CN116406771A - 一种发酵鱼干工艺及发酵剂开发技术 - Google Patents
一种发酵鱼干工艺及发酵剂开发技术 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种发酵鱼干工艺及发酵剂开发技术,通过制备包括双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的混合发酵制剂对鱼干进行混合发酵,并通过控制鱼干中的盐分含量,控制混合发酵制剂中的菌群比例关系,优化发酵工艺,从而制得更加鲜香,无腥味,口感更加松糯、更加细腻的鱼干,尤其是产品盐分降低,香味物质5‑己基二氢‑2(3H)‑呋喃酮、3‑庚基二氢‑5‑甲基‑2(3H)-呋喃酮、壬醛、十六醛,和鲜味物质谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸等的含量明显提升,使鱼干更受广大消费者的欢迎。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产食品加工领域,具体涉及一种发酵鱼干工艺及发酵剂开发技术。
背景技术
鱼干,一种淡水鱼深加工水产品,由淡水鱼经食盐腌制后,再以调味料进行调味或醉制而制得。鱼干外观好,耐咀嚼型强,口感好,在江浙一带深受人们喜爱。但现有的鱼干存在鱼肉香味和鲜味不足,带有腥味,而且口感偏硬等问题,难以满足部分消费者的需求。
乳酸菌是一类能够发酵糖类产生乳酸的革兰氏阳性菌的总称,它常作为发酵食品的起始发酵剂,赋予产品独特的发酵风味。乳酸菌在发酵奶制品、蔬菜制品和肉类制品中被广泛应用,它不仅能够改善食品风味,还能抑制食品中的腐败菌和病原菌,从而延长食品货架期。有研究报道指出,这主要是由于乳酸菌能在食品中通过竞争作用产生抑菌物质,如有机酸、细菌素等。混合乳酸菌发酵,利用不同菌群之间的相互协同作用更加接近原生态。乳酸菌发酵技术广泛用于奶制品、淀粉制的发酵,但是,目前乳酸菌在低盐鱼制品中的应用尚不广泛。
为了解决现有的鱼干存在盐分含量高、鱼肉香味和鲜味不足的问题,急需找到能明显改良鱼肉香味和鲜味,风味更佳,口感更好的鱼干制备方法。
发明内容
为解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种鱼干低盐发酵工艺及发酵剂开发技术,通过制备包括双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的混合发酵制剂对鱼干进行混合发酵,并通过控制鱼干中的盐分含量,控制混合发酵制剂中的菌群比例关系,优化发酵工艺,从而制得更加鲜香,无腥味,口感更加松糯、更加细腻的鱼干,尤其是其中的香味物质5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮、3-庚基二氢-5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮、壬醛、十六醛,和鲜味物质谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸等的含量都明显提升,使鱼干更受广大消费者的欢迎。
本发明采用混合发酵制剂对鱼干进行发酵,混合发酵制剂中包含了多种乳酸菌。利用乳酸菌对鱼干进行发酵,使乳酸菌对糖类物质代谢产生大量乳酸、乙酸等物质,这些代谢产物能够有效的降低鱼制品的腥味。乳酸菌还能通过发酵产生酵香气味,赋予产品独特的发酵风味。它可以利用碳水化合物产生有机酸,这些有机酸如柠檬酸、苹果酸、醋酸等不仅本身呈味,还能与鱼肉中的醇类物质反应生成具有芳香气味的酯类。乳酸菌也可通过自身的蛋白酶和鱼肉中的内源酶共同作用,产生大量氨基酸和多肽。而且,乳酸菌能够通过代谢降解脂肪酸,从而产生短链脂肪酸,从而产生特殊风味。鱼肉中富含蛋白质和不饱和脂肪酸等营养物质,易受到微生物污染发生腐败变质,而且乳酸菌能够有效延长鱼肉制品的保质期。
本发明经大量研究,特制了一种鱼干的混合发酵制剂配方,通过该混合发酵制剂发酵鱼干,能使鱼干中的香味和鲜味物质都明显提高,并使鱼干的鱼肉更加松糯,口感特别好。
一方面,本发明提供了一种鱼干的混合发酵制剂,所述混合发酵制剂中包括双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌。
研究证明,采用多种菌进行混合发酵,相比于单一乳酸菌发酵,对鱼干的鲜香味和口感的改善更具显著效果,还能降低腥味,使鱼肉口感更加细腻,更加松糯。
进一步地,所述混合发酵制剂中,双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的体积比为1:1:1:2;所述混合发酵制剂的菌液浓度为108~109cfu/mL。
