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CN114899488A - Non-aqueous electrolyte and battery containing same - Google Patents

Non-aqueous electrolyte and battery containing same Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114899488A
CN114899488A CN202210550381.5A CN202210550381A CN114899488A CN 114899488 A CN114899488 A CN 114899488A CN 202210550381 A CN202210550381 A CN 202210550381A CN 114899488 A CN114899488 A CN 114899488A
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electrolytic solution
nonaqueous electrolytic
carbonate
additive
carbon atoms
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乔飞燕
潘仪
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BYD Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

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Abstract

The invention discloses a non-aqueous electrolyte and a battery containing the same, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, an organic solvent and a silane additive containing a heterocycle.

Description

Non-aqueous electrolyte and battery containing same
The present invention is a divisional application based on the invention having the application number of 201810381135.5, the application date of 2018, 25/04, and the name of "a nonaqueous electrolytic solution and a battery containing the same", from the company Biedi Limited.
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of non-aqueous electrolyte, in particular to a non-aqueous electrolyte and a battery containing the same.
Background
The lithium ion battery has the advantages of high energy density, high open-circuit voltage, no memory effect, low self-discharge and the like, and is widely applied to consumer electronics products, military products and aviation products. Currently, lithium ion batteries mainly comprise lithium manganate, lithium cobaltate, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate and the like, and the charge cut-off voltage of the lithium ion batteries is generally not more than 4.2V. In recent years, along with the expansion of lithium ion battery applications, lithium ion batteries with high energy density have become an object of attention, and a high voltage (5V) positive electrode material is one of the more popular research directions, and the improvement of the energy density of the battery is mainly realized by improving the charging depth of the positive electrode material. Then, while the voltage of the positive electrode material is increased, the electrolyte matched with the high-voltage positive electrode material becomes a serious factor, mainly because the electrolyte is easy to generate a parasitic reaction (generally, an oxidative decomposition reaction) on the interface with the positive electrode material under the operation of the battery under the high voltage, thereby causing the life of the battery to be reduced. The method is mainly used for solving the problem of decomposition of the electrolyte at the interface of the anode material, namely, the method is mainly used for improving the overall stability of the electrolyte by seeking a novel solvent, so that the side reaction of the electrolyte is reduced, and the service life of the battery is prolonged; the latter is mostly to select one or more sacrificial additives, before the electrolyte is decomposed, the surface of the positive electrode is oxidized and decomposed to form a film layer which can prevent the electrolyte from generating side reaction with the positive electrode, so as to prevent the electrolyte from being further decomposed, thereby prolonging the service life of the battery.
However, the selection of new solvents to replace existing solvent systems has certain problems, such as low conductivity, or high viscosity. The improvement by using the additive is also a good compromise, and most of the additives currently take the improvement of the oxidative decomposition potential of the whole electrolyte system as a starting point, so that the possibility that a small amount of solvent in the electrolyte is still subjected to oxidative decomposition under a high potential exists, the electrolyte is finally consumed, and the capacity jump occurs in the battery circulation process. The positive electrode film forming additive also has the defects that the film layer is damaged due to the corrosion of the electrolyte when contacting with the electrolyte.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above problems, the present application provides a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, which comprises a lithium salt of the electrolytic solution, an organic solvent and an additive, wherein the additive has a structure represented by formula (1):
Figure BDA0003649176720000021
wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from one of a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom and a carbon atom, and R1 and R2 are not carbon atoms at the same time; m1, M2 and M3 are respectively and independently selected from one of hydrogen atom, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy and phenyl; n1, N2 and N3 are respectively and independently selected from one of hydrogen atom, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy, phenyl, oxygen-containing heterocycle, nitrogen-containing heterocycle and sulfur-containing heterocycle; wherein, the halogen in the halogenated alkyl and the halogenated alkoxy is one of F, Cl and Br.
Alternatively, M1, M2, M3, N1, N2, N3 are each independently selected from one of an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a haloalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a haloalkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
Alternatively, M1, M2, M3, N1, N2, N3 are each independently selected from one of a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a fluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
Optionally, at least one of M1, M2, M3 is selected from H atoms.
