CN115558815A - Method for improving high-temperature aging resistance of 6061 aluminum alloy by adding rare earth elements - Google Patents
Method for improving high-temperature aging resistance of 6061 aluminum alloy by adding rare earth elements Download PDFInfo
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- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 229910001094 6061 aluminium alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 55
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000012438 extruded product Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002431 foraging effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910020785 La—Ce Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
- C22C1/026—Alloys based on aluminium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/06—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent
- C22C21/08—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/047—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/05—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys of the Al-Si-Mg type, i.e. containing silicon and magnesium in approximately equal proportions
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving high-temperature aging resistance of a 6061 aluminum alloy by adding rare earth elements, which comprises the steps of melting, casting, bar flaw detection, cast rod homogenization, cast rod cutting, extrusion, fixed-length cutting, aging and tensile test rod manufacturing; has the advantages of low production cost, simple process and stable performance of the produced product.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aluminum alloy, in particular to a method for improving high-temperature aging resistance of 6061 aluminum alloy by adding rare earth elements.
Background
The aluminum and the aluminum alloy have small density, high specific strength and corrosion resistance, and are widely applied to the fields of aerospace, war industry, automobiles and the like. The aluminum alloy is used at room temperature or lower temperature, and the strength of the aluminum alloy can be generally kept not to be reduced for a long time, but when the temperature is higher than a certain temperature, the strength of the aluminum alloy is obviously reduced.
The existing high-temperature aging resistant aluminum alloy mainly starts from limiting dislocation movement and strengthening grain boundaries, and precipitates a second phase with high thermal stability through proper alloying, so that the diffusion rate of elements in an aluminum matrix is reduced or the structural state of the grain boundaries is improved, and the high-temperature aging resistance of the aluminum alloy is improved; however, the technical means has higher cost and the improvement degree of the high-temperature aging resistance is not obvious.
Therefore, a method for improving the high-temperature aging resistance of the 6061 aluminum alloy by adding rare earth elements is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method for improving the high-temperature aging resistance of 6061 aluminum alloy by adding rare earth elements, so as to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows.
The method for improving the high-temperature aging resistance of the 6061 aluminum alloy by adding the rare earth elements comprises the following steps:
s1, melting: putting 90-96 parts of aluminum ingot into a heating furnace for melting, deslagging and degassing, and adding 0.4-0.8 part of Si, 0-0.7 part of Fe, 0.15-0.4 part of Cu, 0-0.15 part of Mn, 0.8-1.2 part of Mg, 0.04-0.35 part of Cr, 0-0.25 part of Zn, 0-0.15 part of Ti and 0.06-0.065 part of rare earth alloy in deslagging, degassing and refining processes; then refining and standing;
s2, casting: when the temperature of the molten aluminum alloy is raised to 750-800 ℃, casting to obtain an aluminum alloy casting rod with the specification of phi 254 x 5000 mm;
s3, flaw detection of the bar stock: performing surface and internal quality flaw detection on the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rod by using an automatic flaw detector, transferring the qualified cast rod to the next procedure, and scrapping and returning the unqualified cast rod;
s4, casting rod homogenization: placing the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy casting rods qualified in flaw detection into a homogenizing furnace for homogenizing;
s5, cutting a cast rod: cutting a 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rod with the specification of phi 254 x 5000mm into a plurality of sections of bar stock with the specification of phi 254 x 800mm, marking, and then sending to an extrusion process;
s6, extruding: carrying out 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy bar extrusion according to a preset 6061 aluminum alloy extrusion process, cooling by penetrating water in the extrusion process, wherein the cross section of an extruded product is rectangular, and the specification is 100 × 60mm;
s7, cutting to length: cutting into 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy blocks with the size specification of 100 × 60 × 300mm;
s8, aging: simultaneously placing 100 x 60 x 300mm 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy square blocks into an aging furnace for aging;
s9, manufacturing a tensile test bar: the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy drawing round bar is manufactured according to GB/T228.1.
The technical scheme is further optimized, and the rare earth alloy comprises 42.3-46.1 parts of La and 45.6-48.1 parts of Ce.
The technical scheme is further optimized, wherein the homogenization process in the step S4 is carried out at the temperature of 555 +/-10 ℃ and the temperature is kept for 5 hours.
Further optimizing the technical scheme, wherein the aging process in the step S8 is 180 +/-5 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 10 hours.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the technical progress of the invention is as follows.