在双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌五种菌中,乳双歧杆菌的效果尤其明显,而且在混合发酵制剂中,当乳双歧杆菌含量高于其他菌时,五种菌混合发酵鱼干时发挥了更好的协同效果,制备的鱼干风味更佳,香味物质和鲜味物质的含量更高,口感更加香糯。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种鱼干的制备方法,主要包括以下步骤:
(1)制备鱼干;
(2)对鱼干进行淡漂;
(3)接种如权利要求1或2所述的混合发酵制剂进行发酵。
进一步地,步骤(2)所述的淡漂为:用水对鱼干淡漂去盐处理1-2h,然后40℃条件下进行烘制,烘制完成后鱼干的重量是原重量1.1~1.2倍。
淡漂可以降低鱼干中的盐分含量,使鱼干中的盐分含量保持在1~5%的范围内,有利于混合发酵的顺利进行。
进一步地,步骤(3)所述的混合发酵制剂的接种量为10~20mL/100g鱼干,接种方式为喷洒或滚揉。
进一步地,步骤(3)所述的发酵的条件为:发酵温度20℃,密封发酵24h。
进一步地,步骤(1)所述的鱼干的制备方法为:取淡水鱼去鳞后剖杀,清洗后以鱼体质量15%~20%的食盐腌制,腌制12h以上;用流水清洗,沥干、烘干,使水分控制在35%;
进一步地,所述的烘干温度为40℃。
本发明制备的鱼干中盐分(盐分含量为7~10%),经淡漂后,盐分含量1~5%,在保鲜防腐的同时,还能为混合发酵制剂提供更好的发酵条件,去除腥味,提升鲜香味,使口感更加细腻,进一步改善混合发酵后鱼干的鲜香味和口感。
再一方面,本发明提供了如上所述混合发酵制剂的制备方法,主要包括以下步骤:
(Ⅰ)分别对双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌进行活化;
(Ⅱ)分别对双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的活化菌液进行驯化培养,分别获得菌液浓度为108~109cfu/mL的双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的菌液;
(Ⅲ)将双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的菌液按体积比1:1:1:2混合,制得混合发酵制剂。
进一步地,步骤(Ⅰ)所述活化的培养基为MRS培养基;步骤(II)所述驯化的培养基的组成为:50%MRS培养基,50%鱼肉汤。
再一方面,本发明提供了一种混合发酵制剂用于制备提高鱼干的香味物质和/或鲜味物质含量的制剂上的用途,所述混合发酵制剂包括双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌,所述香味物质包括5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮、3-庚基二氢-5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮、壬醛、十六醛中的一种或多种,所述鲜味物质包括谷氨酸和/或天门冬氨酸。
进一步地,所述混合发酵制剂中,双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的体积比为1:1:1:2;所述混合发酵制剂的菌液浓度为108~109cfu/mL。
本发明的有益效果是:
(1)经双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌混合发酵鱼干,明显提升鱼干的鲜香味,并使鱼肉不再发硬,吃起来更加香糯;
(2)通过提高混合发酵制剂中乳双歧杆菌的含量,进一步提升五种菌的协同发酵效果,使鱼干中的香味物质5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮、3-庚基二氢-5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮、壬醛、十六醛,和鲜味物质谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸的含量明显提升,口感更佳;
(3)经淡漂使鱼干的盐分含量1~5%,在保鲜防腐的同时,还能为混合发酵制剂提供更好的发酵条件,去除腥味,提升鲜香味,使口感更加细腻,进一步改善混合发酵后鱼干的鲜香味和口感。
(4)优化混合发酵的接种量和发酵条件,进一步提升发酵效果。
附图说明
图1为实施例6中混合发酵制备鱼干的气质色谱检测图谱;
图2为实施例6中未经发酵鱼干的气质色谱检测图谱。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述,需要指出的是,以下所述实施例旨在便于对本发明的理解,而对其不起任何限定作用。本实施例中使用的试剂均为已知产品,通过购买市售产品获得。
实施例1混合发酵鱼干的制备
本实施例提供的混合发酵鱼干的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)制备鱼干:
