CN115849758B - Tailing sand with core-shell structure for concrete and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Tailing sand with core-shell structure for concrete and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides tailing sand with a core-shell structure for concrete and a preparation method thereof, wherein the tailing sand is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 parts of tailing sludge, 0.3-2 parts of water-soluble long linear chain type ultrahigh molecular polymer, 0.2-1 part of high molecular emulsion, 0.02-0.5 part of high molecular water-absorbing resin, 0.01-0.1 part of cross-linking agent, 0.25-2 parts of silicate cement and 0.25-0.5 part of quick hardening cement. Compared with the tailing sand with a core-shell structure, the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for concrete has excellent river sand and machine-made sand grain shape (spherical shape), improves the workability of the concrete under the rolling effect, and reduces the mixing amount of water and additives.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of concrete, and particularly relates to a tailing mud sand making process.
Background
Along with the continuous development of mining of mines and steel industry, tailings are used as waste after mineral separation, and the storage capacity of the tailings is also continuously increased. The improvement of the utilization rate of the tailings resources has important promotion significance for reducing the use pressure of the existing mineral resources, changing waste into valuables, promoting the national economy development, guaranteeing the iron resource supply and protecting the environment.
The tailings are widely applied to manufacturing concrete because the main mineral components of the tailings are similar to those of natural sand, but the concrete fine aggregate has the standard requirement of particle grading, the particle size of the tailings is 0.04-0.2mm, the specific surface area is too large, the tailings are called mud instead of sand, the water absorption capacity is large when the concrete is prepared, the mixing amount of the additive is increased by several times, and the risk of cracking is brought to the concrete, so that the concrete can only be partially replaced (10-20%) by the fine aggregate at present, and the consumption is small.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art, and provides a tailing sand with a core-shell structure for concrete and a preparation method thereof.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:
5 parts of tailing sludge,
0.3 to 2 portions of water-soluble long straight-chain ultra-high molecular polymer,
0.2 to 1 part of high molecular emulsion,
0.02-0.5 part of macromolecule water-absorbing resin,
0.01 to 0.1 part of cross-linking agent,
0.25-2 parts of silicate cement,
0.25-0.5 part of quick hardening cement.
Further, the water-soluble long straight-chain ultrahigh molecular polymer is polyacrylamide and/or sodium polyacrylate; the mass concentration of the water-soluble long straight-chain ultrahigh molecular polymer is 0.1-5%; the molecular weight of the water-soluble long straight-chain ultrahigh molecular polymer is more than 1000 ten thousand.
Further, the polymer emulsion is at least one of styrene-acrylic emulsion, pure acrylic emulsion, silicone-acrylic emulsion or vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer emulsion; the concentration of the polymer emulsion is 30-50%;
the cross-linking agent is at least one of boric acid, triethanolamine borate or borax; the mass concentration of the cross-linking agent is 2-10%;
the high molecular water-absorbing resin is polyacrylate synthetic resin; the quick hardening cement is magnesium phosphate cement and/or sulphoaluminate cement.
The preparation method of the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete comprises the following steps:
step 1: uniformly mixing the tailing slurry with the water-soluble long linear chain type ultrahigh molecular polymer, respectively dropwise adding the cross-linking agent and the high molecular emulsion under the condition of stirring, adding the high molecular water-absorbent resin into the mixture after the dropwise adding is finished, and uniformly mixing to obtain a sand-making inner core;
step 2: and (3) putting the sand making inner core into a granulator, uniformly scattering mixed cement in the rolling process, and uniformly spraying water to form a shell, so as to obtain the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete.
Further, the solid-liquid ratio of the tailings, the water-soluble long linear ultra-high molecular polymer, the high molecular emulsion, the cross-linking agent and the high molecular water-absorbing resin in the step 1 is 5:0.3-2:0.2-1:0.01-0.1:0.02-0.5.
Further, the water-soluble long straight-chain ultrahigh molecular polymer is polyacrylamide and/or sodium polyacrylate; the mass concentration of the water-soluble long straight-chain ultrahigh molecular polymer is 0.1-5%; the molecular weight of the water-soluble long linear chain ultra-high molecular polymer is more than 1000 ten thousand;
the high molecular emulsion is at least one of styrene-acrylic emulsion, pure acrylic emulsion, silicone-acrylic emulsion or vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer emulsion; the concentration of the polymer emulsion is 30-50%;
the cross-linking agent is at least one of boric acid, triethanolamine borate or borax; the mass concentration of the cross-linking agent is 2-10%;
the high molecular water-absorbing resin is polyacrylate synthetic resin.
Further, the water content of the sand making core in the step 1 is 8-15%.
