CN114828845A - 带电的离子通道阻滞剂及其使用方法 - Google Patents
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- A61K31/4025—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. cromakalim
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Abstract
本发明提供了式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2019年11月6日递交的美国临时专利申请第62/931,444号的优先权。上述申请的全部内容通过引证在此全部并入本文。
背景技术
本发明的特征在于用于选择性抑制感觉神经元(伤害性神经元、咳嗽感受神经元和瘙痒感受神经元)的化合物、组合物和方法,以及通过用小分子药物靶向伤害性感受器来治疗神经源性炎症,同时最小化对非伤害性神经元或其他类型的细胞的影响的疗法。根据本发明的方法,小的阳离子药物分子通过大孔受体/离子通道进入感觉神经元的胞内室,所述大孔感受器/离子通道存在于疼痛-神经元、咳嗽感受神经元和瘙痒感受神经元中,但在其他类型的神经元或其他类型的组织中程度较小或根本不存在。
局部麻醉剂,如利多卡因和阿替卡因,通过抑制神经元上的电压依赖性钠通道起作用。这些麻醉剂可以抑制钠离子通道,从而影响所有神经元的兴奋性,而不仅仅是痛觉神经元(伤害性感受神经元)。因此,虽然局部麻醉或区域麻醉的目的是通过阻碍传递伤害性感受神经元的信号来预防疼痛,但局部麻醉药的使用也会产生不想要的或有害的效果,例如由阻碍低阈压和触摸感受神经元引起的全身麻木,由于阻碍运动轴导致的运动障碍和/或瘫痪,以及由于阻碍自主神经纤维而引起的其他并发症。局部麻醉药是相对疏水的分子,通过细胞膜扩散进入钠通道上的阻滞点。这些化合物的带电衍生物是不能渗透细胞膜的,当施加到神经膜的外表面时,对神经细胞的钠通道没有影响,但如果以某种方式引入细胞内,例如通过从用于分离神经元全细胞电生理记录的微吸管扩散,就可以影响阻断钠通道。疼痛-神经元、咳嗽感受神经元和瘙痒感受神经元在表达TRPV1受体/通道方面不同于其他类型的神经元(大多数情况下),TRPV1受体/通道由痛苦的热或辣椒素(辣椒中的辛辣成分)激活。其他类型的通道选择性地表达在各种类型的疼痛-神经元、咳嗽感受神经元和瘙痒感受神经元中,包括但不限于TRPV2-4、TRPA1、TRPM8、ASIC和P2X(2/3)通道。众所周知,一些阳离子小分子,如QX-314,能够通过激活的大孔道进入细胞,如TRPV1。
神经性、炎症性和伤害性疼痛在病因、病理生理、诊断和治疗方面各不相同。伤害性疼痛是由强烈或伤害性刺激激活特定的高阈值外周感觉神经元亚群,即伤害性感受神经元而产生的。它通常是急性的,自我限制的,通过作为潜在的或正在进行的组织损伤的警告来起到保护生物功能的作用。它通常本地化得很好。伤害性疼痛的例子包括但不限于创伤性或外科疼痛、分娩疼痛、扭伤、骨折、烧伤、肿块、瘀伤、注射、牙科手术、皮肤活检和梗阻。
炎症性疼痛是在存在组织损伤或炎症的情况下发生的疼痛,包括术后(即与由组织创伤(例如,外科切口、解剖、烧伤)或直接神经损伤(例如,神经切断、拉伸或压迫)引起的炎症引起的急性围手术期疼痛相关的疼痛)、创伤后疼痛、关节炎(类风湿;或骨关节炎(即关节软骨逐渐恶化引起的关节疼痛和僵硬;危险因素包括衰老、损伤和肥胖;通常受影响的关节包括手部、手腕、颈部、膝盖、髋部和脊椎),与关节、肌肉和肌腱受损相关的疼痛,如轴性下腰痛(即,一种影响到背部下部的普遍疼痛情况;常见的原因包括肌肉拉伤、脊柱骨折、椎间盘膨出或破裂,以及关节炎),如果出现相关的组织损伤,严重的伤害性疼痛可能会转化为炎症性疼痛。
神经性疼痛是一种常见的慢性、非恶性疼痛,是外周或中枢神经系统损伤或故障的结果,没有保护性的生物学功能。据估计,它将影响到美国人口中的160多万人。神经性疼痛有许多不同的病因,例如,由于创伤、手术、椎间盘突出、脊髓损伤、糖尿病、带状疱疹感染(带状疱疹)、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、晚期/癌症、截肢(包括乳房切除术)、腕管综合征、慢性酒精使用、暴露于辐射,以及神经毒性治疗药物的意外副作用,如某些抗HIV和化疗药物。外周神经痛是由于损伤、创伤、长时间的压力或炎症导致身体相应区域的麻木和疼痛而对周围神经造成的损害。
神经性疼痛通常被描述为“灼伤感”、“电刺激感”、“刺痛感”、或“阵痛感”。它的特征通常是慢性动态异位痛症(定义为运动刺激引起的疼痛,通常不会引起疼痛反应,如轻触碰)和痛觉过敏(定义为对正常疼痛刺激的敏感度增加),并可能持续数月或数年,直到任何受损组织明显愈合之后。
患有癌症的患者也会有痛感,这是由多种原因引起的:炎症、压迫、侵袭、转移到骨骼或者其他组织。
在某些情况下,在没有有害刺激、组织损伤或神经系统损伤的情况下会出现疼痛,称为功能性疼痛,包括但不限于纤维肌痛、紧张型头痛和肠易激障碍。
偏头痛是一种与支配脑膜的感觉纤维激活有关的头痛。
瘙痒(瘙痒)是一种可能是局部发生也可能全身发生的皮肤病,可与皮肤损伤(皮疹、特应性湿疹、风疹)相关。瘙痒伴随着许多情况,包括但不限于压力、焦虑、太阳的紫外线辐射、代谢和内分泌疾病(如肝脏或肾脏疾病、甲状腺功能亢进症)、癌症(如淋巴瘤)、对药物或食物的反应、寄生虫和真菌感染、过敏反应、血液疾病(如真性红细胞增多症)和皮肤病。瘙痒是由小直径初级感觉神经元的一个子集-瘙痒感受器介导的,它们具有许多伤害性感受器神经元的特征,包括但不限于TRPV1通道的表达,以及其他大孔通道(如TRPV2-4,TRPA1,TRPM8,ASIC和P2X(2/3))的表达。某些瘙痒介质--如二十烷类化合物、组胺、缓激肽、ATP和各种神经营养素--具有内源性花青素的功能。外用辣椒素可抑制组胺引起的瘙痒。因此,类似伤害性感受神经元的瘙痒感受神经元是这种递送离子通道阻滞剂方法的合适靶点。
咳嗽是一种防御性反射,旨在保护气道免受异物侵袭,并帮助清除管腔碎片。然而,这种反射在一些疾病中会变得异常,从而导致存在过度咳嗽或异咳状态的无效性干咳。过度咳嗽和异位咳嗽状态通常是慢性的,持续时间超过3个月,可表现在许多气道疾病状态,包括哮喘、COPD、哮喘-COPD重叠综合征(ACOS)、间质性肺纤维化(IPF)和肺癌,这些疾病包括哮喘、COPD、哮喘-COPD重叠综合征(ACOS)、间质性肺纤维化(IPF)和肺癌。此外,不适当的咳嗽反射可在病毒感染后急性和慢性表现出来。此外,慢性咳嗽可能是特发性的,病因不明。
神经源性炎症是由感觉神经元的传出(运动)功能介导的一种炎症模式,由痛觉神经元(伤害性感受神经元)在外周释放的促炎介质分子既激活免疫细胞中的多种炎症途径,又作用于血管系统改变血流和毛细血管通透性。
神经源性炎症是由组织损伤、自身免疫性疾病、感染、过敏、暴露于各种组织中的刺激物引起的外周炎症,被认为在许多疾病(如偏头痛、关节炎、鼻炎、胃炎、结肠炎、膀胱炎和晒伤)的发病机制中起重要作用。减轻神经源性炎症的一种方法是阻断伤害性感受神经元的兴奋性,从而防止伤害性感受神经元外周终末的激活和促炎化学物质的释放。
尽管治疗疼痛、瘙痒和神经源性炎症的方法多种多样,但仍需要额外的药物。
发明内容
本发明提供了可用于治疗或者预防疼痛、瘙痒以及神经源性炎症的式(I)化合物:
其中,
Y-是一种药学上可接受的阴离子;
RA和RB分别独立的选自H、D、卤素、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基、ORI、NRJRK、NRLC(O)RM、S(O)RN、S(O)2RN、SO2RORP、SO2NRQRR,SO3RS,CO2RT,C(O)RU和C(O)NRVRW;
RI、RJ、RK、RL、RM、RN、RO、RP、RQ、RR、RS、RT、RU、RV和RW中的每一个相互独立的选自H、D、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基和取代的或者未被取代的杂烷基;
X1选自—CRXRY—、—NRZC(O)—、—OC(O)—、—SC(O)—、—C(O)NR1A—、—C(O)O—,-C(O)-、—(O)CS—,—NR1AS(O)—、—S(O)NR1A—、—NR1AC(O)NR1A—、—S(O)—和—S(O)2—;X1还可以是—NRZC(O)CRXRY—;
RX、RY、RZ和R1A中的每个相互独立的选自H、D、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基和取代的或者未被取代的杂烷基;或者可以与任意其他的RX、RY、RZ、R1A、RD或RE一起在加上任意介入原子形成取代的或者未被取代的环;
RD和RE每个相互独立的选自H、D、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基、取代的或者未被取代的杂烷基以及取代的或者未被取代的环烷基;或者RD和RE与其所附着的碳原子一起形成取代的或者未被取代的3-6-元环烷基(C3-C6环烷基)、取代的或者未被取代的杂环基或者取代的或者未被取代的杂烷基环;或者RD和RZ与他们所附着的碳原子或者与-N-C(O)-一起形成一种任选取代的5-8-元内酰胺;
RF和RG与他们所附着的N+一起形成一种具有一个或者一个以上氮原子的任选取代的杂环基环;或者,RF和RG中的任意一个都独立的选自取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基、取代的或者未被取代的杂烷基和取代的或者未被取代的C3-6环烷基;以及
RH是取代的或者未被取代的芳环,或者取代的或者未被取代的杂芳基环。
在其他实施方案中,RH可以是取代的烷基。所述取代基优选是酯基团,例如,-OC(O)R1B,其中R1B是取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基、取代的或者未被取代的杂烷基;和取代的或者未被取代的芳基或者取代的或者未被取代的杂芳基。R1B优选是取代的或者未被取代的苯基。RH优选是—CH2OC(O)—苯基。
具体实施方式
本发明提供如上所述的式(I)表示的化合物,或药学上可接受的盐、立体异构体、溶剂、水合物或其组合。本发明还提供了包含具有式(I)的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐的组合物,例如,包含有效量的式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和药学上可接受的赋形剂的组合物。本发明的组合物还可以包括本发明的化合物和生物活性剂。这里描述的组合物可以配制用于口服、静脉、肌肉内、直肠、皮肤、皮下、外用、经皮、舌下、鼻腔、吸入、阴道、鞘内、硬膜外或眼内给药。
本发明还提供了用于治疗患者的疼痛、咳嗽、瘙痒或神经源性炎症疾病的方法,包括给患者施用包含具有式(I)的化合物的组合物,其中当暴露或施加到通道的内表面时,该化合物抑制存在于伤害感受神经元和/或咳嗽感受神经元和/或瘙痒感受神经元中的一个或多个电压门控离子通道,但是当施加到通道的外表面时,该化合物基本上不抑制该通道,并且,其中,当通道被激活,该化合物能够通过大孔通道进入伤害感受神经元、咳嗽感受神经元或者瘙痒感受神经元时,所述化合物能够抑制所述伤害感受神经元、咳嗽感受神经元和/或瘙痒感受神经元上的一个或者一个以上电压门控离子通道。
在某些实施方案中,大孔通道是瞬态受体电位离子通道(Trp通道)。在其他实施方案中,Trp通道由外源性或内源性激动剂激活。在其他实施方案中,大孔道是TRPA1、TRPV1-4、TRPM8、ASIC或P2X。在特定实施方案中,当受体/通道被激活时,该化合物能够通过TRPA1、TRPV1-4、TRPM8、ASIC或P2X受体/通道进入伤害感受神经元、咳嗽感受神经元或瘙痒感受神经元。在另一个实施方案中,该化合物抑制电压门控钠通道。在另一个实施方案中,由本发明的方法、组合物和试剂盒治疗的疼痛类型选自神经性疼痛、炎症性疼痛、伤害性疼痛、感染引起的疼痛和程序性疼痛,或者其中神经源性炎症疾病选自过敏性炎症、哮喘、慢性咳嗽、结膜炎、鼻炎、牛皮癣、炎症性肠病、间质性膀胱炎和特应性皮炎。
