CN115338553A - Aluminum-copper dissimilar metal cold metal transition bias welding method - Google Patents
Aluminum-copper dissimilar metal cold metal transition bias welding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN115338553A CN115338553A CN202210885090.1A CN202210885090A CN115338553A CN 115338553 A CN115338553 A CN 115338553A CN 202210885090 A CN202210885090 A CN 202210885090A CN 115338553 A CN115338553 A CN 115338553A
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 156
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- WPPDFTBPZNZZRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum copper Chemical compound [Al].[Cu] WPPDFTBPZNZZRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002932 luster Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 8
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
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- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018565 CuAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000861 blow drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
- B23K31/02—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to soldering or welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
- B23K2103/10—Aluminium or alloys thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
- B23K2103/12—Copper or alloys thereof
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- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of welding methods, and discloses an aluminum-copper dissimilar metal cold metal transition bias welding method, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: and (3) placing the copper piece and the aluminum piece on a workbench of a CMT welding machine by adopting a lap joint mode of upper copper and lower aluminum, and then welding by adopting a left welding mode. The method has the advantages that the size of welding wire droplets and the number of transition molten droplets are controlled by adopting a Cycle-Step mode of cold metal transition welding, so that the filling amount of a welding seam is increased, the width of the welding seam is increased, the welding seam is ensured to be formed uniformly and smoothly, the mechanical property and the conductivity of a joint are improved, the porosity of the welding seam is obviously reduced by 50% due to the existence of offset, the strength of the joint is enhanced by 34%, and the whole welding method is low in cost, high in operation efficiency and convenient to popularize and apply.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of welding methods, and relates to an aluminum-copper dissimilar metal cold metal transition bias welding method which is suitable for connecting aluminum-copper dissimilar metal plates.
Background
Along with the increasingly important role played by copper in the refrigeration industry, electronic and electric products, new energy industry and high-tech field, the requirement of modern technology on the performance of metal structure is increased day by day, and simultaneously, in order to solve the problem of shortage of copper resources in China, along with the proposal of the national strategy of replacing copper with aluminum, the aluminum-copper dissimilar metal structural member is widely applied in the fields of refrigeration, electric and automobile, and the like, if aluminum is adopted to replace copper, the material cost can be reduced by at least 50%, the weight can be effectively reduced by 50%, the material cost and the transportation cost are greatly reduced, and the social and economic benefits are extremely high.
However, because pure aluminum has low strength and poor corrosion resistance and has strong oxidizability, an oxide film is easily formed on the surface, so that the joint of the aluminum alloy has the characteristics of large contact resistance, low strength and difficult firm connection with metals such as copper and the like; aluminum and copper readily form brittle intermetallics, such as CuAl, having a hardness greater than that of the parent material 2 、CuAl、Cu 9 Al 4 、Cu 4 Al 3 、Cu 3 Al 2 The hardness of a welding seam area is improved, cracks are easy to be generated in the intermediate compound, the mechanical property of the joint is weakened, and meanwhile, the conductivity of the joint is influenced; the liquid aluminum and copper will absorb a large amount of gas (such as hydrogen) and separate out hydrogen holes during cooling to cause the performance of the joint to be reduced, so that the strategy of replacing copper with aluminum is questioned in society, and whether the difficulty of welding aluminum/copper dissimilar metal materials can be overcome is particularly important for the strategy of replacing copper with aluminumA preparation method comprises the following steps.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a cold metal transition bias welding method for aluminum-copper dissimilar metals, which adjusts various welding process parameters and improves process conditions in the welding process by adopting a CMT-Cycle-Step welding process, has no splashing in the welding process and stable electric arc, ensures that a welding seam is well formed, is uniform and smooth, and has no macroscopic defect. Particularly, the welding method can effectively reduce welding heat input and air hole defects, save cost, have high efficiency and can obtain aluminum/copper dissimilar metal joints with good mechanical properties.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a cold metal transition offset welding method for aluminum-copper dissimilar metals comprises the steps of placing a copper part and an aluminum part on a workbench of a CMT welding machine in a lap joint mode of upper copper and lower aluminum, adjusting an included angle between a welding gun and a vertical plane where a welding seam is located and a relative position between the welding gun and a workpiece, and then welding in a left welding mode.
Further, the included angle is set to be 60-70 degrees, and the welding gun is deviated to the copper part side within 0.8-1.6 times of the diameter of the filler wire.
Further, the welding mode of the CMT welder is set to a Cycle-Step mode.
