CN115845151A - 一种亲水超滑的医用导管 - Google Patents
一种亲水超滑的医用导管 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115845151A CN115845151A CN202111125307.0A CN202111125307A CN115845151A CN 115845151 A CN115845151 A CN 115845151A CN 202111125307 A CN202111125307 A CN 202111125307A CN 115845151 A CN115845151 A CN 115845151A
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- catheter
- medical catheter
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Abstract
本发明公布了一种表面有亲水超滑涂层的医用导管,导管表面接枝生长了一层两性离子聚合物,在水溶液环境中自然形成超滑水层,降低导管表面摩擦系数,减少机械摩擦对人体的伤害;同时亲水超滑层具有良好的生物相容性,与基体材料稳定结合,不易脱落,避免了使用润滑剂时润滑剂会残留在人体内的负面效果。该涂层可以应用到多种基体材料表面,包括硅橡胶、聚氨酯、橡胶、聚醚醚酮、聚乙烯、聚丙烯,聚氯乙烯,尼龙,ABS,聚碳酸酯等。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种医用导管,具体的是一种表面有亲水超滑涂层的导管,通过降低医用导管的的表面摩擦系数,使得医用导管易于置入体内,减少因为机械摩擦对人体腔道和组织的损伤。
背景技术
医用导管是临床医学中经常使用到的一种医疗器械,包括导尿管、引流管、呼吸道插管、中心静脉导管、直肠管、鼻饲管、引流管等等。医用导管通常由高分子材料制成,比如硅橡胶、聚氨酯、橡胶、聚醚醚酮、聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯等,通过置入人体腔道或组织,提供一个具有功能性的通路,供气体、液体和其它成分的输送和排放。当导管置入时,由于跟人体腔体的摩擦阻力,经常会造成插入困难甚至引起人体损伤。为了减少摩擦力,有时会在导尿管表面涂润滑剂,但这样增加了操作的不适感,润滑性能不持久,润滑剂也会增加堵塞感染等新的风险。有的导管,比如血管内导管,还不能使用润滑剂。因此,改善导管的表面性能,减少摩擦力,增加其和人体组织的相容性,是导管临床应用亟待解决的一个关键问题。为了降低医用导管的表面摩擦力,增进导管的生物相容性,在导管的表面涂覆亲水超滑涂层是最通用的方法。
中国发明专利CN103800951A“一种超滑抗菌医用导管涂层液”公开了一种超滑抗菌医用导管涂层液,该涂层液由润滑液和抗菌物质共同组成,其中,润滑液由亲水聚合物溶于有机溶剂,同时加入粘附性聚合物制成;抗菌物质由纳米银或其它纳米材料、碘或碘化合物、甲壳素或者壳聚糖及其衍生物组成。使用时直接一步法将涂层液浸渍或喷涂于导管表面,经固化后制备超滑抗菌医用导管。
中国发明专利201611013478.3“超滑血管内导管涂层及其制备方法”提供了一种超滑血管内导管涂层,利用由催化剂或引发剂、溶剂、硅烷或硅酮单体组成的涂层液,在水分子参与下,采用室温固化或紫外接枝法制备得到。
中国发明专利申请201811643832.X“一种抗菌超滑医用留置导管用材料”公开了一种抗菌超滑医用留置导管用材料,由如下制备方法制成:(一)聚醚胺噻唑烷-2,4-二羧酸酰胺的制备,(二)缩聚物的制备,(三)缩聚物离子化,(四)导管材料成型。
中国发明申请201811315577.6“一种超滑抗菌中心静脉导管涂层的工艺制备方法”涉及一种超滑抗菌中心静脉导管涂层的工艺制备方法,该方法采用超声喷涂工艺将涂层涂覆在中心静脉导管表面。