这里识别出式(I)所示化合物:
所述化合物能够通过在痛觉感受神经元和/或咳嗽感受神经元和/或瘙痒感受神经元上表达但不在运动神经元上表达的开放的大孔通道。因为本发明的离子通道阻断化合物带正电荷,它们不是膜透过性的,所以不能进入不表达大孔通道的细胞。由于内源性配体的释放或热刺激的激活,大孔通道在与疼痛(例如炎症)相关的组织条件中通常更活跃,因此本发明的离子通道阻滞剂可以单独用于选择性地靶向激活的伤害性感受神经元,以便有效地治疗(例如,消除或减轻)疼痛、咳嗽、瘙痒或神经源性炎症。本发明的离子通道阻滞剂还可以与一种或多种外源性大孔受体激动剂结合使用,以选择性地靶向伤害性感受神经元,以便有效地治疗(例如,消除或减轻)疼痛、咳嗽、瘙痒或神经源性炎症。
痛觉神经元中的电压依赖性离子通道是目前开发治疗疼痛药物的兴趣点。阻断痛觉神经元中的电压依赖性钠通道可以通过阻断动作电位的启动和传递来阻断疼痛信号。此外,阻断伤害感受神经元中的电压依赖性钠通道可以通过阻止伤害感受器外周终末的激活及其促炎症化学物质的释放来减少或消除神经源性炎症。
迄今为止,用分子阻断钠通道或钙通道的治疗的一个限制是,绝大多数这种外用分子是疏水的,可以通过细胞膜。因此,它们将进入所有细胞,从而对仅影响伤害感受神经元没有选择性。
本发明的抑制剂不能透过细胞膜,仅仅当存在于伤害感受神经元细胞内时有效,因此必须通过通道或受体穿过细胞膜,例如大孔通道(例如TRPAV1-4、TRPA1、TRPM8、ASIC和P2X(2/3)),以产生效应。在正常情况下,伤害感受神经元中的大多数大孔通道并不活跃,但需要有害的热、机械或化学刺激来激活它们。例如,伤害感受器中的TRP通道可被外源性TRP配体(即TRP激动剂)如辣椒素激活而打开TRPV1通道。因此,选择性靶向伤害感受神经元的一种方法是将膜不透过性离子通道抑制剂与允许抑制剂通过TRP通道进入细胞的外源性TRP配体共同施用。除了辣椒素,外源性TRP配体也可以是另一种辣椒碱、芥子油或利多卡因。在另一个实施例中,TRP通道可能对外源性刺激激活剂(如从烟雾中吸入的丙烯醛)或化学制剂(如催泪瓦斯)作出反应而激活。
在某些情况下,当不存在外源性大孔通道激动剂/配体的情况下,由于组织损伤、感染、自身免疫、特应性、缺血、缺氧、细胞应激、免疫细胞激活、免疫介质产生以及氧化应急产生的内源性炎症激活剂也可激活大孔通道。在这种条件下,内源性分子(例如质子、脂质、以及反应性氧)可以激活伤害感受神经元上表达的大孔通道,允许膜不渗透的电压门控离子通道阻滞剂通过内源性激活的大孔通道进入伤害感受神经元内部。大孔通道的内源性炎症激活剂包括前列腺素、一氧化氮(NO)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、半胱氨酸反应性炎症介质,如4-羟基壬烯醇、质子、ATP、内源性烯基醛类、内源性大麻素类、以及免疫介质(如白细胞介素1(IL-1)、神经生长因子(NGF)以及缓激肽,其受体与大孔通道耦合)。
定义
如这里所述的,术语“一个”和“一种”指的是包括一个或者一个以上,除非另有明确指出。
“生物活性”是指分子,包括生物分子,如核酸、肽、多肽、以及蛋白质,对蛋白质、酶、受体、配体、抗原、自身或其他分子施加生物、物理或化学效应活性。例如,“生物活性”分子可具有例如酶活性、蛋白质结合活性或药理学活性。
可用于本文所述方法和试剂盒中的生物活性剂包括但不限于TRPA1受体激动剂、TRPV1-4受体激动剂、ASIC激动剂、TRPM8激动剂、P2X受体激动剂、NSAID、糖皮质激素、麻醉剂、抗增殖和免疫调节剂、抗体或抗体片段、抗生素、多核苷酸、多肽、蛋白质、抗癌剂、生长因子、以及疫苗。
“炎症”是指任何类型的炎症,例如由免疫系统(免疫介导的炎症)和神经系统(神经源性炎症)引起的炎症以及任何炎症症状,包括发红、发热、肿胀、疼痛和/或功能丧失。
“神经源性炎症”是指由神经元(如伤害感受神经元)或中枢或周围神经系统的任何其他成分介导或促成的任何类型的炎症。
这里使用的术语“疼痛”是最广义的,是指所有类型的疼痛,包括急性和慢性疼痛,例如伤害性疼痛,例如躯体疼痛和内脏疼痛;炎症性疼痛、功能障碍性疼痛、特发性疼痛、神经性疼痛,例如中枢性疼痛和外周性疼痛、偏头痛、以及癌症疼痛。
术语“伤害性疼痛”用于包括由威胁或实际伤害身体组织的伤害性刺激引起的所有疼痛,包括但不限于伤口、擦伤、骨折、挤压伤、烧伤、等等。组织损伤的疼痛受体(伤害感受器)主要位于皮肤、肌肉骨骼系统或内脏器官。
术语“躯体疼痛”是指由骨骼、关节、肌肉、皮肤或结缔组织引起的疼痛。这种类型的疼痛通常定位良好。
术语“内脏疼痛”在本文中用于指由内脏器官引起的疼痛,例如呼吸道、胃肠道和胰腺、泌尿道和生殖器官。内脏疼痛包括肿瘤累及器官包膜引起的疼痛。另一种内脏疼痛,通常由中空内脏梗阻引起,其特征是间歇性痉挛和严重的局部疼痛。内脏疼痛可能与炎症有关,如膀胱炎或反流性食管炎。
术语“炎症性疼痛”包括与活化炎症相关的疼痛,这些炎症可能由创伤、手术、感染和自身免疫性疾病引起。
术语“神经病理性疼痛”在本文中用于指由于周围或中枢神经系统对这些系统的损伤而导致的感觉输入的异常处理而产生的疼痛。
术语“过程性疼痛”是指内科、牙科或外科手术过程中产生的疼痛,其中该过程通常是计划的或与急性创伤相关的。
术语“瘙痒”在这里被用在最广泛的意义上,指的是所有类型的局部性和全面性、急性间歇性和持续性的瘙痒和刺痛感。瘙痒可能是特发性的,过敏的,代谢的,感染性的,药物引起的,由于肝脏,肾脏疾病或癌症引起的。“瘙痒症”指的是严重瘙痒。
“患者”指的是任何动物。在一个实施方案中,患者是人类。可以使用本发明的方法、组合物和试剂盒治疗的其他动物包括,但不限于,非人类灵长类动物(例如,猴子、大猩猩、黑猩猩)、驯化动物(例如,马、猪、山羊、兔子、绵羊、牛、骆驼)和同伴动物(例如,豚鼠、老鼠、老鼠、蜥蜴、蛇、狗、猫、鱼、仓鼠和鸟类)。
本发明中有用的化合物包括,但不限于,以其任何医药上可接受形式存在的本文描述的化合物,包括本文所述化合物的异构体,例如非对映体和对映体、盐、酯、酰胺、硫酯、溶剂化物以及其多晶型,以及外消旋混合物和纯异构体。本文使用的术语“医药上可接受的阴离子”指医药上可接受的酸的共轭碱。这些酸在Stahl,P.H.和Wermuth,C.G.(编辑),《药用盐手册:性质、选择和使用》,Wiley VCH(2008)中有描述。药学上可接受的酸包括,但不限于,乙酸、二氯乙酸、己二酸、海藻酸、L-抗坏血酸、L-天冬氨酸、苯磺酸、4-乙酰氨基苯甲酸、苯甲酸、对溴苯磺酸、(+)-樟脑酸、(+)-樟脑-10-磺酸、癸酸、己酸、辛酸、碳酸、肉桂酸、环己基酸、十二烷基硫酸、乙烷-1,2-二磺酸、乙烷磺酸、2-羟基乙烷磺酸、硫酸、硼酸、柠檬酸、甲酸、富马酸、半乳酸、龙胆酸、D-葡糖庚酸、D-葡糖醛酸、谷氨酸、戊二酸、2-氧戊二酸、甘油磷酸、乙醇酸、马尿酸、盐酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、异丁酸、DL-乳酸、乳糖酸、月桂酸、马来酸、(-)-L-苹果酸、丙二酸、DL-扁桃酸、甲烷磺酸、萘-1,5-二磺酸、萘-2-磺酸、,1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、烟酸、硝酸、油酸、乳清酸、草酸、棕榈酸、棕榈酸、磷酸、丙酸、(-)-L-焦谷氨酸、水杨酸、4-氨基水杨酸、癸二酸、硬脂酸、琥珀酸、(+)-L-酒石酸、硫氰酸、对甲苯磺酸、以及十一烯酸。药学上可接受的阴离子包括上述任何酸的共轭碱。
术语“药学上可接受的盐”表示在合理的医学判断范围内,适合与人类和低等动物的组织接触使用且无过度毒性、刺激性、过敏反应等的盐,并且与合理的收益/风险比率相称。可在本发明化合物的最终分离和纯化期间原位制备盐,或通过游离碱功能与合适的有机酸反应单独制备盐。代表性酸盐包括但不限于乙酸盐、己二酸盐、海藻酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯磺酸盐,苯甲酸酯、硫酸氢盐、硼酸酯、丁酸酯、樟脑酯、樟脑磺酸盐,柠檬酸盐、环戊基丙酸盐、二葡萄糖酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙烷磺酸盐,富马酸盐、葡庚酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、氢溴酸盐、盐酸盐、氢碘化物、2-羟基乙烷磺酸盐,异硫氰酸酯、乳糖酸盐、乳酸、月桂酸盐、硫酸月桂酯、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、甲磺酸盐、甲烷磺酸盐,2-萘磺酸盐,烟酸盐、硝酸盐、油酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、帕莫酸盐、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、丙酸盐、硬脂酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐,十一酸盐,戊酸盐等等。
在本发明化合物的一般描述中,取代基中特定类型的原子数通常给出一个范围,例如,包含1~4个碳原子的烷基或C1-4烷基或C1-C4烷基。对这种范围的引用旨在包括对具有指定范围内的整数个原子中的每一个的基团的具体引用。例如,从1个碳原子到4个碳原子的烷基包括C1、C2、C3以及C4烷基每个。其他数量的原子和其他类型的原子可以以类似的方式表示。
“D”是氘。
如这里使用的术语“烷基”和前缀“烷基-”包括直链基团、支链基团和环基团,例如,环烷基。环基基团可以是单环或多环的,并且优选具有3到6个环碳原子或3到7个碳原子。示例性环基基团包括环丙基,环丁基,环戊基以及环己基。
“C1-4烷基”或者“C1-C4烷基”指的是具有1到4个碳原子的支链或不含支链的烃基基团。相似的,“C1-6烷基”或者“C1-C6”指的是具有1到6个碳原子的支链或不含支链的烃基基团。烷基包括,例如C1-4烷基或者C1-6烷基基团,所述基团可以是被取代的或者未被取代的。示例性取代基包括但不限于烷氧基,芳基氧,巯基,烷基硫,芳基硫、卤化物、羟基、氟烷基,全氟烷基,氨基,烷基氨基,二取代氨基,季胺,烷基羧基以及羧基。示例性取代基还包括烷氧基,芳基氧,巯基,烷基硫,芳基硫、卤化物(F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基、氟烷基,全氟烷基,氧代,氨基,烷基氨基,二取代氨基,季氨基,氨基,酯,烷基羧基,烷氧羰基,烷氧羰基,芳基氧羰基,羧基,烷基羰基,芳基羰基,烷基硫代羰基、磷酸盐、膦酸盐、膦酸盐、酰胺(包括烷基羰基氨基,芳基羰基氨基,氨甲酰以及脲基),氨基,亚氨基,巯基,烷基硫,芳基硫,硫羧酸盐,硫酸盐,烷基亚砜基、磺酸盐、氨磺酰、磺胺基、硝基、三氟甲基、氰基、叠氮基、芳基,杂环基,烷基芳基,或芳香或杂芳香部分.C1-4烷基包括,但是不局限于,甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、环丙基、环丙基甲基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基以及环丁基。C1-6烷基包括,但是不局限于,甲基,乙基,正丙基,异丙基,环丙基,环丙基甲基,正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、正己基、环丁基、环戊基以及环己基。