Optionally, the phenyl group is selected from one of a benzene ring, a halogenated benzene ring, nitrobenzene and aminobenzene, wherein the halogen atom in the halogenated benzene ring is selected from one of F, Cl and Br.
Alternatively, the oxygen-containing heterocycle, nitrogen-containing heterocycle, sulfur-containing heterocycle includes five-membered heterocycle, six-membered heterocycle, and fused heterocycle.
Optionally, the additive is selected from one or more of dimethylbis (ethylthiophene) silane, triethoxy-2-thiophenesilane, triethoxy-2-furansilane, 1- (triisopropylsilyl) pyrrole, trisilylethylthiazole, and 2- (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) thiazole.
Optionally, the additive is contained in an amount of 0.05 to 50 parts by weight, based on the total mass of the organic solvent and the lithium salt.
Optionally, the additive is present in an amount of 0.05 to 20 parts by weight, based on the total mass of the organic solvent and the lithium salt.
Optionally, the nonaqueous electrolyte further contains an auxiliary additive, wherein the auxiliary additive comprises one or more of 1,3 propane sultone, 1,4 butane sultone, propenyl-1, 3-sultone, vinyl sulfate, propylene sulfate, butylene sulfite, vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, lithium bis (oxalato) borate and lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide.
Optionally, the content of the auxiliary additive is 0.05 to 20 parts by weight, based on the total mass of the organic solvent and the lithium salt.
Optionally, the organic solvent is selected from one or more of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propyl methyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, sultone, ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, methyl sulfide, diethyl sulfite, methyl formate, methyl acrylate, methyl butyrate and ethyl acetate.
Optionally, the lithium salt is selected from LiBOB, LiPF 6 、LiBF 4 、LiSbF 6 、LiClO 4 、LiCF 3 SO 3 、Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N、LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 、LiAlO 4 、LiAsF 6 、LiAlCl 4 One or more of LiCl, LiI and low-fatty acid lithium carbonate, wherein the concentration of the lithium salt is 0.3-3 mol/L.
In a second aspect of the present disclosure, a battery is provided, which includes a battery case, and a battery cell and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution sealed in the battery case, wherein the battery cell includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator, and the nonaqueous electrolyte solution is the above-mentioned provided nonaqueous electrolyte solution.
Compared with the prior art, the electrolyte has the advantages that the additive added into the non-aqueous electrolyte can be subjected to electrolytic polymerization near the positive electrode, the generated polymer is attached to the surface of the positive electrode to form an interface film to protect a positive electrode material, and meanwhile, the chain-shaped silane molecule part forms a monomolecular film layer which is present on the surface of the interface film layer and can be used as a protective layer of the interface film to effectively prevent the electrolyte solvent molecules from contacting with the interface film layer, so that the occurrence of side reactions is reduced, the degradation of the electrolyte is reduced, and the service life of the battery is prolonged.
Detailed Description
The features and advantages of the present application will become more apparent and apparent in light of the following detailed description of the application.
An object of the present application is to provide an electrolyte comprising an organic solvent, a lithium salt and an additive, the additive having a structure represented by formula (1):
Figure BDA0003649176720000041
wherein, R1 and R2 may be the same or different, and are independently selected from one or two of sulfur atom, oxygen atom, nitrogen atom and carbon atom, R1 and R2 may not be carbon atoms at the same time, if they are carbon atoms at the same time, the five-membered ring in the proposal is cycloparaffin, and there is no electropolymerization performance, for example, when R1 is C, R2 is one of S, O and N, or when R2 is C, R1 is one of S, O and N. When R1 and R2 are not both C atoms, the heterocyclic host of the additive may thus be a five-membered ring of thiophene, furan, pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole.
M1, M2 and M3 can be the same or different, or two groups are the same or different, and are respectively and independently selected from one of hydrogen atom, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy and phenyl.