中国发明专利CN106421934B“一种用于医疗器械表面的亲水超滑涂层的制备方法”公开了一种用于医疗器械表面的亲水超滑涂层的制备方法,其特征在于包含以下重量份的原料:5~15质量份的羟基乙烯基吡咯烷酮聚合物、0.5~8质量份的异氰酸酯、0.2~8质量份的异氰酸酯交联剂、0.05~0.5质量份的流平剂、73.5~94.25质量份的溶剂A;制备亲水超滑涂层时于常温下按比例先将原料混合均匀并搅拌3~6h后制得涂层组合物,然后将涂层组合物采用浸涂或喷涂方式涂覆在医疗器械表面上,于50~60℃下烘干20~40min制得亲水超滑涂层。
中国专利申请202010960832.3“一种用于医用导管导丝表面的亲水超滑涂层及其制备方法”公开了一种用于医用导管导丝表面的亲水超滑涂层,包括底层涂层和面层涂层,所述底层涂层由多巴胺或其衍生物在氧化剂、第一有机溶剂存在条件下通过可控催化聚合而形成,其制备方法包括如下步骤:第一步,制备底层涂层涂料:在避光条件下,向容器中加入第一有机溶剂,在搅拌下分别加入多巴类或者多巴胺衍生物制备成溶液A,在搅拌下加入强氧化剂制备成溶液B,均搅拌至均匀透明溶液。
目前导管的亲水涂层主要为浸涂法和喷涂法,既将涂层材料通过浸涂或者喷涂的方法施加到导管的表面,然后通过热或UV的方法将涂层固化。这样得到的涂层虽然有一定的结合力,但总的来说,由于涂层比较厚,涂层本身不稳定,在使用的过程中容易脱落,在性能,尤其是稳定性上还需要有更大的提高。
发明内容
为了解决目前市场上使用的导管的表面润滑问题,本发明的一个目的是提供一种安全,稳定,润滑性能好,结合力强,生物相容性好的导管表面亲水超滑层,从而提高使用导管的安全性和舒适性。
两性离子聚合物是一类同时带有阴、阳离子基团的聚合物,其在主链中的侧基上或在末端基团上兼具带正电和带负电的官能团,但总电荷为零,依据分子结构它主要包括磷酰胆碱型、磺基甜菜碱型、羧基甜菜碱型以及混合型两性离子聚合物,例如多肽、聚甜菜碱、聚三甲基胺氧化物等。两性离子聚合物具有极强的亲水性、优良的热和化学稳定性、优异的生物相容性以及良好的抗污染性能等特性。由于两性离子聚合物优良的亲水性,使得其与水结合,能形成一层水膜,具有优异的润滑性能,如果能将其接枝生长到导管的表面,形成一层薄而稳定的亲水润滑层,在不使用外加润滑剂的情况下增强导管的润滑性能,从而减少置入时造成的伤害,而接枝生长上去的润滑层由于其稳定的化学键连接,在正常使用的情况下不会有脱落而在人体内残存,从而从摩擦和安全性两方面解决目前市场上的导管存在的问题。
1.导管材料
市场上常见的导管主要是由高分子材料制成,包括硅橡胶、聚氨酯、橡胶、聚醚醚酮、聚乙烯、聚丙烯,聚氯乙烯,尼龙,ABS,聚碳酸酯等等,本发明在上述材料表面均可实施。
2.两性离子聚合物的结构
多种两性离子单体可以用来在导管表面接枝生长,得到两性离子聚合物的亲水涂层。根据聚合物的结构特点,可按照骨架结构和阴、阳离子基团的类型对其进行大体上的分类。两性离子聚合物的骨架结构类型十分多样。较为常见的为聚烯烃骨架,包括聚(甲基)丙烯酰胺骨架、聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯骨架等。此外,一些新颖的、具有独特结构的聚合物骨架也被应用到两性离子聚合物之中,包括多肽或类多肽骨架、聚酯骨架、多糖骨架以及含杂原子的主链骨架等。两性离子聚合物的阳离子基团类型主要有4种:季铵盐阳离子、季鏻盐阳离子、吡啶鎓离子、咪唑鎓离子;阴离子基团类型主要有3种:磺酸根负离子、羧酸根负离子、磷酸根负离子。阴、阳离子基团之间的两两组合可以构建出不同的两性离子,其中以季铵盐阳离子与不同类型的阴离子组合得到的磺酸甜菜碱(SB)、羧酸甜菜碱(CB)和磷酰胆碱(PC)的应用最为广泛。此外,α-氨基酸作为一类天然的两性离子,也可以应用到两性离子聚合物的侧链之中。CB、SB、PC等3种常见的两性离子基团各有其独特的性质:SB基团的水化层能够保留较多数量的水分子,并且具有一定程度的自缔合行为;而CB基团的水化层可以延长单个水分子的保留时间,SB基团还具有不易受溶液pH影响的特点,而CB基团则具有可进一步功能化修饰、易于进行蛋白质固定等优点;而PC基团是磷脂分子的重要组成部分,含有PC基团的两性离子聚合物具有与磷脂分子类似的性质,可作为仿生物膜的高分子材料。