取代的烷基的实施例是杂烷基。“杂烷基”是指含支链的烷基和不含支链的烷基、环烷基、烯基,或炔基基团,具有1到7个或者更多的碳原子以及额外的独立选自N、O、S和P组成的组的1、2、3或4个杂原子。“C1-7杂烷基”是指含支链的烷基和不含支链的烷基、烯基,或炔基基团,具有1到7个的碳原子以及额外的独立选自N、O、S和P组成的组的1、2、3或4个杂原子。杂烷基包括,但是不局限于,叔胺、仲胺、醚、硫醚、酰胺、硫酰胺、氨基甲酸酯、硫氨基甲酸酯、腙、亚胺、磷二酯、磷酰胺、磺酰胺、以及二硫化物。杂烷基可任选地包括单环、双环或三环,其中每个环最好具有三到六个环原子。这个杂烷基基团可以是被替代的或者未被取代的。示例性取代基包括烷基,烷氧基,芳基氧,巯基,烷基硫,芳基硫、卤化物(F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基、氟烷基,全氟烷基,氧代,氨基,烷基氨基,二取代氨基,季氨基,氨基,酯,烷基羧基,烷氧羰基,烷氧羰基,芳基氧羰基,羧基,烷基羰基,芳基羰基,烷基硫代羰基、磷酸盐、膦酸盐、膦酸酯、酰胺(包括烷基羰基氨基,芳基羰基氨基,氨甲酰以及脲基),氨基,亚氨基,巯基,烷基硫,芳基硫,硫羧酸盐,硫酸盐,烷基亚砜基、磺酸盐、氨磺酰、磺胺基、硝基、三氟甲基,氰基,叠氮,芳基,杂环基,烷基芳基,或芳香或杂芳香基团。C1-7杂烷基的实施例包括,但是不局限于,甲氧基甲基和乙氧基乙基。
烯基是指含有一个或者一个以上双键的支链或者不含支链的烃基基团。例如,“C2-6烯基”或者“C2-C6烯基”指的是含有一个或者一个以上双键的并且具有2到6个碳原子的支链或者不含支链的烃基基团。烯基可任选地包括单环或多环,其中每个环理想的具有三到六个环原子。所述烯基基团可以是被取代的或者未被取代的。示例性取代基包括上述用于烷基的描述,具体的说,包括但不限于烷氧基,芳基氧,巯基,烷基硫,芳基硫、卤化物、羟基、氟烷基,全氟烷基,氨基,烷基氨基,二取代氨基,季胺,烷基羧基以及羧基。C2-6烯基包括,但是不局限于,乙烯基,烯丙基,2-环丙基-1-乙烯,1-丙烯基,1-丁烯基,2-丁烯基,3-丁烯基,2-甲基-1-丙烯基以及2-甲基-2-丙烯基。
炔基是指含有一个或者一个以上三键的支链或者不含支链的烃基基团。例如,“C2-6炔基”或者“C2-C6炔基”指的是含有一个或者一个以上三键的并且具有2到6个碳原子的支链或者不含支链的烃基基团。炔基可任选地包括单环、双环或三环,其中每个环理想的具有五到六个环原子。所述炔基基团可以是被取代的或者未被取代的。示例性取代基包括上述用于烷基的描述,具体的说,包括但不限于烷基,以及烷氧基,芳基氧,巯基,烷基硫,芳基硫、卤化物、羟基、氟烷基,全氟烷基,氨基,烷基氨基,二取代氨基,季胺,烷基羧基以及羧基。C2-6炔基包括,但是不局限于,乙炔基,1-丙炔基,2-丙炔基,1-丁炔基,2-丁炔基以及3-丁炔基。
“杂环基”、“杂环”或“杂环烷基”是指稳定的单环或多环(包括双环或三环)杂环,其可以是饱和的、部分不饱和的或不饱和的(包括杂芳基或芳香族),且由2个或更多碳原子和1,2,3,4个或4个以上杂原子组成,所述杂原子独立选自N、O和S,包括任何双环或多环基团,其中任何上述定义的杂环熔合到苯环、杂芳基、环烷基或杂环烷基上。在某些方面中,杂环基为3至15元环系统、3至12元环系统或3至9元环系统。“C2-6杂环基”是指稳定的5-7元单环或7-14元双环杂环,其可以是饱和的、部分不饱和的或不饱和的(包括杂芳基或芳香族),由2-6个碳原子和1、2、3或4个从N、O和S中独立选择的杂原子组成,包括任何双环基团,其中任何上述杂环与苯环、杂芳基、环烷基或杂环烷基融合。杂环基或杂芳基可被取代或未被取代。示例性取代基包括经取代或未经取代的烷基、芳基、环烷基、杂环烷基、杂芳基、烷氧基、芳氧基、巯基、烷基硫基、芳基硫基、卤化物、羟基、氟烷基、全氟烷基、氨基、烷基氨基、二取代氨基、季胺基、烷基羧基和羧基。氮和硫杂原子可任选地被氧化。杂环可以通过导致稳定结构的任何杂原子或碳原子共价连接,例如,咪唑啉环可以连接在环的碳原子位置或氮原子上。杂环中的氮原子可以季铵化。优选地,当杂环中S和O原子的总数超过1时,则这些杂原子彼此不相邻。杂环包括但不限于1H吲哚唑、2-吡咯烷基、2H、6H-1,5,2-二噻嗪基、2H-吡咯基、3H-吲哚基、4-哌啶酰基、4aH咔唑、4H-喹嗪基、6H-1,2,5-噻二嗪基、吖啶基、氮唑基、苯并咪唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并噻唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并三唑基、苯并四氮唑基、苯并异恶唑基、苯并异噻唑基、苯并咪唑酰基、咔唑基、4aH咔唑基、b-碳酰、铬酰、铬烯基、辛诺林基、十氢喹啉基、2H、6H-1,5,2-二噻唑基、二氢呋喃[2,3-b]四氢呋喃、呋喃基、呋喃唑基、咪唑烷基、咪唑啉基、咪唑基、1H吲哚唑基、吲哚啉基、吲哚唑基、吲哚嗪基、吲哚唑基、吲哚嗪基、异苄呋喃基、异色胺基、异吲哚唑基、异吲哚基、异吲哚基、异喹啉基、异噻唑基、异恶唑基、吗啉基、萘啶基、八氢异喹啉基、恶二唑基、1,2,3-恶二唑基、1,2,4-恶二唑基、1,2,5-恶二唑基、1,3,4-恶二唑基、恶唑烷基、恶唑基、恶唑烷基哌啶基、菲啶基、菲罗啉基、菲胂嗪基、菲嗪基、吩噻基、吩噻嗪基、苯恶嗪基、邻苯二甲嗪基、哌嗪基、哌啶基、蝶啶基、哌啶酰、4-哌啶酰、蝶啶基、嘌呤基、吡喃基、吡嗪基、吡唑烷基、吡唑啉基、吡唑基、哒嗪基、吡啶恶唑,吡啶咪唑、吡啶噻唑、吡啶基、吡啶基、嘧啶基、吡咯烷基、吡咯林基、吡咯基、喹唑啉基、喹啉基、4H喹唑啉基、喹恶啉基、喹唑烷基、碳酰、四氢呋喃基、四氢异喹啉基、四氢喹啉基、6H-1,2,5-噻二嗪基、1,2,3-噻二唑基、1,2,4-噻二唑基、1,2,5-噻二唑基、1,3,4-噻二唑基、噻吩基、噻唑基、噻吩、噻吩噻唑基、噻吩氧唑基、噻吩咪唑基、苯硫基、三嗪基、1,2,3-三唑基、1,2,4-三唑基、1,2,5-三唑基、1,3,4-三唑基、黄烯基、β-内酰胺、γ-内酰胺和δ-内酰胺。优选的5至10元杂环包括但不限于吡啶基、嘧啶基、三嗪基、呋喃基、噻唑基、吡咯基、吡唑基、咪唑基、恶唑基、异恶唑基、四唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、吲哚基、苯并咪唑基、1H吲哚唑基、恶唑烷基、苯并三唑基、苯并异恶唑基、辛醇基,苯并恶唑啉基、喹啉基和异喹啉基。优选的5至6元杂环包括,但不限于,吡啶基、喹啉基、嘧啶基、三嗪基、呋喃基、噻唑基、吡咯基、哌嗪基、哌啶基、吡唑基、咪唑基、恶唑基、异恶唑基和四氮唑基。优选取代基包括苯基、甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、氯、溴、氟和碘。
“芳基”是指具有由具有共轭π电子的碳原子组成的环状系统的芳香族基团(例如,苯基)。“C6-C12芳基”或“C6-C10芳基”是分别具有6到12个碳原子或6到10个碳原子的芳基。芳基可任选地包括单环、双环或三环,其中每个环期望具有五个或六个成员。芳基可以被取代或未被取代。示例性取代基包括经取代或未经取代的烷基、羟基、烷氧基、芳氧基、巯基、烷基硫基、芳基硫基、卤化物、氟烷基、羧基、烷基羧基、氨基、烷基氨基、单取代氨基、二取代氨基和季胺基。优选的芳基是苯基。
“芳烷基”是指被取代的或未被取代的芳基(例如,包括苄基、苯乙基或3,4-二氯苯乙基)取代的取代或未取代的烷基。
“C7-14芳烷基”表示被具有7到14个碳原子的芳基(例如苄基、苯乙基或3,4-二氯苯乙基)取代的烷基。
“C3-10杂环烷基”是指烷基取代杂环基团,除一个或多个杂原子(例如,3-呋喃基甲基、2-呋喃基甲基、3-四氢呋喃基甲基或2-四氢呋喃基甲基)外还具有3到10个碳原子。
“卤化物”或“卤素”是指溴、氯、碘或氟。
“氟烷基”是指被氟原子取代的烷基。
“烷基羧基”系指具有式-(R)-COOH的化学部分,其中R选自C1-7烷基、C2-7烯基、C2-7炔基、C2-6杂环基、C6-12芳基、C7-14芳烷基、C3-10杂环烷基或C1-7杂环烷基。
“烷氧基”系指式—OR的化学取代基,其中R为取代的或未经取代的烷基,经取代的或未经取代的烯基,或经取代或未经取代的炔基,或R可选自C1-7烷基、C2-7烯基、C2-7炔基、C2-6杂环基、C6-12芳基、C7-14芳烷基、C3-10杂环烷基,或C1-7杂烷基。
“芳氧基”指式-OR的化学取代基,其中R为C6-12芳基。
“烷基硫基”指式-SR的化学取代基,其中R选自C1-7烷基、C2-7烯基、C2-7炔基、C2-6杂环基、C6-12芳基、C7-14芳烷基、C3-10杂环烷基或C1-7杂烷基。
“芳基硫基”指式-SR的化学取代基,其中R为C6-12芳基。
“带电基团”是指在生理pH值下获得质子从而带正电的部分(例如铵、胍或酰胺)或包含无质子化的净形式正电荷的部分(例如季铵)。带电基团可以是永久带电或瞬时带电。
“治疗有效量”或“有效量”是指足以产生预期结果的量,例如,减轻或消除患有某种状况、疾病的患者(例如,人)的疼痛、咳嗽、瘙痒或神经源性炎症,或完全或部分由神经源性炎症引起的疾病(如哮喘、关节炎、结肠炎、接触性皮炎、糖尿病、湿疹、膀胱炎、慢性难治性咳嗽、病毒后咳嗽、胃炎、偏头痛、银屑病、鼻炎、酒渣鼻或晒伤)。
“溶剂化物”指含有化学计量或非化学计量溶剂的溶剂加成形式。
本发明的化合物,包括化合物的盐,可以以未活化形式以及溶剂化形式存在,包括水合形式和未水合形式。一般而言,溶剂化形式等同于未溶剂化形式,并且包含在本发明的范围内。水合物的非限制性示例包括一水合物、二水合物、半水合物等。在某些方面,该化合物为半水合物。溶剂化物的非限制性示例包括乙醇溶剂化物、丙酮溶剂化物等。
本发明的化合物可以多种晶体或无定形形式存在。总的来说,所有物理形式对于本发明预期的用途都是等效的,并且意图在本发明的范围内。
可用于本发明组合物、试剂盒、以及方法中的化合物包括式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐:
其中,
Y-是一种药学上可接受的阴离子;
RA和RB分别独立的选自H、D、卤素、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基、ORI、NRJRK、NRLC(O)RM、S(O)RN、S(O)2RN、SO2RORP、SO2NRQRR、SO3RS、CO2RT、C(O)RU和C(O)NRVRW;
RI、RJ、RK、RL、RM、RN、RO、RP、RQ、RR、RS、RT、RU、RV和RW中的每一个相互独立的选自H、D、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基和取代的或者未被取代的炔基;
X1选自—CRXRY—、—NRZC(O)—、—NRZC(O)CRXRY—、—OC(O)—、—SC(O)—、—C(O)NR1A—、—C(O)O—、-C(O)-、—(O)CS—,—NR1AS(O)—、—S(O)NR1A—、—NR1AC(O)NR1A—、—S(O)—和—S(O)2—;
RX、RY、RZ和R1A中的每个相互独立的选自H、D、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基和取代的或者未被取代的炔基;
RD和RE每个相互独立的选自H、D、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基以及取代的或者未被取代的环烷基;或者RD和RE与其所附着的碳原子一起形成取代的或者未被取代的C3-C6环烷基或者取代的或者未被取代的杂环基(例如,5-到7-元杂环基环);或者RD和RZ与他们所附着的碳原子或者与-N-C(O)-一起形成一种任选取代的5-8-元内酰胺;
RF和RG与他们所附着的N+一起形成一种具有零个、一个或者一个以上氮原子的任选取代的杂环基环;或者,RF和RG中的每个都独立的选自取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基、取代的或者未被取代的杂环基、和取代的或者未被取代的C3-6环烷基;以及
RH是取代的或者未被取代的芳基,或者取代的或者未被取代的杂芳基。
在优选的实施方案中,RH独立的选自取代的或者未被取代的C5-10芳基或者一种取代的或者未被取代的C5-10杂芳基.
