaggagggg caggagcagg aggggcagga ggggcaggag gggcaggagc aggaggggca 6780
ggagcaggag gaggggcagg aggggcagga ggggcaggag caggaggggc aggagcagga 6840
ggggcaggag caggaggggc aggagcagga ggggcaggag gggcaggagc aggaggggca 6900
ggaggggcag gagcaggagg ggcaggaggg gcaggagcag gaggaggggc aggaggggca 6960
ggagcaggag gaggggcagg aggggcagga gcaggagggg caggaggggc aggagcagga 7020
ggggcaggag gggcaggagc aggaggggca ggaggggcag gagcaggagg aggggcagga 7080
gcaggagggg caggagcagg aggtggaggc cggggtcgag gaggcagtgg aggccggggt 7140
cgaggaggta gtggaggccg gggtcgagga ggtagtggag gccgccgggg tagaggacgt 7200
gaaagagcca gggggggaag tcgtgaaaga gccaggggga gaggtcgtgg acgtggagaa 7260
aagaggccca ggagtcccag tagtcagtca tcatcatccg ggtctccacc gcgcaggccc 7320
cctccaggta gaaggccatt tttccaccct gtaggggaag ccgattattt tgaataccac 7380
caagaaggtg gcccagatgg tgagcctgac gtgcccccgg gagcgataga gcagggcccc 7440
gcagatgacc caggagaagg cccaagcact ggaccccggg gtcagggtga tggaggcagg 7500
cgcaaaaaag gagggtggtt tggaaagcat cgtggtcaag gaggttccaa cccgaaattt 7560
gagaacattg cagaaggttt aagagctctc ctggctagga gtcacgtaga aaggactacc 7620
gacgaaggaa cttgggtcgc cggtgtgttc gtatatggag gtagtaagac ctccctttac 7680
aacctaaggc gaggaactgc ccttgctatt ccacaatgtc gtcttacacc attgagtcgt 7740
ctcccctttg gaatggcccc tggacccggc ccacaacctg gcccgctaag ggagtccatt 7800
gtctgttatt tcatggtctt tttacaaact catatatttg ctgaggtttt gaaggatgcg 7860
attaaggacc ttgttatgac aaagcccgct cctacctgca atatcagggt gactgtgtgc 7920
agctttgacg atggagtaga tttgcctccc tggtttccac ctatggtgga aggggctgcc 7980
gcggagggtg atgacggaga tgacggagat gaaggaggtg atggagatga gggtgaggaa 8040
gggcaggagt gatgtaactt gttaggagac gccctcaatc gtattaaaag ccgtgtattc 8100
ccccgcacta aagaataaat ccccagtaga catcatgcgt gctgttggtg tatttctggc 8160
catctgtctt gtcaccattt tcgtcctccc aacatggggc aattgccgga acccttaata 8220
taacttcgta taatgtatgc tatacgaagt tattaggtcc ctcgaagagg ttcactagcg 8280
gatctcaatt gggcataccc atgttgtcac gtcactcagc tccgcgctca acaccttctc 8340
gcgttggaaa acattagcga catttacctg gtgagcaatc agacatgcga cggctttagc 8400
ctggcctcct taaattcacc taagaatggg agcaaccagc aggaaaagga caagcagcga 8460
aaattcacgc ccccttggga ggtggcggca tatgcaaagg atagcactcc cactctacta 8520
ctgggtatca tatgctgact gtatatgcat gaggatagca tatgctaccc ggatacagat 8580
taggatagca tatactaccc agatatagat taggatagca tatgctaccc agatatagat 8640
taggatagcc tatgctaccc agatataaat taggatagca tatactaccc agatatagat 8700
taggatagca tatgctaccc agatatagat taggatagcc tatgctaccc agatatagat 8760
taggatagca tatgctaccc agatatagat taggatagca tatgctatcc agatatttgg 8820
gtagtatatg ctacccagat ataaattagg atagcatata ctaccctaat ctctattagg 8880
atagcatatg ctacccggat acagattagg atagcatata ctacccagat atagattagg 8940
atagcatatg ctacccagat atagattagg atagcctatg ctacccagat ataaattagg 9000
atagcatata ctacccagat atagattagg atagcatatg ctacccagat atagattagg 9060
atagcctatg ctacccagat atagattagg atagcatatg ctatccagat atttgggtag 9120
tatatgctac ccatggcaac attagcccac cgtgctctca gcgacctcgt gaatatgagg 9180
accaacaacc ctgtgcttgg cgctcaggcg caagtgtgtg taatttgtcc tccagatcgc 9240
agcaatcgcg cccctatctt ggcccgccca cctacttatg caggtattcc ccggggtgcc 9300
attagtggtt ttgtgggcaa gtggtttgac cgcagtggtt agcggggtta caatcagcca 9360
agttattaca cccttatttt acagtccaaa accgcagggc ggcgtgtggg ggctgacgcg 9420
tgcccccact ccacaatttc aaaaaaaaga gtggccactt gtctttgttt atgggcccca 9480
ttggcgtgga gccccgttta attttcgggg gtgttagaga caaccagtgg agtccgctgc 9540
tgtcggcgtc cactctcttt ccccttgtta caaatagagt gtaacaacat ggttcacctg 9600
tcttggtccc tgcctgggac acatcttaat aaccccagta tcatattgca ctaggattat 9660
gtgttgccca tagccataaa ttcgtgtgag atggacatcc agtctttacg gcttgtcccc 9720
accccatgga tttctattgt taaagatatt cagaatgttt cattcctaca ctagtattta 9780
ttgcccaagg ggtttgtgag ggttatattg gtgtcatagc acaatgccac cactgaaccc 9840
cccgtccaaa ttttattctg ggggcgtcac ctgaaacctt gttttcgagc acctcacata 9900
caccttactg ttcacaactc agcagttatt ctattagcta aacgaaggag aatgaagaag 9960
caggcgaaga ttcaggagag ttcactgccc gctccttgat cttcagccac tgcccttgtg 10020
actaaaatgg ttcactaccc tcgtggaatc ctgaccccat gtaaataaaa ccgtgacagc 10080
tcatggggtg ggagatatcg ctgttcctta ggaccctttt actaacccta attcgatagc 10140
atatgcttcc cgttgggtaa catatgctat tgaattaggg ttagtctgga tagtatatac 10200
tactacccgg gaagcatatg ctacccgttt agggttaaca agggggcctt ataaacacta 10260
ttgctaatgc cctcttgagg gtccgcttat cggtagctac acaggcccct ctgattgacg 10320
