CN115302904A - 一种可降解的热收缩膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种可降解的热收缩膜及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可降解的热收缩膜及其制备方法,薄膜包括依次层叠的上层、中层和下层,其中,所述上层和下层为外层,以重量份数计,所述上层和/或所述下层包括聚苯乙烯70‑90份、氧化锌1‑10份、硬脂酸镍1‑10份、扩链剂1‑3份、爽滑剂1‑3份;所述中层为芯层,以重量份数计,所述中层包括壳聚糖70‑90份、硬脂酸镍1‑10份、海藻酸钠1‑10份、增塑剂1‑10份。本发明所述可降解的热收缩膜在保持定向聚苯乙烯薄膜自有优势的前提下,使得材料的可降解性大幅提高,可以解决定向聚苯乙烯薄膜的回收问题,具有环保优势和经济价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及薄膜制备技术领域,尤其是一种可降解的热收缩膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
热收缩膜是目前大规模投入,用于各种行业的商品标签、外包装的薄膜材料。其具有良好的收缩性能、耐寒性能以及透明度。但它们通常难以降解,通过薄膜填埋和焚烧等处理方法对环境会造成不可逆转的污染。随着地球资源短缺和环境的日益恶化,社会迫切需要既精美又对环境友好的可降解热收缩薄膜材料。
现在传统热收缩薄膜采用的材料主要有:聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚偏二氯乙烯(PVDC)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚烯烃(PO)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)等。但随着时代的发展,人们希望热收缩薄膜材料在具有较好的热收缩性特性和力学强度的同时,也具有一定的可降解性。例如专利申请号为CN202111221469.4中研发的改性聚乳酸薄膜,拥有良好的生物降解能力;又如专利申请号为CN202010754524.5中的线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)薄膜既可以被生物降解,又具有更加优秀的拉伸强度和抗冲击能力。
定向聚苯乙烯薄膜(OPS)作为一种可回收、燃烧后无污染的环保材料,拥有韧性好、高收缩率和高透明度等优点。虽然国外企业已大规模用OPS替代PVC材料,但目前国内批量生产OPS薄膜的企业仍然是少数。目前对于OPS薄膜的处理主要是回收以及焚烧,但仍然会留下大量难以被降解的薄膜垃圾,造成白色污染。因此,工业化生产的OPS薄膜依然存在不足。
常规的定向聚苯乙烯薄膜不具有降解性能,或者说自然降解作用可以忽略,这是由于该材料在制备时进行拉伸取向,提高了薄膜的机械物理强度,同时也提高了高聚物的结晶度,这使得降解变得困难。由于定向聚苯乙烯薄膜的结晶细微化,材质的透明性和阻隔性均有较大的提高,因此不利于光的吸收和微生物的活动。因此,定向聚苯乙烯薄膜的自身制作工艺和性质,使其难于降解,现有的薄膜降解方案无法解决定向聚苯乙烯薄膜的降解问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服现有的定向聚苯乙烯薄膜存在的降解困难问题,提供一种可降解的热收缩膜,通过改进薄膜结构,设计成A/B/A结构,B为芯层采用壳聚糖、硬脂酸镍、海藻酸钠和增塑剂,外层采用以聚苯乙烯为主的材料,获得的薄膜不仅具有较好的降解性能,而且保持了良好的收缩性能。
常规定向聚苯乙烯薄膜在自然光下的降解作用不明显,本发明通过添加氧化锌作为OPS薄膜光催化剂,从而使薄膜进行光降解。机理主要如下:阳光照射到氧化锌时会产生出光生电子与空穴,它们可以与环境中的水、氧发生反应,得到具有强氧化性的含氧基团。而薄膜中的高分子链又可以与这些含氧基团反应,导致高分子链断裂;当高分子结构中进入含氧基团后又进一步促进了光降解。