在进一步优选的实施方案中,RH独立的选自取代的或者未被取代的C6-10芳基或者取代的或者未被取代的5-元到10-元杂芳基。
在某些实施方案中,RH是取代的C5-10芳基或者取代的C5-10杂芳基,所述C5-10芳基或者C5-10杂芳基任选的被C1-6烷基、取代的或者未被取代的环烷基、取代的或者未被取代的杂环基、取代的或者未被取代的芳基(例如,取代的或者未被取代的苯基)、取代的或者未被取代的杂芳基、甲酰胺、羟基、醚、酰胺、酯、磺酰胺、砜、氨基、氨基烷基、尿素、腈或卤素所取代。在优选的实施方案中,C1-6烷烃选自甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、异戊基、新戊基和正己基。在优选实施方案中,C1-6杂烷烃选自-O-甲基、-O-乙基、-O-丙基、-O-异丙基、-O-丁基、-O-异丁基、-O-环己基、-O-环戊基和乙基-O-甲基。在优选实施方案中,碳环选自环丙基、环丁基、环戊基和环己基。在优选实施方案中,杂环化合物选自氮杂环丙烷、氮杂环丙烷、呋喃、吡咯烷、吡喃、哌啶、哌嗪、氮杂环丙烷和二氮杂环丙烷。
在更进一步优选的实施方案中,RH独立的选自取代的或者未被取代的C6-10芳基或者取代的或者未被取代的5-元到10-元杂芳基。在某些方面,RH是未被取代的C6-10芳基或者未被取代的5-元到10-元杂芳基。在其他方面,RH是C6-10芳基或者5-元到10-元杂芳基,其被以下基团任选取代:取代的或者未被取代的C1-6烷基、卤素、腈、羟基和烷氧基。在其他方面,RH是C6-10芳基或者5-元到10-元杂芳基,其被以下基团任选取代:取代的或者未被取代的C1-6烷基、卤素、腈和OR2B,其中R2B是氢或者取代的或者未被取代的C1-C6烷基。在进一步优选的实施方案中,RH是未被取代的苯基。在其他实施方案中,RH是被选自由取代的或者未被取代的C1-6烷基、卤素、腈、羟基和烷氧基所组成的组中的取代基任选取代的苯基。在其他方面,RH是被选自由取代的或者未被取代的C1-6烷基、卤素、腈和OR2B所组成的组中的取代基任选取代的苯基,其中,R2B是氢或者取代的或者未被取代的C1-C6烷基。在另一个实施方案中,RH是被选自由未被取代的C1-6烷基、卤素、腈、羟基和烷氧基所组成的组中的取代基取代的苯基。在进一步方面,RH是被选自由未被取代的C1-6烷基、卤素、腈和OR2B所组成的组中的取代基取代的苯基,其中,R2B是氢或者取代的或者未被取代的C1-C6烷基。
在更进一步的方面,RH选自如表1至3所示的Z基团。
在优选的实施方案中,X1是—NHC(O)—或者-C(O)NH-。在另一个优选的实施方案中,X1是—NHC(O)—。
在优选的实施方案中,RA和RB分别独立的选自H、D、卤素、取代的或者未被取代的C1-4烷基和CO2RT;其中,RT选自H和取代的或者未被取代的C1-4烷基。
在优选的方面,RA是CH3且RB是CO2RT,其中,RT选自H和取代的或者未被取代的C1-4烷基。在其他优选的实施方案中,RA是CH3且RB是-CO2CH3。
在其他优选的方面,RA和RB相互独立的选自H、D、卤素、ORI、取代的或者未被取代的C1-C4烷基和CO2RT;其中,RI和RT每个相互独立的选自H和取代的或者未被取代的C1-C4烷基。
在其他优选的实施方案中,RA是甲基并且RB选自C(O)OCH3和C(O)OCH2CH3。在进一步优选的实施方案中,RA是甲基且RB是C(O)OCH3。在另一个优选的方面,RA是甲基且RB是C(O)OCH2CH3。在更进一步优选的实施方案中,RA是甲基且RB是甲基。
在某些其他实施方案中,RD是C1-4烷基,其任选的由选自以下组的取代基所取代:卤素、氧、C3-8环烷基、芳基或者杂芳基,和/或RE是H或者C1-4烷基,其任选的由选自以下组的取代基所取代:卤素、氧、C3-8环烷基、芳基或者杂芳基。
在优选的实施方案中,RD和RE的每个相互独立的选自H、D、CH3、CH2CH3、(CH2)2CH3和(CH2)3CH3。在更优选的实施方案中,RE是氢或乙基,并且RD是CH3、CH2CH3、(CH2)2CH3或者(CH2)3CH3。在某些或者其他优选的实施方案中,RD和RE一起形成取代的或者未被取代的C3-C6环烷基。
在某些优选的实施方案中,RD选自氢和乙基并且RE是氢。在另一个优选的实施方案中,RD选自氢和乙基并且RE是烷基,例如,C1-C6烷基或者C1-C4烷基,包括但是不局限于,甲基、乙基、丙基和丁基。在进一步的方面,RD和RE都是氢。在其他优选的实施方案中,RD是乙基且RE是氢。在某些其他优选的实施方案中,RD和RE与其所附着的碳原子一起形成一种C3-C6环烷基,包括,但是不局限于,环丙基或者环丁基。
在一个优选的实施方案中,RF和RG与他们所附着的N+一起形成一种五元、六元、七元或者八元杂环基环。在优选的实施方案中,RF和RG与他们所附着的N+一起形成一种五元、六元、七元或者八元含氮杂环基环,包括但是不局限于:
在进一步的方面,RF和RG分别独立的是C1-C4烷基。在其他实施方案中,RF和RG分别独立的选自CH3和CH2CH3。在某些其他方面,RF和RG是相同的,均为取代的或者未被取代的C1-C4烷基。在其他方面,RF和RG是相同的,均为甲基、乙基、丙基或者丁基。在其他实施方案中,RF和RG是相同的,均为CH3或者CH2CH3。
在一些实施方案中,Y-是卤素阴离子、羧酸根,或者磺酸根。Y-可以是,例如,卤素离子,取代的或者未被取代的烷基磺酸根,取代的或者未被取代的芳基磺酸根,取代的或者未被取代的烷基或者脂肪族羧酸根、取代的或者未被取代的芳基羧酸根或者取代的或者未被取代的杂环基羧酸根。
在某些实施方案中,Y-选自以下所组成的组中:三氟乙酸盐、硫酸盐、磷酸盐、乙酸盐、富马酸盐、甲酸盐、碳酸盐、马来酸盐、柠檬酸盐、丙酮酸盐、琥珀酸盐、草酸盐、磺酸盐,(例如,甲烷磺酸盐,三氟甲烷磺酸盐,甲苯磺酸盐,例如对甲苯磺酸盐,苯磺酸盐,乙烷磺酸盐,樟脑磺酸盐,2-均三甲苯磺酸盐,或者萘磺酸盐,例如2-萘磺酸盐),硫酸氢钠、丙二酸钠、辛酸钠、抗坏血酸钠、油酸钠、烟酸钠、蔗糖酸钠、己二酸钠、甲酸钠、乙醇酸钠、L-乳酸钠、D-乳酸钠、天门冬氨酸钠、苹果酸钠、L-酒石酸钠、D-酒石酸钠、硬脂酸钠、2-糠酸钠、3-糠酸钠、萘二甲酸钠磺酸盐或萘-1-(磺酸)-5-磺酸盐),乙二酰(乙烷-1,2-二磺酸盐或乙烷-1-(磺酸)-2-磺酸盐),异硫氰酸酯(2-羟乙基磺酸盐),D-扁桃酸盐、L-扁桃酸盐、丙酸盐、酒石酸盐、邻苯二甲酸盐、盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、以及硝酸盐。在一个实施方案中,Y-是卤素阴离子。
在优选实施方案中,所述卤素阴离子选自溴离子、氯离子和碘离子。
这里描述的各个实施方案可以与其他一个、多个或者全部实施方案结合。
在一个优选的实施方案中,本发明涉及式(I)化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐,其中,RH是任选取代的芳基或者任选取代的杂芳基,选自以下基团:
在某些优选的方面,RH是取代的或者未被取代的苯基。
在其他优选的方面,所述化合物选自下表A中,或其药学上可接受的盐,其中,Y-是药学上可接受的阴离子。
表A
在某些方面,本发明化合物选自表A,其中,Y-是溴离子、氯离子或者碘离子。在优选的方面,本发明化合物选自表A,其中,Y-是溴离子。在另外优选的实施方案中,所述本发明化合物选自表A,其中,Y-是氯离子。
并且,Z是一种芳基或者杂芳基结构,选自表1中显示的结构之一,或者是取代的芳基或者取代的杂芳基机构选自表2-表3中所示结构之一。在某些方面,G是并且,Z选自表1-3。在更进一步的方面,G是并且,Z选自表1-3。
表B–本发明代表性化合物
表1–代表性的Z结构
表2–代表性Z结构
表3–代表性Z结构
本发明优选的化合物及其对映异构体及其药学上可接受的盐还可以表示为式(II)和式(III)化合物,
其中,RD、N+/RF/RG和Z优选的取代组合如表4中的定义,并且Y-是如上所定义的药学上可接受的阴离子。这些化合物可以根据这里所描述的通用方法来制备。
表4–式(II)和式(III)化合物中RD、N+/RF/RG,和Z优选的取代组合
本文所描述的每个优选实施方案可以与一个、任何或所有其他优选实施方案结合使用,如同本文在每个排列中呈现一样。
本发明的组合物可包含外消旋混合物、纯对映体或一种对映体超过另一种的过量对映体。例如,该组合物可包含对映体过量至少为5、10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80或90%的化合物。在一个实施方案中,所述对映体过量至少95%。
本发明化合物包括根据绝对立体化学定义为(R)-或(S)-的所有对映体及其外消旋和光学纯形式,以及不限于本文中以其任何医药上可接受形式描述的那些形式,包括对映体、盐、溶剂化物、多晶型物、溶剂化物、水合物、无水和其他晶体形式及其组合。同样,所有互变异构体形式也应包括在内。
优选的,药物组合物包括本发明化合物基本上纯的R异构体形式;或者,一种药物组合物包括本发明化合物基本上纯的S异构体形式;或者,一种药物组合物包括异构体混合物形式的本发明化合物,所述异构体混合物中可以包括过量的R对映体或过量的S对映体。特别优选的是,该药物组合物含有本发明化合物基本上纯的光学异构体形式。为免生疑问,如果需要的话,本发明的化合物可以溶剂化物的形式使用。
合成
可以使用类似下面通用合成方案的方法制备式(I)化合物:
方案A
以及,
方案B
其他生物活性试剂和外源大孔通道激动剂
如上所述,本发明化合物或本发明组合物可与生物活性试剂一起施用,例如,一种或多种其他的生物活性试剂,包括通常用于治疗神经源性炎症的试剂,这些试剂可与本文所述的本发明的化合物或者组合物联合施用。生物活性试剂包括,但不限于,TRP1A受体激动剂、TRPV1-4受体激动剂、TRPM8激动剂、ASIC激动剂、P2X受体激动剂、对乙酰氨基酚、NSAIDs、糖皮质激素、麻醉剂、三环抗抑郁剂、胺转运体抑制剂、抗惊厥剂、抗增殖剂和免疫调节剂,抗体或抗体片段、抗生素、多核苷酸、多肽、蛋白质、抗癌剂、生长因子以及疫苗。
可用于本发明的方法、试剂盒和组合物中的TRPV1激动剂包括,但不限于,能够激活伤害感受神经元上的TRPV1受体并允许至少一种电压门控离子通道抑制剂进入的任何药物(例如,本发明化合物)。合适的TRPV1激动剂是辣椒素或另一种辣椒素,它们是香草醛分子家族的成员。天然存在的辣椒素是辣椒素本身、二氢辣椒素、去二氢辣椒素、高二氢辣椒素、高辣椒素、以及壬酰胺。适用于本发明的组合物和方法中的其他合适辣椒素和辣椒素类似物和衍生物包括天然存在的和合成的辣椒素衍生物和类似物,包括,例如,香草醛(例如,N-香草醛基-烷二烯酰胺、N-香草醛基-烷二烯基、以及N-香草醛基-顺式-单不饱和烷酰胺),衣壳酸,二氢衣壳酸,去甲二氢衣壳酸和其他衣壳酸,衣壳酯,二氢衣壳酸和其他松脂酸酯,衣壳酸,树脂酯毒素,亭牙毒素,珠卡赛辛,N-苯基甲基烷酰胺辣椒素衍生物,奥伐尼,N-[(4-(2-氨基乙氧基)-3-甲氧基苯基)甲基]-9Z十八酰胺、N-油基高香酰胺、三烯基酚(例如,鱼肝油)、姜辣素、胡椒、香茅油、愈创木酚、丁香酚、锌酮、纽瓦尼、NE-19550、NE-21610、以及NE-28345。其他辣椒素类物质及其结构以及其制造方法见美国专利第7,446,226号和7,429,673号,这两篇专利通过引用并入本文。