When at least one of M1, M2, and M3 is an alkyl group, the alkyl group may be a chain alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group, the chain alkyl group may be a straight chain or a branched chain, the alkyl group may be an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms may be selected, and the inventors of the present application found through many experiments that when the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is too large, the chain length is too long, the molecular weight is too large, and dissolution is difficult, and specific examples of the alkyl group include: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl. When the aforementioned M1, M2 and M3 are alkyl groups substituted by halogen atoms, halogenated alkyl groups with 1-10 carbon atoms and halogenated alkyl groups with 1-5 carbon atoms are correspondingly formed in sequence, wherein the halogen atoms are F, Cl and Br; in some embodiments of the present application, the halogen atom is F, Cl. Through a plurality of experiments, the inventor of the application finds that when F, Cl is used for substitution, the prepared additive has small atomic weight, stable formed molecules and relative easy synthesis, and in the formed halogenated group, partial hydrogen atoms or all hydrogen atoms are substituted by halogen atoms.
When at least one of M1, M2, and M3 is an alkoxy group, the alkoxy group may be a chain alkyl group or a cycloalkoxy group, the chain alkoxy group may be a straight chain or a branched chain, the alkyl group may be an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and further an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms may be selected, and as a result of many experiments, the inventors of the present application found that when the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is too large, the chain length is too long, the molecular weight is too large, and dissolution is difficult, and specific examples of the alkoxy group include: methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, isopentyloxy, neopentyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy. When the aforementioned M1, M2 and M3 are alkoxy groups substituted by halogen atoms, halogenated alkoxy groups with 1-10 carbon atoms and halogenated alkoxy groups with 1-5 carbon atoms are correspondingly formed in sequence, wherein the halogen atoms are F, Cl and Br; in some embodiments of the present application, the halogen atom is F, Cl, and the inventors of the present application found through many experiments that when F, Cl is used for substitution, the prepared additive has a small atomic weight, stable formed molecules and relatively easy synthesis, and in the formed halogenated group, the halogen atom replaces part of or all of the hydrogen atoms.
Examples of the halogenated group include: trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoro-n-propyl, 2-fluoroisopropyl, 4-fluoro-n-butyl, 3-fluoro-sec-butyl, 5-fluoro-n-pentyl, 4-fluoro-isopentyl, trifluoromethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 3-fluoro-n-propoxy, 2-fluoro-isopropoxy, 4-fluoro-n-butoxy, 3-fluoro-sec-butoxy, 5-fluoro-pentyloxy, 4-fluoro-isopentyloxy, in the specific examples above, F may be substituted by Cl and/or Br.
When at least one of M1, M2 and M3 is phenyl, the phenyl can be benzene ring, halogenated benzene ring, nitrobenzene and aminobenzene, and the structural formula comprises
Figure BDA0003649176720000061
Wherein X is H, F, Cl, Br, -NO 2 、-NH 2 。
Alternatively, at least one of M1, M2 and M3 is H, and the inventors of the present application found that when at least one of M1, M2 and M3 is H, the electrolyte additive has the best film forming effect.
N1, N2 and N3 can be the same or different, or two of the N1, N2 and N3 are the same or different and are respectively and independently selected from one or more of hydrogen atoms, alkyl groups, halogenated alkyl groups, alkoxy groups and halogenated alkoxy groups. When N1, N2, and N3 are each independently selected from one or more of alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, and haloalkoxy, reference may be made to the above description when M1, M2, and M3 are each independently selected from one or more of alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, and phenyl, and no further description is provided herein.
When N1, N2 and N3 are selected from oxygen-containing heterocycles, nitrogen-containing heterocycles, there may be one heteroatom or two or more heteroatoms, the heteroatom may be one atom or two different atoms, the heterocycles may be three-membered, four-membered, five-membered, six-membered and seven-membered, optionally, the heterocyclic compounds include five-membered heterocyclic compounds, such as thiophene, furan, pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole and derivatives thereof, six-membered heterocyclic compounds, such as pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine and derivatives thereof, fused heterocyclic compounds, such as indole, quinoline, pteridine, acridine and derivatives thereof. The position of substitution of the heterocyclic compound is not limited, and for example, when N1, N2 and N3 are six-membered heterocyclic rings, para-substitution, ortho-substitution and meta-substitution may be performed. According to the invention, multiple experiments show that when the heterocyclic compound is a five-membered heterocyclic compound, a six-membered heterocyclic compound, a fused heterocyclic compound and a derivative thereof, the electrolyte additive has the best film forming effect.