3.接枝方法
两性离子的单体需要通过接枝反应来和导管基体材料进行共价键化学连接,基本上所有可以的高分子聚合反应的方法都可以用来进行接枝反应,对于本发明,可以选用的接枝反应方法包括但不限于:原子转移自由基聚合反应、开环易位聚合反应、紫外自由基聚合反应、热自由基聚合反应、氧化还原的自由基聚合反应、阳离子或阴离子聚合反应、开环烯烃聚合,硝基氧介导的聚合反应、可逆的加成-断裂聚合反应,碲化物介导的聚合反应、或者无环二烯易位聚合反应等。在优选的实施方案中,采用原子转移自由基聚合反应或者紫外、热或氧化还原的自由基聚合反应。
(1)原子转移自由基聚合反应
在原子转移自由基聚合反应中,自由基是聚合反应的活性种,而原子转移是活性聚合物链增长的关键基元反应和生成自由基活性种的路径。在反应中多采用过渡金属催化剂,使得活性增长的高分子链与处于休眠的非活性高分子链之间形成一个平衡,从而能够进行均一的链增长获得低分散性聚合物。
原子转移自由基聚合反应的引发剂主要是卤代烷,苄基卤化物,α-溴代酯,α-卤代酮,α-卤代腈等,芳基磺酰氯、偶氮二异丁腈等,优选地采用卤代烷,尤其是溴代烷和氯代烷。
催化剂在原子转移自由基聚合反应中具有相当重要的地位,因为催化剂的活性决定了反应的平衡常数和聚合速率,一般采用金属催化剂,尤其是铜类的催化剂,优选地采用氯化铜和溴化铜。
(2)紫外自由基聚合反应
紫外(UV)自由基聚合反应引发剂为紫外引发剂,引发剂可以通过混合,浸泡等多种方法引入到导管材料中,然后将导管放入含有两性离子聚合物单体的溶液中,通过紫外光的照射,在导管表面诱发接枝自由基反应。紫外自由基引发剂包括但不限于:2,4,6(三甲基苯甲酰基)二苯基氧化膦、2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基膦酸乙酯、2-甲基-1-[4-甲硫基苯基]-2-吗琳基-1-丙酮、2-异丙基硫杂蒽酮(2,4异构体混合物)、4-二甲胺基-苯甲酸乙酯、1-羟基-环己基-苯基甲酮、2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基-1-丙酮、邻苯甲酰苯甲酸甲酯、二苯甲酮及其衍生物等。
(3)热自由基聚合反应
在导管基体材料中加入热引发剂,通过加热产生自由基,从而引发自由基聚合反应,考虑到对导管基体材料性能的影响,加热温度一般不要超过100℃,优选地不要超过80℃,可采用的热自由基聚合反应引发剂包括但不限于:二枯基过氧化物、过硫酸钾、过乙酸、过乙酸叔丁酯、氢过氧化叔丁基、氢过氧化枯烯、1,1-二(过氧化叔丁基)环己烷、2,2′-偶氮二异丁腈、4,4-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酸)等。
(4)氧化还原自由基聚合反应
将氧化还原引发剂引入到导管基体材料中,通过氧化还原反应产生自由基,从而引发聚合反应。氧化还原引发剂一般包括氧化剂和还原剂这一对引发剂。氧化还原引发系统的优点是引发聚合速度快,可以在较温和的条件下引发聚和反应。氧化剂包括但不限于过氧化氢、过硫酸盐、氢过氧化物、过焦硫酸盐、过二磷酸盐、高锰酸盐、三价锰盐、四价铈盐、三价铁盐、过氧化环己酮、过氧化甲乙酮、过氧化二苯甲酞等;还原剂包括但不限于二价铁离子、二价铬离子、二价铜离子、三价钛离子、硫醇、亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠等。
具体实施方式
实施例一 原子转移自由基聚合反应制备超滑导管