其他合适的TRPV1激动剂包括,但不限于,丁香酚、阿凡尼(N-花生四烯酸苯丙胺)、阿南达胺、2-氨基乙氧基二苯硼酸酯(2APB)、AM404、树脂酯毒素、佛波醇12-苯乙酸13-乙酸20-高钒酸(PPAHV)、奥凡尼(NE 19550)、奥达(N-油酰多巴胺)、N-花生四烯酸多巴胺(NADA),6′-碘氧辛那霉素(6′-IRTX)、C18 N-酰基乙醇胺、脂氧合酶衍生物,如12-氢过氧二十碳四烯酸、抑制剂半胱氨酸结(ICK)肽(香草毒素)、胡椒碱、MSK195(N-[2-(3,4-d二甲基苄基)-3-(新戊酰氧基)丙基]-2-[4-(2-氨基乙氧基)-3-甲氧基苯基]乙酰胺)、JYL79,4-二甲基苄基)-3-(新戊酰氧基)丙基]-N′-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苄基)硫脲),羟基-α-三水酚,2-氨基乙氧基二苯硼酸酯,10-香油基,油基姜酚,油基香油基以及SU200(N-(4-叔丁基苄基)-N′-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苄基)硫脲)。还有其他TRPV1激动剂包括:异戊卡因、阿替卡因、苯佐卡因、布比卡因、卡波卡因、卡替卡因、氯普鲁卡因、环甲氧基卡因、二布卡因(辛乔卡因)、乐果卡因(拉罗卡因)、艾替卡因、己基凯恩、左旋布比卡因、利多卡因、甲哌卡因、美普雷卡因(奥拉卡因)、偏丁氧卡因、哌卡因、普鲁卡因(诺瓦卡因),普鲁卡因、丙氧卡因、利多卡因、罗哌卡因、丁卡因(氨甲卡因)以及三苯氧胺。
合适的TRPV2-4激动剂包括,但不限于,2-APB、大麻酚、二苯硼酸酐、胰岛素样生长因子1、溶血磷脂酰胆碱、溶血磷脂酰肌醇、丙磺舒、Δ9-四氢大麻酚、香草醛、丁香酚、肉桂醛、樟脑、香芹酚、百里酚、柠檬醛、法尼基二磷酸、四氢大麻酚、,乙酸钠、二苯硼酸酐、6-叔丁基间甲酚、二氢卡维菌素、冰片、(-)-薄荷醇、GSK1016790A、4α-PDH、5,6-环氧二十碳三烯酸、4α-PDD、双穿心莲内酯、柠檬酸、佛波醇12十四酸13醋酸酯和RN1747。
合适的TRPM8激动剂包括,但不限于,薄荷醇、icilin(冰毒素)、桉树、芳樟醇、香叶醇、羟基香茅醛、WS-3、WS-23、Frescolat MGA、Frescolat ML、PMD 38、CPS125、Coolact P、M8 Ag、AITC、cryosim-3和冷却剂10。
合适的ASIC激动剂包括但不限于氯苯胍盐酸盐、GMQ盐酸盐、四氢罂粟碱(THP)、网织蛋白、多胺胍丁胺、溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和神经肽SF。
适用于本发明所述方法、组合物和试剂盒中的其他生物活性剂包括能够激活伤害感受神经元或过敏神经元上的TRP1A受体并允许至少一种电压门控离子通道抑制剂进入的生物活性试剂。合适的TRP1A激动剂包括但不限于肉桂醛、异硫氰酸烯丙酯(芥子油)、二烯丙基二硫化物、冰毒素、肉桂油、冬绿油、丁香油、丙烯醛、羟基α-三聚甲醛、2-氨基乙氧基二苯硼酸酯、4-羟基壬醛、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、以及3′-氨甲酰联苯-3-环己基氨基甲酸酯(URB597)。
在本发明所述方法、组合物、和试剂盒中使用的P2X激动剂包括能够激活伤害感受器或过敏神经元上的P2X受体并允许至少一种电压门控离子通道抑制剂进入的任何激动剂。合适的P2X激动剂包括,但不限于ATP,α,β-亚甲基ATP,2-甲硫基ATP,2′和3′-O-(4-苯甲酰苯甲酰基)-ATP以及ATP5′-O-(3-硫代三磷酸盐)。
可与本发明化合物组合使用的其他生物活性剂包括NSAID、糖皮质激素、麻醉剂、三环抗抑郁剂、胺转运体抑制剂、抗惊厥剂、抗增殖剂和免疫调节剂、抗体或抗体片段、抗生素、多核苷酸、多肽、一种蛋白质,一种抗癌剂,一种生长因子以及疫苗。
可与本发明组合物联合使用向患有神经源性炎症的患者(例如,人类)施用的非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)包括,但不限于,乙酰水杨酸、阿莫西普林、贝诺利特、贝诺利特、水杨酸胆碱镁、二氟尼沙尔、乙苯扎胺、法伊斯兰碱,水杨酸甲酯、水杨酸镁、水杨酸水杨酸酯、水杨酰胺、双氯芬酸、醋氯芬酸、乙酰美辛、阿氯芬酸、溴芬酸、依托多酸、吲哚美辛、萘丁美酮、奥沙美辛、普洛美辛、舒林酸、托美汀、布洛芬、阿莫洛芬、苯诺沙洛芬、卡普洛芬、右旋布洛芬、芬布芬、非诺洛芬、氟硝普芬、氟比洛芬、,布洛芬、吲哚丙胺、酮洛芬、酮咯酸、洛索洛芬、萘普生、奥沙普秦、吡洛芬、舒普洛芬、噻洛芬酸、甲芬那酸、氟苯那酸、甲氯苯那酸、甲苯那酸、苯丁唑酮、安吡咯酮、阿扎普罗酮、氯非酮、凯布宗、安乃近、咪唑、莫非丁酮、氧苯丁唑酮、苯那唑酮、硫吡唑酮、吡罗昔康、德罗西康、氯诺昔康、美洛昔康、替诺昔康、以及COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布、依托利考昔布、卢米拉昔布、帕瑞昔布、罗非昔布、伐地昔布、以及其医药上可接受的盐。
可与本发明组合物联合使用向患有神经源性炎症的患者(例如,人类)施用的糖皮质激素包括,但不限于,氢化可的松、醋酸可的松、强的松、强的松龙、甲基强的松龙、地塞米松、倍他米松、曲安奈德、倍氯米松,醋酸氟氢化可的松、醋酸脱氧可的松、醛固酮、以及其医药上可接受的盐。
可以与本发明组合物联合使用向患有神经源性炎症的患者(例如,人类)施用的麻醉剂包括,但不限于,曲马多、氢可酮、羟考酮、吗啡以及其医药上可接受的盐。
可以与本发明组合物联合使用向患有神经源性炎症的患者(例如,人类)施用的抗增殖和免疫调节剂包括,但不限于,烷基抗肿瘤药物、铂类药物、抗代谢药物、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、二氢叶酸还原酶抑制剂、抗肿瘤抗生素、抗有丝分裂药物、芳香化酶抑制剂、胸苷酸合酶抑制剂、DNA拮抗剂、法尼基转移酶抑制剂、泵抑制剂、组蛋白乙酰转移酶抑制剂、金属蛋白酶抑制剂、核糖核苷还原酶抑制剂、TNF-α激动剂、TNF-α拮抗剂或清除剂、白细胞介素1(IL-1)拮抗剂或清除剂、内皮素A受体拮抗剂、维甲酸受体激动剂、激素类药物、抗激素类药物、光动力类药物、以及酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。
可在施用本发明组合物之前、同时或之后施用上述生物活性试剂,使用本领域已知的任何具有治疗效果的制剂、剂量或施用。
组合物的制剂
本发明化合物的施用可通过任何可以导致目标区域感受性疼痛感觉的减少的合适的方法进行。本发明化合物可以任何适当量包含在任何适当载体物质中,并且通常以总重量占组合物总重量的1-99%的量存在。该组合物可以适于口服、肠外给药(例如,静脉内给药、肌肉内给药)、直肠给药、皮肤给药、皮下给药、局部给药、经皮给药、舌下给药、鼻给药、阴道给药、鞘内给药、硬膜外给药或眼部给药的剂型提供,或通过注射、吸入或直接接触鼻或口腔粘膜给药。
因此,该组合物可以是例如片剂、胶囊、丸剂、粉末、颗粒、悬浮液、乳液、溶液、凝胶的形式,包括水凝胶、糊剂、软膏、乳膏、膏药、湿剂、渗透传递装置、栓剂、灌肠剂、注射剂、植入物、喷雾剂或气溶胶。该组合物可根据常规制药方式进行配制(例如,参见《雷明顿:药学科学与实践》,2013年第22版,L.V.Allen,药物出版社,费城;以及制药技术百科全书,第四版,J版。斯沃布里克,2013年,华润出版社,纽约)。
每个化合物可以以本领域已知的多种方式来配制。例如,本发明化合物和这里所定义的生物活性试剂可以一起配制也可以单独配制。理想情况是,将本发明化合物和生物活性剂配制在一起以同时或接近同时施用。在另一实施方案中,两种或更多种生物活性剂可与本发明化合物一起配制或者单独配制。其他实施例包括,但不限于,一起配制本发明两种或多种化合物,其中所述化合物与或不与一种或多种生物活性剂一起配制。
可将单独或分别配制的试剂包装在一起作为一个试剂盒。非限制性实施例包括但不限于包含(例如)两片药丸、一片药丸和粉末、药瓶中的栓剂和液体、两种外用乳膏等的试剂盒。该试剂盒可包括有助于向患者施用单位剂量的选择性组分,例如用于重组粉末形式的药瓶、注射用注射器、定制的IV输送系统、吸入器等。此外,单位剂量试剂盒可包含组合物的配制和施用说明。
该试剂盒可被配制为单一患者的单次使用的单位剂量形式,也可以被配制为特定患者的多次使用(以恒定剂量或单个化合物的剂量可随治疗进展而变化从而变化效价);或者,所述试剂盒可包含适合多个患者服用的多剂量(“散装包装”)。所述试剂盒的成分可组装在纸箱、泡罩包装、瓶子、管子等等之中。
控制释放制剂
本发明的每个化合物,可以单独配制也可以与这里所描述的一个或者一个以上生物活性试剂一起配制为控制释放(例如,持续释放或者定量释放)制剂,如美国专利申请公开第2003/0152637号和2005/0025765号中所述,上述专利均通过引用并入本文中。例如,本发明化合物可以单独配制也可以与这里所描述的一个或者一个以上生物活性试剂一起配制为胶囊或片剂中,向患者施用。
根据需要,可以使用适用于局部应用和/或适用于向待治疗位点注射(例如,疼痛的外科切口、伤口或关节)的任何药学上可接受的载体或制剂,所述载体或者制剂能够持续释放本发明化合物,所述本发明化合物可以单独使用或者与这里所描述的一种或多种生物活性剂联合使用,以长期消除或缓解炎症性反应。本领域已知的控释制剂包括特殊包衣微丸、聚合物制剂或用于外科植入的基质,或作为用于植入、插入、输注或注射的缓释微粒,例如微球或微囊,其中,活性药物的缓释是通过从基质中持续或受控扩散和/或制剂涂层的选择性降解或聚合物基质的选择性降解实现的。用于将药剂控制、持续或立即递送至患者的优选局部部位的其他制剂或载体包括,例如,悬浮液、乳剂、凝胶、脂质体和可接受皮下或肌肉内施用的任何其他合适的已知技术传递载体或制剂。
多种生物相容性材料可用作控制释放载体,以控制释放本发明化合物(单独或与一种或多种这里所描述的生物活性剂组合)。可使用本领域技术人员已知的任何药学上可接受的生物相容性聚合物。优选生物相容性控释材料在约一年内、优选约3个月内、更优选约两个月内在体内降解。更优选地,控释材料将在一到三个月内显著降解,其中至少50%的材料降解为无毒残留物,这些残留物由身体清除,并且,百分之百的本发明化合物在约两周内,优选在约2天至约7天内的一段时间内被释放。可降解的控释材料最好通过水解降解,无论是通过表面侵蚀还是体积侵蚀,从而不仅可以实现持续释放,而且还提供理想的释放速率。然而,这些制剂的药代动力学释放曲线可为一级、零级、双相或多相,以在所需时间段内提供所需的可逆局部抗伤害作用。