Further, the process parameters during welding are set to be wire feeding speed of 6-8 m/min, welding speed of 360mm/min, arc length correction coefficient of 0, protective gas flow of 15L/min, dry extension of welding wire of 10mm, cycle Step cycle of 10-15 and interruption time interval of 0.05-0.1 s.
Further, before welding is carried out, under clean experimental conditions, an angle grinder is used for mechanically cleaning an oxidation film of an aluminum piece within the range of 20-30mm at a position to be welded until a metal luster position is exposed, and meanwhile, the same mechanical cleaning measures are carried out on burrs of the test piece and in the thickness direction; then, the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is placed into a NaOH solution with the temperature of 40-70 ℃ for treatment for 5-10min, the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is taken out and washed for 2-3min by running water, then the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is placed into a HNO3 solution with the temperature of 30wt% and room temperature for treatment for 2-5min, the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is taken out and washed for 2-3min by running water, then the surface of the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is cleaned by using alcohol and the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is dried for standby by using a blower in a cold air mode, and the treated aluminum piece is welded within 2 hours as far as possible so as not to regenerate a new oxide film on the surface of the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece.
The beneficial technical effects of the invention are as follows:
the Cycle-Step mode of cold metal transition welding can be adopted to carry out welding with smaller welding heat input, so that the generation of intermetallic brittle compounds is greatly reduced, meanwhile, the size of welding wire droplets and the number of transition molten droplets can be controlled to increase the filling amount of a welding seam, the width of the welding seam is increased, the welding seam is ensured to be formed uniformly and smoothly, and the mechanical property, the conductivity and the like of a joint are improved to make a physical foundation; the traditional left welding method is improved, so that proper offset exists between a welding gun and a copper piece, more heat sources can be loaded on the side of the high-melting-point metal, the melting amount of the low-melting-point metal is reduced, the generation of brittle intermetallic compounds and pores is controlled, the mechanical property, the conductivity and the like of the joint are further improved, the stability and the service life of the joint are improved, the whole welding method can obviously save cost, the operation efficiency is improved, and the method is convenient to popularize and apply. The tensile strength of the weld joint lap joint made of the aluminum-copper dissimilar metal material obtained by the method is 1106N at most, and the fracture position is in an aluminum side fusion area of the weld joint lap joint made of the aluminum/copper dissimilar metal, so that the porosity of the weld joint is obviously reduced by 50%, and the strength of the joint is enhanced by 34%.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the lapping offset state of an aluminum part and a copper part of the invention:
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the welding effect of the front side of the dissimilar aluminum/copper metal in example 1 after the cold metal transition offset welding of the dissimilar aluminum/copper metal according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of reducing macro pores compared to the effect of reducing macro pores in the state without offset when the left welding offset method is performed;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing the fracture of the tensile specimen of example 1 after cold metal transition bias welding using dissimilar metals of aluminum/copper according to the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of improving the tensile strength in comparison with the state without offset when the left-hand welding offset method is performed.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings.
The CMT is low heat input cold metal transition welding, and the principle is that when molten drops are in short circuit transition, the molten drops are promoted to be transited into a molten pool by using a back-drawing welding wire, so that short circuit current is small, splashing does not exist in the welding process, and welding deformation is small. In addition, the method has the advantages that the digital control is added to show great advantages in the aspect of welding dissimilar metals, the welding heat input is small, the generation of intermetallic brittle compounds can be greatly reduced, full-automatic welding can be perfectly realized through the cooperation with a robot, for example, a CMT-Cycle-Step mode has the function of controlling the size of welding wire droplets and the number of transitional molten droplets, the filling amount of welding seams can be greatly increased through the adjustment of welding process parameters in the mode, the width of the welding seams is increased, the welding seams are guaranteed to be formed uniformly and smoothly, and the performance of a welding joint is greatly increased.