当采用填埋处理时,薄膜不能有效接收光照,因而薄膜降解受光照影响。本发明通过添加硬脂酸镍作为OPS薄膜的热氧降解剂,可以使薄膜在无光照时,在热能作用下进行热降解。主要机理如下:在填埋时,由于受到热量作用,该添加剂生成含氧自由基;这些含氧自由基能够氧化高分子化合物,从而使薄膜中的分子链断裂,发生热氧化降解反应的同时生成具有较强氧化能力的含氧基团,并能进一步分解光降解后的剩余物质。
壳聚糖自身具有可降解性,加入到薄膜材料中可以显著增强薄膜的降解速率,但是,相应的薄膜材料的强度会大幅降低,热收缩性能也会下降。为了解决上述矛盾,本发明采用芯层添加壳聚糖的方法,同时添加海藻酸钠,使得薄膜的透光性得到了显著增强,以抵消芯层对整体薄膜透光性的不利影响;在芯层采用增塑剂,改变薄膜的结构,提高薄膜中分子可塑性,从而增强整体薄膜的力学性能。
本发明中,由于外层材料中含有氧化锌、硬脂酸镍,其由聚合物的相容性较差,导致材料挤出时出现磨损和粘连。本发明通过扩链剂,使得聚合物的分子链延长,分子量增大,更易使薄膜固化成型,以包容粉体颗粒。同时,还采用了爽滑剂,利用其与聚合物薄膜间有不相容性,导致爽滑剂在共挤挤出时迁移至薄膜表面,能够减小薄膜与机器之间的动摩擦因数,达到减小磨损的效果。
具体方案如下:
一种可降解的热收缩膜,包括依次层叠的上层、中层和下层,其中,所述上层和下层为外层,以重量份数计,所述上层和/或所述下层包括聚苯乙烯70-90份、氧化锌1-10份、硬脂酸镍1-10份、扩链剂1-3份、爽滑剂1-3份;
所述中层为芯层,以重量份数计,所述中层包括壳聚糖70-90份、硬脂酸镍1-10份、海藻酸钠1-10份、增塑剂1-10份。
进一步的,所述上层和所述下层以重量份数计,由聚苯乙烯75-85份、氧化锌3-8份、硬脂酸镍3-8份、扩链剂1-3份、爽滑剂1-3份组成。
进一步的,所述中层以重量份数计,由壳聚糖70-80份、硬脂酸镍5-10份、海藻酸钠3-5份、增塑剂5-10份组成。
进一步的,所述外层和所述芯层的重量比为1:0.2-1:1。
进一步的,所述扩链剂为2-咪唑烷酮;
任选的,所述爽滑剂为油酸酰胺或芥酸酰胺;
任选的,所述增塑剂为甘油。
进一步的,所述可降解的热收缩膜在800W/m2强度的紫外光照射240h后失重率为20-25%;生物降解实验28天长霉面积比例为25-26%;横向热收缩率平均值为18-19%,纵向热收缩率平均值为1.5-1.6%;横向最大热收缩率出现时间为23.2~26.9s,纵向最大热收缩率出现时间为19.9~22.8s。
本发明还提供所述可降解的热收缩膜的制备方法,包括:
(1)对聚苯乙烯进行干燥,得到处理后的混料;再将扩链剂、氧化锌与爽滑剂加入所述混料中,放入高速搅拌机搅拌,得到外层材料;
(2)将壳聚糖和海藻酸钠溶解于醋酸溶液中,再加入硬脂酸镍和增塑剂,得到的混合溶液放入真空脱泡机中搅拌,得到处理后的壳聚糖溶液;静置后加入碱液,变为中性,得到芯层材料;
(3)在三层共挤吹膜设备中的中间料斗中放入所述芯层材料,另外两个料斗中放入所述外层材料;最终在三层共挤吹膜机中挤出,经冷却定型后用干燥机将膜定型,得到所述可降解的热收缩膜。
进一步的,步骤(1)中对聚苯乙烯进行干燥,在45-50℃的条件下干燥处理5-10h;所述高速搅拌机搅拌的速度为300-600r/min,温度为180-200℃,搅拌时间为8-10min。
进一步的,步骤(3)中所述挤出的温度为170-190℃。
本发明还保护所述可降解的热收缩膜在产品外包装、产品标签上的运用。
有益效果:
本发明中,可降解的热收缩膜采用依次层叠的上层、中层和下层结构,上下层通过加入氧化锌使得薄膜表层可以进行光降解,同时添加硬脂酸镍发挥热催化降解作用,以增强降解效果。
再则,本发明芯层含有壳聚糖,使得降解时可以从内部向外发展,形成孔洞和粉裂,加速降解速度。