取淡水鱼草鱼一条,去鳞后剖杀,清洗后以鱼体质量20%的食盐进行腌制,腌制12h以上;之后用流水清洗,去除残留物以及表面污点,洗净后沥干水分;沥干后的鱼进行40℃烘干,使其水分控制在35%左右;将鱼干切成边长约5cm的块状,盐分含量约为10%。
(2)对鱼干进行淡漂:
取鱼干进行淡漂1h,原料与水的比例为1:15,中途换水2次。淡漂后的鱼干沥干表面水分后,放于40℃的恒温干燥箱中烘干,烘至淡漂前鱼干原料的1.1~1.2倍。淡漂烘干后鱼干中的盐分含量约为2%。
(3)接种混合发酵制剂进行发酵:
a、混合发酵制剂的制备:
分别取双歧杆菌菌粉(购自中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心,编号21711)、嗜酸乳杆菌菌粉(购自中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心,编号20244)、干酪乳杆菌菌粉(购自中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心,编号20241)、嗜热链球菌菌粉(购自沐凡生物公司,编号MF-001031)和乳双歧杆菌菌粉(购自沐凡生物公司,编号MF-001040)接入MRS培养基(购自青岛海博公司,型号HB0384-1),接种量为5%,30℃过夜培养;
再分别取双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的活化菌液接入驯化培养基(50%MRS培养基,50%鱼肉汤)进行驯化培养,接种量为10%,30℃培养24h,分别获得菌液浓度为108~109cfu/mL的双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的菌液;
将双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的菌液按体积比1:1:1:2混合,制得混合发酵制剂。
b、混合发酵
向淡漂烘干后鱼干中接入混合发酵制剂,接种量为15mL/100g鱼干,接种方式为喷洒或滚揉,搅拌使其混合均匀。20℃,密封发酵24h。发酵后的鱼干将其放入恒温干燥箱中40℃烘干至淡漂之前原重量。得到发酵鱼干制品。
实施例2不同菌种发酵对制备鱼干的影响
本实施例按照实施例1提供的方法制备鱼干,其中发酵时,分别采用不同的菌种(采用的菌种如表1所示,其中菌液组合时,都按等体积混合),接种量为15mL/100g鱼干,菌液浓度为108~109cfu/mL,接种鱼干进行发酵。检测制备的鱼干中的香味物质5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮(桃子香气)、3-庚基二氢-5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮(葱蒜样香气)、壬醛(腊香,脂肪香气)、十六醛(花和蜡香气),和鲜味物质谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸的含量,以及鱼干的腥味情况和口感情况,其中香味物质含量的检测采用气质色谱法检测,鲜味物质含量通过游离氨基酸含量来反映;腥味和口感情况按照30名志愿者品尝后进行综合评价,考察不同发酵菌种对制备的鱼干的香味物质、鲜味物质、口感的影响,结果如表1所示。
表1、不同发酵菌种对制备鱼干的影响
由表1可以看出,采用单独一种菌进行发酵时,对鱼干中的香味物质和鲜味物质稍有提升的作用,但作用不明显,导致口感不够香糯,有时口感还会偏硬,甚至还无法完全去除鱼干的腥味,其中乳双歧杆菌对提升鱼干中的香味物质和鲜味物质效果稍好于其他菌,且去除腥味的效果也稍好些。
联合几种菌进行组合发酵时可以看出,当将五种菌等体积组合在一起进行混合发酵时,对提升鱼干品质的效果特别好,明显优于两种、三种或四种组合后的混合发酵效果,其原因应该是五种菌在混合发酵过程中产生协同效应,促使醉鱼肉中产生了更多的香味和鲜味物质,其中5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮含量达到2.25%,3-庚基二氢-5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮含量达到3.87%,壬醛含量达到1.01%,十六醛含量达到4.03%,谷氨酸含量达到12.6%,天门冬氨酸含量达到16.8%,口感最佳,非常香糯。
实施例3乳双歧杆菌在混合发酵制剂中的含量对制备鱼干的影响