ttggtgtagc ctcccgtagt cttcctgggc ccctgggagg tacatgtccc ccagcattgg 10380
tgtaagagct tcagccaaga gttacacata aaggcaatgt tgtgttgcag tccacagact 10440
gcaaagtctg ctccaggatg aaagccactc agtgttggca aatgtgcaca tccatttata 10500
aggatgtcaa ctacagtcag agaacccctt tgtgtttggt ccccccccgt gtcacatgtg 10560
gaacagggcc cagttggcaa gttgtaccaa ccaactgaag ggattacatg cactgccccg 10620
cgaagaaggg gcagagatgt cgtagtcagg tttagttcgt ccggggcggg gcatcgatcc 10680
tctagagtcg acgctagcgg atccgctgca ttaatgaatc ggccaacgcg cggggagagg 10740
cggtttgcgt attgggcgct cttccgcttc ctcgctcact gactcgctgc gctcggtcgt 10800
tcggctgcgg cgagcggtat cagctcactc aaaggcggta atacggttat ccacagaatc 10860
aggggataac gcaggaaaga acatgtgagc aaaaggccag caaaaggcca ggaaccgtaa 10920
aaaggccgcg ttgctggcgt ttttccatag gctccgcccc cctgacgagc atcacaaaaa 10980
tcgacgctca agtcagaggt ggcgaaaccc gacaggacta taaagatacc aggcgtttcc 11040
ccctggaagc tccctcgtgc gctctcctgt tccgaccctg ccgcttaccg gatacctgtc 11100
cgcctttctc ccttcgggaa gcgtggcgct ttctcatagc tcacgctgta ggtatctcag 11160
ttcggtgtag gtcgttcgct ccaagctggg ctgtgtgcac gaaccccccg ttcagcccga 11220
ccgctgcgcc ttatccggta actatcgtct tgagtccaac ccggtaagac acgacttatc 11280
gccactggca gcagccactg gtaacaggat tagcagagcg aggtatgtag gcggtgctac 11340
agagttcttg aagtggtggc ctaactacgg ctacactaga agaacagtat ttggtatctg 11400
cgctctgctg aagccagtta ccttcggaaa aagagttggt agctcttgat ccggcaaaca 11460
aaccaccgct ggtagcggtg gtttttttgt ttgcaagcag cagattacgc gcagaaaaaa 11520
aggatctcaa gaagatcctt tgatcttttc tacggggtct gacgctcagt ggaacgaaaa 11580
ctcacgttaa gggattttgg tcatgagatt atcaaaaagg atcttcacct agatcctttt 11640
aaattaaaaa tgaagtttta aatcaatcta aagtatatat gagtaaactt ggtctgacag 11700
ttaccaatgc ttaatcagtg aggcacctat ctcagcgatc tgtctatttc gttcatccat 11760
agttgcctga ctccccgtcg tgtagataac tacgatacgg gagggcttac catctggccc 11820
cagtgctgca atgataccgc gagacccacg ctcaccggct ccagatttat cagcaataaa 11880
ccagccagcc ggaagggccg agcgcagaag tggtcctgca actttatccg cctccatcca 11940
gtctattaat tgttgccggg aagctagagt aagtagttcg ccagttaata gtttgcgcaa 12000
cgttgttgcc attgctacag gcatcgtggt gtcacgctcg tcgtttggta tggcttcatt 12060
cagctccggt tcccaacgat caaggcgagt tacatgatcc cccatgttgt gcaaaaaagc 12120
ggttagctcc ttcggtcctc cgatcgttgt cagaagtaag ttggccgcag tgttatcact 12180
catggttatg gcagcactgc ataattctct tactgtcatg ccatccgtaa gatgcttttc 12240
tgtgactggt gagtactcaa ccaagtcatt ctgagaatag tgtatgcggc gaccgagttg 12300
ctcttgcccg gcgtcaatac gggataatac cgcgccacat agcagaactt taaaagtgct 12360
catcattgga aaacgttctt cggggcgaaa actctcaagg atcttaccgc tgttgagatc 12420
cagttcgatg taacccactc gtgcacccaa ctgatcttca gcatctttta ctttcaccag 12480
cgtttctggg tgagcaaaaa caggaaggca aaatgccgca aaaaagggaa taagggcgac 12540
acggaaatgt tgaatactca tactcttcct ttttcaatat tattgaagca tttatcaggg 12600
ttattgtctc atgagcggat acatatttga atgtatttag aaaaataaac aaataggggt 12660
tccgcgcaca tttccccgaa aagtgccacc tgg 12693
<210> 14
<211> 12051
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 14
gtcgacattg attattgact agttattaat agtaatcaat tacggggtca ttagttcata 60
gcccatatat ggagttccgc gttacataac ttacggtaaa tggcccgcct ggctgaccgc 120
ccaacgaccc ccgcccattg acgtcaataa tgacgtatgt tcccatagta acgccaatag 180
ggactttcca ttgacgtcaa tgggtggagt atttacggta aactgcccac ttggcagtac 240
atcaagtgta tcatatgcca agtacgcccc ctattgacgt caatgacggt aaatggcccg 300
cctggcatta tgcccagtac atgaccttat gggactttcc tacttggcag tacatctacg 360
tattagtcat cgctattacc atggtcgagg tgagccccac gttctgcttc actctcccca 420
tctccccccc ctccccaccc ccaattttgt atttatttat tttttaatta ttttgtgcag 480
cgatgggggc gggggggggg ggggggcgcg cgccaggcgg ggcggggcgg ggcgaggggc 540
ggggcgggcg aggcggagag gtgcggcggc agccaatcag agcggcgcgc tccgaaagtt 600
tccttttatg gcgaggcggc ggcggcggcg gccctataaa aagcgaagcg cgcggcgggc 660
gggagtcgct gcgcgctgcc ttcgccccgt gccccgctcc gccgccgcct cgcgccgccc 720
gccccggctc tgactgaccg cgttactccc acaggtgagc gggcgggacg gcccttctcc 780
tccgggctgt aattagcgct tggtttaatg acggcttgtt tcttttctgt ggctgcgtga 840
aagccttgag gggctccggg agggcccttt gtgcgggggg agcggctcgg ggggtgcgtg 900
cgtgtgtgtg tgcgtgggga gcgccgcgtg cggctccgcg ctgcccggcg gctgtgagcg 960
ctgcgggcgc ggcgcggggc tttgtgcgct ccgcagtgtg cgcgagggga gcgcggccgg 1020
gggcggtgcc ccgcggtgcg gggggggctg cgaggggaac aaaggctgcg tgcggggtgt 1080
gtgcgtgggg gggtgagcag ggggtgtggg cgcgtcggtc gggctgcaac cccccctgca 1140