进一步地,为了保护薄膜的强度和热收缩性能,降低氧化锌、硬脂酸镍和壳聚糖的对机械性能不利影响,本发明在外层采用扩链剂和爽滑剂,在芯层采用海藻酸钠和增塑剂,使得薄膜整体具有较好的强度和热收缩性。
总之,本发明所述可降解的热收缩膜在保持定向聚苯乙烯自有优势的前提下,使得材料的可降解性大幅提高,可以解决定向聚苯乙烯薄膜的回收问题,具有环保优势和经济价值。
具体实施方式
下面将更详细地描述本发明的优选实施方式。虽然以下描述了本发明的优选实施方式,然而应该理解,可以以各种形式实现本发明而不应被这里阐述的实施方式所限制。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件者,按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。在下面的实施例中,如未明确说明,“%”均指重量百分比。
实施例中使用的扩链剂为2-咪唑烷酮;爽滑剂为油酸酰胺;增塑剂为甘油。
以下使用的测试方法包括:
(1)紫外光照射测试失重率
当成膜被紫外光照射时,薄膜会进行氧化反应,最终释放出二氧化碳和水,质量降低。失重率就是反映薄膜光降解最直观的指标。使用紫外光将成膜放置在平台上,使用800W/m2强度的紫外光照射240h后使用电子天平测量失重率。
(2)紫外光照射观察粉化现象
当成膜被紫外光照射时,薄膜会发生老化、以及粉化现象。具体操作是分别裁下两种薄膜中的一部分薄膜,都放入装有超声波清洗器中清洗10min,表面处理干净后,用吹风机吹干表面,再使用电子扫描显微镜观察样本的微观形貌;将样本置于1600W/m2强度的紫外光下照射,在薄膜老化后再通过电子扫描显微镜观察。
(3)生物降解试验
参考于标准GB/T4768-1995将两种成膜分别裁成10×10cm2大小形状的模拟件,湿度为60%,平均温度为25℃,pH值为6.7。在培养基中放置28天。(培养基中的物质包括碳水化合物、氮、矿质盐类以及水)最后测量长霉部分占模拟件的总面积比例。
(4)薄膜冷/热收缩性能测试
参考标准ASTM D2732,设备为FST-02薄膜热缩性能测试仪。使用油浴法进行收缩力试验。将待测薄膜分为横向和纵向试样,每个方向取6个样本,放入提前升温至100℃的甘油中,测量15-30s内薄膜出现最大冷/热收缩力的时间,进行6组试验,取热缩力平均值,算出热收缩力平均值和最大热缩力出现时间。
实施例1-5
制备可降解的热收缩膜(简称可降解OPS薄膜),各原料用量见表1,步骤如下:
(1)按重量份数将聚苯乙烯放入烘干箱中,在50℃的条件下预处理6h,得到处理后的混料;再将扩链剂、氧化锌与爽滑剂加入得到的混料中,放入高速搅拌机,在500r/min,180℃的条件下搅拌10min,得到外层材料。
(2)按重量份数将壳聚糖和海藻酸钠溶解于醋酸溶液中,再加入增塑剂;将混合溶液放入真空脱泡机中搅拌,得到处理后的壳聚糖溶液;静置10min后用热碱液处理,变为中性,得到芯层材料。
(3)调节外层材料和芯层材料的配比为预定值。
(4)在三层共挤吹膜设备中的中间料斗中放入芯层材料,另外两个料斗中放入外层材料;最终在三层共挤吹膜机中挤出,温度为180℃;经冷却定型后用干燥机将膜定型,展平后切边即得到成品。
表1原料用量表(重量份)
对比例1
参照实施1,区别仅在于芯层材料不同,以外层材料替代同等质量的芯层,按照相同的共挤工艺制成OPS薄膜。
对比例2
参照实施1,区别仅在于芯层材料不同,按照重量份计,由壳聚糖84份、硬脂酸镍6份、增塑剂5份组成,按照相同的共挤工艺制成OPS薄膜。
性能检测
取实施例1制备的可降解OPS薄膜,和对比例1制备的普通OPS薄膜,在紫外光照射后,经过显微镜的观察,可以发现可降解OPS薄膜和普通OPS薄膜在紫外光照射前,薄膜样本的表面均匀平滑,极少看得到团聚的小颗粒。
可降解OPS薄膜在经过1600W/m2的紫外光照射后,薄膜样本表面较于前变得不平滑,上有大量的空洞和缺陷,呈现明显的粉化现象;而普通OPS薄膜仅仅只有表面稍有粗糙,基本处于平滑状态。
