CN115623866A - 能局部加热的用于投影组件的复合片材 - Google Patents
能局部加热的用于投影组件的复合片材 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115623866A CN115623866A CN202280002120.8A CN202280002120A CN115623866A CN 115623866 A CN115623866 A CN 115623866A CN 202280002120 A CN202280002120 A CN 202280002120A CN 115623866 A CN115623866 A CN 115623866A
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Images
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种复合片材(1),所述复合片材尤其是用于投影组件(100),所述复合片材至少包括:‑外片材(2)、内片材(3)和布置在外片材(2)和内片材(3)之间的热塑性中间层(4),其中,外片材(2)和内片材(3)分别具有外侧(I,III)和内侧(II,IV),并且外片材(2)的内侧(II)和内片材(3)的外侧(III)面向彼此,并且‑热塑性中间层(4)包含至少一个掩蔽层(5)或由至少一个掩蔽层构成,并且掩蔽层(5)至少在一区域(5')中是不透明的,‑加热元件(6),所述加热元件布置在掩蔽层(5)的不透明的区域(5')内,和反射层(11),所述反射层适用于反射可见光(12),其中,反射层(11)在从内片材(3)到外片材(2)的观察方向上在空间上布置在掩蔽层(5)之前并且至少部分地与掩蔽层(5)的不透明的区域(5')重叠。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及能局部加热的用于投影组件的复合片材、用于其制造的方法、其用途和投影组件。
背景技术
抬头显示器现在通常用于运输工具和飞机。抬头显示器的工作原理在此通过使用如下成像单元运行,该成像单元借助光学模块和投影面来投射图像,该图像被驾驶员感知为虚拟图像。如果将该图像反射到例如作为投影面的运输工具挡风片材上,则可以为用户呈现重要信息,所述重要信息显著改善交通安全性。
运输工具挡风片材通常由两个玻璃片材构成,所述两个玻璃片材通过至少一个热塑性膜相互层压。在通常使用的抬头显示器的情况下,出现如下问题,即,投影仪图像在挡风片材的两个表面处被反射。因此,驾驶员不仅感知到期望的主图像,该主图像由挡风片材的内部空间侧的表面处的反射引起(主反射)。驾驶员还感知到轻微偏移的、通常不太强烈的副图像,该副图像由挡风片材的外侧的表面处的反射(二次反射)引起。该问题通常通过如下方式解决,即,将反射表面彼此以有针对性地选择的角度布置,从而使主图像和副图像重叠,从而使副图像不再干扰性地引人注目。
抬头显示投影仪的照射典型地基本上是s偏振的,因为与p偏振相比挡风片材的反射特性更好。然而,如果驾驶员佩戴仅透射p偏振光的偏振选择性的太阳镜,则驾驶员几乎不能感知到HUD图像或根本不能感知到HUD图像。因此,存在对如下HUD投影组件的需求,所述HUD投影组件与偏振选择性的太阳镜兼容。因此,就此而言该问题的解决方法是应用如下投影组件,所述投影组件使用p偏振光。
另一问题是无论天气条件和光线状况如何,通过反射的图像传输的信息的可感知性。重要的和与安全相关的信息必须能够在白天或晚上的任意时间以及在强烈的阳光或雨中被驾驶员充分感知到。在设计基于抬头显示技术的显示器时,投影仪因此必须具有相应大的功率,从而使投影的图像尤其是在阳光射入情况下具有足够的亮度,并且能被观察者良好地识别。这需要一定尺寸的投影仪并且带来相应的电流消耗。
DE102014220189A1公开了一种抬头显示器投影组件,该抬头显示器投影组件以p偏振辐射运行,以产生抬头显示器图像。由于入射角典型地接近布鲁斯特角,并且因此p偏振辐射仅在小程度上被玻璃表面反射,因此挡风片材具有可以将p偏振辐射朝着驾驶员方向反射的反射结构。作为反射结构提出如下单个金属层,该金属层的厚度为5nm至9nm,例如由银或铝构成,该金属层被施加在内片材的背离轿车内部空间的外侧上。
在US2004/0135742A1中也公开了一种抬头显示器投影组件,该抬头显示器投影组件以p偏振辐射运行,以便产生抬头显示器图像,并且具有反射结构,该反射结构可以朝着驾驶员的方向反射p偏振的辐射。作为反射结构提出在WO96/19347A3中公开的多层聚合物层。
在设计基于抬头显示技术的显示器时,还必须确保投影仪具有相应高的功率,从而使被投影的图像尤其是在阳光入射时具有足够的亮度,并且能够被观察者良好地识别。这需要投影仪的一定尺寸,并带来相应的电流消耗和热放射。
也可以在掩蔽区域中产生基本上根据和HUD一样原理的显示部。因此,掩蔽区域也被投影仪照射并在那里被反射,由此为驾驶员产生显示部。那么例如,迄今在仪表板的区域中显示的信息、如钟表时间、行驶速度、发动机转速或导航系统的指示,或向后指向的摄像头的图像(该向后指向的摄像头代替经典的外后视镜或后视镜)能以实用且美学上吸引人的方式直接呈现在挡风片材上,例如在掩蔽区域的与挡风片材的下棱边邻接的区段中。这种类型的投影组件例如从DE102009020824A1中已知。
在驾驶时的另一大的挑战是挡风片材的加热,以便由此可以防止片材结冰或起雾,结冰或起雾阻挡视线。尤其是在运输工具内部空间中在挡风片材下棱边附近的区域上,由于侵入的湿气而到达运输工具内部空间中的水经常凝结。片材的加热按照标准通过加热的空气来发生,该空气通过进入部吹到片材上。这种类型的加热被分类在加热、通风和空调(HVAC)方法之下。除了巨大的能量消耗之外,输送热空气并将其吹到片材上的进入部也需要高的空间需求。此外,排出喷嘴必须与片材成一定的几何关系地离开,这又显著限制了设计和结构自由度。
备选地,片材本身可以具有电加热功能。例如,由DE10352464A1已知一种复合玻璃片材,在该复合玻璃片材中,在两个玻璃片材之间置入可电加热的线材。特定的加热功率在此可以通过线材的欧姆电阻来调整。由于设计和安全方面的原因,线材的数量和直径必须保持尽可能小。线材不可以在日光情况下以及在晚上在前照灯灯光的情况下在视觉上不能感知或几乎不能感知。
发明内容
因此,本发明的任务在于,提供一种改进的用于基于HUD技术的投影组件的复合片材。
根据本发明,本发明的任务通过根据权利要求1的复合片材来解决。优选的实施方式由从属权利要求得知。
根据本发明,描述了一种复合片材,该复合片材尤其设置用于投影组件。复合片材至少包括:
-外片材、内片材和布置在外片材和内片材之间的热塑性中间层,
-加热元件,以及
-反射层。
外片材和内片材分别具有外侧和内侧,并且外片材的内侧和内片材的外侧面向彼此。反射层适用于反射可见光。热塑性中间层包含至少一个掩蔽层或由所述至少一个掩蔽层构成,所述至少一个掩蔽层至少在一区域中是不透明的。加热元件布置在掩蔽层的不透明的区域内。反射层在从内片材到外片材的观察方向上在空间上布置在掩蔽层之前并且至少部分地与掩蔽层的不透明的区域重叠。
“反射层适用于反射可见光”是指反射层可以反射在一定程度上可见的光并且设置成用于反射图像显示装置的可见光。反射层优选反射至少1%的打到反射层上的可见光。
反射层可以布置在内片材的内侧或外侧上。反射层可具有与掩蔽层的不透明的区域不重叠的区段。在本发明的意义下,“从内片材到外片材的观察方向”是指在从内片材的平面到外片材的正交方向上的观察方向。