Further, the rotating speed of the stirring step in the step 1 is 100-3000r/min.
Further, the mixed cement in the step 2 is silicate cement and quick hardening cement; the quick hardening cement is magnesium phosphate cement and/or sulphoaluminate cement.
Further, the mass ratio of the sand making core to the rapid hardening cement to the silicate cement in the step 2 is 5.86-10.1:0.25-0.5:0.25-2.
The tailing sand disclosed by the invention is used for preparing high-performance artificial sand stone by matching the designed toughness and the rigid two-layer shell, and the tailing sand is used as fine aggregate for concrete. As shown in fig. 1.
As artificial fine aggregate, the particle size can be controlled by regulating the moisture content of the tailing mud through the high molecular water-absorbing resin, and meanwhile, energy consumption treatment is avoided.
Secondly, the tailings are inert particles, the inert particles are required to be wound together like knitting wool balls to achieve the toughness inner core, at the moment, the interpenetrating type structure is prepared by selecting the water-soluble long straight-chain ultra-high polymer and the water-resistant high polymer emulsion, as shown in fig. 2, the tailings sand is tightly wound together, the water-resistant effect is achieved, and the problem that the water absorption capacity of the tailings sand is too high due to the fact that the shell still has a certain permeation type is avoided, so that the cost of concrete is too high is solved.
Finally, the rigid shell selects quick hardening mud-magnesium phosphate cement or sulphoaluminate cement as a compound admixture of ordinary Portland cement (ordinary cement), and hardening can be realized in a short time (several minutes, time can be regulated) because of quick hardening, so that the accumulation, transportation and the like of the tailing sand can be realized in production.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
compared with the tailing sand with a core-shell structure, the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for concrete has excellent river sand and machine-made sand grain shape (spherical shape), improves the workability of the concrete under the rolling effect, and reduces the mixing amount of water and additives.
The tailing sand with the core-shell structure for concrete has the advantages that the particle size is controllable, the particle size of the tailing sand can be regulated by regulating the water content, fine aggregate with excellent particle size distribution is compounded, and the workability, strength and durability of the concrete are improved.
The tailing sand with the core-shell structure for concrete has two layers of shells, namely toughness and rigidity, is high in strength and low in water absorption, further reduces the mixing amount of additives, improves the mechanical property of the concrete, and can be used as high-quality sand.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a core-shell structure of a tailings sand according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an interpenetrating polymer system prepared from a water-soluble long linear ultra-high molecular polymer and a high molecular emulsion according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Unless defined otherwise, technical terms used in the following examples have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains. The test reagents used in the following examples, unless otherwise specified, are all conventional biochemical reagents; the experimental methods are conventional methods unless otherwise specified.
The macromolecule water-absorbing resin WHS-700 produced by Wanhua chemistry is adopted as the macromolecule water-absorbing resin in each example and comparative example;
the mass concentration of the water-soluble long straight-chain ultra-high molecular polymer in each embodiment and the comparative example is 1%, the mass concentration of the high molecular emulsion is 40%, and the mass concentration of the crosslinking agent is 5%.
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.
Example 1
The tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 parts of tailing sludge, 0.8 part of polyacrylamide, 0.5 part of pure acrylic emulsion, 0.03 part of high molecular water-absorbing resin, 0.02 part of borax, 0.25 part of sulphoaluminate cement and 0.8 part of 42.5 ordinary silicate cement.
The preparation method of the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete comprises the following steps:
step 1: uniformly mixing the tailing sludge with polyacrylamide, adding borax and pure acrylic emulsion into the mixture under the condition of stirring, adding high-molecular water-absorbent resin into the mixture after the dripping is finished, and uniformly mixing to obtain a sand-making inner core with the water content of 12%;
step 2: and (3) putting the sand making inner core into a granulator, uniformly scattering sulphoaluminate cement and ordinary silicate cement in the rolling process, and uniformly spraying water to form a shell, so as to obtain the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete.
Example 2
The tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 parts of tailing sludge, 1 part of polyacrylamide, 0.5 part of vinyl acetate-ethylene emulsion, 0.03 part of high molecular water-absorbing resin, 0.03 part of borax, 0.25 part of magnesium phosphate cement and 0.8 part of 42.5 ordinary Portland cement.
The preparation method of the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete comprises the following steps:
step 1: uniformly mixing the tailing sludge with polyacrylamide, adding borax and vinyl acetate-ethylene emulsion into the mixture under the condition of stirring, adding high-molecular water-absorbent resin into the mixture after the dripping is finished, and uniformly mixing to obtain a sand-making inner core with the water content of 13%;
step 2: and (3) putting the sand making inner core into a granulator, uniformly scattering magnesium phosphate cement and 42.5 ordinary Portland cement in the rolling process, and uniformly spraying water to form a shell, thereby obtaining the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete.