两种薄膜的综合性能测试见表2。
表2薄膜性能测试结果表
以上详细描述了本发明的优选实施方式,但是,本发明并不限于上述实施方式中的具体细节,在本发明的技术构思范围内,可以对本发明的技术方案进行多种简单变型,这些简单变型均属于本发明的保护范围。
另外需要说明的是,在上述具体实施方式中所描述的各个具体技术特征,在不矛盾的情况下,可以通过任何合适的方式进行组合。为了避免不必要的重复,本发明对各种可能的组合方式不再另行说明。
此外,本发明的各种不同的实施方式之间也可以进行任意组合,只要其不违背本发明的思想,其同样应当视为本发明所公开的内容。
Claims (10)
1.一种可降解的热收缩膜,其特征在于:包括依次层叠的上层、中层和下层,其中,所述上层和下层为外层,以重量份数计,所述上层和/或所述下层包括聚苯乙烯70-90份、氧化锌1-10份、硬脂酸镍1-10份、扩链剂1-3份、爽滑剂1-3份;
所述中层为芯层,以重量份数计,所述中层包括壳聚糖70-90份、硬脂酸镍1-10份、海藻酸钠1-10份、增塑剂1-10份。
2.根据权利要求1所述可降解的热收缩膜,其特征在于:所述上层和所述下层以重量份数计,由聚苯乙烯75-85份、氧化锌3-8份、硬脂酸镍3-8份、扩链剂1-3份、爽滑剂1-3份组成。
3.根据权利要求1所述可降解的热收缩膜,其特征在于:所述中层以重量份数计,由壳聚糖70-80份、硬脂酸镍5-10份、海藻酸钠3-5份、增塑剂5-10份组成。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述可降解的热收缩膜,其特征在于:所述外层和所述芯层的重量比为1:0.2-1:1。
5.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述可降解的热收缩膜,其特征在于:所述扩链剂为2-咪唑烷酮;
任选的,所述爽滑剂为油酸酰胺或芥酸酰胺;
任选的,所述增塑剂为甘油。
6.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述可降解的热收缩膜,其特征在于:所述可降解的热收缩膜在800W/m2强度的紫外光照射240h后失重率为20-25%;生物降解实验28天长霉面积比例为25-26%;横向热收缩率平均值为18-19%,纵向热收缩率平均值为1.5-1.6%;横向最大热收缩率出现时间为23.2~26.9s,纵向最大热收缩率出现时间为19.9~22.8s。
7.权利要求1-6任一项所述可降解的热收缩膜的制备方法,其特征在于:包括:
(1)对聚苯乙烯进行干燥,得到处理后的混料;再将扩链剂、氧化锌与爽滑剂加入所述混料中,放入高速搅拌机搅拌,得到外层材料;
(2)将壳聚糖和海藻酸钠溶解于醋酸溶液中,再加入硬脂酸镍和增塑剂,得到的混合溶液放入真空脱泡机中搅拌,得到处理后的壳聚糖溶液;静置后加入碱液,变为中性,得到芯层材料;
(3)在三层共挤吹膜设备中的中间料斗中放入所述芯层材料,另外两个料斗中放入所述外层材料;最终在三层共挤吹膜机中挤出,经冷却定型后用干燥机将膜定型,得到所述可降解的热收缩膜。
8.根据权利要求7所述可降解的热收缩膜的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中对聚苯乙烯进行干燥,在45-50℃的条件下干燥处理5-10h;所述高速搅拌机搅拌的速度为300-600r/min,温度为180-200℃,搅拌时间为8-10min。
9.根据权利要求7所述可降解的热收缩膜的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中所述挤出的温度为170-190℃。
10.权利要求1-6任一项所述可降解的热收缩膜在产品外包装、产品标签上的运用。
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