Compared with the 6061 aluminum alloy without rare earth, the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy prepared by the method for improving the high-temperature aging resistance of the 6061 aluminum alloy by adding the rare earth elements has the advantages that the high-temperature aging resistance is obviously improved, the rare earth consumption is low, the production cost is low, and the prepared aluminum alloy has stable high-temperature aging resistance and has wide application prospects in the aspects of aerospace, automobile industry, military industry and the like. The invention has the advantages of low production cost, simple process and stable product performance.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the variation trend of the room temperature tensile strength of two materials in the present invention at different holding times of 150 ℃;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the variation trend of the room temperature tensile strength decay rate of the product of two materials at different heat preservation times of 150 ℃;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the variation trend of the room temperature yield strength of the product of two materials at different holding times of 150 ℃ in the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the variation trend of the room temperature yield strength decay rate of the product of two materials at different holding times of 150 ℃;
FIG. 5 is a metallographic structure of a 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rod according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a metallographic structure of a 6061 aluminum alloy cast bar according to the invention;
Detailed Description
The method for improving the high-temperature aging resistance of the 6061 aluminum alloy by adding the rare earth elements is shown by combining fig. 1 to fig. 6, and specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, melting: putting 90-96 parts of aluminum ingot into a heating furnace for melting, deslagging and degassing, and adding 0.4-0.8 part of Si, 0-0.7 part of Fe, 0.15-0.4 part of Cu, 0-0.15 part of Mn, 0.8-1.2 part of Mg, 0.04-0.35 part of Cr, 0-0.25 part of Zn, 0-0.15 part of Ti and 0.06-0.065 part of rare earth alloy in deslagging, degassing and refining processes; then refining and standing; the rare earth alloy includes 42.3 to 46.1% of La and 45.6 to 48.1% of Ce.
S2, casting: when the temperature of the aluminum alloy melt rises to 750-800 ℃, casting is carried out, and the specification is obtainedThe aluminum alloy cast rod of (1).
S3, flaw detection of the bar stock: and (4) performing surface and internal quality flaw detection on the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rod by using an automatic flaw detector, transferring the qualified cast rod to the next procedure, and scrapping and returning the unqualified cast rod.
S4, casting rod homogenization: placing the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy casting rods qualified in flaw detection into a homogenizing furnace for homogenizing; the homogenization process is carried out at 555 + -10 deg.C for 5 hr.
S5, cutting the cast rod: will be in specification 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rod is cut into specificationAnd (4) marking a plurality of sections of the bar stock, and then conveying the bar stock to an extrusion process.
S6, extrusion: and (3) performing 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy bar extrusion according to a preset 6061 aluminum alloy extrusion process, cooling by penetrating water in the extrusion process, wherein the cross section of the extruded product is rectangular, and the specification is 100 × 60mm.
S7, cutting to length: cutting into blocks of 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy with the size specification of 100 x 60 x 300mm.
S8, aging: simultaneously placing 100-60-300mm 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy square blocks into an aging furnace for aging; the aging process is carried out at 180 +/-5 ℃ and the heat preservation time is 10 hours.
S9, manufacturing a tensile test bar: the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy drawing round bar is manufactured according to GB/T228.1.
The invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following figures and specific examples.
Example 1:
s1, melting: putting 90 parts of aluminum ingot into a heating furnace for melting, deslagging and degassing, and adding 0.6 part of Si, 0.35 part of Fe, 0.4 part of Cu, 0 part of Mn, 0.8 part of Mg, 0.04 part of Cr, 0.13 part of Zn, 0.15 part of Ti, 0.033 part of La and 0.030 part of Ce in the deslagging, degassing and refining processes; then refining and standing.
S2, casting: when the temperature of the aluminum alloy melt rises to 750 ℃, casting is carried out, and the specification is obtainedThe aluminum alloy cast rod of (1).
S3, flaw detection of the bar stock: and (4) performing flaw detection on the surface and the internal quality of the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rod by using an automatic flaw detector, transferring the qualified cast rod to the next procedure, and scrapping the unqualified cast rod for returning to the furnace.
S4, casting rod homogenization: placing the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rods qualified in flaw detection into a homogenizing furnace for homogenizing; the homogenization process is carried out at 545 ℃ and the temperature is kept for 5 hours.
S5, cutting a cast rod: will be specified6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rod is cut into specificationSeveral sections of the bar stock are marked and then sent to the extrusion process.
S6, extrusion: 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy bar extrusion is carried out according to a preset 6061 aluminum alloy extrusion process, water cooling is adopted in the extrusion process, the cross section of an extruded product is rectangular, and the specification is 100 × 60mm.