复合片材设置成用于在将内部空间与外部环境隔开。内片材的内侧在此面向内部空间,并且外片材的外侧面向外部环境。
反射层与掩蔽层的不透明的区域部分或完全重叠。出于该原因,带有高对比度的良好的图像呈现产生掩蔽层的不透明的区域,从而该掩蔽层显得亮,并且因此也能突显地识别。这有利地实现图像显示装置的功率的降低,该图像显示装置设置成用于,将成像光照射到反射层上。因此,引起减小的能源消耗和减少的热量产生。加热元件在掩蔽层的不透明的区域中的布置可用于加热复合片材,从而可以减少在一般不透明的区域中以及在与反射层重叠的不透明的区域中的起雾(内片材或外片材处的冷凝水)。因此,当将复合片材作为运输工具片材安装到运输工具中时,仪表板区域中的空间可显著减小。这导致针对在运输工具内部空间中更纤薄的设计的可能性。借助经由不透明的区域之前的反射层的图像呈现,可以替代通常安装在仪表板上的带有速度显示、转速显示、警告指示和油箱显示的显示器。通过加热元件对复合片材的加热替代了如下输入管路,所述输入管路通常将由发动机热量加热的空气导引至挡风片材。如果电流流过加热元件,则加热元件由于其电阻和借助于焦耳的热发展而被加热。此外,如果省却了通常相对于玻璃装置以特定的几何关系安置的空气排出喷嘴,则在运输工具内部空间的设计中得到额外的几何自由度。此外,复合片材经由电能的加热比经由发动机加热的空气的加热更能量高效。根据本发明的复合片材能在应用已知的制造方法的情况下简单且成本适宜地制造
下面描述根据本发明的复合片材的不同的优选的层序列:
-外片材-掩蔽层-反射层-内片材
-外片材-掩蔽层-内片材-反射层
复合片材设置成用于将内部空间与外部环境隔开。内片材的内侧在此面向内部空间,而外片材的外侧面向外部环境。在本发明的意义下,“反射层在从内片材到外片材的观察方向上在空间上布置在掩蔽层之前”是指反射层在空间上比掩蔽层更靠近内部空间。因此,当从内部空间起透过复合片材透视时,反射层在空间上布置在掩蔽层之前。复合片材优选地具有两个相对的侧棱边以及一个上棱边和一个下棱边。上棱边设置成用于在安装位置中布置在上部区域中,而相对置的下棱边设置成用于在安装位置中布置在下部区域中。复合片材的整个面由通过侧棱边、上棱边和下棱边计算面积而得到。复合片材的整个面大小与内片材和外片材的外侧和内侧相同。
在本发明的意义下,“透明”是指复合片材的总透射率符合针对挡风片材的法律要求(例如,符合欧盟规定ECE-R43)并且对于可见光优选具有超过30%,且尤其是超过60%,例如超过70%的穿透性(根据ISO9050:2003)。相应地,“不透明”是指小于15%,优选小于10%,特别优选小于5%,且尤其是0%的光透射率。
在本发明的另一优选的实施方式中,掩蔽层还具有透明的区域,并且不透明的区域优选在小于复合片材的整个面的30%上、特别优选在小于复合片材的整个面的20%上以及尤其是在小于复合片材的整个面的10%上延伸。在这种情况下,掩蔽层构造为至少一个热塑性的复合膜,所述至少一个热塑性的复合膜局部地具有透明的区域,并且局部地具有不透明的区域。如果复合片材应用作观察片材、例如用作运输工具片材,则透明的区域的份额有利地大于不透明的区域。
备选地,热塑性中间层可以至少包含掩蔽层且包含至少一个透明层。此外,掩蔽层优选地是完全不透明的。所述掩蔽层优选在小于复合片材的整个面的30%上,特别优选在小于复合片材的整个面的20%上以及尤其是在小于复合片材的整个面的10%上延伸。热塑性中间层也可以由多个掩蔽层和透明层构造。因此,可以在复合片材的制造中使用多种具有不同特性的复合膜。此外,与仅局部着色的复合片材相比,完全着色的复合膜在技术上可更容易制造。掩蔽层和透明层构造为热塑性的复合膜。在根据本发明的复合片材的制造中,热塑性的复合膜可由于制造而略微重叠。优选地,透明层和掩蔽层重叠1cm或更小。
掩蔽层和/或透明层包含至少一种热塑性塑料或由所述至少一种热塑性塑料构成,所述至少一种热塑性塑料优选是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)和/或聚氨酯(PU)或其共聚物或衍生物,如有可能与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)组合。然而,掩蔽层和/或透明层也可以包含例如聚丙烯(PP)、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯(PE)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙酸酯树脂、浇注树脂、丙烯酸酯、氟化乙烯丙烯、聚氟乙烯和/或乙烯四氟乙烯,或其共聚物或混合物。
掩蔽层和/或透明层优选构造为至少一个热塑性的复合膜并且包含聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)或由其构成,特别优选由聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)和对于本领域技术人员已知的添加剂、例如增塑剂构成。掩蔽层和/或透明层优选包含至少一种增塑剂。
掩蔽层和/或透明层可以通过单个的复合膜构造或也通过超过一个复合膜构造。掩蔽层和/或透明层可以通过一个或多个相叠布置的热塑性的复合膜构造,其中,热塑性中间层的厚度优选为0.25mm至1mm,典型地为0.38mm或0.76mm。
掩蔽层和/或透明层也可以是功能性热塑性中间层,尤其是具有声学衰减特性的中间层、反射红外辐射的中间层、吸收红外辐射的中间层和/或吸收UV(紫外线)辐射的中间层。例如那么,透明层也可以是带通滤光器膜(Bandfilterfolie),该带通滤光器膜隐没可见光的窄带。
掩蔽层具有至少一个不透明的区域或完全不透明。不透明的区域优选通过着色或染色,优选黑色染色而构造成不透明的。掩蔽层的不透明的区域的着色或染色在此可以自由选择,但优选是黑色的。
在根据本发明的复合片材的另一优选的实施方式中,掩蔽层至少与复合片材的下棱边邻接地布置并且优选在复合片材的整个面的至少5%上以及特别优选在复合片材的整个面的至少10%上延伸。在该示例中,掩蔽层优选地是完全不透明的。掩蔽层优选地沿着下棱边并且与下棱边邻接地布置。在俯视复合片材时,由此产生沿着下棱边布置的矩形的不透明的条。例如,如果将复合片材用作运输工具中的挡风片材,则这种布置结构实现在掩蔽层区域中具有高对比度图像的投影组件。由于掩蔽层沿着下棱边布置,因此复合片材的透视区域保持透明。
在本发明的一种特别优选的实施方式中,所述掩蔽层的不透明的区域框架形环绕地布置在复合片材的边缘区域中并且尤其是在与反射层重叠的区段中具有比在与该区段不同的区段中更大的宽度。掩蔽层可以是完全不透明的。在这种情况下,透明层优选地布置在通过掩蔽层构造的不透明的框架内。备选地,掩蔽层在不透明的框架内的区域优选是透明的。在本发明的意义下,“具有更大的宽度”是指不透明的区域在该区段中垂直于延伸部具有比在其它区段中更大的宽度。以这种方式,不透明的区域可以适当地与反射层的尺寸相适配。
反射层和不透明的区域优选地分别具有全等布置的面。备选地,不透明的区域具有比反射层更大的面,并且反射层与不透明的区域完全重叠。因此,当光被反射时,可以获得全面的高对比度的图像。
以这样的描述例如元件A与元件B完全重叠在本发明的意义下表示:从元件A到元件B的面平面的正交投影完全布置在元件B内。