合适的生物相容性聚合物可以用作控制释放材料。所述聚合物材料可包括生物相容性、可生物降解的聚合物,并且,在某些优选的实施方案中,优选乳酸和乙醇酸的共聚物。在本发明的制剂中有用的优选控制释放材料包括聚酸酐、聚酯、乳酸和乙醇酸的共聚合物(优选其中乳酸与乙醇酸的重量比不超过4:1,即,80%或更少的乳酸至20%或更多的乙醇酸(按重量计)和含有催化剂或降解增强化合物的聚正交酯,例如,含有至少1%(按重量计)的酸酐催化剂,如马来酸酐。聚酯的实例包括聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸和聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物。其他有用的聚合物包括蛋白质聚合物,如胶原蛋白、明胶、纤维蛋白和纤维蛋白原,以及多糖,如透明质酸。
聚合物材料可通过本领域技术人员已知的任何方法制备。例如,如果聚合物材料由乳酸和乙醇酸的共聚物组成,则该共聚物可通过美国专利4,293,539号中规定的方法制备,该专利通过引用并入本文。或者,乳酸和乙醇酸的共聚物可通过本领域技术人员已知的任何其他方法制备。其他有用聚合物包括聚乳酸、聚甘油醚、聚酸酐、聚正交酯、聚己内酯、聚磷腈、聚磷酸酯、多糖、蛋白质聚合物、多糖的可溶性衍生物、蛋白质聚合物的可溶性衍生物、多肽、聚酯、以及聚正交酯或其混合物或组合。
在本发明中有用的药学上可接受的聚酸酐具有不耐水的酸酐键。药物释放速率可由所使用的特定聚酸酐聚合物及其分子量控制。多糖可以是聚-1,4-葡聚糖,例如淀粉糖原、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、以及其混合物。可生物降解的亲水性或疏水性聚合物可以是聚-1,4-葡聚糖的水溶性衍生物,包括水解支链淀粉、水解支链淀粉的衍生物,例如羟乙基淀粉(HES)、羟乙基直链淀粉、双醛淀粉、等等。聚酸酐聚合物可以是支化的或线性的。
在本发明中有用的聚合物的实例包括(除了聚乳酸和/或聚乙醇酸的均聚物和共聚物之外)、聚[双(对羧基苯氧基)丙烷酸酐](PCPP)、聚[双(对羧基)甲烷酸酐](PCPM)、低聚不饱和脂肪酸的聚酸酐、由氨基酸制备的聚酸酐聚合物,该氨基酸经修饰以包括额外的羧酸、芳香族聚酸酐组合物以及聚酸酐与其他物质的共聚合物,例如端脂肪酸的聚酸酐,例如由不饱和脂肪酸或不饱和脂肪酸的二聚体和/或三聚体的单体聚合的聚酸酐。聚酸酐可按照美国专利4,757,128中规定的方法制备,该专利通过引用并入本文。可制备聚正交酯聚合物,例如,如美国专利4,070,347中所述,该专利通过引用并入本文。聚磷酸酯可按照美国专利6,008,318、6,153,212、5,952,451、6,051,576、6,103,255、5,176,907和5,194,581中的规定制备和使用,上述专利通过引用将其全部并入本文。
也可使用蛋白质类聚合物。所述蛋白质类聚合物及其可溶性衍生物包括凝胶化生物可降解合成多肽、弹性蛋白、烷基化的胶原蛋白,烷基化的弹性蛋白等等。生物可降解的合成多肽包括聚(N-羟基烷基)-L-天冬酰胺,聚-(N-羟基烷基)-L-谷氨酰胺,N-羟基烷基-L-天冬酰胺和N-羟基烷基-L-谷氨酰胺和其他氨基酸的共聚物。建议的氨基酸包括L-丙氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-酪氨酸、等等。
在其他实施方案中,控制释放材料,其实际上用作本发明化合物(单独使用或者与这里所描述的一种或者一种以上生物活性试剂结合使用)的载体,其可进一步包括生物粘附聚合物,例如果胶(聚半乳糖醛酸)、粘多糖(透明质酸、粘蛋白)或无毒凝集素,或聚合物本身可为生物粘附剂,例如聚酸酐或多糖,例如壳聚糖。
在一些实施方案中,可生物降解聚合物包含凝胶,一种此类有用的聚合物是热胶凝聚合物,例如聚氧化乙烯、聚氧化丙烯(PEO-PPO)嵌段共聚物,例如购自巴斯夫温多特公司的Pluronic TM F127。在这种情况下,可通过注射器将局部麻醉剂作为自由流动的液体注入,该液体在30℃以上迅速凝结(例如,注入患者体内时)。然后,凝胶系统在给药部位释放稳定剂量的本发明化合物,所述本发明化合物是单独使用的或与本文所述的一种或多种生物活性剂结合使用的。
口服使用剂量形式
口服制剂包括片剂,所述片剂中含有与无毒的药学上可接受的赋形剂混合的活性成分。这些赋形剂可能是,例如,惰性稀释剂或填充物(例如,蔗糖、山梨醇、糖、甘露醇、微晶纤维素、淀粉,包括马铃薯淀粉、碳酸钙、氯化钠、乳糖、磷酸钙、硫酸钙或磷酸钠);造粒剂和崩解剂(例如,纤维素衍生物,包括微晶纤维素、淀粉,包括马铃薯淀粉、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、海藻酸钠或海藻酸);粘合剂(例如,蔗糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇、阿拉伯胶、海藻酸、海藻酸钠、明胶、淀粉、预糊化淀粉、微晶纤维素、硅酸铝镁、羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或聚乙二醇);和润滑因子,润滑剂,以及抗粘合剂(例如硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸锌、硬脂酸、二氧化硅、氢化植物油或滑石粉)。其他药学上可接受的赋形剂可以是着色剂、调味剂、增塑剂、保湿剂、缓冲剂、味觉掩蔽剂(例如羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素)等等。
如本文所定义,本发明的一种或多种化合物和一种或多种生物活性剂可在片剂、胶囊或其他载体中混合在一起,或可被分成各个部分。在一个实施例中,本发明化合物被包含在片剂内部,所述生物活性剂位于片剂的外部,从而在本发明化合物被释放之前先持续释放生物活性试剂部分。
口服制剂也可以被制成咀嚼片、硬明胶胶囊(其中活性成分与惰性固体稀释剂(例如,马铃薯淀粉、乳糖、微晶纤维素、碳酸钙、磷酸钙或高岭土)混合),或软明胶胶囊(其中活性成分与水或油介质混合,例如,花生油、液体石蜡或橄榄油)的形式被提供。可使用上述片剂和胶囊下的成分以常规方式制备粉末、颗粒、以及丸剂,例如使用混合器、流化床装置或喷雾干燥设备。
口腔内口服给药制剂也可作为漱口水、口腔喷雾剂、口腔冲洗液、口腔软膏或口腔凝胶的形式提供。
溶解或扩散控制释放可通过适当的涂层包覆片剂、胶囊、颗粒或化合物的颗粒制剂来实现,或通过将化合物加入适当的基质来实现。控制释放涂层可包括上述一种或多种涂层物质,和/或,例如虫胶、蜂蜡、乙醇蜡、蓖麻蜡、巴西棕榈蜡、硬脂醇、单硬脂酸甘油酯、双硬脂酸甘油酯、棕榈硬脂酸甘油酯、乙基纤维素、丙烯酸树脂、dl-聚乳酸、乙酸丁酸纤维素、聚氯乙烯、聚醋酸乙烯酯、吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、2-羟甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸水凝胶、1,3-丁二醇、,甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯和/或聚乙二醇。在控释基质配方中,基质材料还可包括例如水合甲基纤维素、巴西棕榈蜡和硬脂醇、卡波普934、硅树脂、三硬脂酸甘油酯、丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯和/或卤素化氟碳化合物。
可并入本发明化合物和组合物以供口服的液体形式包括水溶液、适当调味的糖浆、水悬浮液或油悬浮液以及含有食用油的调味乳液,如棉籽油、芝麻油、椰子油或花生油,以及酊剂和类似的药物载体。
通常对人施用时,本发明组合的任何化合物的口服剂量将取决于该化合物的性质,并且可由本领域技术人员容易地确定。通常,该剂量通常为每天约0.001mg至2000mg,理想的情况是每天约1mg至1000mg以及更理想的是每天约5毫克至500毫克。如果需要的话,每天摄入剂量最多为200毫克。
如本文所述,在联合治疗中,每种药物的施用可以独立地每天一至四次,持续一天至一年以及甚至可能是持续在病人的整个生命过程中。在许多情况下,需要慢慢的长期服用。
肠胃外给药制剂
适用于肠胃外给药(例如,通过注射)的制剂包括水性或非水性、等渗、无热原、无菌液体(例如,溶液、悬浮液),其中化合物溶解、悬浮或以其他方式被提供(例如,在脂质体或其他微粒中)。此类液体可含有其他药学上可接受的成分,例如抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、防腐剂、稳定剂、抑菌剂、悬浮剂、增稠剂、以及使制剂与预期受体的血液(或其他相关体液)等渗的溶质。赋形剂的示例包括,例如,水、醇、多元醇、甘油、植物油、等等。用于此类制剂的合适等渗载体的实例包括氯化钠注射液、林格溶液或乳酸林格注射液。通常情况下化合物在液体中的浓度为约1ng/ml至约10μg/ml,例如约10ng/ml至约1μg/ml。制剂可存在于单位剂量或多剂量密封容器中,例如,安瓿和小瓶中,并且可在冷冻干燥(冻干)条件下储存,仅需在使用前添加无菌液体载体,例如注射用水。可使用无菌粉末、颗粒、和片剂制备即时施用的注射溶液或者悬浮液。
局部制剂
本发明组合物(单独使用或与本文所述的一种或多种生物活性试剂结合使用)也可适于局部使用,与含有0.0001%至25%(w/w)或更多的活性成分的局部赋形剂一起局部使用。
在优选组合中,活性成分优选每种在0.0001%到10%(w/w)之间,更优选含有0.0005%到4%(w/w)之间的活性试剂。所述局部制剂,包括但不限于乳膏、凝胶或软膏,可每天施用一至四次,或根据需要施用。执行本文所述的方法,优选将含有本发明组合物的局部赋形剂或含有本发明组合物的组合疗法应用于患者的炎症部位。例如,乳膏可被用于患手指关节炎患者的手指上。
所述组合物可使用任何皮肤学上可接受的载体配制。示例性载体包括固体载体,例如氧化铝、粘土、微晶纤维素、二氧化硅或滑石;和/或液体载体,例如酒精、乙二醇或水-酒精/乙二醇混合物。治疗剂也可在脂质体制剂中施用,以允许治疗剂进入皮肤。此类脂质体制剂在美国专利第5,169,637号;5,000,958号;5,049,388号;4,975,282号;5,194,266号;5,023,087号;5,688,525号;5,874,104号;5,409,704号;5,552,155号;5,356,633号;5,032,582号;4,994,213号;8,822,537号,以及PCT申请WO96/40061中描述。美国专利4,877,805、8,822,537和EP专利公开号0586106A1中描述了其他适当的载体的实施例。本发明的合适载体还可包括矿物油、矿脂、聚癸烯、硬脂酸、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯40、硬脂醇,或者植物油。