cccccctccc cgagttgctg agcacggccc ggcttcgggt gcggggctcc gtacggggcg 1200
tggcgcgggg ctcgccgtgc cgggcggggg gtggcggcag gtgggggtgc cgggcggggc 1260
ggggccgcct cgggccgggg agggctcggg ggaggggcgc ggcggccccc ggagcgccgg 1320
cggctgtcga ggcgcggcga gccgcagcca ttgcctttta tggtaatcgt gcgagagggc 1380
gcagggactt cctttgtccc aaatctgtgc ggagccgaaa tctgggaggc gccgccgcac 1440
cccctctagc gggcgcgggg cgaagcggtg cggcgccggc aggaaggaaa tgggcgggga 1500
gggccttcgt gcgtcgccgc gccgccgtcc ccttctccct ctccagcctc ggggctgtcc 1560
gcggggggac ggctgccttc gggggggacg gggcagggcg gggttcggct tctggcgtgt 1620
gaccggcggc tctagagcct ctgctaacca tgttcatgcc ttcttctttt tcctacagct 1680
cctgggcaac gtgctggtta ttgtgctgtc tcatcatttt ggcaaagaat tcgcccttca 1740
ccatggacta cgactcgtac cagcactatt tctacgacta tgactgcggg gaggatttct 1800
accgctccac ggcgcccagc gaggacatct ggaagaaatt cgagctggtg ccatcgcccc 1860
ccacgtcgcc gccctggggc ttgggtcccg gcgcagggga cccggccccc gggattggtc 1920
ccccggagcc gtggcccgga gggtgcaccg gagacgaagc ggaatcccgg ggccactcga 1980
aaggctgggg caggaactac gcctccatca tacgccgtga ctgcatgtgg agcggcttct 2040
cggcccggga acggctggag agagctgtga gcgaccggct cgctcctggc gcgccccggg 2100
ggaacccgcc caaggcgtcc gccgccccgg actgcactcc cagcctcgaa gccggcaacc 2160
cggcgcccgc cgccccctgt ccgctgggcg aacccaagac ccaggcctgc tccgggtccg 2220
agagcccaag cgactcggag aatgaagaaa ttgatgttgt gacagtagag aagaggcagt 2280
ctctgggtat tcggaagccg gtcaccatca cggtgcgagc agaccccctg gatccctgca 2340
tgaagcattt ccacatctcc atccatcagc aacagcacaa ctatgctgcc cgttttcctc 2400
cagaaagctg ctcccaagaa gaggcttcag agaggggtcc ccaagaagag gttctggaga 2460
gagatgctgc aggggaaaag gaagatgagg aggatgaaga gattgtgagt cccccacctg 2520
tagaaagtga ggctgcccag tcctgccacc ccaaacctgt cagttctgat actgaggatg 2580
tgaccaagag gaagaatcac aacttcctgg agcgcaagag gcggaatgac ctgcgttcgc 2640
gattcttggc gctgagggac caggtgccca ccctggccag ctgctccaag gcccccaaag 2700
tagtgatcct aagcaaggcc ttggaatact tgcaagccct ggtgggggct gagaagagga 2760
tggctacaga gaaaagacag ctccgatgcc ggcagcagca gttgcagaaa agaattgcat 2820
acctcactgg ctacggagat ctcaaaattg tcgctcctgt caaacaaact cttaactttg 2880
atttactcaa actggctggg gatgtagaaa gcaatccagg tccactcatg aacaattcgc 2940
ccttcaccat gggctccgtg tccaaccagc agtttgcagg tggctgcgcc aaggcggcag 3000
aagaggcgcc cgaggaggcg ccggaggacg cggcccgggc ggcggacgag cctcagctgc 3060
tgcacggtgc gggcatctgt aagtggttca acgtgcgcat ggggttcggc ttcctgtcca 3120
tgaccgcccg cgccggggtc gcgctcgacc ccccagtgga tgtctttgtg caccagagta 3180
agctgcacat ggaagggttc cggagcttga aggagggtga ggcagtggag ttcaccttta 3240
agaagtcagc caagggtctg gaatccatcc gtgtcaccgg acctggtgga gtattctgta 3300
ttgggagtga gaggcggcca aaaggaaaga gcatgcagaa gcgcagatca aaaggagaca 3360
ggtgctacaa ctgtggaggt ctagatcatc atgccaagga atgcaagctg ccaccccagc 3420
ccaagaagtg ccacttctgc cagagcatca gccatatggt agcctcatgt ccgctgaagg 3480
cccagcaggg ccctagtgca cagggaaagc caacctactt tcgagaggaa gaagaagaaa 3540
tccacagccc taccctgctc ccggaggcac agaattgaaa gggcgaattg cctgcaggaa 3600
ttcaagcttc ggggactagt catatgataa tcaacctctg gattacaaaa tttgtgaaag 3660
attgactggt attcttaact atgttgctcc ttttacgcta tgtggatacg ctgctttaat 3720
gcctttgtat catgctattg cttcccgtat ggctttcatt ttctcctcct tgtataaatc 3780
ctggttgctg tctctttatg aggagttgtg gcccgttgtc aggcaacgtg gcgtggtgtg 3840
cactgtgttt gctgacgcaa cccccactgg ttggggcatt gccaccacct gtcagctcct 3900
ttccgggact ttcgctttcc ccctccctat tgccacggcg gaactcatcg ccgcctgcct 3960
tgcccgctgc tggacagggg ctcggctgtt gggcactgac aattccgtgg tgttgtcggg 4020
gaagctgacg tcctttccat ggctgctcgc ctgtgttgcc acctggattc tgcgcgggac 4080
gtccttctgc tacgtccctt cggccctcaa tccagcggac cttccttccc gcggcctgct 4140
gccggctctg cggcctcttc cgcgtcttcg ccttcgccct cagacgagtc ggatctccct 4200
ttgggccgcc tccccgcatc ggtaaattca ctcctcaggt gcaggctgcc tatcagaagg 4260
tggtggctgg tgtggccaat gccctggctc acaaatacca ctgagatctt tttccctctg 4320
ccaaaaatta tggggacatc atgaagcccc ttgagcatct gacttctggc taataaagga 4380
aatttatttt cattgcaata gtgtgttgga attttttgtg tctctcactc ggaaggacat 4440
atgggagggc aaatcattta aaacatcaga atgagtattt ggtttagagt ttggcaacat 4500
atgcccatat gctggctgcc atgaacaaag gttggctata aagaggtcat cagtatatga 4560
aacagccccc tgctgtccat tccttattcc atagaaaagc cttgacttga ggttagattt 4620
tttttatatt ttgttttgtg ttattttttt ctttaacatc cctaaaattt tccttacatg 4680
ttttactagc cagatttttc ctcctctcct gactactccc agtcatagct gtccctcttc 4740