Optionally, the additive is selected from one or more of dimethylbis (ethylthiophene) silane, triethoxy-2-thiophenesilane, triethoxy-2-furansilane, 1- (triisopropylsilyl) pyrrole, trisilylethylthiazole, and 2- (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) thiazole.
In the present application, the additives triethoxy-2-thiophenesilane mentioned can be commercially available (CAS number: 17984-89-3) or can be synthesized by itself, and other compounds can be synthesized by referring to the method of triethoxy-2-thiophenesilane.
The additive with the structure of the formula (1) is added into the electrolyte, the additive can perform electrolytic polymerization on a positive electrode and a negative electrode, the generated polymer is attached to the surface of the positive electrode to form an interfacial film to protect the positive electrode, meanwhile, silane molecular chains in the additive exist on the surface of the interfacial film to form an ultrathin protective film with a monomolecular layer size, and the ultrathin protective film can be used as a protective layer of the interfacial film to effectively prevent the contact between electrolyte solvent molecules and the interfacial film, so that the degradation of the electrolyte is reduced, and the service life of a battery is prolonged. The protection mechanism is secondary protection, the additive forms a film to protect the surface of the anode, and a silane chain on the additive molecule spontaneously forms a monomolecular film layer on the surface of the anode, so that an interface film is protected, and the loss of the interface film is reduced.
According to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention, one kind of the additive may be added alone, or a plurality of kinds of the additives may be added simultaneously. The content of the additive can be 0.05-50 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous solvent, optionally 0.05-20 parts by weight, and the additive can achieve a good film forming effect without causing great influence on the performance of the battery when being added into the electrolyte.
According to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution, optionally, the nonaqueous electrolytic solution further contains an auxiliary additive, wherein the auxiliary additive comprises at least one of 1, 3-propane sultone, 1, 4-butane sultone, propenyl-1, 3-sultone, ethylene sulfate, propylene sulfate, butylene sulfite, vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, lithium bis (oxalato) borate and lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide. The auxiliary additive and the additive disclosed by the invention are applied to the electrolyte together, so that the stability of the battery can be better.
The nonaqueous electrolytic solution provided by the invention, wherein the content of the auxiliary additive can be 0.05-50 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the nonaqueous solvent; in some embodiments, the auxiliary additive is contained in an amount of 0.5 to 20 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the nonaqueous solvent, and the auxiliary additive can promote the additive to form a stable SEI film on the surface of the negative electrode, thereby protecting the negative electrode and further improving the cycle performance of the battery, but the auxiliary additive is added too much to cause excessive consumption of active lithium.
According to the provided nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention, the organic solvent may use a nonaqueous solvent conventionally used by those skilled in the art, and for example, may include one or more of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propyl methyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, γ -butyrolactone, sultone, ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, methyl sulfide, diethyl sulfite, methyl formate, methyl acrylate, methyl butyrate, and ethyl acetate.
The nonaqueous electrolytic solution according to the present invention, wherein the selection of the lithium salt is not particularly required, may be a lithium salt conventionally used in nonaqueous electrolytic solutions, and may include LiBOB and LiPF, for example 6 、LiBF 4 、LiSbF 6 、LiClO 4 、LiCF 3 SO 3 、Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N、LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 、LiAlO 4 、LiAsF 6 、LiAlCl 4 One or more of LiCl, LiI and low fatty acid lithium carbonate. The concentration of lithium salt is known to those skilled in the art and is generally 0.3 to 3 mol/L; in some embodiments of the present application, the concentration of the lithium salt is 0.8 to 1.2 mol/L.
The preparation method of the non-aqueous electrolyte for the battery is a method conventionally used by a person skilled in the art, namely, the components (including the lithium salt, the non-aqueous solvent and the additive) are uniformly mixed, and the mixing mode and the mixing sequence are not particularly limited in the invention. For example, the organic solvent is mixed uniformly, then the lithium salt is added and mixed uniformly, and then the electrolyte additive is added and mixed uniformly, and the auxiliary additive can be added together with the electrolyte additive.