该组合物还可包括皮肤渗透促进剂,如“经皮渗透促进剂”中所述的那些(编辑:Smith E W和Maibach H I.CRC出版社1995)。示例性皮肤渗透促进剂包括烷基(N,N-二取代氨基烷酸酯)酯,例如2-(N,N-二甲氨基)丙酸十二烷基酯(DDAIP),其在美国专利6,083,996和6,118,020中进行了描述,所述通过引用并入本文;一种水分散性酸聚合物,例如聚丙烯酸聚合物、卡波姆(例如卡波姆TM或卡波姆940PTM,可从B.F.Goodrich公司(俄亥俄州阿克伦市)购买,聚丙烯酸共聚物(如来自B.F.古德里奇公司的PemulenTM或来自弗吉尼亚州里士满A.H.Robbins公司的PolycarbophilTM;一种多糖胶,如琼脂胶、海藻酸盐、卡拉胶、加蒂胶、卡拉亚胶、卡达亚胶、鼠李糖胶、黄原胶、以及半乳甘露聚糖胶(例如瓜尔豆胶、角豆胶、以及刺槐豆胶),以及本领域已知的其他胶(例如,参见工业胶:多糖及其衍生物,Whistler R.L.,BeMiller J.N.(编辑),第三版学术出版社(1992年)和Davidson R.L.,水溶性胶和树脂手册,McGraw Hill,Inc.,N.Y.(1980年));或其组合。
其他合适的聚合物皮肤渗透促进剂是纤维素衍生物,例如乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素。此外,如果需要,还可以添加已知的透皮渗透促进剂。示例性的透皮渗透促进剂是二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)、2-吡咯烷酮、N,N-二乙基间甲苯胺(DEET)、1-十二烷基氮杂环庚烷-2-酮(Azone TM,Nelson Research公司的注册商标),N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,巯基乙酸钙和其他增强剂,如二氧环烷,环酮以及它们的衍生物等等。
另外可以起到说明作用的是一组可生物降解的吸收促进剂,它们是烷基N,N-2-(二取代氨基)烷酸酯,如美国专利第4,980,378号和美国专利第5,082,866号中的描述,这两篇专利均通过引用并入本文,其包括:十四烷基(N,N-二甲氨基乙酯、十二烷基(N,N-二甲氨基)乙酯、十八烷基(N,N-二甲氨基)乙酯、辛基(N,N-二甲氨基)乙酯以及十二烷基(N,N-二乙氨基)乙酯。
特别优选的皮肤渗透促进剂包括肉豆蔻酸异丙酯;棕榈酸异丙酯;二甲基亚砜;癸基甲基亚砜;中链脂肪酸的二甲基丙氨酸酰胺;2-(N,N-二甲氨基)丙酸十二烷基酯或其盐,例如,其有机盐(例如,盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、硫酸盐、磷酸盐以及硝酸加成盐)和无机盐(例如,乙酸盐、苯甲酸盐、水杨酸盐、乙醇酸盐、琥珀酸盐、烟酸盐、酒石酸盐、马来酸盐、苹果酸盐、帕莫酸盐、甲烷磺酸盐、环己烷磺酸盐、苦味酸盐、以及乳酸加成盐),如美国专利第6,118,020号所述;及烷基2-(N,N-二取代氨基)-烷酸酯,如美国专利第4,980,378号和美国专利5,082,866号所述。
按重量计,该组合物中的皮肤渗透促进剂的含量范围为0.5%至10%(w/w)。最佳范围为1.0%至5%(w/w)。在另一个实施方案中,皮肤渗透促进剂占组合物的0.5%-1%、1%-2%、2%-3%、3%-4%或4%-5%(w/w)。
所述组合物可以任何有用的形式被提供。例如,本发明的组合物可以被配制成溶液、乳化液(包括微乳化液)、悬浮液、乳膏、软膏、泡沫、乳液、凝胶、粉末或其他典型的固体、半固体或液体组合物(例如,局部喷雾剂),用于向可使用本发明组合物的皮肤或其他组织上施用。此类组合物可包含此类产品中通常使用的其他成分,例如着色剂、香料、增稠剂(例如黄原胶、脂肪酸、脂肪酸盐或酯、脂肪醇、改性纤维素、改性矿物材料、Krisgel 100TM,或合成聚合物)、抗菌剂、溶剂、表面活性剂、洗涤剂、胶凝剂、抗氧化剂、填料、染料、粘度控制剂、防腐剂、保湿剂、润肤剂(如天然或合成油、碳氢化合物油、蜡或硅酮)、水合剂、螯合剂、缓凝剂、增溶赋形剂、,助剂、分散剂、皮肤渗透促进剂、增塑剂、防腐剂、稳定剂、破乳剂、润湿剂、防晒霜、乳化剂、保湿剂、收敛剂、除臭剂、以及任选地包括麻醉剂、止痒活性剂、植物提取物、调理剂、增暗剂或增白剂、闪光剂、保湿剂、云母、矿物质、多酚、硅酮或其衍生物、防晒霜、维生素、以及植物药。
所述组合物还可包括其他类似成分以提供额外的益处,并改善局部制剂的手感和/或外观。这些配方中常用的特定类别的添加剂包括:肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、山梨酸NF粉末、聚乙二醇、磷脂酰胆碱(包括磷脂酰胆碱的混合物,如磷脂G)、Krisgel 100TM蒸馏水、氢氧化钠、癸基甲基亚砜(作为皮肤渗透促进剂)、薄荷醇晶体、薰衣草油、丁基羟基甲苯、乙基二甘醇试剂、以及95%乙醇(190度)。
眼科用药制剂
本发明的化合物也可与足够浓度的眼科可接受的载体一起配制,以将有效量的活性物质化合物传递到眼睛的视神经部位。优选地,眼科治疗溶液包含一种或多种活性化合物,其浓度范围为约0.0001%至约5%(单位体积的重量),更优选约0.0005%至约0.1%(单位体积的重量)。
眼科可接受的载体不会对眼睛造成明显刺激,也不会消除带电钠通道阻滞剂的药理活性和特性。
眼科可接受的载体通常是无菌的,基本上没有异物颗粒,并且通常pH值在5-8范围内。优选地,pH值尽可能接近泪液(7.4)的pH值。眼科可接受的载体包括,例如,无菌等渗溶液,如等渗氯化钠或硼酸溶液。此类载体通常为含有氯化钠或硼酸的水溶液。磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)溶液也很有用。
眼科制剂中可使用各种防腐剂。优选防腐剂包括但不限于苯扎氯铵钾、氯丁醇、硫柳汞、乙酸苯汞、以及硝酸苯汞。同样,各种优选载体也可用于此类眼科制剂中。这些载体包括但不限于聚乙烯醇、聚维酮、羟丙基甲基纤维素、泊洛沙姆、羧甲基纤维素和羟乙基纤维素。
可根据需要或为方便起见添加张力调节剂,所述张力调节剂包括,但不限于,盐,特别是氯化钠、氯化钾等,甘露醇和甘油,或任何其他合适的眼科可接受的张力调节剂。
可以使用各种缓冲液和调节pH值的方法,只要所得制剂在眼科上可接受。因此,缓冲剂包括但不限于醋酸盐缓冲剂、柠檬酸盐缓冲剂、磷酸盐缓冲剂、以及硼酸盐缓冲液。根据需要,可使用酸或碱调节这些制剂的pH值。眼部可接受的抗氧化剂也可包括在内。抗氧化剂包括但不限于焦亚硫酸钠、硫代硫酸钠、乙酰半胱氨酸、丁基羟基苯甲醚、以及丁基羟基甲苯。
经鼻给药或者吸入给药的制剂
本发明的药物组合物可被配制用于经鼻腔或鼻内给药。当载体为固体时,适合于经鼻给药的制剂包括粗粉,其具有的颗粒直径例如,在大约20至500微米的范围内,通过鼻道快速吸入。当载体是液体时,例如,作为鼻喷雾剂或滴鼻剂,可将一种或多种制剂混合在水溶液或油溶液中通过鼻腔吸入或喷入鼻腔内。
对于吸入给药,活性成分可以通过加压包装或雾化器以气雾剂喷雾形式方便地输送,所述加压包装或者雾化器合适的推进剂,例如二氯代二氟代甲烷,三氯代氟代甲烷、二氯代四联氟代乙烷、二氧化碳或其他适合的气体。在加压气溶胶的情况下,剂量单位可通过提供一个阀门来确定,该阀门用于输送计量量的胶囊和药筒,例如,用于吸入器或吹入器的明胶可配制成含有化合物的粉末状混合物以及合适的粉末基质,如乳糖或淀粉。
可通过吸入方式,使用吸入器或者充气器将用于局部传递的干粉末组合物传递至肺部,例如,以胶囊和药筒的形式存在,例如,明胶或水泡,例如,层压铝箔。粉末混合物制剂通常包含用于吸入的本发明化合物的粉末混合物和合适的粉末状基质(载体/稀释剂/赋形剂物质),如单糖、双糖或多糖(如乳糖或淀粉)。优选使用乳糖。在一个实施方案中,每个胶囊或药筒可含有约2ug至约100mg的式(I)化合物,其任选地与另一种治疗活性成分组合。在一个优选的实施方案中,每个胶囊或药筒可含有约10微克至约50毫克的式(I)化合物,其任选地与另一种治疗活性成分组合。在另一个实施方案中,每个胶囊或药筒可含有约20ug至约10mg的式(I)化合物,任选地与另一种治疗活性成分组合。作为选择,本发明化合物可在不含辅料的情况下传递。
适当地,包装/药物分配器是选自以下类型所组成的组中:贮存器干粉吸入器(RDPI)、单位剂量干粉吸入器(例如胶囊或泡罩包装吸入器)、多剂量干粉吸入器(MDPI)以及计量吸入器(MDI)。
在加压容器、泵、喷剂、雾化器或喷雾器中使用的溶液或悬浮液可配制成含有水介质、乙醇、液态乙醇或者其他适合于分散、溶解或延长活性成分释放的替代剂;作为溶剂的推进剂;和/或表面活性剂,例如山梨醇酐三油酸酯、油酸或低聚乳酸。
被配制为经鼻或吸入给药制剂的组合物可包括一种或多种味觉掩蔽剂,例如调味剂、甜味剂和其他方案,例如蔗糖、葡萄糖、以及乳糖、羧酸、薄荷醇、氨基酸或氨基酸衍生物,如精氨酸、赖氨酸、以及谷氨酸钠,和/或合成香料油和香料和/或天然油,植物、叶、花、水果等提取物及其组合。这些可能包括肉桂油、冬青油、薄荷油、三叶草油、月桂油、茴香油、桉树油、香草油、柑橘油(如柠檬油、橙油、葡萄油和葡萄柚油)、水果香精(包括苹果、桃、梨、草莓、覆盆子、樱桃、李子、菠萝、杏等)。其他甜味剂包括蔗糖、葡萄糖、,阿斯巴甜、乙酰磺胺-K、三氯蔗糖和糖精、有机酸(非限制性实例包括柠檬酸和天冬氨酸)。按重量计,此类香料的含量约为0.05%至4%,并且可根据影响风味作用的因素、调味品的溶解度、调味品对其他配方成分的溶解度或其他物理化学或药代动力学性质的影响或其他因素以较低或较高的量存在。
指示
本发明的化合物、组合物、方法以及本发明的试剂盒可用于治疗与多种疾病中的任何一种相关的疼痛、咳嗽或瘙痒,包括三叉神经营养综合征、红细胞痛、背部和颈部疼痛、下背部疼痛、癌症疼痛、妇科和分娩疼痛、腹壁痛、慢性腹壁痛、纤维肌痛、过敏性鼻炎、关节炎、,类风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、风湿性疼痛、骨科疼痛、急性和带状疱疹后神经痛和其他神经性疼痛(包括周围神经病变)、镰状细胞危象、肌肉痛、外阴痛、直肠痛、肛提肌综合征、直肠痛、肛周痛、痔疮痛、胃痛、溃疡、,炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征、肠易激综合征、口腔粘膜炎、食管炎、间质性膀胱炎、尿道炎和其他泌尿系统疼痛、牙痛、灼痛、头痛、眼部刺激、结膜炎(如过敏性结膜炎)、眼睛发红、干眼症、干眼症(慢性眼部疼痛),复杂区域疼痛综合征、急性术后疼痛、术后疼痛、术后眼部疼痛、以及程序性疼痛(即与注射、脓肿引流、手术、牙科手术、眼科手术、眼部刺激、结膜炎(如过敏性结膜炎)相关的疼痛)、眼睛发红、干眼症、关节镜检查和其他医疗器械的使用、美容外科手术、皮肤科手术、固定骨折、活组织检查、等等)。