在本发明的另一特别的实施方式中,反射层以至少50%,优选至少70%,特别优选至少80%在复合片材的整个面上延伸。尤其是,反射层与复合片材的整个面全等地布置。这具有以下优点:复合片材的大的区域适用于反射图像。可以提供多个投影组件,所述多个投影组件分别在复合片材的不同区域中产生反射图像。如果将复合片材用作挡风片材,则可以在挡风片材的透视区域中使用抬头显示区域。同时,可以在与掩蔽层的重叠区域中产生高对比度的反射图像,该高对比度的反射图像也可以被用户在视觉上感知到。
反射层优选地是部分透光的,这在本发明的意义下意味着:所述反射层具有在可见光谱范围内优选至少60%、特别优选至少70%以及尤其是小于85%的平均透射率(根据ISO9050:2003),并且因此透过片材的透视基本上不受到限制。反射层优选反射至少15%,特别优选至少20%,完全特别优选至少30%的打到反射层上的光。反射层优选仅反射p偏振光或s偏振光。反射层设置成用于反射图像显示装置的光。由反射层反射的光优选地是可见光,即处于从大约380nm至780nm的波长范围内的光。相对于p偏振和/或s偏振的辐射,反射层优选地具有高的且均匀的反射度(在不同的入射角上),从而确保高强度且颜色中性的图像呈现。反射度描述了被反射的总共射入的(光)辐射的份额。反射度以%给出(关于100%的射入的辐射)或作为从0至1的无单位数给出(标准化为射入的辐射)。在根据波长描绘的情况下,该反射度形成反射光谱。关于光反射的说明涉及在光源A情况下的反射测量,该光源A在380nm至780nm的光谱范围内放射,其中,辐射强度标准化为100%。测量由反射层反射的辐射份额,例如借助(例如PerkinElmer公司的)光谱仪并相对于光源A的辐射强度置入比例关系。
反射层也可以是不透明的。如果反射层与掩蔽层的不透明的区域全等地布置,或者如果反射层与掩蔽层的不透明的区域完全重叠,则反射层优选是不透明的。不透明的反射层优选反射至少60%,特别优选至少70%,完全特别优选至少80%的打到反射层上的光。
根据本发明的复合片材可以附加地包括第一掩蔽条,该第一掩蔽条尤其是由深色、优选黑色的珐琅构成。第一掩蔽条尤其是外围的、即框架状的遮盖印刷部(Abdeckdruck)。外围的第一掩蔽条主要用作用于复合片材的装配粘合剂的紫外线防护。第一掩蔽条可以不透明地且全面积地构造。第一掩蔽条也可以至少部分半透明地构造,例如作为点网格、条网格或方格网格。备选地,第一掩蔽条也可以具有例如从不透明的遮盖到半透明的遮盖的梯度。用于制造遮盖印刷部的合适的方法和遮盖印刷部的不同变型对于本领域技术人员是已知的。
除了第一掩蔽条之外,可以存在另外的掩蔽条,所述另外的掩蔽条可以独立于第一掩蔽条的设计由与第一掩蔽条相同的材料和相同的结构构建。
在本发明的一种特别优选的实施方式中,第一掩蔽条被局部地施加在外片材的内侧和/或外侧上、优选内侧上,其中,加热元件与第一掩蔽条完全重叠。换言之,在从外片材到内片材的观察方向上透过复合片材透视时,加热元件被第一掩蔽条完全遮盖。此外,不透明的掩蔽层或掩蔽层的不透明的区域可以与第一掩蔽条完全或部分重叠。通过这种布置结构,从外部环境、即面向外片材的外表面的环境,加热元件是不可见的。这改善了复合片材的美学特性。
偏振方向的说明在此涉及辐射在复合片材上的入射平面。以P偏振辐射表示如下辐射,所述辐射的电场在入射平面内振荡。以S偏振辐射表示如下辐射,所述辐射的电场垂直于入射平面振荡。入射平面由入射矢量和复合片材的在被照射的区域的几何中心处的面法线伸展出。
换言之,偏振、即尤其是p-和s-偏振辐射的份额在由图像显示装置照射的区域中的一点处确定,优选在被照射的区域的几何中心处确定。由于复合片材可能是弯曲的(例如当复合片材构造为挡风片材时),这影响图像显示装置辐射的入射平面,因此在其余区域中可能出现与其略微不同的偏振份额,这由于物理原因是不可避免的。
反射层优选包含选自这样的组中的至少一种金属,该组由铝、锡、钛、锆、铪、钒、铌、钽、铬、锰、铁、钴、铑、铱、镍、钯、铂、铜、银、金或其混合合金构成。反射层还可以包含与上述金属组合的或独立于上述金属的硅。借助喷涂工艺可以很好地将硅作为覆层沉积在玻璃或膜上,这简化了反射层的制造。
在本发明的一种特别优选的实施方式中,反射层是包含薄层堆叠的覆层,即薄的各个层的层序列。该薄层堆叠包含一个或多个基于银的导电层。基于银的导电层赋予反射覆层基本的反射特性以及还有IR反射效果和导电性。导电层基于银地构造。导电层优选包含至少90重量%的银,特别优选至少99重量%的银,完全特别优选至少99.9重量%的银。银层可以具有掺杂物,例如钯、金、铜或铝。银基材料特别适用于反射光,特别优选p偏振光。在反射层中使用银在反射光时已证明为特别有利的。覆层的厚度为5μm至50μm并且优选为8μm至25μm。
如果某物“基于”一种材料构造,则其除了可能的杂质或掺杂物以外主要由这种材料构成,尤其是基本上由这种材料构成。
反射层也可以构造为反射光、优选p偏振光的反射的被覆层的或未被覆层的膜。反射层可以是具有反射覆层的载体膜或未被覆层的反射聚合物膜。反射覆层优选包括至少一个基于金属的层和/或具有交替的折射率的介电层序列。基于金属的层优选包含银和/或铝或由其构成。介电层可以例如基于氮化硅、氧化锌、氧化锡-锌、硅-金属混合氮化物,例如氮化硅锆、氧化锆、氧化铌、氧化铪、氧化钽、氧化钨或硅碳化物。所提及的氧化物和氮化物可以化学计量地、化学计量不足地或化学计量过度地沉积。所述氧化物和氮化物可以具有掺杂物,例如铝、锆、钛或硼。反射的未被覆层的聚合物膜优选包括介电聚合物层或由其构成。介电聚合物层优选包含PET。如果反射层构造为反射膜,则该反射层为优选30μm至300μm,特别优选50μm至200μm,且尤其100μm至150μm厚。
如果反射层构造为覆层,则该反射层优选通过物理气相沉积(PVD),特别优选通过阴极喷涂(“喷涂”)并且完全特别优选通过磁场辅助阴极喷涂(“磁控喷涂”)施加到内片材上。然而,原则上覆层也可以例如借助于化学气相沉积(CVD)、等离子体辅助的气相沉积(PECVD)、通过汽相淀积(Aufdampfen)或通过原子层沉积(ALD,英文:atomic layerdeposition)来施加。所述覆层优选在层压之前施加到片材上。
在本发明的一种特别的实施方式中,反射层布置在内片材的外侧上并且另外的反射层附加地布置在内片材的内侧上。反射层和所述另外的反射层在从内片材到外片材的观察方向上全等地布置。独立于反射层,所述另外的反射层可以由与反射层可以的那样相同的材料构成并且具有与反射层可以的那样相同的结构。通过对内片材的外侧和内侧进行覆层,可以改善打到反射层上的光的总反射。
如果涉及被覆层的反射膜,则为了制造也可以采用覆层法(汽化镀膜法或喷涂法)CVD或PVD。
在本发明的一种特别优选的实施方式中,反射层是如下反射膜,该反射膜不含金属并且反射可见光射束、优选具有p-偏振的可见光射束。反射层是如下膜,所述膜基于协同相互作用的棱镜和反射偏振器起作用。用于使用反射层的这种膜在市场上可获得,例如可从3M公司获得。