第一步:100克甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯加入1000毫升冰醋酸,再缓慢加入40克乙烯磺酸氯,在室温搅拌反应24小时,将反应的沉淀物收集,在无水酒精中清洗两遍,干燥后碾成粉末。
第二步:聚氨酯导管经过氯气等离子体处理,置入100毫升1∶1体积比甲醇水溶液,内含10mM氯化亚铜,20mM N,N,N,N,N-五甲基二亚乙基三胺,和10%(w/v)第一步产物。密封后通氮气15分钟,加热到60℃,反应3小时,取出导管,用甲醇和水的混合溶液进行清洗,再用生理盐水冲洗,干燥。
实施例二 紫外自由基聚合反应制备超滑导管
第一步:100克甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯加入1000毫升乙腈中,再缓慢加入80克1,3-丁烷磺内酯,300毫克1,3-二硝基苯,在室温回流反应24小时,将反应的沉淀物收集,在乙腈中清洗两遍后干燥。
第二步:硅胶导管经过清洗,干燥,在100毫升含0.1M二苯甲酮的甲醇溶液中浸泡60分钟,在空气中干燥后,置入100毫升10%第一步反应产物水溶液中,通氮气15分钟并密封,然后在UV反应器中旋转辐射反应6小时,取出导管,用生理盐水冲洗,干燥。
实施例三 热自由基聚合反应制备超滑导管
第一步:将100克甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯加入600毫升无水丙酮中,然后缓慢加入55克β-丙内酯,在15℃氮气环境下反应6个小时,收集反应沉淀物,然后用无水丙酮清洗,干燥并粉碎。
第二步:天然橡胶导管在100毫升含1%(w/v)偶氮二异丁腈的乙醇溶液中浸泡60分钟,在空气中干燥后,置入100毫升含10%(w/v)第一步反应产物和1mM氯化亚铁的水溶液中,通氮气15分钟,然后加热到80℃,反应3小时,取出反应后的导管,用生理盐水冲洗,干燥。
实施例四 氧化还原自由基聚合反应制备超滑导管
第一步:将100克甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯加入400毫升无水丙酮中,另外将75克1,3-丙烷磺内酯溶解于100毫升无水丙酮中,缓慢加入到甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯溶液中,在室温搅拌4个小时,然后在室温静置7天,将反应的沉淀物收集,在无水丙酮中清洗两遍后干燥。
第二步:聚氯乙烯导管在100毫升含1%(w/v)叔丁基过氧化氢的甲醇溶液中浸泡60分钟,空气中干燥后,置入100毫升含10%(w/v)第一步反应产物和1毫克/毫升硝酸铈(IV)铵的水溶液中,通氮气15分钟,然后加热到60℃,反应3小时,取出反应后的导管,用生理盐水冲洗,干燥。
实施例五 超滑导管物理性能测试
将在实施例一到四中制备的导管清洗干净,干燥,测量发现尺寸无变化,外观无变形,表面光滑无缺陷,导管表面的标识清晰完整。
按照GB15812.1-2005《非血管内导管 第1部分:一般性能试验方法》附录B“拉伸性能实验方法”或者YY 0285.1-2017《血管内导管一次性使用无菌导管 第1部分:通用要求》附录B“峰值拉力实验方法”,对涂层后的导管进行物理性能测试,相同尺寸的无涂层导管作为对照样品,测得涂层前后的样品物理拉伸性能没有差异。
实施例六 超滑导管表面摩擦系数测定
测试过程参考ASTM标准D1894“塑料薄膜和薄板静态和动态摩擦系数的标准试验方法”而有改进。具体地,将按照实施例一到四制备的导管两根平行放置于盛有生理盐水的摩擦力测试仪容器中,导管两端水平固定在容器的底部,在导管上放置质量为200克的滑块,拉动滑块对滑动的湿摩擦系数进行测定,摩擦系数测试仪测量范围为0~5牛顿,测试精度不低于0.2%,当模具以100毫米/分钟速度运动时,对动摩擦系数进行测定。实验测得没有超滑涂层表面的导管摩擦系数在0.5~1之间,而按本发明制备的超滑导管摩擦系数低于0.05,这表明超滑导管其摩擦系数下降一个数量级以上。