Example 3
The tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 parts of tailing sludge, 1 part of polyacrylamide, 0.5 part of silicone-acrylic emulsion, 0.03 part of high molecular water-absorbing resin, 0.03 part of borax, 0.25 part of sulphoaluminate cement and 0.8 part of 42.5 ordinary silicate cement.
The preparation method of the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete comprises the following steps:
step 1: uniformly mixing the tailing sludge with polyacrylamide, adding borax and silicone-acrylic emulsion into the mixture under the condition of stirring, adding high-molecular water-absorbent resin into the mixture after the dripping is finished, and uniformly mixing to obtain a sand-making inner core with the water content of 13%;
step 2: and (3) putting the sand making inner core into a granulator, uniformly scattering sulphoaluminate cement and 42.5 ordinary silicate cement in the rolling process, and uniformly spraying water to form a shell, so as to obtain the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete.
Comparative example 1
The tailing sand for the concrete is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 parts of tailing sludge, 0.8 part of polyacrylamide, 0.5 part of pure acrylic emulsion, 0.03 part of high molecular water-absorbing resin, 0.02 part of borax, 0.25 part of sulphoaluminate cement and 0.8 part of 42.5 ordinary silicate cement.
The preparation method of the tailing sand for the concrete comprises the following steps:
uniformly mixing the tailing slurry, the sulphoaluminate cement, the 42.5 ordinary Portland cement and the polyacrylamide, respectively dropwise adding borax and pure acrylic emulsion into the mixture under the condition of stirring, adding the high-molecular water-absorbent resin into the mixture after the dropwise adding is completed, and uniformly mixing to obtain the artificial tailing sand.
Comparative example 2
The tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 parts of tailing sludge, 0.8 part of polyacrylamide, 0.03 part of high molecular water-absorbing resin, 0.02 part of borax, 0.25 part of sulphoaluminate cement and 0.8 part of 42.5 ordinary Portland cement.
The preparation method of the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete comprises the following steps:
step 1: uniformly mixing the tailing sludge and the polyacrylamide, then respectively dropwise adding borax into the mixture under the condition of stirring, and adding the high-molecular water-absorbent resin into the mixture after the dropwise adding is completed, and uniformly mixing to obtain a sand-making inner core;
step 2: and (3) putting the sand making inner core into a granulator, uniformly scattering sulphoaluminate cement and 42.5 ordinary silicate cement in the rolling process, and uniformly spraying water to form a shell, so as to finally obtain the tailing sand with the core-shell structure.
Comparative example 3
The tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 parts of tailing sludge, 0.5 part of pure acrylic emulsion, 0.03 part of high molecular water-absorbing resin, 0.02 part of borax, 0.25 part of sulphoaluminate cement and 0.8 part of 42.5 ordinary Portland cement.
The preparation method of the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete comprises the following steps:
step 1: uniformly stirring the tailing slurry and the pure acrylic emulsion, adding high molecular water-absorbing resin into the mixture, and uniformly mixing to obtain a sand-making inner core;
step 2: and (3) putting the sand making inner core into a granulator, uniformly scattering sulphoaluminate cement and 42.5 ordinary silicate cement in the rolling process, and uniformly spraying water to form a shell, so as to finally obtain the tailing sand with the core-shell structure.
Comparative example 4
The tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 parts of tailing sludge, 0.8 part of polyacrylamide, 0.5 part of pure acrylic emulsion, 0.02 part of borax, 0.25 part of sulphoaluminate cement and 0.8 part of 42.5 ordinary silicate cement.
The preparation method of the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete comprises the following steps:
step 1: uniformly mixing the tailing sludge and the polyacrylamide, and then respectively dropwise adding borax and pure acrylic emulsion into the mixture under the condition of stirring, and uniformly mixing to obtain a sand making inner core with the water content of 22%;
step 2: and (3) putting the sand making inner core into a granulator, uniformly scattering mixed cement in the rolling process, and uniformly spraying water to form a shell, so as to finally obtain the tailing sand with the core-shell structure.
Comparative example 5
The tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight of 5 parts of tailing mud, 0.8 part of polyacrylamide, 0.5 part of pure acrylic emulsion, 0.03 part of high-molecular water-absorbent resin, 0.02 part of borax and 0.8 part of 42.5 ordinary Portland cement.