S7, cutting to length: cut into blocks 28 of 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy of 100 x 60 x 300mm gauge.
S8, aging: putting 28 blocks of 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy square blocks with the specification of 100 x 60 x 300mm into an aging furnace for aging; the aging process is 175 ℃ and the heat preservation time is 10 hours.
S9, manufacturing a tensile test bar: the total number of 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy stretching round rods manufactured according to GB/T228.1 is 28.
Examples 2 to 3:
examples 2 to 3 are different from example 1 in the amount of each part of the metal used in step S1. In example 2, 96 parts of aluminum ingot, 0.8 part of Si, 0 part of Fe, 0.15 part of Cu, 0.07 part of Mn, 1.0 part of Mg, 0.17 part of Cr, 0.2 part of Zn, 0.08 part of Ti, 0.031 part of La and 0.031 part of Ce were added.
In example 3, 93 parts of an aluminum ingot, 0.4 part of Si, 0.7 part of Fe, 0.25 part of Cu, 0.15 part of Mn, 1.2 parts of Mg, 0.35 part of Cr, 0 part of Zn, 0.01 part of Ti, 0.029 part of La and 0.036 part of Ce were added.
Comparative example:
the comparative example differs from example 1 in that the metals used in the comparative example do not include La, ce.
Fourteen of the drawn round bars obtained in examples 1 to 3 and comparative example were put into a box-type annealing furnace simultaneously to be subjected to a high-temperature aging test. The high-temperature aging process comprises the following steps: keeping the temperature at 150 ℃ unchanged, and carrying out high-temperature aging tests for different heat preservation times of 0h, 100h, 200h, 400h, 600h, 800h and 1000 h.
After different heat preservation times of the high-temperature aging experiment are finished, taking one from the products of the examples and the comparative examples respectively, cooling, and then testing the mechanical property of the product, averaging the test results of the examples 1-3, wherein the test results are as follows:
table 1: mechanical property measured values of 6061 aluminum alloy and 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy at different heat preservation times of 150 DEG C
From the actual measurement results in table 1, in combination with the tensile strength and yield strength variation trend curves in fig. 1-4, the mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy and 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy generally show a decreasing trend at different holding times of 150 ℃. The tensile strength and yield strength of 6061 aluminum alloy are reduced all the time, the tensile strength is reduced from 395MPa of 0h to 352MPa of 1000h, the tensile strength is reduced by 11%, the yield strength is reduced from 381MPa of 0h to 319MPa of 1000h, and the yield strength is reduced by 16%; the tensile strength and the yield strength of the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy are slowly reduced from 0h to 400h, the strength is kept stable from 400h to 800h, the strength is slightly increased in the process from 400h to 600h, the strength begins to slowly reduce after the heat preservation time exceeds 800h, the tensile strength and the yield strength of the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy show a slow reduction trend in the whole process, wherein the tensile strength is reduced from 417MPa of 0h to 391MPa of 1000h, the tensile strength is reduced by 6%, the yield strength is reduced from 392MPa of 0h to 374MPa of 1000h, and the yield strength is reduced by 5%.
In addition, from the actual measurement results of the mechanical properties in table 1, the tensile strength of 6061 aluminum alloy before high-temperature aging test is 395MPa, the yield strength is 381MPa, the tensile strength of 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy is 417MPa, the yield strength is 392MPa, the tensile strength is increased by 5%, and the yield strength is increased by 3%.
Metallographic structures of one 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy tensile round rod prepared in example 1 and one 6061 aluminum alloy tensile round rod prepared in comparative example were detected respectively, and fig. 5 and 6 were obtained.
The main component element of the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy is Al-Mg-Si-La-Ce. The rare earth elements in the aluminum alloy not only have the functions of degassing, removing impurities and improving casting fluidity, but also can refine grains and improve room temperature strength. Fig. 5 is the metallographic structure of a 6061 aluminum alloy cast rod, fig. 6 is the metallographic structure of a 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rod, and comparing fig. 5 and fig. 6, it can be seen that: after the rare earth elements are added, the crystal grains of the cast rod are finer.