Therefore, the invention provides an aluminum-copper dissimilar metal cold metal transition offset welding method based on CMT low heat input cold metal transition welding and through proper improvement of the traditional left welding method, the aluminum piece and the copper piece to be welded are cleaned firstly as shown in figure 1, then the aluminum piece and the copper piece are placed on a workbench of a CMT welding machine in a lap joint mode of upper copper and lower aluminum, then an included angle between a welding gun and a vertical plane where a welding seam is located is adjusted, and welding is carried out in a left welding mode. The method comprises the following specific steps:
s1, preparation before welding
1. Surface cleaning
Under clean experimental conditions, mechanically cleaning an oxidation film of an aluminum piece within the range of 20-30mm at a position to be welded by using an angle grinder until a metallic luster position is exposed, and simultaneously performing the same mechanical cleaning measures on burrs of the test piece and in the thickness direction; then, the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is put into 8 to 10 weight percent NaOH solution with the temperature of 40 to 70 ℃ for treatment for 5 to 10min, the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is taken out and washed by running water for 2 to 3min, and then HNO with the temperature of room temperature of 30 weight percent is put into the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece 3 Treating in the solution for 2-5min, taking out the test pieceFlushing with flowing water for 2-3min, then ultrasonically cleaning the surface of the plate by using alcohol, and blow-drying the test piece for later use in a blower cold air mode to ensure that the surface of the plate to be processed has no oil stains or impurities; considering the characteristic that the chemical properties of aluminum and aluminum alloy are extremely active, the treated test piece should be welded within 2 hours as much as possible so as to avoid the regeneration of a new oxide film on the surface of the test piece.
2. Overlap joint
Placing the cleaned aluminum plate and the copper plate on a workbench of a CMT welding machine in a lap joint mode of copper, aluminum and copper, ensuring that no gap exists between the aluminum plate and the copper plate as much as possible, and ensuring that the lap joint width of the aluminum plate and the copper plate is about 10mm;
s2, welding
Adopting an ER4047 flux-cored wire with the diameter of 1.2mm, wherein the dry elongation of the wire is 10mm, the wire feeding speed is set to be 6-8 m/min, the welding speed is 360mm/min, and the arc length correction coefficient is 0;
setting a Cycle-Step welding mode by using a control panel of a CMT welding machine, setting a Cycle Step period to be 10-15, setting an interruption time interval to be 0.05-0.1 s, placing a welding gun on a robot after determining the welding mode, adjusting an included angle between the welding gun and a vertical plane where a welding seam is located and a relative position between the welding gun and a workpiece, if the included angle is set to be 60-70 degrees, offsetting the welding gun to the copper part by 0.8-1.6 times of the diameter of the welding wire, trying to move the welding gun, ensuring that the walking position of the welding gun is parallel to an overlapped welding seam, and starting welding by adopting a left welding method after determining that a part to be welded of the test piece is consistent with the walking position of the welding gun.
During welding, a gas mixture of 80% Ar +20% C02 is used, the gas flow being 15L/min.
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to fig. 2-5.
Example 1:
s1, preparation before welding
1. Surface cleaning
2. In accordance with the above
3. Overlap joint
In accordance with the above
S2, welding
In this embodiment, the CMT-cycle step mode process parameters are selected as follows:
welding by using a CMT welding machine, wherein the cycle step period is 10, and the interruption time interval is 0.05s;
the welding gun forms an inclination angle of 60 degrees with the aluminum plate in the direction vertical to the welding direction, and the deviation amount to the copper side is 1mm;
the wire feeding speed is 7.8m/min, and the welding speed is 360mm/min; the welding wire is an ER4047 flux-cored wire with the diameter of 1.2mm, and the dry elongation of the welding wire is 10mm; the gas mixture of Ar +20% and C02% is adopted as the protective gas, and the gas flow is 15L/min.
In the embodiment, the obtained welding seam is as shown in fig. 2 (a), the welding seam is uniform, and the welding joint is formed well; compared with the method without adopting left welding offset welding 3 (a) in the step (b) of figure 3, the air holes are obviously reduced by 30 percent; after welding, the sample such as a post-welding tensile test piece is subjected to a mechanical tensile test, the tensile speed is 1mm/min, the tensile strength is measured to reach 1106N, and the sample is broken in a bonding area of aluminum/copper dissimilar metals as shown in fig. 4 (a); compared with the left welding offset welding mode in the figure 5, the average tensile strength of the steel is improved by 34 percent.
Example 2:
s1, preparation before welding
Same as in example 1.
S2, welding
In this embodiment, the cycle step period is 15, the interrupt interval is 0.1s, and other parameters are the same as those in embodiment 1.
In the embodiment, the obtained welding seam is as shown in fig. 2 (b), the welding seam is uniform, and the welding joint is formed well; the post-weld tensile test piece was subjected to a mechanical tensile test at a tensile rate of 1mm/min, and the tensile strength was determined to be 912N, as shown in fig. 4 (b), and the fracture was in the bonding region of the aluminum/copper dissimilar metals.
Example 3:
s1, preparation before welding
Same as in example 1.
S2, welding
In this example, the welding torch was inclined at an angle of 60 ° to the aluminum plate in the direction perpendicular to the welding direction, and the amount of deviation to the copper side was 2mm, and the other parameters were the same as in example 1.