The preparation method of the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete comprises the following steps:
step 1: uniformly mixing the tailing sludge and the polyacrylamide, respectively dropwise adding borax and pure acrylic emulsion into the mixture under the condition of stirring, and adding high-molecular water-absorbent resin into the mixture after the dropwise addition is finished, and uniformly mixing to obtain a sand-making inner core;
step 2: and (3) putting the sand making inner core into a granulator, uniformly scattering 42.5 ordinary Portland cement in the rolling process, and uniformly spraying water to form a shell, so as to finally obtain the tailing sand with the core-shell structure.
The experimental method comprises the following steps:
the slump, expansion and 28-day compressive strength tests of concrete are all referred to GB8076-2008 concrete admixture.
Pile-up crushing rate: and (3) filling the tailing sand into a hollow hard plastic pipe with the length of 3m and the diameter of 6cm, placing 5kg weights in a reserved part of space, standing vertically for 24 hours, pouring out, sieving, and weighing the crushed sand. Crushed sand mass/total sand mass = pack breakage/%.
TABLE 1 concrete mix (kg/m) 3 ）
Note that: the mixing amount of the additive is calculated by the cement amount.
TABLE 2 detection results
Note that: 1. the blank is concrete prepared from river sand;
2. the admixture is used in the same amount as the admixture for the same concrete expansion/slump.
Compared with river sand and machine-made sand, the embodiment has excellent particle shape (spherical shape), improves the workability of concrete under the rolling effect, reduces the mixing amount of water and additives, has two layers of shells with toughness and rigidity, has high hardness and low water absorption, further reduces the mixing amount of the additives, and improves the mechanical property of the concrete. The hard shell exists, and the stacking breaking rate is not high.
The comparative example 1 is a non-core-shell structure, that is, the surface layer of the tailing sand is a blend of water-soluble super-long linear ultra-high molecular polymer such as tailing mud, polyacrylamide and the like, high molecular emulsion such as pure acrylic emulsion and the like, quick hardening cement such as sulphoaluminate and the like, and common silicate cement, the interpenetrating network structure of the high molecular polymer and the interpenetrating hardening of cement reduce the water absorption of the tailing sand, but the tailing sand surface still has the existence of the tailing mud and the water-soluble super-long linear ultra-high molecular polymer and still has certain contact with the water of a concrete system, so the rolling effect can reduce the admixture doping amount, but still has certain water absorption condition, the admixture doping amount is higher than that of the comparative example, and the compressive strength is lower, because the blending hardening strength of several components is slightly lower than that of the mixed cement, the difference is not great, but the corresponding embodiment is still realized on the mechanical property of the concrete. The hard shell exists, and the stacking breaking rate is not high.
In comparative example 2, since there is no polymer emulsion, the water resistance of the core is poor, and the shell is a cement-based material having a certain permeability, so that a certain amount of water permeates into the core during concrete stirring, resulting in an increase in water absorption, and the water-cement ratio is fixed, so that more additives need to be added, resulting in cost waste. However, the compressive strength of the concrete is also reduced because the strength of the core of the non-polymer emulsion is reduced, the water absorption micro-expansion effect has a certain influence on the shell, but no obvious influence on accumulation is caused, and the crushing rate is still acceptable.
In comparative example 3, the cores cannot be tightly wound together without the water-soluble long-linear ultra-high polymer, so that the prepared cores have insufficient toughness, and the water resistance and toughness of the cores can be improved by the simple high-molecular emulsion, but the water resistance and toughness of the cores are improved by the simple high-molecular emulsion, and the cores are required to be added by at least 5 times on the basis of the low molecular weight, so that the cost is very high and cannot be popularized, and the water absorption of the tailings sand is relatively high. Meanwhile, the toughness of the inner core is insufficient to influence the hardness of the whole sand, so that the strength of the concrete is also influenced. The hard shell exists, and the stacking breaking rate is not high.
In comparative example 4, the water content is higher due to no super absorbent resin, the particle size of the prepared tailing sand core is overlarge, the particle size is round, the fluidity can be improved under the rolling effect, and the admixture dosage is reduced. However, since the hardness of the core is lower than that of the shell, the hardness of the tailing sand is relatively weak, and the particles are large, a weak area is formed in the structure of the concrete test block, so that the strength of the concrete is remarkably reduced. The hard shell exists, and the stacking breaking rate is not high.