在本发明的另一优选的实施方式中,反射层是全息光学元件(HOE)。以表述HOE是指基于全息功能原理的元件。HOE通过在全息图中通常作为折射率的变化而存储的信息来改变光路中的光。其功能是基于不同的平面或球面光波的叠加,所述光波的干涉图案引起所期望的光学效果。HOE在交通运输领域中已被例如使用在抬头显示器中。与简单反射的层相比,在使用HOE的情况下优点由在眼睛和投影仪位置的布置方面以及例如投影仪和反射层的相应倾斜角方面更大的几何设计自由度得到。此外,在这种变型的情况下,特别强烈地减少或甚至防止了重影。HOE适用于呈现不同图像宽度的实像或但是还有不同图像宽度的虚像。此外,反射的几何角度可以利用HOE进行调整,从而例如在运输工具中使用时可以从所期望的视角很好地呈现为驾驶员传输的信息。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方式中,反射层构造为被覆层的或未被覆层的反射膜,所述反射膜布置在掩蔽层的不透明的区域和透明层之间。掩蔽层的不透明的区域和透明层局部地在布置有反射层之处重叠。透明层和不透明的区域在重叠的区域构造得更薄,以便防止复合片材中的厚度差异。层序列在反射层的区域中如下构造:
-外片材-掩蔽层的不透明的区域-反射层-透明层-内片材。
在另一优选的实施方式中,所述复合片材还包括第一集流导体(Sammelleiter)和第二集流导体,所述第一集流导体和第二集流导体设置成用于联接到电压源处。第一和第二集流导体如此与加热元件的边缘区域连接,使得在集流导体之间形成通过加热元件的用于加热电流的电流路径。第一集流导体和第二集流导体优选地施加在内片材的外侧或外片材的内侧上。集流导体特别优选布置在复合片材的边缘区域中。加热元件和第一集流导体和第二集流导体可以通过线材彼此电连接。线材优选包括铜和/或钨或由其构成。
集流导体能够被掩蔽层的不透明的区域、第一和/或第二掩蔽条朝向内片材和/或外片材遮盖。
第一集流导体和第二集流导体可以构造为被印刷的且被烘烤的可传导的结构。被印刷的集流导体优选包含至少一种金属、金属合金、金属化合物和/或碳,特别优选贵金属以及尤其是银。印刷浆料优选包含金属的颗粒、金属颗粒和/或碳,和尤其是贵金属颗粒、如银颗粒。导电性优选通过导电颗粒实现。颗粒可以处于有机和/或无机基质、例如浆料或油墨中,优选作为具有玻璃料的印刷浆料。这种集流导体对于本领域技术人员本身是已知的。
第一和第二集流导体可以通过联接线路与电压源连接。联接线路优选地是扁平导体(膜导体、扁平带导体),所述扁平导体基于镀锡的铜、铝、银、金或其合金构造。
第一和第二集流导体优选地与电压源连接,该电压源提供对于机动车常见的车载电压,优选地从12V至15V以及尤其是大约14V的车载电压。备选地,电压源也可以具有更高的电压,优选地从16V至450V以及尤其是从40V至100V的电压。
加热元件可以在整个不透明的区域上延伸或可以仅局部地布置在不透明的区域内。在本发明的意义内,掩蔽层的“不透明的区域内”是指加热元件完全被掩蔽层的不透明的区域包围,即从所有空间方向与掩蔽层的不透明的区域空间接触。优选地,在不透明的区域内的布置通过如下方式实现,即,加热元件布置在并且层压进入至少两个热塑性的至少局部不透明的复合膜之间。备选地,加热元件可通过压力和热而优选在成根据本发明的复合片材的层压过程期间嵌入到至少一个局部不透明的热塑性的复合膜中。加热元件可以在复合片材的整个面上延伸超过不透明的区域。
在本发明的范围内,复合膜可以是单个膜或多层膜,其用于连接相邻接的膜、层、片材等。
在本发明的一种特别优选的实施方式中,加热元件完全嵌入掩蔽层的不透明的区域内。此外,加热元件优选地在不透明的区域的整个面上延伸。因此,加热元件可用于加热整个不透明的区域和相邻区域。
在本发明的一种优选的实施方式中,加热元件布置在反射层与不透明的区域重叠的区域中。加热元件因此在(从内片材出发)透过复合片材的透视时布置在反射层之后,从而反射层完全遮盖加热元件。备选地,反射层也可以仅局部遮盖加热元件。这种布置结构特别适用于如下情况,即其中反射层例如布置在片材根部附近,即布置在复合片材的处于安装位置中的下棱边附近。因为尤其是在该区域中冷凝水倾向于在内片材的内侧上冷凝。
加热元件可以构造为施加到载体膜上的导电覆层。载体膜优选基于塑料构造,特别优选基于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯构造。
导电覆层通常包含一个或多个、例如两个、三个或四个导电功能层。功能层优选包含至少一种金属,例如银、金、铜、镍和/或铬或金属合金。功能层特别优选包含至少90重量%的金属,尤其是至少99.9重量%的金属。功能层可以由金属或金属合金构成。功能层特别优选包含银或含银合金。这种功能层具有特别有利的导电性,同时在可见光谱范围内透射率高。功能层的厚度为优选5nm至50nm,特别优选8nm至25nm。在针对功能层的厚度的该范围内,在可见光谱范围内有利地实现高透射率,并且实现特别有利的导电性。
优选地,在覆层的两个相邻的功能层之间分别布置有至少一个介电层。优选地,在第一功能层下方和/或在最后一个功能层上方布置有另外的介电层。介电层包含由介电材料构成的至少一个单个层,所述介电材料例如包含氮化物(如氮化硅)或氧化物(如氧化铝)。然而,介电层也可以包括多个单个层,例如介电材料的单个层、平滑层、适配层、阻挡层和/或抗反射层。介电层的厚度例如为10nm至200nm。
这种层结构通常通过一系列沉积过程获得,所述沉积过程通过真空方法、如磁场辅助阴极喷涂在载体膜上执行。
其它合适的导电覆层优选包含氧化铟锡(ITO)、掺杂氟的氧化锡(SnO2:F)或掺杂铝的氧化锌(ZnO:Al)。功能层优选具有8nm至25nm、特别优选13nm至19nm的层厚度。这对于导电覆层的透明度、颜色中性和面积电阻而言是特别有利的。
在一种有利的设计方案中,导电覆层是总厚度小于或等于2μm、特别优选小于或等于1μm的一个层或多个单个层的层结构。
所有导电层的总层厚度为优选40nm至80nm,特别优选45nm至60nm。在针对所有导电层的总厚度的该范围内,在针对运输工具片材、尤其是挡风片材而言典型的在两个集流导体之间的间距h的情况下以及在12V至15V范围内的运行电压U的情况下,足够高的特定的加热功率P是有利的。此外,导电覆层在针对所有导电层的总厚度的该范围内对于红外范围具有特别好的反射特性。如果所有导电层的总层厚度太低,则产生过高的面积电阻RQuadrat,并且因此产生过低的特定的加热功率P以及针对红外范围的减小的反射性能。
在本发明的一种特别优选的设计方案中,加热元件以细的加热线材的形式构造,所述加热线材至少置入到掩蔽层的不透明的区域中。相对于导电覆层的优点在于:加热线材相对照于导电覆层的简单制造和布置。例如,在将片材连接成复合片材之前,可以将加热线材放置到热塑性的复合膜的表面上,该表面设置成用于形成复合片材的掩蔽层的不透明的区域。在复合片材的制造过程中,由于压力和温度升高,加热线材穿入到掩蔽层中。根据相应使用的加热线材的厚度,可以借助对于本领域技术人员已知的方法(“切割器,英文cutter”)将凹陷部切割到掩蔽层中,将加热线材布置到凹陷部中。
备选地,加热线材也可以在连接外片材和内片材之前置入到热塑性中间层,即掩蔽层的不透明的一区域中,例如在热塑性膜被加热后通过压入。在复合片材的制造过程中,加热线材也可以定位在两个热塑性膜之间。加热线材优选包含至少一种金属,特别优选铜、钨、金、银、铝、镍、锰、铬和/或铁以及混合物和/或合金。加热线材优选具有10μm至300μm、特别优选20μm至150μm的厚度或直径。这对于加热线材的导电性和复合片材中的热分布而言是特别有利的。加热线材能以电绝缘覆层进行覆层。
加热线材优选在掩蔽层的不透明的区域内直线地布置。但是备选地,加热线材也能够局部或完全正弦地、锯齿形地、曲折形地或线圈形地布置,优选地曲折形地布置。这些布置结构的组合也是可能的。这意味着在俯视复合片材时,加热线材能够正弦地、锯齿形地、曲折形地或线圈形地伸延穿过复合片材。这种布置结构能够在复合片材中实现良好的热分布。此外,通过人为加长集流导体之间的间距,可以更精确地调整加热线材的所期望的加热功率。