本实施例按照实施例1提供的方法制备鱼干,其中混合发酵时,改变乳双歧杆菌在混合菌液中的比例关系(详见表2),接种量为15mL/100g鱼干,菌液浓度为108~109cfu/mL,分别接种鱼干进行混合发酵。检测制备的鱼干中的香味物质5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮(桃子香气)、3-庚基二氢-5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮(葱蒜样香气)、壬醛(腊香,脂肪香气)、十六醛(花和蜡香气),和鲜味物质谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸的含量,以及鱼干的腥味情况和口感情况,检测方法如实施例2,结果如表2所示。
表2、乳双歧杆菌在混合菌液中的比例关系对制备鱼干的影响
由表2可见,乳双歧杆菌在混合菌液中的比例关系,对鱼干的品质有着较大的影响,当双歧杆菌:嗜酸乳杆菌:干酪乳杆菌:嗜热链球菌:乳双歧杆菌达到1:1:1:1:2时,醉鱼肉的香味和鲜味物质含量最高,5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮含量达到2.34%,3-庚基二氢-5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮含量达到4.03%,壬醛含量达到1.02%,十六醛含量达到4.27%,谷氨酸含量达到13.5%,天门冬氨酸含量达到17.7%,口感特别好,无腥味,非常香糯细腻。而当乳双歧杆菌的比例进一步提高时,各种香味和鲜味物质的含量出现大幅下降,而且制得的鱼干肉质偏软,口感欠佳,因此需要控制双歧杆菌:嗜酸乳杆菌:干酪乳杆菌:嗜热链球菌:乳双歧杆菌为1:1:1:1:2,从而才能制得品质更好的鱼干。
实施例4淡漂后盐分含量对制备鱼干的影响
本实施例按照实施例1提供的方法制备鱼干,其中通过控制淡漂的时间来控制鱼干中的盐分含量,并经实验证实,淡漂30min,鱼干中盐分含量为6%;淡漂60min,鱼干中盐分含量为2%;淡漂90min,鱼干中酒盐分含量为0.1%;淡漂后再分别进行混合发酵。检测制备的鱼干中的香味物质5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮(桃子香气)、3-庚基二氢-5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮(葱蒜样香气)、壬醛(腊香,脂肪香气)、十六醛(花和蜡香气),和鲜味物质谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸的含量,以及鱼干的腥味情况和口感情况,检测方法如实施例2,结果如表3所示。
表3、淡漂后盐分含量对制备鱼干的影响
由表3可见,淡漂时间对鱼干的品质也有着非常大的影响,其原因是淡漂时间不同,鱼干中的盐分含量也不同,而鱼干中的盐分含量会直接影响混合发酵的效果。当淡漂时间短(30min)时,此时鱼干中的盐分含量较高,此时进行混合发酵时,可能对混合发酵产生了抑制作用,导致鱼干中的鲜香味物质成分含量不够;而当淡漂时间过长(90min)时,鱼干中的盐分含量非常低,此时进行混合发酵,制得的鱼干品质也出现了下降。可见控制淡漂时间,从而保持鱼干中一定的盐分含量,也是制备高品质混合发酵鱼干的重要条件,可以为混合发酵提供更合适的发酵条件,促进鱼干中香味物质和鲜味物质成分的升高,提升口感,因此淡漂时间需控制在60min。
实施例5混合发酵制剂的接种量对制备鱼干的影响
本实施例按照实施例1提供的方法制备鱼干,其中混合发酵制剂的接种量分别选择为5、10、15、20、25mL/100g鱼干(如表4)。检测制备的鱼干中的香味物质5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮(桃子香气)、3-庚基二氢-5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮(葱蒜样香气)、壬醛(腊香,脂肪香气)、十六醛(花和蜡香气),和鲜味物质谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸的含量,以及鱼干的腥味情况和口感情况,检测方法如实施例2,结果如表4所示。
表4、混合发酵制剂接种量对制备鱼干的影响
由表4可见,选择合适的接种量,才能获得更好的鱼干品质。当混合发酵制剂的接种量为10~20mL/100g鱼干时,制得的鱼干的香味和鲜味物质含量较高,口感香糯细腻,无腥味,其中最优选接种量为15mL/100g鱼干,此时制得的鱼干中香味和鲜味物质含量最高,口感最好。
实施例6本发明制备的鱼干与未进行混合发酵的鱼干的比较