In comparative example 5, no quick setting cement is used, the final setting of ordinary Portland cement is at least 7-8 hours, even if the final setting is performed, the strength is very small, so that the hardness of the surface layer shell of the freshly prepared tailing sand is almost not high, the stacking breaking rate is as high as 12%, the protection effect of a hard shell cannot be provided for the inner core when the concrete is prepared, the water absorption rate is improved, and the mixing amount of the additive is increased. The compressive strength is not greatly affected because ordinary portland cement is slowly hardened to reach the highest strength in 28 days, so the compressive strength of concrete is not greatly affected.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, alternatives, and improvements that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete is characterized in that: the tailing sand is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight:
5 parts of tailing sludge,
0.3 to 2 portions of water-soluble long straight-chain ultra-high molecular polymer,
0.2 to 1 part of high molecular emulsion,
0.02-0.5 part of macromolecule water-absorbing resin,
0.01 to 0.1 part of cross-linking agent,
0.25-2 parts of silicate cement,
0.25-0.5 part of quick hardening cement;
the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete is prepared by a method comprising the following steps of:
step 1: uniformly mixing the tailing slurry with the water-soluble long linear chain type ultrahigh molecular polymer, respectively dropwise adding the cross-linking agent and the high molecular emulsion under the condition of stirring, adding the high molecular water-absorbent resin into the mixture after the dropwise adding is finished, and uniformly mixing to obtain a sand-making inner core;
step 2: and (3) putting the sand making inner core into a granulator, uniformly scattering silicate cement and quick hardening cement in the rolling process, and uniformly spraying water to form a shell, so as to obtain the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete.
2. The tailing sand with core-shell structure for concrete according to claim 1, wherein: the water-soluble long straight-chain ultrahigh molecular polymer is polyacrylamide and/or sodium polyacrylate; the mass concentration of the water-soluble long straight-chain ultrahigh molecular polymer is 0.1-5%; the molecular weight of the water-soluble long straight-chain ultrahigh molecular polymer is more than 1000 ten thousand.
3. The tailing sand with core-shell structure for concrete according to claim 1, wherein: the high molecular emulsion is at least one of styrene-acrylic emulsion, pure acrylic emulsion, silicone-acrylic emulsion or vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer emulsion; the concentration of the polymer emulsion is 30-50%;
the cross-linking agent is at least one of boric acid, triethanolamine borate or borax; the mass concentration of the cross-linking agent is 2-10%;
the high molecular water-absorbing resin is polyacrylate synthetic resin; the quick hardening cement is magnesium phosphate cement and/or sulphoaluminate cement.
4. A method for preparing tailing sand with a core-shell structure for concrete according to any one of claims 1 to 3, which is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: uniformly mixing the tailing slurry with the water-soluble long linear chain type ultrahigh molecular polymer, respectively dropwise adding the cross-linking agent and the high molecular emulsion under the condition of stirring, adding the high molecular water-absorbent resin into the mixture after the dropwise adding is finished, and uniformly mixing to obtain a sand-making inner core;
step 2: and (3) putting the sand making inner core into a granulator, uniformly scattering silicate cement and quick hardening cement in the rolling process, and uniformly spraying water to form a shell, so as to obtain the tailing sand with the core-shell structure for the concrete.
5. The method for preparing tailing sand with a core-shell structure for concrete according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the solid-liquid ratio of the tailing sludge, the water-soluble long linear chain ultra-high molecular polymer, the high molecular emulsion, the cross-linking agent and the high molecular water-absorbing resin in the step 1 is 5:0.3-2:0.2-1:0.01-0.1:0.02-0.5.
6. The method for preparing tailing sand with a core-shell structure for concrete according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the water-soluble long straight-chain ultrahigh molecular polymer is polyacrylamide and/or sodium polyacrylate; the mass concentration of the water-soluble long straight-chain ultrahigh molecular polymer is 0.1-5%; the molecular weight of the water-soluble long linear chain ultra-high molecular polymer is more than 1000 ten thousand;
the high molecular emulsion is at least one of styrene-acrylic emulsion, pure acrylic emulsion, silicone-acrylic emulsion or vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer emulsion; the concentration of the polymer emulsion is 30-50%;
the cross-linking agent is at least one of boric acid, triethanolamine borate or borax; the mass concentration of the cross-linking agent is 2-10%;
the high molecular water-absorbing resin is polyacrylate synthetic resin.
7. The method for preparing tailing sand with a core-shell structure for concrete according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the water content of the sand making core in the step 1 is 8-15%.
8. The method for preparing tailing sand with a core-shell structure for concrete according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the rotating speed of the stirring step in the step 1 is 100-3000r/min.
9. The method for preparing tailing sand with a core-shell structure for concrete according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the quick hardening cement in the step 2 is magnesium phosphate cement and/or sulphoaluminate cement.
10. The method for preparing tailing sand with a core-shell structure for concrete according to claim 9, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the mass ratio of the sand making core to the rapid hardening cement and the silicate cement in the step 2 is 5.86-10.1:0.25-0.5:0.25-2.
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