在本发明的一种特别的实施方式中,将高折射覆层施加到内片材的全部内侧或内侧的区域上。高折射覆层优选地与内片材的内侧直接空间接触。高折射覆层在此至少布置在内片材的内侧上的如下区域中,在透过复合片材透视时,该区域与反射层完全重叠。因此,与高折射覆层相比,反射层布置成在空间上更靠近外片材的外侧,但在空间上更远离内片材的内侧。这意味着带有优选从图像显示装置投射到反射层上的p偏振光的大部分份额的光在其打到反射层上之前伸延通过高折射覆层。
高折射覆层具有至少1.7、更优选至少1.9、完全特别优选至少2.0的折射率。折射率的提高带来了高折射效果。高折射覆层引起内片材的内部空间侧的表面处的光和尤其是p偏振光的反射减弱,从而反射覆层的所期望的反射以更高的对比度出现。
根据发明人的阐释内容,该效果基于由于高折射覆层而导致的内部空间侧的表面的折射率增加。由此提高了界面处的布鲁斯特角αBrewster,因为该布鲁斯特角被确定为,其中,n1是空气的折射率,且n2是如下材料的折射率,即辐射打到该材料上。具有高折射率的高折射覆层导致玻璃表面的有效折射率提高,并且因此导致与未被覆层的玻璃表面相比,布鲁斯特角向更大的值移动。因此,在基于HUD技术的投影组件的常见的几何关系的情况下,在入射角和布鲁斯特角之间的差异变得更小,从而抑制了p偏振光在内片材的内侧处的反射并且弱化了由此产生的重影。
高折射覆层优选由一个单个层构造并且在该层之下或之上没有其它层。一个单个层就足以达到良好的效果,并且在技术上比施加层堆叠更简单。然而,原则上,高折射覆层也可以包括多个单个层,这在个别情况下对于特定参数的优化可能是期望的。
在本发明的范围内,折射率优选关于550nm的波长给出。用于确定折射率的方法对于本领域技术人员是已知的。在本发明的范围内给出的折射率可以例如借助椭偏法来确定,其中,可以使用商业上可获得的椭偏仪(测量器,例如Sentech公司的测量器)。除非另有说明,否则层厚度或厚度的说明与层的几何厚度有关。
适用于高折射覆层的材料是氮化硅(Si3N4)、硅-金属混合氮化物(例如硅锆氮化物(SiZrN)、硅-铝混合氮化物、硅-铪混合氮化物或硅-钛混合氮化物)、铝氮化物、氧化锡、氧化锰、氧化钨、氧化铌、氧化铋、氧化钛、锡锌混合氧化物和氧化锆。此外,也可以使用过渡金属氧化物(例如氧化钪、氧化钇、氧化钽)或镧系氧化物(例如氧化镧或氧化铈)。高折射覆层优选包含一种或多种这些材料或基于其构造。
高折射覆层可以通过物理或化学气相沉积,即PVD或CVD覆层(PVD:物理气相沉积,CVD:化学气相沉积)来施加。合适的材料(优选基于所述材料构造覆层)尤其是氮化硅、硅-金属混合氮化物(例如硅锆氮化物、硅-铝混合氮化物、硅-铪混合氮化物或硅-钛混合氮化物)、铝氮化物、氧化锡、氧化锰、氧化钨、氧化铌、氧化铋、氧化钛、氧化锆、氮化锆或锡锌混合氧化物。高折射覆层优选是通过阴极喷涂施加(“喷涂的”)的覆层,尤其是通过磁场辅助的阴极喷涂施加(“磁控喷涂的”)的覆层。
备选地,高折射覆层是溶胶-凝胶覆层。在溶胶-凝胶方法中,首先提供包含覆层前体(Präkursoren)的溶胶并且使其熟化。熟化可包括前体的水解和/或前体之间的(部分)反应。前体通常存在于溶剂中,优选水、醇(尤其是乙醇)或水-醇混合物。溶胶在此优选在溶剂中包含氧化硅前体。前体优选是硅烷,尤其是四乙氧基硅烷或甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTEOS)。然而,备选地,硅酸盐也可用作前体,尤其是钠硅酸盐、锂硅酸盐或钾硅酸盐,例如原硅酸四甲酯、原硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)、原硅酸四异丙酯或一般形式的有机硅烷R2nSi(OR1)4-n。在此,R1优选为烷基,R2为烷基、环氧基、丙烯酸酯基、甲基丙烯酸酯基、胺基、苯基或乙烯基,且n为0至2的整数。也可以使用卤化硅或硅醇盐。氧化硅前体导致由氧化硅构成的溶胶-凝胶覆层。为了将覆层的折射率提高到该值,向溶胶中加入提高折射率的添加剂,优选氧化钛和/或氧化锆,或其前体。在完成的覆层中,提升折射率的添加剂存在于氧化硅基质中。氧化硅与提升折射率的添加剂的摩尔比可以根据所期望的折射率自由选择,并且例如为1:1左右。
如果反射层或所述另外的反射层布置在内片材的内侧上,则高折射覆层也可以施加到反射层或所述另外的反射层上。尤其是,如果反射层布置在内片材的外侧上并且所述另外的反射层布置在内片材的内侧上,则提供这种布置结构。通过高折射覆层改善了打到反射层和所述另外的反射层上的光的总反射。
外片材和内片材优选包含如下或由如下构成:玻璃、特别优选平板玻璃、浮法玻璃、石英玻璃、硼硅酸盐玻璃、钠钙玻璃、铝硅酸盐玻璃或透明塑料,优选刚性透明塑料,尤其是聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚氯乙烯和/或其混合物。
外片材和内片材可具有本身已知的其它合适的覆层,例如抗反射覆层、抗粘覆层、抗划伤覆层、光催化覆层或防晒覆层或低辐射覆层。
各个片材(外片材和内片材)的厚度可以广泛变化,并且可以适配个别情况的要求。优选地,使用具有0.5mm至5mm以及优选1.0mm至2.5mm的标准厚度的片材。片材的大小可以广泛变化,并且取决于用途。
复合片材可以具有任意三维形状。优选地,外片材和内片材没有阴影区,从而所述外片材和内片材例如可以通过阴极喷涂来进行覆层。外片材和内片材优选地是平坦的或在一个空间方向或多个空间方向上轻微弯曲或强烈弯曲。
本发明进一步延伸到投影组件,该投影组件包括根据本发明的复合片材和与反射层相配属的图像显示装置。图像显示装置包括朝着反射层指向的图像显示器,图像显示器的图像能够被反射层反射,并且在反射之后优选地通过内片材的内侧离开根据本发明的复合片材,其中,至少反射层的如下区域能够被图像显示装置照射,该区域与掩蔽层的不透明的区域重叠。如果多个反射层在其延伸部上相互错开地布置,则可以设置相应数量的图像显示装置。
从图像显示装置出来的光优选地是可见光,即在大约380nm到780nm的波长范围内的光。
按照根据本发明的投影组件的一种优选的设计方案,也可称为显示器的图像显示器构造为液晶(LCD)显示器、薄膜电晶体(TFT)显示器、发光二极管(LED-)显示器、有机发光二极管(OLED)显示器、电致发光(EL)显示器、微LED显示器、基于光场技术的显示器等,优选构造为LCD显示器。由于p偏振光的高反射,不需要能量密集的投影仪,如其通常在抬头显示器应用中使用的那样。所提及的显示器变型和其它类似的节能的图像显示装置是足够的。这导致,可以减少能量消耗和热辐射。
在本发明的一种优选的实施方式中,图像显示装置的光至少80%并且优选地至少90%是p偏振的。备选地,图像显示装置的光可以至少80%,且优选至少90%是s偏振光的。
此外,本发明延伸到一种用于制造根据本发明的复合片材的方法。该方法以所给出的顺序包括以下步骤:
(a)将外片材、热塑性中间层、加热元件、反射层和内片材布置成层堆叠。
热塑性中间层布置在外片材和内片材之间,并且加热元件布置在掩蔽层的不透明的区域内。
反射层在此在从内片材到外片材的观察方向上在空间上布置在掩蔽层之前,并且至少部分地与掩蔽层的不透明的区域重叠。
(b)将层堆叠层压成复合片材。