The invention also provides a battery, which comprises a battery shell, and a battery core and a non-aqueous electrolyte which are sealed in the battery shell.
The nonaqueous electrolyte solution is the nonaqueous electrolyte solution, and the battery cell comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a diaphragm. Since the present invention relates only to the improvement of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the prior art battery, other compositions and structures of the battery are not particularly limited.
For example, the positive electrode may be any one of various positive electrodes announced by those skilled in the art, and generally includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material coated and/or filled on the positive electrode current collector. The positive electrode current collector may be any of various positive electrode current collectors known to those skilled in the art, such as aluminum foil, copper foil, and nickel-plated steel strip, and the aluminum foil is selected as the positive electrode current collector in the present invention. The positive electrode material may be any of various positive electrode materials known to those skilled in the art, and generally includes a mixture of a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder, and the positive electrode active material may be selected from conventional positive electrode active materials for batteries, such as LixNi (1-y) CoO 2 (wherein x is more than or equal to 0.9 and less than or equal to 1.1, and y is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.0), Li m Mn (2-n) B n O 2 (wherein B is a transition metal, m is 0.9-1.1, n is 0-1.0), Li (1+a) M b Mn (2－b) O 4 (wherein-0.1. ltoreq. a. ltoreq.0.2, 0. ltoreq. b. ltoreq.1.0,m is one or more of lithium, boron, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, yttrium, fluorine, iodine and sulfur).
The positive electrode material according to the present invention is not particularly limited to a binder, and all binders known in the art to be used for batteries may be used. May be selected from one or more of fluorine-containing resin and/or polyolefin compound, such as Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and styrene butadiene rubber. The content of the binder is 0.01-8 wt% based on the weight of the positive electrode active material; in some embodiments of the present application, the binder is included in an amount of 1 to 5 wt% based on the weight of the positive electrode active material.
The positive electrode material provided by the invention can also selectively contain a conductive agent which is usually contained in the positive electrode material in the prior art. Since the conductive agent is used to increase the conductivity of the electrode and reduce the internal resistance of the battery, the present invention may contain the conductive agent. The content and kind of the conductive agent are well known to those skilled in the art, and for example, the content of the conductive agent is generally 0 to 15% by weight based on the positive electrode material; in some embodiments, the conductive agent is present in an amount of 0 to 10 wt% based on the cathode material. The conductive agent can be one or more selected from conductive carbon black, acetylene black, nickel powder, copper powder and conductive graphite.
The composition of the negative electrode is well known to those skilled in the art, and generally, the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode material coated and/or filled on the negative electrode current collector. The negative electrode current collector is well known to those skilled in the art, and may be selected from one or more of aluminum foil, copper foil, nickel-plated steel strip, and punched steel strip, for example. The negative active material is well known to those skilled in the art, and comprises a negative active material and a binder, wherein the negative active material can be selected from one or more of the negative active materials conventional in batteries, such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, petroleum coke, organic pyrolysis carbon, mesocarbon microbeads, carbon fibers, tin alloy and silicon alloy. The binder may be selected from one or more of conventional binders for batteries, such as polyvinyl alcohol, polytetrafluoroethylene, hydroxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). Generally, the binder is contained in an amount of 0.5 to 8 wt% of the negative electrode active material; in some embodiments of the present application, the binder is included in an amount of 2 to 5 wt% of the negative active material.
The solvent used for preparing the positive electrode slurry and the negative electrode slurry according to the present invention may be selected from conventional solvents, such as one or more selected from N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), Dimethylformamide (DMF), Diethylformamide (DEF), Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Tetrahydrofuran (THF), and water and alcohols. The solvent may be used in an amount such that the slurry can be applied to the current collector. Generally, the solvent is used in such an amount that the concentration of the positive electrode active material or the negative electrode active material in the slurry is 40 to 90% by weight; in some embodiments of the present application, the solvent is used in an amount such that the concentration of the positive or negative electrode active material in the slurry is 50 to 85% by weight.