In the present embodiment, the obtained weld is as shown in fig. 2 (c), the weld is uniform, and the welded joint is well formed; compared with the method without adopting left welding offset welding 3 (a) in the step (c) of figure 3, the air holes are obviously reduced by 50 percent; the tensile test piece is subjected to a mechanical tensile test, the tensile speed is 1mm/min, the tensile strength is measured to reach 1004N, and the tensile strength is broken in a bonding area of aluminum/copper dissimilar metals as shown in fig. 4 (c); compared with the left welding offset welding which is not adopted in the figure 5, the average tensile strength is improved by 30 percent.
Example 4:
s1, preparation before welding
Same as in example 1.
S2, welding
In this embodiment, the cycle step period is 15, the interrupt interval is 0.1s, and other parameters are the same as those in embodiment 3.
In the embodiment, the obtained welding seam is as shown in fig. 2 (d), the welding seam is uniform, and the welding joint is formed well; the tensile test piece was subjected to a mechanical tensile test at a tensile rate of 1mm/min, and the tensile strength was found to be 945N, as shown in fig. 4 (d), and the fracture was in the bonding zone of the aluminum/copper dissimilar metals.
Example 5:
s1, preparation before welding
Same as in example 1.
S2, welding
In this example, the welding torch was inclined at an angle of 65 ° to the aluminum plate in the direction perpendicular to the welding direction, and the amount of deviation to the copper side was 1.5mm, and the other parameters were the same as in example 3.
In the present embodiment, the obtained weld is as shown in fig. 2 (e), the weld is uniform, and the welded joint is well formed; the tensile test piece was subjected to a mechanical tensile test at a tensile rate of 1mm/min, and the tensile strength was measured to be 906N, as shown in FIG. 4 (e), and the fracture occurred in the bonding region of the dissimilar metals aluminum/copper.
Example 6:
s1, preparation before welding
Same as in example 1.
S2, welding
In this example, the welding torch was inclined at an angle of 70 ° to the aluminum plate in the direction perpendicular to the welding direction, and the other parameters were the same as in example 1.
In the present embodiment, the obtained weld is as shown in fig. 2 (f), the weld is uniform, and the welded joint is well formed; the tensile test piece was subjected to a mechanical tensile test at a tensile rate of 1mm/min, and the tensile strength was found to reach 978N, as shown in fig. 4 (f), and the fracture was in the bonding zone of the aluminum/copper dissimilar metals.
Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that these are merely examples and that many variations or modifications may be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is therefore defined by the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. A cold metal transition bias welding method for aluminum-copper dissimilar metals is characterized by comprising the following steps: and (3) placing the copper part and the aluminum part on a workbench of a CMT welding machine by adopting a lap joint mode of upper copper and lower aluminum, then adjusting an included angle between a welding gun and a vertical plane where a welding seam is located and a relative position between the welding gun and a workpiece, and then welding by adopting a left welding mode.
2. The aluminum copper dissimilar metal cold metal transition bias welding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the included angle is set to be 60-70 degrees, and the welding gun is deviated to the copper part side within 0.8-1.6 times of the diameter of the filler wire.
3. The aluminum copper dissimilar metal cold metal transition bias welding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the welding mode of the CMT welder is set to a Cycle-Step mode.
4. The aluminum copper dissimilar metal cold metal transition bias welding method as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the technological parameters during welding are set as wire feeding speed of 6-8 m/min, welding speed of 360mm/min, arc length correction coefficient of 0, protective gas flow of 15L/min, dry extension of welding wire of 10mm, cycle duration period of 10-15 and interruption time interval of 0.05-0.1 s.
5. The aluminum copper dissimilar metal cold metal transition bias welding method of claim 4, characterized in that: before welding, under clean experimental conditions, mechanically cleaning an oxidation film of an aluminum piece within the range of 20-30mm at a position to be welded by using an angle grinder until a metallic luster position is exposed, and simultaneously performing the same mechanical cleaning measures on burrs of the test piece and in the thickness direction; then, the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is placed into 8-10wt% of NaOH solution at the temperature of 40-70 ℃ for treatment for 5-10min, the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is taken out and washed for 2-3min in running water, then the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is placed into 30wt% of HNO3 solution at the room temperature for treatment for 2-5min, the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is taken out and washed for 2-3min in running water, the surface of the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is cleaned by alcohol ultrasonic waves, the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece is blown to the room temperature for standby by a blower in a cold air mode, and the treated aluminum piece is welded within 2 hours to the greatest extent so as not to regenerate a new oxide film on the surface of the mechanically cleaned aluminum piece.
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