CN115501897A - 纳米复合材料及制备方法与其在可见光催化产氢中的应用 - Google Patents
纳米复合材料及制备方法与其在可见光催化产氢中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于先进材料及新能源技术领域,涉及光催化产氢的方法,具体涉及纳米复合材料及制备方法与其在可见光催化产氢中的应用。其制备方法为:将乙醇胺进行光处理,将光处理后的乙醇胺与水混合形成混合溶剂,将锌盐、硫脲和PVP加入至混合溶剂中,然后进行溶剂热反应获得具有缺陷的ZnS,采用阳离子交换法将具有缺陷的ZnS与铜盐制成ZnS/CuS,将ZnS/CuS加入至g‑C3N4的分散液中进行分散处理,使得ZnS/CuS与g‑C3N4复合,即得。本发明提供的纳米复合材料具有更强的光响应,同时具有更大的可见光吸收强度和范围,因而能够显著提高光催化分解水产氢的性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于先进材料及新能源技术领域,涉及光催化产氢的方法,具体涉及纳米复合材料及制备方法与其在可见光催化产氢中的应用。
背景技术
公开该背景技术部分的信息仅仅旨在增加对本发明的总体背景的理解,而不必然被视为承认或以任何形式暗示该信息构成已经成为本领域一般技术人员所公知的现有技术。
ZnS作为一种无害无毒的半导体纳米材料,可以进行光催化产氢。然而,ZnS的禁带宽度较宽(3.7eV),致使其只能利用紫外光(<400nm),而紫外线仅占到达地球表面的太阳能的5%,不能对可见光响应。同时,由于ZnS的禁带宽度较宽,因而纯ZnS不利于光响应,因而ZnS在进行光催化产氢的性能较差。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术的不足,本发明的目的是提供纳米复合材料及制备方法与其在可见光催化产氢中的应用,相比ZnS,本发明提供的纳米复合材料具有更强的光响应,同时具有更大的可见光吸收强度和范围,因而能够显著提高光催化分解水产氢的性能。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案为:
一方面,一种纳米复合材料的制备方法,将乙醇胺进行光处理,将光处理后的乙醇胺与水混合形成混合溶剂,将锌盐、硫脲和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)加入至混合溶剂中,然后进行溶剂热反应获得具有缺陷的ZnS,采用阳离子交换法将具有缺陷的ZnS与铜盐制成ZnS/CuS,将ZnS/CuS加入至g-C3N4的分散液中进行分散处理,使得ZnS/CuS与g-C3N4复合,即得。
本发明通过对乙醇胺进行光处理,使其内部形成带正离子的铵盐,从而让产生的ZnS具有独特的缺陷。再通过离子交换获得ZnS/CuS异质结,使得电子和空穴不容易复合且基带宽度变小,有利于光响应性。然后通过负载g-C3N4,降低禁带宽度,从而更好地吸收可见光,进而显著提高光催化分解水产氢的性能。
另一方面,一种纳米复合材料,由上述制备方法获得。
第三方面,一种上述纳米复合材料在光催化产氢或在可见光催化产氢中的应用。
本发明的有益效果为:
1.本发明通过对乙醇胺进行光处理,使得制备的ZnS产生独特的缺陷,从而增加最终形成纳米复合材料的光催化产氢性能。
2.本发明在溶剂热反应体系中添加PVP不仅具有凝聚作用,能够吸附在纳米颗粒表面形成保护,阻止纳米颗粒聚沉,而且能够促进纳米颗粒的生长,从而协同光处理的乙醇胺,使得制备的ZnS产生独特的缺陷。
3.本发明通过阳离子交换法使得ZnS与CuS结合产生ZnS/CuS异质结,不仅能够有利于光响应性的增加,而且保证ZnS产生独特缺陷的保留,从而增加最终形成纳米复合材料的光催化产氢性能。
4.本发明将带有缺陷的ZnS/CuS负载g-C3N4,使两者之间形成Z型光催化机制,有利于电子和空穴的分离,同时降低了复合材料的禁带宽度,能够更好地吸收可见光,实现光催化分解水产氢的性能的显著提高。
实验表明,本发明制备的具有独特缺陷ZnS具有更高的光催化分解水的产氢性能,其产氢量为普通ZnS产氢量的2.5倍左右,而利用该独特缺陷ZnS形成的ZnS/CuS以及最终的纳米复合材料具有更高的产氢量。另外,研究表明,本发明制备的最终的纳米复合材料在可见光条件下,能够实现可见光催化分解水产氢。
附图说明
构成本发明的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解,本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明,并不构成对本发明的不当限定。
图1为本发明实施例1制备的ZnS、ZnS/CuS和CuS/ZnS/g-C3N4纳米复合材料的X-射线衍射图(XRD),a为ZnS的XRD,b为ZnS/CuS的XRD,c为CuS/ZnS/g-C3N4纳米复合材料的XRD;
图2为本发明实施例1制备的ZnS/CuS和CuS/ZnS/g-C3N4纳米复合材料的扫描电镜图(SEM),a、b为ZnS/CuS的SEM,c、d为CuS/ZnS/g-C3N4的SEM;
图3为本发明实施例1制备的ZnS的透射电镜图(TEM);
图4为本发明实施例1制备的CuS/ZnS/g-C3N4纳米复合材料的XPS图,a为C1s的XPS图,b为N1s的XPS图;
图5为本发明实施例1制备的ZnS、ZnS/CuS和CuS/ZnS/g-C3N4纳米复合材料在紫外-可见光下分解水制备氢气的产氢量柱状图;