tcttatggag atccctcgac ctgcagccca agcttggcgt aatcatggtc atagctgttt 4800
cctgtgtgaa attgttatcc gctcacaatt ccacacaaca tacgagccgg aagcataaag 4860
tgtaaagcct ggggtgccta atgagtgagc taactcacat taattgcgtt gcgctcactg 4920
cccgctttcc agtcgggaaa cctgtcgtgc cagcggatct caattccgat catattcaat 4980
aacccttaat ataacttcgt ataatgtatg ctatacgaag ttattaggtc tgaagaggag 5040
tttacgtcca gccaagctta ggatcaattc tcatgtttga cagcttatca tcgataagct 5100
gatcctcaca ggccgcaccc agcttttctt ccgttgcccc agtagcatct ctgtctggtg 5160
accttgaaga ggaagaggag gggtcccgag aatccccatc cctaccgtcc agcaaaaagg 5220
gggacgagga atttgaggcc tggcttgagg ctcaggacgc aaatcttgag gatgttcagc 5280
gggagttttc cgggctgcga gtaattggtg atgaggacga ggatggttcg gaggatgggg 5340
aattttcaga cctggatctg tctgacagcg accatgaagg ggatgagggt gggggggctg 5400
ttggaggggg caggagtctg cactccctgt attcactgag cgtcgtctaa taaagatgtc 5460
tattgatctc ttttagtgtg aatcatgtct gacgaggggc caggtacagg acctggaaat 5520
ggcctaggag agaagggaga cacatctgga ccagaaggct ccggcggcag tggacctcaa 5580
agaagagggg gtgataacca tggacgagga cggggaagag gacgaggacg aggaggcgga 5640
agaccaggag ccccgggcgg ctcaggatca gggccaagac atagagatgg tgtccggaga 5700
ccccaaaaac gtccaagttg cattggctgc aaagggaccc acggtggaac aggagcagga 5760
gcaggagcgg gaggggcagg agcaggaggg gcaggagcag gaggaggggc aggagcagga 5820
ggaggggcag gaggggcagg aggggcagga ggggcaggag caggaggagg ggcaggagca 5880
ggaggagggg caggaggggc aggaggggca ggagcaggag gaggggcagg agcaggagga 5940
ggggcaggag gggcaggagc aggaggaggg gcaggagggg caggaggggc aggagcagga 6000
ggaggggcag gagcaggagg aggggcagga ggggcaggag caggaggagg ggcaggaggg 6060
gcaggagggg caggagcagg aggaggggca ggagcaggag gggcaggagg ggcaggaggg 6120
gcaggagcag gaggggcagg agcaggagga ggggcaggag gggcaggagg ggcaggagca 6180
ggaggggcag gagcaggagg ggcaggagca ggaggggcag gagcaggagg ggcaggaggg 6240
gcaggagcag gaggggcagg aggggcagga gcaggagggg caggaggggc aggagcagga 6300
ggaggggcag gaggggcagg agcaggagga ggggcaggag gggcaggagc aggaggggca 6360
ggaggggcag gagcaggagg ggcaggaggg gcaggagcag gaggggcagg aggggcagga 6420
gcaggaggag gggcaggagc aggaggggca ggagcaggag gtggaggccg gggtcgagga 6480
ggcagtggag gccggggtcg aggaggtagt ggaggccggg gtcgaggagg tagtggaggc 6540
cgccggggta gaggacgtga aagagccagg gggggaagtc gtgaaagagc cagggggaga 6600
ggtcgtggac gtggagaaaa gaggcccagg agtcccagta gtcagtcatc atcatccggg 6660
tctccaccgc gcaggccccc tccaggtaga aggccatttt tccaccctgt aggggaagcc 6720
gattattttg aataccacca agaaggtggc ccagatggtg agcctgacgt gcccccggga 6780
gcgatagagc agggccccgc agatgaccca ggagaaggcc caagcactgg accccggggt 6840
cagggtgatg gaggcaggcg caaaaaagga gggtggtttg gaaagcatcg tggtcaagga 6900
ggttccaacc cgaaatttga gaacattgca gaaggtttaa gagctctcct ggctaggagt 6960
cacgtagaaa ggactaccga cgaaggaact tgggtcgccg gtgtgttcgt atatggaggt 7020
agtaagacct ccctttacaa cctaaggcga ggaactgccc ttgctattcc acaatgtcgt 7080
cttacaccat tgagtcgtct cccctttgga atggcccctg gacccggccc acaacctggc 7140
ccgctaaggg agtccattgt ctgttatttc atggtctttt tacaaactca tatatttgct 7200
gaggttttga aggatgcgat taaggacctt gttatgacaa agcccgctcc tacctgcaat 7260
atcagggtga ctgtgtgcag ctttgacgat ggagtagatt tgcctccctg gtttccacct 7320
atggtggaag gggctgccgc ggagggtgat gacggagatg acggagatga aggaggtgat 7380
ggagatgagg gtgaggaagg gcaggagtga tgtaacttgt taggagacgc cctcaatcgt 7440
attaaaagcc gtgtattccc ccgcactaaa gaataaatcc ccagtagaca tcatgcgtgc 7500
tgttggtgta tttctggcca tctgtcttgt caccattttc gtcctcccaa catggggcaa 7560
ttgccggaac ccttaatata acttcgtata atgtatgcta tacgaagtta ttaggtccct 7620
cgaagaggtt cactagcgga tctcaattgg gcatacccat gttgtcacgt cactcagctc 7680
cgcgctcaac accttctcgc gttggaaaac attagcgaca tttacctggt gagcaatcag 7740
acatgcgacg gctttagcct ggcctcctta aattcaccta agaatgggag caaccagcag 7800
gaaaaggaca agcagcgaaa attcacgccc ccttgggagg tggcggcata tgcaaaggat 7860
agcactccca ctctactact gggtatcata tgctgactgt atatgcatga ggatagcata 7920
tgctacccgg atacagatta ggatagcata tactacccag atatagatta ggatagcata 7980
tgctacccag atatagatta ggatagccta tgctacccag atataaatta ggatagcata 8040
tactacccag atatagatta ggatagcata tgctacccag atatagatta ggatagccta 8100
tgctacccag atatagatta ggatagcata tgctacccag atatagatta ggatagcata 8160
tgctatccag atatttgggt agtatatgct acccagatat aaattaggat agcatatact 8220
accctaatct ctattaggat agcatatgct acccggatac agattaggat agcatatact 8280
acccagatat agattaggat agcatatgct acccagatat agattaggat agcctatgct 8340