层堆叠的层压在热、真空和/或压力的作用下进行,其中,各个层通过至少一个热塑性中间层彼此连接(层压)。本身已知的方法可用于制造复合片材。例如,所谓的高压罐工艺可以在约10巴至15巴的提高的压力和130℃至145℃的温度下在约2小时内执行。自身已知的真空袋方法或真空环方法例如在约200毫巴和130℃至145℃下工作。外片材、内片材和热塑性中间层也可以在压延机中在至少一个辊对之间压制成复合片材。这种类型的设备已知用于制造复合片材,并且通常在冲压机之前具有至少一个加热通道。在压制过程期间的温度例如为40℃至150℃。压延机和高压罐方法的组合已在实践中特别经受考验。备选地,可以使用真空层压机。所述真空层压机由一个或多个可加热的且可抽真空的腔室构成,在所述腔室中,在0.01毫巴至800毫巴的减压和80℃至170℃的温度下,外片材和内片材可在约60分钟内被层压。
此外,本发明延伸至根据本发明的复合片材在用于陆上、空中或水上交通的交通工具中的用途,尤其是在机动车中的用途,其中,该复合片材例如可以用作挡风片材、后片材、侧片材和/或顶片材,优选用作挡风片材。优选地,将复合片材用作运输工具挡风片材。根据本发明的复合片材也可以用作功能性和/或装饰性的单件以及用作家具、器具和建筑物中的内置部件。
本发明进一步延伸到根据本发明的投影组件的用途,该投影组件包括根据本发明的复合片材和与反射层相配属的图像显示装置。图像显示装置包括朝着反射层指向的图像显示器,其图像被反射层反射,且然后优选地通过内片材的内侧离开根据本发明的复合片材,其中,反射层的至少如下区域被图像显示装置照射,该区域与掩蔽层的不透明的区域重叠。
本发明的不同的设计方案可以单独地或以任意组合实现。尤其是,上面提到的和下面要阐释的特征不仅能够以给出的组合使用,而且能够以其它组合或单独使用,而不脱离本发明的范围。
附图说明
下面借助实施例更详细地阐释本发明,其中参考附图。在简化的不按正确比例的图示中:
图1示出对根据本发明的复合片材的实施方式的俯视图,
图1a示出根据本发明的具有图1中的复合片材的投影组件的横截面图,
图2示出根据本发明的具有根据本发明的复合片材的另一实施方式的投影组件的另一横截面图,以及
图3-6示出根据本发明的投影组件的不同设计方案的放大的横截面图。
具体实施方式
图1以高度简化的示意图示出对运输工具中的根据本发明的复合片材1的实施方式的俯视图。图1a示出对投影组件100中的图1中的实施例的横截面图。图1a的横截面图相应于复合片材1的剖面线A-A',如在图1中简绘那样。
复合片材1包括外片材2和内片材3连同布置在外片材和内片材2、3之间的热塑性中间层4。复合片材1安装到运输工具中并将运输工具内部空间14与外部环境15隔开。例如,复合片材1是机动车的挡风片材。
外片材2和内片材3分别由玻璃构成,优选地由热预紧的钠钙玻璃构成,并且对于可见光是透明的。热塑性中间层4包含掩蔽层5和透明层16。
外片材2的外侧I背离热塑性中间层4,并且同时是复合片材1的外表面。外片材2的内侧II以及内片材3的外侧III分别面向中间层4。内片材3的内侧IV背离热塑性中间层4并且同时是复合片材1的内侧。不言而喻的是,复合片材1可以具有每种任意合适的几何形状和/或曲率。作为复合片材1,复合片材典型地具有凸状的拱形部。复合片材1还具有在安装位置处于顶部的上棱边和在安装位置处于底部的下棱边,以及处于左侧和右侧的侧棱边。
在复合片材1的边缘区域13中,在外片材2的内侧II上施加有框架形环绕的第一掩蔽条7。第一掩蔽条7是不透明的并且防止看到布置在复合片材1内侧的结构,例如用于将复合片材1粘接到运输工具车身中的粘合剂珠(Kleberaupe,有时也称为粘接带、胶结体)。第一掩蔽条7优选为黑色。第一掩蔽条7由通常用于掩蔽条的非导电的材料、例如经烘烤的着色为黑色的丝网印刷油墨(Siebdruckfarbe)构成。第一掩蔽条7如此布置,使得掩蔽层5与第一掩蔽条完全重叠。这意味着当从外部环境15出发透过复合片材1透视时,第一掩蔽条遮盖掩蔽层5和布置在掩蔽层后面的所有其它结构。
此外,如图1A中所示,复合片材1在内片材3的内侧IV上的边缘区域13中具有第二掩蔽条8。第二掩蔽条8框架形环绕地构造。如第一掩蔽条7那样,第二掩蔽条8由通常用于掩蔽条的非导电的材料、例如经烘烤的着色为黑色的丝网印刷油墨构成。
透明层16由热塑性的塑料复合膜构成,优选由聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)和/或热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)构成。透明层16从上边缘区域13,13''(以上棱边开始)沿着上棱边和侧棱边面状地在外片材2的内侧II的和内片材3的外侧III的最大区域(例如85%面积)上延伸。复合片材1的透视区域与透明层16重叠。透明层16在下部区域中与掩蔽层5邻接。掩蔽层5由不透明的热塑性的塑料复合膜构成,优选聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)和/或热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)构成。例如,掩蔽层5被着色为黑色。掩蔽层5面状地沿着复合片材1的下棱边(在边缘区域13,13'中)和沿着侧棱边延伸直至该掩蔽层与透明层16邻接。透明层16和掩蔽层5可能沿着它们在其中相邻接的区域略微重叠(例如5mm)。
在内片材3的外侧III上局部布置有反射层11,该反射层借助PVD方法汽相淀积。当从外部环境15出发透过复合片材1透视时,反射层11被掩蔽层5完全重叠。因此,反射层11从外部环境15起观察时是不可见的。在图1中,布置反射层11的区域由虚线表示。反射层11如此布置,使得该反射层在从运输工具内部空间14出发透过复合片材1透视时不被第二掩蔽条8遮盖。在所示的示例中,反射层11条状地沿着下棱边笔直地如此布置,使得反射层完全被掩模层5遮盖但不被第二掩模条8遮盖。反射层11例如是金属覆层,该金属覆层包含至少一个薄层堆叠,所述至少一个薄层堆叠带有至少一个银层和介电层。备选地,反射层11也可以构造为反射膜并且布置在内片材3的外侧III上。反射膜可以包含金属覆层或但是由按层序列的介电聚合物层构成。
复合片材1还包括布置在掩蔽层5内的加热元件6。例如,在制造过程期间,加热元件2布置在外片材2和掩蔽层5之间。由于在层压期间的压力和加热,加热元件6被掩蔽层5包围,从而加热元件6在所示出的实施例中与内片材3的外表面III相比布置得更靠近外片材2的内表面II。加热元件6以例如加热线材的形式构造。例如,加热线材基于铜构造。加热线材6的直径例如约为100μm。在从运输工具内部空间14出发透过复合片材1透视时,加热元件6布置在反射层11之后并且大部分被其覆盖。加热元件6大致正交于侧棱边并且沿着下棱边延伸。加热元件6从外部环境15和运输工具内部空间14无法看到,因为加热元件被第一掩蔽条7且通过掩蔽层5完全遮盖。
为了电接触,加热元件6与加热元件的左侧的边缘区域中的第一集流导体并且与加热元件的右侧的边缘区域中的另一第二集流导体(在图1和图1a中不可见)材料连接且电连接。例如,集流导体包含银颗粒,并在丝网印刷方法中被施加并且然后被烘烤。集流导体的长度大致相应于加热元件6沿着复合片材1的侧棱边的伸展。如果将电压施加到集流导体处,则均匀的电流在集流导体之间流过加热元件6。集流导体通过输入线路与电压源连接,该电压源提供对于机动车常用的车载电压,优选12V至15V,例如约14V的车载电压。备选地,14V的电压源也可以具有更高的电压,例如从35V至45V,且尤其是42V的电压。如果电流流过加热元件6,则加热线材由于其电阻和焦耳的热发展而被加热。因此,复合片材1的其中布置有加热元件6的区域可以顺利地且能量高效地免于结冰和冷凝。