图6为本发明实施例1制备的ZnS、ZnS/CuS和CuS/ZnS/g-C3N4纳米复合材料在可见光下分解水制备氢气的产氢量柱状图。
具体实施方式
应该指出,以下详细说明都是示例性的,旨在对本发明提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明,本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
需要注意的是,这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式,而非意图限制根据本发明的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的,除非上下文另外明确指出,否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式,此外,还应当理解的是,当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时,其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合。
鉴于目前ZnS存在在进行光催化产氢的性能较差,本发明提出了纳米复合材料及制备方法与其在可见光催化产氢中的应用。
本发明的一种典型实施方式,提供了一种纳米复合材料的制备方法,将乙醇胺进行光处理,将光处理后的乙醇胺与水混合形成混合溶剂,将锌盐、硫脲和PVP加入至混合溶剂中,然后进行溶剂热反应获得具有缺陷的ZnS,采用阳离子交换法将具有缺陷的ZnS与铜盐制成ZnS/CuS,将ZnS/CuS加入至g-C3N4的分散液中进行分散处理,使得ZnS/CuS与g-C3N4复合,即得。
本发明添加乙醇胺是乳化剂同时促进ZnS进行结晶生长。
本发明所述的锌盐是指阳离子为锌离子的化合物,例如硝酸锌、氯化锌、硫酸锌等。
本发明所述的铜盐是指阳离子为铜离子的化合物,例如硝酸铜、氯化铜、硫酸铜等。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,对乙醇胺进行光处理的过程为:将乙醇胺放置到光照下处理,直至溶液泛黄。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,锌盐、硫脲、PVP和乙醇胺的添加比例为7~8:10:450~550:9~11,mol:mol:g:L。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,乙醇胺与水的体积比为0.9~1.1:3。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,溶剂热反应过程中,水的体积为反应容器容积的25~35%。该条件制备的纳米复合材料的光催化性能更好。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,溶剂热反应中,反应温度为170~190℃,反应时间为3~5h。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,溶剂热反应后的物料用蒸馏水和无水乙醇进行洗涤,烘干。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,采用阳离子交换法将具有缺陷的ZnS与铜盐制成ZnS/CuS的过程为:将具有缺陷的ZnS和铜盐加入至水中持续混合分散。较为具体地,先进行超声分散,然后搅拌。超声分散的时间为25~35min。搅拌的时间为5~7h。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,g-C3N4的分散液的制备过程为:将g-C3N4加入至乙醇与水的混合溶液中,超声处理。超声处理的目的是使大块状的g-C3N4分层且分散均匀,使其形成褶皱状。超声处理的时间为25~35min。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,将ZnS/CuS加入至g-C3N4的分散液中进行分散处理的过程为:将ZnS/CuS加入至g-C3N4的分散液中进行持续搅拌。搅拌时间为5~7h。能够使g-C3N4能够分散充分负载在ZnS/CuS上。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,g-C3N4的制备方法为:将三聚氰胺进行煅烧获得。煅烧温度为450~550℃,煅烧时间为3~4h。该条件能够使三聚氰胺充分煅烧不含有其它官能团。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,ZnS/CuS与g-C3N4的质量比为18~20:1。
本发明的另一种实施方式,提供了一种纳米复合材料,由上述制备方法获得。
本发明的第三种实施方式,提供了一种上述纳米复合材料在光催化产氢或在可见光催化产氢中的应用。
该实施方式的一些实施例中,将纳米复合材料加入至水中进行光照处理。
为了使得本领域技术人员能够更加清楚地了解本发明的技术方案,以下将结合具体的实施例详细说明本发明的技术方案。
实施例1
(1)将三聚氰胺加入到坩埚中盖上盖子,置于程序升温马弗炉中以5℃每分的速率升至500℃,保持3小时煅烧,待马弗炉自然降温后,获得的样品即为g-C3N4,将样品取出,放在研钵中研磨成粉状,然后收集粉状样品待用。所制备的g-C3N4为淡黄色固体,以下步骤中采用的g-C3N4均为粉状。