本实施例按照实施例1提供的方法制备鱼干,同时以未进行混合发酵的鱼干(实施例1第一步制备的鱼干)作为对照组进行比较,通过气质色谱检测两种鱼干中的挥发性物质含量,并检测其中的鲜味物质含量(通过游离氨基酸含量反映),同时对两组鱼干的色泽、气味、滋味、状态进行评分,共10分,8分以上为优秀(色泽白、微黄,鱼香味足、鲜味强,滋味香、后味微甜,肉质软糯、软硬适中),6分以上为良好,6分以下为差(色泽发褐色,鱼腥味明显,鱼干味重、后味发苦,肉质柴或软烂)。其中气质色谱检测结果见图1、2(图1为实施例1提供的混合发酵制备鱼干检测图谱,图2为对照组鱼干的检测图谱),和表5、6(表5为实施例1提供的混合发酵制备鱼干检测结果,表6为对照组鱼干的检测结果);鲜味物质的检测结果,以及色泽、气味、滋味、状态评分结果见表7。
表5、混合发酵制备鱼干挥发性物质化学含量
表6:对照组鱼干挥发性物质化学含量
表7、两组鱼干的鲜味物质的检测结果
由图1、图2和表5、表6可以看出,本发明提供的混合发酵制备的鱼干,在原有鱼干(对照组)的基础上,产生了大量的挥发性香味物质,使鱼干香味浓郁,口感特别好。由表7可以看出,本发明提供的混合发酵制备的鱼干,鲜味物质含量明显提高,色泽黄亮,鱼鲜味足,后味微甜,肉质软糯、不干不柴,品质大幅提升,将受到广大消费者的喜爱。
虽然本发明披露如上,但本发明并非限定于此。任何本领域技术人员,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,均可作各种更动与修改,因此本发明的保护范围应当以权利要求所限定的范围为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种鱼干的混合发酵制剂,其特征在于,包括双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌。
2.如权利要求1所述的混合发酵制剂,其特征在于,所述混合发酵制剂中,双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的体积比为1:1:1:2;所述混合发酵制剂的菌液浓度为108~109cfu/mL。
3.一种鱼干的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)制备鱼干;
(2)对鱼干进行淡漂;
(3)接种如权利要求1或2所述的混合发酵制剂进行发酵。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)所述的淡漂为:用水对鱼干淡漂去盐处理1-2h,然后40℃条件下进行烘制,烘制完成后鱼干的重量是原重量1.1~1.2倍。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述的混合发酵制剂的接种量为10~20mL/100g鱼干,接种方式为喷洒或滚揉。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述的发酵的条件为:发酵温度20℃,密封发酵24h。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述的鱼干的制备方法为:取淡水鱼去鳞后剖杀,清洗后以鱼体质量15%~20%的食盐腌制,腌制12h以上;用流水清洗,沥干、烘干,使水分控制在35%。
8.如权利要求1或2所述的混合发酵制剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(Ⅰ)分别对双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌进行活化;
(Ⅱ)分别对双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的活化菌液进行驯化培养,分别获得菌液浓度为108~109cfu/mL的双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的菌液;
(Ⅲ)将双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌的菌液按体积比1:1:1:2混合,制得混合发酵制剂。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(Ⅰ)所述活化的培养基为MRS培养基;步骤(Ⅱ)所述驯化的培养基的组成为:50%MRS培养基,50%鱼肉汤。
10.一种混合发酵制剂用于制备提高鱼干的香味物质和/或鲜味物质含量的制剂上的用途,其特征在于,所述混合发酵制剂包括双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳双歧杆菌,所述香味物质包括5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮、3-庚基二氢-5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮、壬醛、十六醛中的一种或多种,所述鲜味物质包括谷氨酸和/或天门冬氨酸。
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