acccagatat aaattaggat agcatatact acccagatat agattaggat agcatatgct 8400
acccagatat agattaggat agcctatgct acccagatat agattaggat agcatatgct 8460
atccagatat ttgggtagta tatgctaccc atggcaacat tagcccaccg tgctctcagc 8520
gacctcgtga atatgaggac caacaaccct gtgcttggcg ctcaggcgca agtgtgtgta 8580
atttgtcctc cagatcgcag caatcgcgcc cctatcttgg cccgcccacc tacttatgca 8640
ggtattcccc ggggtgccat tagtggtttt gtgggcaagt ggtttgaccg cagtggttag 8700
cggggttaca atcagccaag ttattacacc cttattttac agtccaaaac cgcagggcgg 8760
cgtgtggggg ctgacgcgtg cccccactcc acaatttcaa aaaaaagagt ggccacttgt 8820
ctttgtttat gggccccatt ggcgtggagc cccgtttaat tttcgggggt gttagagaca 8880
accagtggag tccgctgctg tcggcgtcca ctctctttcc ccttgttaca aatagagtgt 8940
aacaacatgg ttcacctgtc ttggtccctg cctgggacac atcttaataa ccccagtatc 9000
atattgcact aggattatgt gttgcccata gccataaatt cgtgtgagat ggacatccag 9060
tctttacggc ttgtccccac cccatggatt tctattgtta aagatattca gaatgtttca 9120
ttcctacact agtatttatt gcccaagggg tttgtgaggg ttatattggt gtcatagcac 9180
aatgccacca ctgaaccccc cgtccaaatt ttattctggg ggcgtcacct gaaaccttgt 9240
tttcgagcac ctcacataca ccttactgtt cacaactcag cagttattct attagctaaa 9300
cgaaggagaa tgaagaagca ggcgaagatt caggagagtt cactgcccgc tccttgatct 9360
tcagccactg cccttgtgac taaaatggtt cactaccctc gtggaatcct gaccccatgt 9420
aaataaaacc gtgacagctc atggggtggg agatatcgct gttccttagg acccttttac 9480
taaccctaat tcgatagcat atgcttcccg ttgggtaaca tatgctattg aattagggtt 9540
agtctggata gtatatacta ctacccggga agcatatgct acccgtttag ggttaacaag 9600
ggggccttat aaacactatt gctaatgccc tcttgagggt ccgcttatcg gtagctacac 9660
aggcccctct gattgacgtt ggtgtagcct cccgtagtct tcctgggccc ctgggaggta 9720
catgtccccc agcattggtg taagagcttc agccaagagt tacacataaa ggcaatgttg 9780
tgttgcagtc cacagactgc aaagtctgct ccaggatgaa agccactcag tgttggcaaa 9840
tgtgcacatc catttataag gatgtcaact acagtcagag aacccctttg tgtttggtcc 9900
ccccccgtgt cacatgtgga acagggccca gttggcaagt tgtaccaacc aactgaaggg 9960
attacatgca ctgccccgcg aagaaggggc agagatgtcg tagtcaggtt tagttcgtcc 10020
ggggcggggc atcgatcctc tagagtcgac gctagcggat ccgctgcatt aatgaatcgg 10080
ccaacgcgcg gggagaggcg gtttgcgtat tgggcgctct tccgcttcct cgctcactga 10140
ctcgctgcgc tcggtcgttc ggctgcggcg agcggtatca gctcactcaa aggcggtaat 10200
acggttatcc acagaatcag gggataacgc aggaaagaac atgtgagcaa aaggccagca 10260
aaaggccagg aaccgtaaaa aggccgcgtt gctggcgttt ttccataggc tccgcccccc 10320
tgacgagcat cacaaaaatc gacgctcaag tcagaggtgg cgaaacccga caggactata 10380
aagataccag gcgtttcccc ctggaagctc cctcgtgcgc tctcctgttc cgaccctgcc 10440
gcttaccgga tacctgtccg cctttctccc ttcgggaagc gtggcgcttt ctcatagctc 10500
acgctgtagg tatctcagtt cggtgtaggt cgttcgctcc aagctgggct gtgtgcacga 10560
accccccgtt cagcccgacc gctgcgcctt atccggtaac tatcgtcttg agtccaaccc 10620
ggtaagacac gacttatcgc cactggcagc agccactggt aacaggatta gcagagcgag 10680
gtatgtaggc ggtgctacag agttcttgaa gtggtggcct aactacggct acactagaag 10740
aacagtattt ggtatctgcg ctctgctgaa gccagttacc ttcggaaaaa gagttggtag 10800
ctcttgatcc ggcaaacaaa ccaccgctgg tagcggtggt ttttttgttt gcaagcagca 10860
gattacgcgc agaaaaaaag gatctcaaga agatcctttg atcttttcta cggggtctga 10920
cgctcagtgg aacgaaaact cacgttaagg gattttggtc atgagattat caaaaaggat 10980
cttcacctag atccttttaa attaaaaatg aagttttaaa tcaatctaaa gtatatatga 11040
gtaaacttgg tctgacagtt accaatgctt aatcagtgag gcacctatct cagcgatctg 11100
tctatttcgt tcatccatag ttgcctgact ccccgtcgtg tagataacta cgatacggga 11160
gggcttacca tctggcccca gtgctgcaat gataccgcga gacccacgct caccggctcc 11220
agatttatca gcaataaacc agccagccgg aagggccgag cgcagaagtg gtcctgcaac 11280
tttatccgcc tccatccagt ctattaattg ttgccgggaa gctagagtaa gtagttcgcc 11340
agttaatagt ttgcgcaacg ttgttgccat tgctacaggc atcgtggtgt cacgctcgtc 11400
gtttggtatg gcttcattca gctccggttc ccaacgatca aggcgagtta catgatcccc 11460
catgttgtgc aaaaaagcgg ttagctcctt cggtcctccg atcgttgtca gaagtaagtt 11520
ggccgcagtg ttatcactca tggttatggc agcactgcat aattctctta ctgtcatgcc 11580
atccgtaaga tgcttttctg tgactggtga gtactcaacc aagtcattct gagaatagtg 11640
tatgcggcga ccgagttgct cttgcccggc gtcaatacgg gataataccg cgccacatag 11700
cagaacttta aaagtgctca tcattggaaa acgttcttcg gggcgaaaac tctcaaggat 11760
cttaccgctg ttgagatcca gttcgatgta acccactcgt gcacccaact gatcttcagc 11820
atcttttact ttcaccagcg tttctgggtg agcaaaaaca ggaaggcaaa atgccgcaaa 11880