投影组件100还具有布置在仪表板9中的作为成像器的图像显示装置10。图像显示装置10用于产生光12(图像信息),该光朝着反射层11指向并且通过反射层11作为反射光12'反射到运输工具内部空间14中,在那里该反射光能够被观察者、例如驾驶员看到。反射层11构造成适用于反射图像显示装置10的光12,即图像显示装置10的图像。图像显示装置10的光12优选地以50°至80°、尤其是60°至70°、通常大约65°的入射角打到复合片材1上,如这在HUD投影组件中是常见的。如果反射层11为此以合适的方式定位,例如也可以将图像显示装置10布置在机动车的A柱中或车顶处(分别在运输工具内部空间侧)。如果设置有多个反射层11,则每个反射层11可以配属有单独的图像显示装置10,即可以布置多个图像显示装置10。图像显示装置10例如是这样的显示器,如LCD显示器、OLED显示器、EL显示器、μLED显示器等。例如也可行的是,复合片材1顶片材、侧片材或后片材。
图2中所示的变型基本上相应于图1和1a中的变型,从而这里仅讨论不同之处并且在其它方面参考关于图1和1a的描述。
与图1和1a中所示不同,图2中的反射层11在内片材3的整个外侧III上在整个面上延伸并施加在其该外侧上。然而,与这里所示不同,反射层11也可以施加在内片材3的内侧IV上。反射层11例如是金属覆层,该金属覆层包含至少一个薄层堆叠,所述至少一个薄层堆叠带有至少一个银层和介电层。反射层11部分透光地构造,从而反射层11反射大约30%的打到反射层上的光12并且大约具有70%的针对光12的透射率。
在该实施例中,热塑性中间层4唯一地由掩蔽层5构成,与图1和1a相比,该掩蔽层不是仅在外片材2和内片材3之间布置在复合片材1的边缘区域13'中,而是全等地布置在外片材2的整个内侧II和内片材3的外侧III上。掩蔽层5在此具有透明的区域5''和不透明的区域5'。虽然涉及在层压之前连在一起的复合膜,所述复合膜例如基于聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)和/或热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)构造,但该复合膜在掩蔽层5的框架形环绕的区域5'中被着色。例如,颜色是黑色。而掩蔽层5的在框架形环绕的区段5'内的区域5''是透明的并且因此适用于透视。掩蔽层5的厚度例如为0.76mm。在透过复合片材1透视时,第一掩蔽条7与掩蔽层5的不透明的区域5'全等地施加在内片材的内表面II上。
掩蔽层5的不透明的区域5'在边缘区域13的下部的(发动机侧的)区段13'中加宽,即不透明的区域5'在边缘区域13的下部的(发动机侧的)区段13'中与在复合片材1的边缘区域13的上部的(车顶侧的)区段13''中(以及在图2中不能看到的边缘区域13的侧向区段中)相比具有更大的宽度。“宽度”理解为不透明的区域5'垂直于内片材和外片材2、3的下棱边的尺寸。
在该实施例中,加热元件6也可以在掩蔽层5的不透明的区域5'内布置在上顶侧的区段13'中。附加地,为了实现环绕的加热效果,加热元件6也可以在从上棱边到下棱边的延伸方向上沿着侧棱边区域以及在侧棱边区域中布置。
此外,可以设置有多个图像显示装置10,该图像显示装置例如以可见光12照射边缘区域13的下部的(发动机侧的)区段13'和上部的(车顶侧的)区段13''。例如,图像显示装置10能够如此布置,使得产生(部分)环绕的、高对比度的图像。
由于反射层11在内片材3的整个外侧III上延伸,复合片材1的所有区域都可以用于反射图像。可以使用另外的图像显示装置,所述另外的图像显示装置例如照射反射层11的不与掩蔽层5的不透明的区域5'重叠的区域,即例如处于复合片材1的透视区域中。因此,可以使用抬头显示器的功能。
现在参考图3至6,其中示出复合片材1的不同设计的放大的横截面图。如图1a中所示,图3至6的横截面图相应于复合片材1的边缘区域13的下部区段13'中的剖面线A-A'。
图3示出图1a的边缘区域13'中的放大的横截面图。在图3中所示的复合片材1的变型中,完全不透明的掩蔽层5布置在外片材2和内片材3之间。在所示出的示例中,掩蔽层5与反射层11和第一掩蔽条7直接材料接触。反射层11布置在内片材3的外侧III上。图像显示装置10的光12作为反射光12'从反射层11被反射到运输工具内部空间14中。光12,12'可以具有s-偏振和/或p-偏振。由于光12在复合片材1上的入射角接近布鲁斯特角,因此光12的p偏振份额在通过内片材3的透射方面几乎没有被阻挡。该变型具有以下优点:入射的p偏振的光12的相对大的份额被反射并且然后由于入射角等于出射角(在图3至6中通过α示出)这一事实而基本上不受内片材3阻挡地透射到运输工具内部空间14中。此外,图像在不透明的掩蔽层5的背景前在高的对比度的情况下可以良好地识别。加热元件5通过第一掩蔽条7不能从外部环境15视觉感知。由于不透明的掩蔽层5,加热元件此外不能从运输工具内部空间14起被视觉感知。
加热元件6的加热线材在其延伸方向正交于横截平面的情况下布置在不透明的掩蔽层5内。各个加热线材从放大的横截面的下部区段至上部区段彼此隔开例如大约1mm的间距布置。
图4至6中所示的变型基本上相应于图1,1a和图3的变型,从而这里仅讨论不同之处并且在其它方面参考关于图1和2的描述。
与图3中所示不同,在图4中,反射层11没有施加在内片材3的外侧III上,而是施加在内片材3的内侧IV上。该变型具有如下优点:入射光12没有通过透射穿过内片材3而妨碍。此外,这优选也适合于具有高的s-偏振份额的光12,因为产生较少的通过内片材3处的反射引起的重影。
图5中所示的复合片材1的变型与图3的变型的不同之处仅在于,在内片材3的内侧IV上布置有高折射覆层17。高折射覆层17例如借助溶胶-凝胶方法施加并且由氧化钛覆层构成。由于与内片材3相比高折射覆层17的更高的折射率(例如1.7),因此可以改变通常处于约56.5°的布鲁斯特角(针对钠钙玻璃),这简化了应用并且减少了通过内片材3的内侧IV的反射引起的干扰性重影的影响。
图6中所示的复合片材1的变型与图3的变型的不同之处在于,除了在内片材3的外侧III上的第一反射层11'之外,在内片材3的内侧IV上布置有另外的反射层11''。此外,高折射覆层17被施加在所述另外的反射层11''上。当反射层11',11''分别本身单独反射入射光12的较小份额(<10%)时,这种布置结构则提供大的优势。通过不仅在内片材3的外侧III上而且在内片材3的内侧IV上的布置,改善了入射光12的总反射。高折射覆层17还支持避免通过内片材3的内侧IV处的反射引起的干扰性重影。
在所有实施例中,反射层11布置在掩蔽层5的运输工具内部空间侧,即,在朝着复合片材1的内侧观察时,反射层11处于掩蔽层5之前。
从以上阐述内容得出,本发明提供了一种用于投影组件的改进的复合片材,其实现具有高对比度的良好的图像呈现。可以避免不期望的副图像。由于加热元件与复合片材一起使用,在安装到运输工具中时,仪表板区域中的空间可能显著减少,这可以实现针对运输工具内部空间中更纤薄的设计的可能性。借助经由掩蔽层之前的反射层的图像呈现,可以替代通常安装在仪表板上的带有速度显示、转速显示、警告指示和油箱显示的显示器。通过加热元件对复合片材的加热替代了如下输入管路,所述输入管路通常将由发动机热量加热的空气导引至挡风片材。此外,如果省却了通常相对于玻璃装置以特定的几何关系安置的空气排出喷嘴,则在运输工具内部空间的设计中得到额外的几何自由度。根据本发明的复合片材能在应用已知的制造方法的情况下简单且成本适宜地制造。