实施例七 超滑导管表面涂层的稳定性
根据GB/T 14233.1-2008《医用输液、输血、注射器具检验方法 第1部分:化学分析方法蒸发残渣》,将实施例一到四制备的导管按照0.2g/ml的比例在37度纯化水中浸泡72小时,对照样为不加样品的纯化水,各取50毫升进行蒸发,蒸发后检验液的增重对比对照样不超过5mg,证明表面无涂层脱落。
实施例八 超滑导管在人工胃液和人工肠液中的稳定性
按照《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版配制人工胃液和人工肠液,将按照实施例一到四制备的导管6件样品分别浸泡在37摄氏度的人工胃液和人工肠液中,30天后取出,按照实施例六对导管的摩擦性能进行测试,对照浸泡前导管,浸泡后的导管摩擦系数无明显变化。
实施例九 超滑导管在模拟尿液中的稳定性
将按照实施例一到四制备的导管6件样品浸泡于符合YY0325-2016《一次性使用无菌导尿管》标准的37摄氏度模拟尿液中30天后取出,按照实施例六对导管的摩擦性能进行测试,对照浸泡前导管,浸泡后的导管摩擦系数无明显变化。
实施例十 超滑导管老化稳定性
按照YY/T 0681.1-2018《无菌医疗器械包装试验方法 第1部分:加速老化试验指南》,将按照实施例一到四制备的导管在55度保存76天,然后按照“实施例五”和“实施例六”中的方法对导管的物理性能和表面摩擦性能进行测试,测得老化试验前后导管的物理性能和表面摩擦性能无差异。
实施例十一 超滑导管的灭菌性能
将按照实施例一到四制备的导管在环氧乙烷灭菌柜按55摄氏度,60%湿度,1.0克/升参数灭菌四小时,解析后进行微生物检测,导管表面无微生物检出;并按照实施例六的方法对导管的摩擦性能进行测试,导管表面的摩擦系数无变化。
实施例十二 生物相容性
按照GB/T 16886.1-2011《医疗器械生物学评价_第1部分:风险管理过程中的评价与试验》的推荐对按照实施例一制备的导管进行了体外细胞毒性试验(GB/T 16886.5-2017《医疗器械生物学评价 第5部分:体外细胞毒性试验》)、刺激与皮肤致敏试验(GB/T16886.10-2017《医疗器械生物学评价 第10部分:刺激与皮肤致敏试验》)。其中,体外细胞毒性采用MTT方法,根据检测细胞(L929小鼠成纤维细胞)存活率定量判定标准,试验样品100%浸提液不具有潜在细胞毒性反应。刺激试验采用皮内反应试验方法,结果显示,试验样品极性、非极性浸提液皮内反应(家兔)的最终记分均小于1.0,不具有皮肤刺激性。皮肤致敏试验采用最大剂量法,所有动物(豚鼠)激发阶段皮肤反应等级均为0,未观察到试验样品的极性和非极性浸提液引起动物致敏想象。上述试验结果证明表面有涂层的导管具有良好的生物相容性。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明技术原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (6)
1.一种表面有亲水超滑层的医用导管,表面接枝生长两性离子聚合物,在水溶液环境中能形成超滑水层,降低医用导管表面摩擦系数。
2.如权利要求1中所述的医用导管,其中两性离子聚合物的阳离子基团为季铵盐阳离子、季鏻盐阳离子、吡啶鎓阳离子或咪唑鎓阳离子。
3.如权利要求1中所述的医用导管,其中两性离子聚合物的阴离子基团为磺酸根负离子、羧酸根负离子或磷酸根负离子。
4.如权利要求1中所述的医用导管,其中两性离子聚合物为磺酸甜菜碱、羧酸甜菜碱或磷酰胆碱。
5.如权利要求1中所述的医用导管,其基体材料为包括硅橡胶、聚氨酯、橡胶、聚醚醚酮、聚乙烯、聚丙烯,聚氯乙烯,尼龙,ABS,聚碳酸酯。
6.如权利要求1中所述的医用导管,其表面接枝的方法为原子转移、紫外、热或氧化还原的自由基聚合反应。
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