aaagggaata agggcgacac ggaaatgttg aatactcata ctcttccttt ttcaatatta 11940
ttgaagcatt tatcagggtt attgtctcat gagcggatac atatttgaat gtatttagaa 12000
aaataaacaa ataggggttc cgcgcacatt tccccgaaaa gtgccacctg g 12051
<210> 15
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 15
aaggtcccgg tcaagaaaca g 21
<210> 16
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 16
cttctgcgtc acaccattgc 20
<210> 17
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 17
cccacatgaa gcgacttccc 20
<210> 18
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 18
aggtccagga gatcgttgaa c 21
<210> 19
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 19
tggacagtta cgcgcacatg 20
<210> 20
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 20
gagtaggaca tgctgtaggt g 21
<210> 21
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 21
tgcggccctt gctgcagaag 20
<210> 22
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 22
gctgctgggc gatgtggctg 20
<210> 23
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 23
atgcattcaa actgaggtaa gg 22
<210> 24
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 24
tagcgtaaaa ggagcaacat ag 22
<210> 25
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 25
ccatatggta gcctcatgtc c 21
<210> 26
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 26
tcaattctgt gcctccggga g 21
<210> 27
<211> 23
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 27
accacctcgc cttacacatg aag 23
<210> 28
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 28
tagcgtaaaa ggagcaacat ag 22
<210> 29
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 29
ggctgagaag aggatggcta c 21
<210> 30
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 30
agtttgtttg acaggagcga c 21
<210> 31
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 31
tcacatgtcc cagcactacc 20
<210> 32
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 32
agtttgtttg acaggagcga c 21
<210> 33
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 33
aacccaagac ccaggcctgc 20
<210> 34
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 34
ggtctgctcg caccgtgatg 20
<210> 35
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 35
gaaatggcct aggagagaag 20
<210> 36
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 36
cagccaatgc aacttggacg 20
<210> 37
<211> 24
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 37
cttatgctac gtaaaggagc tggg 24
<210> 38
<211> 24
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 38
ttgtgccaac ccaggtcccg gaag 24
<210> 39
<211> 24
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 39
tatcagatcc taaacagctc gcag 24
<210> 40
<211> 23
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 40
cgtacgcaaa ttaaagtcca gag 23
<210> 41
<211> 23
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 41
actacaacgc ctacgagtcc tac 23
<210> 42
<211> 24
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 42
gttgcaccag aaaagtcaga gttg 24
<210> 43
<211> 24
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 43
atatcccgcc gtgggtgaaa gttc 24
<210> 44
<211> 24
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 44
actcagccat ggactggagc atcc 24
<210> 45
<211> 26
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 45
cctgctcaag ctgactcgac accgtg 26
<210> 46
<211> 25
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 46
ggaaaagctg gccctggggt ggagc 25
<210> 47
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 47
tgctgctcac agggcccgat ac 22
<210> 48
<211> 23
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 48
tcctttcgag ctcagtgcac cac 23
<210> 49
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 49
ctggcgctga gtacgtcgtg g 21
<210> 50
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人
<400> 50
gcagttggtg gtgcaggagg c 21
Claims (83)
1.一种产生诱导多能干细胞的方法,其中所述方法包括在适合于重编程所述干细胞的条件下在脐带羊膜干细胞中表达编码蛋白OCT3/4、SOX2、KLF4、LIN28和L-MYC以及p53-shRNA的外源核酸,由此产生所述诱导多能干细胞。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述脐带羊膜干细胞是脐带羊膜间充质干细胞或脐带羊膜上皮干细胞。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述脐带羊膜间充质干细胞是间充质干细胞群,其中所述干细胞群的至少约90%或更多细胞表达以下标记物中的每一个:CD73、CD90和CD105。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述间充质干细胞群的至少约90%或更多细胞缺乏以下标志物的表达:CD34、CD45和HLA-DR。