附图标记列表
1复合片材
2外片材
3内片材
4热塑性中间层
5掩蔽层
5'不透明的区域
5''透明的区域
6加热元件
7第一掩蔽条
8第二掩蔽条
9仪表板
10图像显示装置
11反射层
12,12'光
13,13',13''边缘区域
14运输工具内部空间
15外部环境
16透明层
17高折射覆层
100投影组件
I外片材2的外侧
II外片材2的内侧
III内片材3的外侧
IV内片材3的内侧
A-A'剖面线。
Claims (16)
1.一种复合片材(1),所述复合片材尤其是用于投影组件(100),所述复合片材至少包括:
-外片材(2)、内片材(3)和布置在所述外片材(2)和所述内片材(3)之间的热塑性中间层(4),
其中,所述外片材(2)和所述内片材(3)分别具有外侧(I,III)和内侧(II,IV),并且所述外片材(2)的内侧(II)和所述内片材(3)的外侧(III)面向彼此,并且
所述热塑性中间层(4)包含至少一个掩蔽层(5)或由所述至少一个掩蔽层构成,并且所述掩蔽层(5)至少在一区域(5')中是不透明的,
-加热元件(6),所述加热元件布置在所述掩蔽层(5)的不透明的区域(5')内,和
-反射层(11),所述反射层适用于反射可见光(12),
其中,所述反射层(11)在从所述内片材(3)到所述外片材(2)的观察方向上在空间上布置在所述掩蔽层(5)之前并且至少部分地与所述掩蔽层(5)的不透明的区域(5')重叠。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合片材(1),其中,所述掩蔽层(5)还具有透明的区域(5'')并且所述不透明的区域(5')优选在小于所述复合片材(1)的整个面的30%上、特别优选在小于所述复合片材(1)的整个面的20%上以及尤其是在小于所述复合片材(1)的整个面的10%上延伸。
3.根据权利要求1所述的复合片材(1),其中,所述热塑性中间层(4)包含所述掩蔽层(5)和透明层(16),并且所述掩蔽层(5)是完全不透明的,优选地,所述掩蔽层在此在小于所述复合片材(1)的整个面的30%上,特别优选在小于所述复合片材(1)的整个面的20%上以及尤其是在小于所述复合片材(1)的整个面的10%上延伸。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的复合片材(1),其中,所述掩蔽层(5)至少与所述复合片材(1)的下棱边邻接地布置并且优选在所述复合片材(1)的整个面的至少5%上以及特别优选在所述复合片材(1)的整个面的至少10%上延伸。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的复合片材(1),其中,所述掩蔽层(5)的不透明的区域(5')框架形环绕地布置在所述复合片材(1)的边缘区域中并且尤其是在与所述反射层(11)重叠的区段(12')中具有比在与该区段不同的区段(12'')中更大的宽度。
6. 根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的复合片材(1),其中,
-所述反射层(11)和所述不透明的区域(5')分别具有全等布置的面,或
-所述不透明的区域(5')具有比所述反射层(11)更大的面,并且所述反射层(11)与所述不透明的区域(5')完全重叠。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的复合片材(1),所述复合片材还包括第一掩蔽条(7),所述第一掩蔽条局部地施加在所述外片材(2)的内侧(II)上,并且其中,至少所述加热元件(6)与所述第一掩蔽条(7)完全重叠。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的复合片材(1),其中,所述反射层(11)具有在可见光谱范围内优选至少60%、特别优选至少70%以及尤其是小于85%的平均透射率,和/或,所述反射层(11)优选反射至少15%,特别优选至少20%,完全特别优选至少30%的打到所述反射层(11)上的光(12)。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的复合片材(1),所述复合片材还包括第一集流导体和第二集流导体,所述第一集流导体和第二集流导体设置成用于联接到电压源处,
其中,第一和第二集流导体如此与所述加热元件(6)的边缘区域连接,使得在所述集流导体之间形成通过所述加热元件(6)的用于加热电流的电流路径。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的复合片材(1),其中,所述加热元件(6)完全嵌入所述掩蔽层(5)的不透明的区域(5')中。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的复合片材(1),其中,所述加热元件(6)以加热线材的形式构造,所述加热线材优选具有10μm至300μm以及特别优选20μm至150μm的直径。
12.根据权利要求11所述的复合片材(1),其中,所述加热线材包含金属或由金属构成,优选地所述加热线材包含铜和/或钨或由铜和/或钨构成。
13.根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的复合片材(1),其中,具有至少1.7的折射率的高折射覆层(17)至少布置在所述内片材(3)的内侧(IV)的与所述反射层(11)重叠的区域中,并且其中,所述高折射覆层(17)在观察所述内片材(3)的内侧(IV)的情况下总是在空间上布置在所述反射层(11)之前。
14.一种投影组件(100),包括:
-根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的复合片材(1),
-与反射层(11)相配属的图像显示装置(10),所述图像显示装置带有朝着所述反射层(11)指向的图像显示器,所述图像显示器的图像能够被所述反射层(11)反射,
其中,所述反射层(11)的与所述掩蔽层(5)的不透明的区域(5')重叠的区域至少能够被所述图像显示装置(10)照射。
15.一种用于制造根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的复合片材(1)的方法,其中:
(a)将外片材(2)、热塑性中间层(4)、加热元件(6)、反射层(11)和内片材(3)布置成层堆叠,
其中,将所述热塑性中间层(4)布置在所述外片材(2)和所述内片材(3)之间,并且将所述加热元件(6)布置在所述掩蔽层(5)的不透明的区域(5')内,并且
其中,将所述反射层(11)在从所述内片材(3)到所述外片材(2)的观察方向上在空间上布置在所述掩蔽层(5)之前并且至少部分地与所述掩蔽层(5)的不透明的区域(5')重叠,
(b)将所获得的层堆叠层压成复合片材(1)。
16.一种根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的复合片材(1)在用于陆上、空中或水上交通的运输工具中的用途,尤其是用作运输工具挡风片材。
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