(2)将100mL的乙醇胺放入250mL烧杯中,然后用保鲜膜封口,并用针管插上小口,保证其透气性,在阳光下进行自然氧化,直至溶液微微变黄,即为光处理成功。
(3)室温下,将2.23g六水合硝酸锌和0.76g硫脲加入到30mL去离子水和10mL步骤(2)获得的乙醇胺中,用磁力搅拌器搅拌至六水合硝酸锌完全溶解。然后向上述搅拌溶液中加入0.5g PVP,持续搅拌30min使溶液混合均匀。随后,将所得溶液倒入100mL聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,放入烘箱中180℃热反应4h。待反应釜自然冷却后将所得物质进行离心,并用蒸馏水和无水乙醇洗涤3次,以出去可溶性杂质并提高固体分散性。离心后所得样品放入烘箱中70℃烘干。最后收集最终产物。所得样品的XRD图如图1a所示,从图中可以看出其为六方纤锌矿结构,没有杂质峰产生。SEM图(图2a)表明ZnS是球型结构并且尺寸在200nm,表面平整光滑,晶面完整。图3的TEM图表明,制备的ZnS存在弯曲界面,即表明通过光处理乙醇胺制备的ZnS存在较为独特的缺陷,这种结构与普通硫化锌的结构不同。
(4)在装有40mL去离子水的玻璃烧杯中加入0.4628g的ZnS和0.0604g的三水合硝酸铜,并在超声波机中超声分散30min,然后搅拌6h。随后,将所得溶液离心,经过无水乙醇的多次洗涤,将产物在70℃下在烘箱中干燥12h,获得CuS/ZnS。
(5)称取0.015g的g-C3N4加入到装有20mL无水乙醇和20mL去离子水的烧杯中,并在超声波机中超声分散30min,然后加入0.285g的ZnS/CuS,放在磁力搅拌器上搅拌6h,然后将所得的溶液进行离心洗涤3次,放在70℃的烘箱中干燥12h。得到样品CuS/ZnS/g-C3N4。通过SEM图(图2b和2d)可以看出g-C3N4负载在球形的ZnS/CuS,从图2c中可以看出,g-C3N4以块状附着在球状ZnS/CuS上。在图4a中,以观察到两个积分峰,含有C-C单键和含SP2-杂化碳含N芳环的N-C=N,在图4b中,通过观察可以确认存在C-NH、N-(C)3和C-N-C基团。
将本实施例步骤(3)制备的ZnS、步骤(4)制备的CuS/ZnS和步骤(5)制备的CuS/ZnS/g-C3N4加入至水中,在紫外-可见光条件下进行分解水制氢,结果如图5所示。在紫外-可见光下,其中具有缺陷的ZnS的产氢量为3128μmol/g·h,约为普通ZnS的2.5倍左右,其中通过阳离子交换法制备的CuS/ZnS,其产氢量为5221μmol/g·h,在负载了g-C3N4之后产氢量进一步提升为6206μmol/g·h。
将本实施例步骤(3)制备的ZnS、步骤(4)制备的CuS/ZnS和步骤(5)制备的CuS/ZnS/g-C3N4加入至水中,在可见光条件下进行分解水制氢,结果如图6所示,表明:ZnS产氢量为0,而进行了阳离子交换之后,CuS/ZnS的产氢量实现了0的突破,产量为1784μmol/g·h,在负载了g-C3N4之后产氢量进一步提升为2266μmol/g·h。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征是,将乙醇胺进行光处理,将光处理后的乙醇胺与水混合形成混合溶剂,将锌盐、硫脲和PVP加入至混合溶剂中,然后进行溶剂热反应获得具有缺陷的ZnS,采用阳离子交换法将具有缺陷的ZnS与铜盐制成ZnS/CuS,将ZnS/CuS加入至g-C3N4的分散液中进行分散处理,使得ZnS/CuS与g-C3N4复合,即得。
2.如权利要求1所述的纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征是,对乙醇胺进行光处理的过程为:将乙醇胺放置到光照下处理,直至溶液泛黄。
3.如权利要求1所述的纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征是,锌盐、硫脲、PVP和乙醇胺的添加比例为7~8:10:450~550:9~11,mol:mol:g:L。
4.如权利要求1所述的纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征是,溶剂热反应过程中,水的体积为反应容器容积的25~35%。
5.如权利要求1所述的纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征是,溶剂热反应中,反应温度为170~190℃,反应时间为3~5h。
6.如权利要求1所述的纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征是,采用阳离子交换法将具有缺陷的ZnS与铜盐制成ZnS/CuS的过程为:将具有缺陷的ZnS和铜盐加入至水中持续混合分散。
7.如权利要求1所述的纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征是,g-C3N4的分散液的制备过程为:将g-C3N4加入至乙醇与水的混合溶液中,超声处理。
8.如权利要求1所述的纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征是,将ZnS/CuS加入至g-C3N4的分散液中进行分散处理的过程为:将ZnS/CuS加入至g-C3N4的分散液中进行持续搅拌。
9.一种纳米复合材料,其特征是,由权利要求1~8任一所述的制备方法获得。
10.一种权利要求9所述的纳米复合材料在光催化产氢或在可见光催化产氢中的应用。
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