The separator has an electrical insulating property and a liquid retaining property, is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and is sealed in a battery case together with the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the electrolytic solution. The membrane can be various membranes commonly used in the field, such as modified polyethylene felt, modified polypropylene felt, superfine glass fiber felt, vinylon felt or nylon felt of various production brands produced by various manufacturers known to the field and a composite membrane formed by welding or bonding the wettable polyolefin microporous membrane and the membrane.
The preparation method of the battery provided by the invention comprises the steps of preparing an anode, a cathode and a diaphragm into an electrode group, and sealing the obtained electrode group and electrolyte in a battery shell to obtain the battery, wherein the electrolyte is the electrolyte provided by the invention. The injection amount of the electrolyte is generally 1.5 to 4.9g/Ah, and the concentration of the electrolyte is generally 0.5 to 2.9 mol/L.
The preparation method of the positive electrode comprises the steps of coating slurry containing a positive electrode active substance, a binding agent and a selective conductive agent on a positive electrode current collector, drying, rolling and slicing to obtain the positive electrode. The drying is typically at 50-160 ℃; in some embodiments of the present application, the drying is performed at 80-150 ℃.
The negative electrode is prepared in the same manner as the positive electrode except that the slurry containing the positive electrode active material, the binder and the conductive agent is replaced with a slurry containing the negative electrode active material and the binder.
Examples 1 to 6
(1) Preparation of nonaqueous electrolyte:
preparing electrolyte in a glove box, controlling the oxygen content in the glove box to be less than 2ppm, filling the glove box with nitrogen and controlling the purity of the nitrogen in the glove box to be 99.999%, and mixing ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate according to the weight ratio of 30: 30: 40 mass ratio, and then adding a sufficiently dried lithium hexafluorophosphate to the above nonaqueous solvent to prepare a base electrolyte having a liPF6 concentration of 1 mol/L.
The additive and the auxiliary additive VC described in the application are added into the base electrolyte according to the table 1, wherein the addition amount of VC is 1.5% of the mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte, and the content of the additive in the table 1 is based on the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte, so that the battery nonaqueous electrolyte of the corresponding embodiment is obtained and is recorded as C1-C6.
(2) Preparing a battery:
mixing a positive electrode active material (LiNi) 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 ) Acetylene black and polyvinylidene fluoride according to the mixture ratio of 90: 5: 5, uniformly mixing, and pressing on an aluminum foil to obtain a positive plate; taking a metal lithium sheet as a negative plate; and (3) taking the PE/PP composite diaphragm as an ion exchange membrane, adopting the non-aqueous electrolyte C1-C6 corresponding to the embodiment, and adopting a conventional method in the field to prepare the button cell S1-S6.
Comparative example 1
A base electrolyte, a nonaqueous electrolyte and a button cell were prepared according to the method of example 1, comparative example 1 without the addition of the additives described herein and with the addition of only the auxiliary additive VC, the nonaqueous electrolyte was designated DC1 and the button cell was designated DS 1.
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0003649176720000101
Figure BDA0003649176720000111
Figure BDA0003649176720000121
And (3) performance testing:
(1) nonaqueous electrolyte oxidative decomposition potential test
A three-electrode test method is applied, a platinum sheet is used as a working electrode, a lithium sheet is used as a reference electrode, and a counter electrode is tested to represent the additive electropolymerization potential and the electrolyte oxidative decomposition potential.
The test results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2
Figure BDA0003649176720000122
(2) Testing of battery charging and discharging performance
Each of the experimental button cells S1 to S6 and DS1 was discharged to 0.005V at a constant current of 0.1mA at room temperature, and then charged to 1.5V at a constant current of 0.1mA, and the discharge capacity and charge capacity of the cell were recorded, and the charge-discharge efficiency (%) -charge capacity/discharge capacity × 100% was calculated. The test results are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3
Figure BDA0003649176720000123
Figure BDA0003649176720000131
(3) Battery cycling test
Charging the battery to 4.95V at constant current and constant voltage with 1C multiplying power (about 0.5mA) at normal temperature, stopping the charging with 0.05mA, then discharging to 3.0V with 0.5mA constant current, recording the first charging capacity and discharging capacity, and calculating the discharging efficiency (%); after the charge and discharge cycles were repeated 100 times in this manner, the discharge capacity at the 100 th cycle was recorded, and the capacity retention (%) after the cycles was calculated as discharge capacity at 100 cycles/first discharge capacity × 100%; the cut-off voltage was 4.95V). The test results are shown in table 4.