Claims (4)
1. The method for improving the high-temperature aging resistance of the 6061 aluminum alloy by adding the rare earth elements is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, melting: putting 90-96 parts of aluminum ingot into a heating furnace for melting, deslagging and degassing, and adding 0.4-0.8 part of Si, 0-0.7 part of Fe, 0.15-0.4 part of Cu, 0-0.15 part of Mn, 0.8-1.2 part of Mg, 0.04-0.35 part of Cr, 0-0.25 part of Zn, 0-0.15 part of Ti and 0.06-0.065 parts of rare earth alloy in the deslagging, degassing and refining processes; then refining and standing;
s2, casting: when the temperature of the molten aluminum alloy is raised to 750-800 ℃, casting to obtain an aluminum alloy casting rod with the specification of phi 254 x 5000 mm;
s3, flaw detection of the bar stock: performing flaw detection on the surface and the interior quality of a 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rod by using an automatic flaw detector, transferring the qualified cast rod to the next process, and scrapping the unqualified cast rod for returning;
s4, casting rod homogenization: placing the 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rods qualified in flaw detection into a homogenizing furnace for homogenizing;
s5, cutting a cast rod: cutting a 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy cast rod with the specification of phi 254, 5000mm into a plurality of sections of bar materials with the specification of phi 254, 800mm, marking, and then sending to an extrusion process;
s6, extrusion: performing 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy bar extrusion according to a preset 6061 aluminum alloy extrusion process, cooling through water in the extrusion process, wherein the cross section of an extruded product is rectangular and the specification is 100 × 60mm;
s7, cutting to length: cutting into 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy blocks with the size specification of 100 × 60 × 300mm;
s8, aging: simultaneously placing 100-60-300mm 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy square blocks into an aging furnace for aging;
s9, manufacturing a tensile test bar: 6061 rare earth aluminum alloy drawing round bars are manufactured according to GB/T228.1.
2. The method for improving the high temperature aging resistance of 6061 aluminum alloy by adding rare earth elements as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the rare earth alloy comprises 42.3-46.1 parts of La and 45.6-48.1 parts of Ce.
3. The method for improving the high temperature aging resistance of 6061 aluminum alloy by adding rare earth elements as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the homogenization process in the step S4 is carried out at the temperature of 555 +/-10 ℃ and is kept for 5 hours.
4. The method of claim 1 for improving the high temperature aging resistance of 6061 aluminum alloy with addition of rare earth elements, wherein: the aging process in the step S8 is carried out at the temperature of 180 +/-5 ℃ and the heat preservation time of 10 hours.
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JP2005264174A (en) * | 2004-03-16 | 2005-09-29 | Mitsubishi Alum Co Ltd | Aluminum alloy sheet having excellent thermal conductivity and formability and its production method |
CN101781723A (en) * | 2009-09-15 | 2010-07-21 | 河池学院 | Manufacturing method of high-strength automobile aluminum-alloy rim material |
CN103205615A (en) * | 2013-03-27 | 2013-07-17 | 成都阳光铝制品有限公司 | 6061 deforming aluminum alloy and production process thereof |
CN114231802A (en) * | 2021-12-07 | 2022-03-25 | 包头稀土研究院 | Rare earth aluminum alloy bar for forging aluminum alloy hub and preparation method thereof |
WO2022062727A1 (en) * | 2020-09-28 | 2022-03-31 | 广东坚美铝型材厂(集团)有限公司 | Preparation method for motor shell aluminum profile, and motor shell and motor |
CN114411001A (en) * | 2022-01-24 | 2022-04-29 | 临沂大学 | Rare earth modified aluminum magnesium silicon alloy and preparation method and application thereof |
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Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2005264174A (en) * | 2004-03-16 | 2005-09-29 | Mitsubishi Alum Co Ltd | Aluminum alloy sheet having excellent thermal conductivity and formability and its production method |
CN101781723A (en) * | 2009-09-15 | 2010-07-21 | 河池学院 | Manufacturing method of high-strength automobile aluminum-alloy rim material |
CN103205615A (en) * | 2013-03-27 | 2013-07-17 | 成都阳光铝制品有限公司 | 6061 deforming aluminum alloy and production process thereof |
WO2022062727A1 (en) * | 2020-09-28 | 2022-03-31 | 广东坚美铝型材厂(集团)有限公司 | Preparation method for motor shell aluminum profile, and motor shell and motor |
CN114231802A (en) * | 2021-12-07 | 2022-03-25 | 包头稀土研究院 | Rare earth aluminum alloy bar for forging aluminum alloy hub and preparation method thereof |
CN114411001A (en) * | 2022-01-24 | 2022-04-29 | 临沂大学 | Rare earth modified aluminum magnesium silicon alloy and preparation method and application thereof |
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