5.根据权利要求3或4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述间充质干细胞群的至少约91%或更多、约92%或更多、约93%或更多、约94%或更多、约95%或更多、约96%或更多、约97%或更多、约98%或更多或者约99%或更多细胞表达CD73、CD90和CD105中的每一个并且缺乏CD34、CD45和HLA-DR中的每一个的表达。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中编码所述蛋白OCT3/4、SOX2、KLF4、LIN28和L-MYC以及p53-shRNA的所述外源核酸由一种、两种或三种载体提供,其中优选地第一载体编码所述蛋白OCT3/4和所述53-shRNA,第二载体编码所述蛋白SOX2和KLF4,并且第三载体编码所述蛋白L-MYC和LIN28。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中使所述脐带羊膜干细胞经受转染以将所述外源核酸转移至所述干细胞中。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中使所述脐带羊膜干细胞经受电穿孔以将所述外源核酸转移至所述干细胞中。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中使所述脐带羊膜间充质干细胞经受1个脉冲的电穿孔,所述脉冲的持续时间为约15-25ms,电压为约1550-1650V,优选地经受1个脉冲的电穿孔,所述脉冲的持续时间为约20ms,电压为约1600V。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中每种载体的载体(质粒)DNA的量与经受电穿孔的所述脐带羊膜间充质干细胞的数量的比率在约1.5μg质粒DNA比约1×106个CLMC至约2.5μgDNA比约1×106个CLMC的范围内,其中所述比率为,例如,约2.5μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约2.25μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约1.8μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约1.7μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约1.6μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约1.5μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,或优选约1.67:1×106个细胞。
11.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中使所述脐带羊膜上皮干细胞经受2个脉冲的电穿孔,所述脉冲的持续时间为约25-35ms,电压为约1300-1400V,优选地,经受2个脉冲的电穿孔,所述脉冲的持续时间为约30ms,电压为约1350V。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中每种载体的载体(质粒)DNA的量与经受电穿孔的所述脐细胞的羊膜上皮干细胞的数量的比率在约1.5μgDNA比约1×106个细胞至约2.5μgDNA比约1×106个细胞的范围内,其中所述比率为,例如,约1.5μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约1.6μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约1.7μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约1.8μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约1.9μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约2.0μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,约2.5μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞,优选约1.67μg质粒DNA:1×106个细胞。
13.根据权利要求7至12中任一项所述的方法,其中在适合于细胞回收的培养基中培养所述经转染的干细胞。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述适合于细胞回收的培养基是无血清培养基。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜间充质干细胞的培养基由约85%至95%(v/v)成分确定的培养基和5%至15%(v/v)胎牛血清组成。
16.根据权利要求15所述的培养基,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜间充质干细胞的培养基由约90%(v/v)化学成分确定的培养基和约10%(v/v)胎牛血清组成。
17.根据权利要求14或15中任一项所述的培养基,其中所述培养基含有约85%至95%(v/v)CMRL 1066和约5%至15%(v/v)FBS。
18.根据权利要求13或14所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基包含乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、EpiLife培养基、DMEM(杜尔贝科改良伊格尔培养基)、F12(Ham’s F12培养基)和FBS(胎牛血清)。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基包含终浓度为约10%至约30%(v/v)的乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、终浓度为约20%至约40%(v/v)的EpiLife培养基、终浓度为约5%至约15%(v/v)的F12、终浓度为约30%至约45%(v/v)的DMEM和终浓度为约0.1%至2%(v/v)的FBS。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基包含终浓度为约15%至约25%(v/v)的乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、终浓度为约25%至约35%(v/v)的EpiLife培养基、终浓度为约7.5%至约13%(v/v)的F12、终浓度为约35%至约40%(v/v)的DMEM和终浓度为约0.5%至1.5%(v/v)的FBS。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基包含终浓度为约20%(v/v)的乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、终浓度为约30%(v/v)的EpiLife培养基、终浓度为约12.5(v/v)的F12、终浓度为约37.5%(v/v)的DMEM和终浓度为约1.0%(v/v)的FBS。
22.根据权利要求18至21中任一项所述的方法,其中通过混合以下以获得1000ml终体积的培养基来获得所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基:
200ml乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170
300ml EpiLife培养基
250ml DMEM
250ml DMEM/F12
1%胎牛血清。
23.根据权利要求18至22中任一项所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基包含终浓度为约1μg/ml至约7.5μg/ml的胰岛素。
24.根据权利要求18至24中任一项所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基包含终浓度为约1ng/ml至约15ng/ml的人表皮生长因子。
25.根据权利要求18至25中任一项所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基进一步包含以下补充物中的至少一种:腺嘌呤、氢化可的松和3,3’,5-三碘-L-甲腺原氨酸钠盐(T3)。
26.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基包含腺嘌呤、氢化可的松和3,3’,5-三碘-L-甲腺原氨酸钠盐(T3)中的全部三种。
27.根据权利要求18至26中任一项所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基还包含一种或多种转化生长因子(TGF)。
28.根据权利要求27所述的方法,其中所述培养基包含转化生长因子β(TGF-β)和/或转化生长因子α。
29.根据权利要求18至28中任一项所述的方法,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基进一步包含来自霍乱弧菌的霍乱毒素。
30.根据权利要求14至29中任一项所述的方法,其中所述适合于细胞回收的培养基含有抑制炎性应答和增强细胞存活的化合物。
31.根据权利要求30所述的方法,其中所述化合物是糖皮质激素。
32.根据权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述糖皮质激素选自泼尼松龙、甲泼尼龙、地塞米松、倍他米松、皮质酮和氢化可的松。
33.根据权利要求31或32所述的方法,其中所述氢化可的松的浓度为约0.5μM至约2μM。