TABLE 4
Figure BDA0003649176720000132
Compared with the results obtained by the oxidation decomposition potential tests of the electrolytes C1-C6 and the electrolyte DC1, the oxidation decomposition potential of the electrolyte is obviously improved when the electrolyte contains the additive disclosed by the application; compared with the results obtained by the performance tests of the batteries S1-S6 and the battery DS1, the charging and discharging performance of the battery is obviously improved when the electrolyte contains the additive disclosed by the application, the battery has higher capacity retention rate, and the battery has excellent cycle performance.

Claims (14)

1. A nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an additive, characterized in that the additive has a structure represented by formula (1):
Figure FDA0003649176710000011
wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from one of a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom and a carbon atom, and R1 and R2 are not carbon atoms at the same time; m1, M2 and M3 are respectively and independently selected from one of hydrogen atom, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy and phenyl; n1, N2 and N3 are respectively and independently selected from one of hydrogen atom, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, halogenated alkoxy, phenyl, oxygen-containing heterocycle, nitrogen-containing heterocycle and sulfur-containing heterocycle; wherein, the halogen in the halogenated alkyl and the halogenated alkoxy is one of F, Cl and Br.
2. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein M1, M2, M3, N1, N2 and N3 are each independently selected from one of an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a haloalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and a haloalkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
3. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 2, wherein M1, M2, M3, N1, N2 and N3 are each independently selected from one of a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and a fluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
4. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein at least one of M1, M2 and M3 is selected from H atoms.
5. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the phenyl group is one selected from a benzene ring, a halogenated benzene ring, nitrobenzene and aminobenzene, and wherein a halogen atom in the halogenated benzene ring is one selected from F, Cl and Br.
6. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing heterocycle, the nitrogen-containing heterocycle, and the sulfur-containing heterocycle are one of a five-membered heterocycle, a six-membered heterocycle, and a fused heterocycle.
7. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the additive is selected from one or more of dimethylbis (ethylthiophene) silane, triethoxy-2-thiophenesilane, triethoxy-2-furansilane, 1- (triisopropylsilyl) pyrrole, trisilyl-thiazole, and 2- (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) thiazole.
8. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the additive is contained in an amount of 0.05 to 50 parts by weight, based on the total mass of the organic solvent and the lithium salt.
9. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 8, wherein the additive is contained in an amount of 0.05 to 20 parts by weight, based on the organic solvent and the lithium salt.
10. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, further comprising an auxiliary additive, wherein the auxiliary additive comprises one or more of 1, 3-propane sultone, 1, 4-butane sultone, propenyl-1, 3-sultone, vinyl sulfate, propylene sulfate, butylene sulfite, vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, lithium bis (oxalato) borate, and lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide.
11. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 10, wherein the content of the auxiliary additive is 0.05 to 20 parts by weight based on the total mass of the organic solvent and the lithium salt.
12. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent is one or more selected from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propyl methyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, sultone, ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, methyl sulfide, diethyl sulfite, methyl formate, methyl acrylate, methyl butyrate, and ethyl acetate.
13. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of LiBOB and LiPF 6 、LiBF 4 、LiSbF 6 、LiClO 4 、LiCF 3 SO 3 、Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N、LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 、LiAlO 4 、LiAsF 6 、LiAlCl 4 One or more of LiCl, LiI and low-fatty acid lithium carbonate, wherein the concentration of the lithium salt is 0.3-3 mol/L.
14. A battery comprising a battery case, and a cell and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution sealed in the battery case, the cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator, wherein the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of any one of claims 1 to 13.
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