34.根据权利要求13至33中任一项所述的方法,其中所述培养在经涂布的细胞培养容器中进行,其中所述细胞培养容器优选地用血清来源的基质或无血清基质涂布。
35.根据权利要求9至36中任一项所述的方法,其中在转染后约1、2或3天,优选在转染后约2天,用两种不同细胞培养基的混合物替换所述适合于细胞回收的培养基,由此产生诱导多能干细胞集落。
36.根据权利要求35所述的方法,其中所述两种不同细胞培养基是适合于细胞回收的培养基和第二细胞培养基。
37.根据权利要求35或36所述的方法,其中所述两种不同细胞培养基以约1:1(v/v)的比率混合,所述比率通过使1个体积的适合于细胞回收的培养基与1个体积的第二细胞培养基接触而制备。
38.根据权利要求36或37所述的方法,其中所述第二细胞培养基是用于培养诱导多能干细胞的维持培养基,其中所述培养基优选地选自mTeSR1、StemMACSTMiPS-Brew XF、TeSRTME8、mTeSRTMPlus、TeSRTM2、mTeSRTM1、hPSC XF Medium、Essential 8Medium、StemFlex、StemFit Basic02和PluriSTEM。
39.根据权利要求35至38中任一项所述的方法,其中在转染后约3、4或5天内,优选在转染后约4天内,用相同的细胞培养基混合物替换所述细胞培养基混合物。
40.根据权利要求35至39中任一项所述的方法,其中在转染后约5、6或7天内,优选在转染后约6天内,用第二细胞培养基替换所述细胞培养基混合物。
41.根据权利要求40所述的方法,其中每天或每两天、每三天、优选每两天更换所述第二细胞培养基。
42.根据权利要求40或41所述的方法,其中当达到直径约0.5mm至约1.5mm的大小时选择诱导多能干细胞集落,并且将所选择的诱导多能干集落转移至经涂布的细胞培养容器以用于培养和增殖。
43.根据权利要求42所述的方法,其中在明视野显微镜下选择所述诱导多能干细胞集落。
44.根据权利要求42或43所述的方法,其中每天或每两天、优选每天更换所述细胞培养基。
45.根据权利要求43至44中任一项所述的方法,其中当达到约50%的汇合时,将所述诱导多能干细胞集落从所述经涂布的细胞培养装置脱离。
46.根据权利要求45所述的方法,其中用选自解离试剂、分散酶或EDTA溶液的试剂使所述诱导多能干细胞集落脱离。
47.根据权利要求45或46所述的方法,其中当达到约60-90%汇合时,优选地当达到70-80%汇合时,将由所述诱导多能干细胞集落形成的细胞群传代。
48.根据权利要求47所述的方法,其中以约1:3(v/v)的比率将由所述诱导多能干细胞集落形成的细胞群传代,其中通过将约1个体积的解离的诱导多能干细胞分成约2个体积的解离的诱导多能干细胞,进行所述以约1:3(v/v)的比率传代。
49.根据权利要求47或48所述的方法,其中用约0.5mM EDTA解离由所述诱导多能干细胞集落形成的所述细胞群以用于传代。
50.根据权利要求48或49所述的方法,其中在含有增强所述诱导多能干细胞的存活的物质的培养基中培养由所述诱导多能干细胞集落形成的所述传代的细胞群。
51.根据权利要求50所述的方法,其中所述增强所述诱导多能干细胞集落的存活的物质是ROCK抑制剂。
52.一种诱导多能干细胞群,其通过权利要求1至51中任一项中所限定的方法可获得。
53.一种诱导多能干细胞群,其通过权利要求1至51中任一项中所限定的方法获得。
54.一种药物组合物,其包含权利要求52或53中所限定的诱导多能干细胞。
55.一种使权利要求52或53中所限定的诱导多能干细胞分化成靶细胞的方法,其中所述诱导多能干细胞在适合于分化的条件下分化成所述靶细胞。
56.根据权利要求55所述的方法,其中所述靶细胞选自多巴胺能神经元细胞、少突细胞、肝细胞、心肌细胞、造血祖细胞、血细胞、神经元细胞、运动神经元、软骨细胞、肌细胞、骨细胞、牙细胞、毛囊细胞、内耳毛细胞、皮肤细胞、黑素细胞、免疫细胞、星形胶质细胞、生殖细胞、角膜细胞、肠细胞、肺细胞、肾细胞、胃细胞、肠系膜细胞和脂肪细胞。
57.根据权利要求56所述的方法,其中所述免疫细胞选自T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、小胶质细胞和自然杀伤细胞。
58.根据权利要求56所述的方法,其中在适于所述诱导多能干细胞增殖和分化成多巴胺能神经元细胞的培养基中培养所述诱导多能干细胞。
59.根据权利要求56所述的方法,其中在适于所述诱导多能干细胞增殖和分化成肝细胞的培养基中培养所述诱导多能干细胞。
60.根据权利要求56所述的方法,其中在适于所述诱导多能干细胞增殖和分化成心肌细胞的培养基中培养所述诱导多能干细胞。
61.根据权利要求60所述的方法,其中在适于所述诱导多能干细胞增殖和分化成少突细胞的培养基中培养所述诱导多能干细胞。
62.一种药物组合物,其包含通过权利要求56至61中任一项中所限定的方法获得的分化的诱导多能干细胞。
63.根据权利要求62所述的药物组合物,其中所述药物组合物适于肠胃外施用。
64.一种治疗受试者的先天性或获得性退行性障碍的方法,所述方法包括向受试者施用通过权利要求56至61中所限定的方法从多能干细胞分化的靶细胞。
65.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中所述障碍是神经障碍。
66.根据权利要求65所述的方法,其中所述疾病是神经障碍,其选自帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化、多发性硬化和巴藤病。
67.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中所述障碍是肝障碍。
68.一种细胞外膜囊泡,其通过权利要求52或53中所限定的诱导多能干细胞群产生,或通过权利要求52或53中所限定的诱导多能干细胞的分化获得的细胞产生。
69.根据权利要求68所述的细胞外膜囊泡,其中所述囊泡是外泌体。
70.权利要求68或69中所限定的细胞外膜囊泡作为治疗剂的递送载体的用途。
71.一种细胞培养基,其包含乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、EpiLife培养基、DMEM(杜尔贝科改良伊格尔培养基)、F12(Ham’s F12培养基)和FBS(胎牛血清)。
72.根据权利要求71所述的细胞培养基,其中所述培养基包含终浓度为约10%至约30%(v/v)的乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、终浓度为约20%至约40%(v/v)的EpiLife培养基、终浓度为约5%至约15%(v/v)的F12、终浓度为约30%至约45%(v/v)的DMEM和终浓度为约0.1%至2%(v/v)的FBS。
73.根据权利要求72所述的细胞培养基,其中所述培养基包含终浓度为约15%至约25%(v/v)的乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、终浓度为约25%至约35%(v/v)的EpiLife培养基、终浓度为约7.5%至约13%(v/v)的F12、终浓度为约35%至约40%(v/v)的DMEM和终浓度为约0.5%至1.5%(v/v)的FBS。
74.根据权利要求73所述的细胞培养基,其中所述培养基包含终浓度为约20%(v/v)的乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170、终浓度为约30%(v/v)的EpiLife培养基、终浓度为约12.5(v/v)的F12、终浓度为约37.5%(v/v)的DMEM和终浓度为约1.0%(v/v)的FBS。
75.根据权利要求71至74中任一项所述的细胞培养基,其中通过混合以下以获得1000ml终体积的培养基来获得所述培养基:
200ml乳腺上皮基础培养基MCDB 170,
300ml EpiLife培养基,
250ml DMEM,
250ml DMEM/F12,和
1%胎牛血清。
76.根据权利要求71至75中任一项所述的细胞培养基,其中所述培养基包含终浓度为约1μg/ml至约7.5μg/ml的胰岛素。
77.根据权利要求71至76中任一项所述的细胞培养基,其中所述培养基包含终浓度为约1ng/ml至约15ng/ml的人表皮生长因子(EGF)。
78.根据权利要求71至77中任一项所述的细胞培养基,其中所述适合于回收经转染的脐带羊膜上皮干细胞的培养基包含以下补充物中的至少一种:腺嘌呤、氢化可的松和3,3’,5-三碘-L-甲腺原氨酸钠盐(T3)。
79.根据权利要求78所述的细胞培养基,其中所述培养基包含腺嘌呤、氢化可的松和3,3’,5-三碘-L-甲腺原氨酸钠盐(T3)中的全部三种。
80.根据权利要求79所述的细胞培养基,其中所述培养基包含终浓度为约0.05mM至约0.1mM腺嘌呤的腺嘌呤、终浓度为约0.1μM至0.5μM氢化可的松的氢化可的松和/或终浓度为约0.1ng/ml至约5ng/ml的3,3’,5-三碘-L-甲腺原氨酸钠盐(T3)。
81.根据权利要求71至80中任一项所述的细胞培养基,其中所述培养基包含一种或多种转化生长因子(TGF)。
82.根据权利要求81所述的细胞培养基,其中所述培养基包含终浓度为约0.1ng/ml至约5ng/ml的转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)和/或终浓度为约1.0ng/ml至约10ng/ml的转化生长因子α(TGF-α)。
83.根据权利要求71至82中任一项所述的培养基,其中所述培养基包含终浓度为约1×10-11M至约1×10-10M的来自霍乱弧菌的霍乱毒素。
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