由于痛觉感受神经元的一个亚类介导瘙痒感觉,因此本发明化合物、组合物、方法以及本发明的试剂盒也可用于治疗瘙痒等疾病患者的瘙痒(包括,但是不局限于,肱桡动脉,慢性特发性,生殖器/肛门,感觉异常疼痛以及头皮瘙痒)、过敏性皮炎、特应性皮炎、接触性皮炎、毒葛、感染、寄生虫、昆虫叮咬、怀孕、代谢紊乱、肝或肾功能衰竭、药物反应、过敏反应、湿疹、手部湿疹、生殖器和肛门瘙痒、痔疮瘙痒、以及癌症。
由于伤害感受神经元的一个亚类可引发异常咳嗽反射,因此,本发明化合物、组合物、方法以及本发明的试剂盒还可用于治疗哮喘、COPD、哮喘-COPD重叠综合征(ACOS)、间质性肺纤维化(IPF)、特发性肺纤维化、病毒后咳嗽、感染后咳嗽、慢性特发性咳嗽和肺癌患者的咳嗽。
本发明化合物、组合物、方法以及本发明的试剂盒也可用于治疗神经源性炎症和神经源性炎症疾病。炎症是对有害刺激的一系列复杂反应,导致局部红肿以及疼痛,炎症可以是先天性的,也可以是适应性的,后者由抗原驱动,由免疫细胞介导(免疫介导的炎症)。神经源性炎症源于痛觉神经元(伤害感受神经元)的传出功能,其中神经肽和其他作为促炎症介质的化学物质在激活时从伤害感受器的外周终末释放。这种释放过程是由含肽囊泡的钙内流和胞吐介导的,并且促炎神经肽包括P物质、神经激肽A和B(统称为速激肽)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)以及血管活性肠多肽(VIP)。
外周末梢化学物质的释放刺激多种炎症反应。首先,P物质的释放可导致毛细血管通透性增加,从而使血浆蛋白从血管内腔室泄漏到细胞外空间(血浆外渗),导致水肿。这可以被检测为一种风团(皮肤的一种坚硬、隆起的肿胀),它是三种炎症反应中的一种——风团、红斑、以及被称为刘易斯三重反应的耀斑。其次,降钙素基因相关肽的释放导致血管扩张,导致血流量增加。这可以被检测为耀斑,这是刘易斯三重反应的另一个组成部分。
P物质对免疫细胞(如巨噬细胞、T细胞、肥大细胞、以及树突状细胞)通过其神经激肽-1(NK1)受体产生前免疫作用。这一作用以及被记录在过敏性鼻炎、胃炎、以及结肠炎种,并且代表神经源性和免疫介导的炎症成分之间的分界线。一个伤害感受神经元释放的P物质也可能作用于相邻伤害感受神经元上的NK1受体,使其致敏或激活,导致激活和传入/传出功能的扩散。伤害感受神经元的这些传出功能可以通过以下方式触发:1)通过对伤害感受神经元终端施加足够的外周刺激(例如按压)直接激活伤害感受神经元终端;2)通过轴突反射间接逆向激活非受刺激的伤害感受神经元末端,其中当到达外周的会聚轴突分支点时,来自伤害感受神经元一个末端的动作电位输入,导致动作电位从分支点向下移动到非受激终端的外围终端;以及3)中枢神经系统中的伤害感受神经元中枢终末向外周移动时的活动导致的激活(例如,GABA产生的中枢终末初级传入去极化足以启动以“错误方式”移动的动作电位)。
对肺部的ILC2细胞的基因组分析表明,感觉神经元释放的几种神经肽的受体表达,包括SP、CGRP和VIP,为伤害感受神经元与这些细胞直接交流提供了机会。特别是,发现VIP在NaV1.8+结状神经节神经元中表达,包括OVA暴露小鼠的肺传入。用辣椒素或IL5刺激培养的结糖神经节神经元也会释放VIP,而与载体激发小鼠相比,暴露于OVA的小鼠BALF中的VIP含量升高(Talbot et al.,Neuron.2015July 15;87(2):341–354)。这些数据表明VIP在发炎的肺中释放,并可通过使用本发明的带电钠通道阻滞剂使神经元沉默来阻断。此外,当在TH2倾斜条件下培养的CD4+T细胞暴露于重组小鼠VIP时,IL-13和IL-5的转录水平增加,表明VIP有助于TH2细胞转录这些II型调节性细胞因子。
免疫细胞释放的免疫介质也能激活伤害感受神经元。肥大细胞靠近初级伤害感受神经元,在许多情况下有助于伤害感受神经元致敏。促泌剂化合物48/80的注入能够促进硬脑膜内肥大细胞脱颗粒,导致脑膜伤害感受器兴奋。肥大细胞脱颗粒也有助于神经生长因子诱导的热痛觉过敏的快速发作。巨噬细胞通过释放几种可溶性介质促进伤害感受神经元致敏。坐骨神经部分结扎后,巨噬细胞和雪旺氏细胞中趋化因子-巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α(MIP-1α)及其受体CCR1和CCR5的表达增加,并有助于神经病理性疼痛的发生。淋巴细胞有助于外周伤害感受神经元的致敏。神经损伤后,T细胞浸润坐骨神经和背根神经节(DRG)。在缺乏T细胞的啮齿类动物中,由神经损伤引起的痛觉过敏和痛觉超敏明显减轻或消失,免疫抑制剂雷帕霉素减轻大鼠的神经病理性疼痛,部分原因是对T细胞的影响。在T细胞亚群中,1型和2型辅助性T细胞(TH1和TH2细胞)在神经病理性疼痛中具有不同的作用。TH1细胞通过释放促炎性细胞因子(IL-2和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ))促进神经病理性疼痛行为,而TH2细胞通过释放抗炎性细胞因子(IL-4、IL-10和IL-13)抑制神经病理性疼痛行为。补体系统在炎症性痛觉过敏和神经病理性疼痛中也起作用。C5a是一种过敏毒素,是补体级联反应的重要效应器,与中性粒细胞上的C5aR1受体结合后,它成为一种有效的中性粒细胞引诱剂(Ren&Dubner,Nat.Med.16:1267-1276(2010))。
细菌感染可以直接激活伤害感受神经元,并且金黄色葡萄球菌引起的小鼠疼痛不需要通过TLR2,MyD88,T细胞,B细胞以及中性粒细胞和单核细胞介导的免疫反应(Chiu等人,《自然》501:52-57(2013))。小鼠的机械性和热性痛觉过敏与活细菌负荷有关,而不是与组织肿胀或免疫激活有关。细菌通过不同的机制诱导伤害感受器神经元的钙流量和动作电位,部分通过细菌N-甲酰化肽和成孔毒素α-溶血素。包括伤害感受神经元在内的Nav1.8系神经元的特异性消融消除了细菌感染期间的疼痛,但同时增加了局部免疫浸润和引流淋巴结的淋巴结病。因此,细菌病原体通过直接激活调节炎症的感觉神经元而产生疼痛,这是神经系统在宿主-病原体相互作用中的一个意想不到的作用。Talbot等人(Neuron.2015 July15;87(2):341–354)的数据也表明,在致敏动物中暴露于过敏原期间,伤害感受神经元被激活。
在某些疾病中,神经源性炎症导致由组织损伤、自身免疫疾病、感染引起的外周炎症,并且暴露于软组织、皮肤、呼吸系统、关节、泌尿生殖道和胃肠道、肝脏、以及大脑。神经源性炎症疾病包括,但不限于,过敏性炎症、炎症性肠病、间质性膀胱炎、特应性皮炎、哮喘、结膜炎、关节炎、结肠炎、接触性皮炎、糖尿病、湿疹、膀胱炎、胃炎、偏头痛、银屑病、鼻炎、酒渣鼻、晒伤、胰腺炎、慢性咳嗽、慢性鼻窦炎、创伤性脑损伤、多菌败血症、腱病、慢性荨麻疹、风湿性疾病、急性肺损伤、暴露于刺激物、吸入刺激物、污染物或化学武器,如本文所述。
疼痛、咳嗽、瘙痒以及神经源性严重的评估
为了测量本发明化合物、组合物、方法以及本发明的试剂盒在治疗与肌肉骨骼、免疫炎症和神经病变相关的疼痛时的功效,可使用测量指数表。有用的指数包括视觉模拟量表(VAS)、利克特量表、分类疼痛量表、描述符、Lequesne指数、WOMAC指数、以及AUSCAN索引,每种索引在本领域中都是众所周知的。这些指数可用于测量疼痛、瘙痒、功能、僵硬或其他变量。
视觉模拟量表(VAS)提供一维定量的测量方法。VAS通常使用距离表示,例如以规则距离间隔(例如,十个1-cm间隔)绘制的具有散列标记的线的图片。例如,可以要求患者通过选择线上最符合疼痛或瘙痒感觉的点对疼痛或瘙痒感觉进行排序,其中线的一端对应“无疼痛”(0cm)或“无瘙痒”,线的另一端对应“无法忍受的疼痛”或“无法忍受的瘙痒”(10cm)。该方法提供了一种简单而快速的方法来获取有关患者如何经历疼痛或瘙痒的定量信息。VAS量表及其用途如美国专利6,709,406及6,432,937中所述。
利克特量表同样提供了一维定量的测量方法。通常,利克特量表具有从低值(例如,0,表示无疼痛)到高值(例如,7,表示极度疼痛)的离散整数值。疼痛患者被要求在低值和高值之间选择一个数字来表示疼痛程度。利克特量表及其用途如美国专利6623040及6766319中所述。
Lequesne指数和西安大略省和麦克马斯特大学(WOMAC)骨关节炎指数评估疼痛、功能、以及膝关节和髋关节僵硬程度,使用自填问卷调查OA患者。膝关节和髋关节都包含在WOMAC中,而膝关节和髋关节分别有一份Lequesne问卷。与VAS或利克特相比,这些问卷非常有用,因为它们包含更多的信息内容。WOMAC指数和Lequesne指数问卷已在骨性关节炎中得到广泛验证,包括在外科环境中(例如膝关节和髋关节置换术)。它们的度量特征没有显著差异。
AUSCAN(澳大利亚-加拿大手关节炎)指数表采用有效、可靠的以及反应性患者自我报告问卷。在一个情况下,该问卷包含三个维度内的15个问题(疼痛,5个问题;僵硬,1个问题;身体功能,9个问题)。AUSCAN指数可利用利克特或VAS量表等。
在本发明的方法、组合物以及试剂盒中使用的用于疼痛测量的量表包括疼痛描述量表(PDS)、视觉模拟量表(VAS)、言语描述量表(VDS)、数字疼痛强度量表(NPI)、神经病理性疼痛量表(NPS)、神经病理性疼痛症状量表(NPSI)、当前疼痛量表(PPI)、老年疼痛量表(GPM),麦吉尔疼痛问卷(MPQ)、平均疼痛强度(描述符差异量表)、数字疼痛量表(NPS)全球评估分数(GES)、简式麦吉尔疼痛问卷、明尼苏达多相人格问卷、疼痛概况和多维疼痛问卷、儿童健康问卷、以及儿童评估问卷。
瘙痒可通过主观测量(VAS、利克特、描述表)进行测量。另一种方法是使用振动传感器或运动敏感仪表测量痕迹,所述痕迹是瘙痒的客观关联。
咳嗽可以通过标准问卷(如莱斯特咳嗽问卷)以及经验证的客观仪器(如VitaloJAK)来测量。
实施例
下面的实施例意图说明本发明,并不应作为对本发明的限制。
实施例1–化合物合成
常见缩写的定义
ACN 乙腈
aq. 水溶液
℃ 摄氏度
δ 化学位移(ppm)
DCM 二氯甲烷
DMSO 二甲基亚砜
ESI 电喷雾电离
Et2O 二乙醚
EtOAc 乙酸乙酯
h 小时
MeOH 甲醇
mHz 兆赫
min 分钟
ml 毫升
MS 质谱
m/z 质量电荷比
NMR 核磁共振
RT 室温
TLC 薄层色谱
UV 紫外灯
合成1-苯甲基-1-(2-((2-(甲氧基羰基)-4-甲基噻吩-3-基)氨基)-2-氧乙基)环
六亚甲基-1-亚胺溴化物:
化合物-31
·合成中间体甲基3-(2-溴代乙酰氨基)-4-甲基噻吩-2-碳酸脂
将甲基3-氨基-4-甲基噻吩-2-碳酸脂(5g,29.20mmol)在水(50.0mL)中搅拌后的悬浮液冷却至0℃然后逐滴加入2-溴代乙酰溴化物(12mL,137.74mmol)。在室温条件下搅拌所得反应混合物16h,使用TLC(10%在石油醚中的乙酸乙酯,紫外观察)监控反映进程。所得反应混合物被冷却至0℃然后用饱和碳酸钠溶液(100ml水溶液)将pH值调整到9.0。过滤沉淀的固体并分别用水(2x40mL)和石油醚(3x50mL)洗涤。在减少的压力下干燥所得固体产生甲基3-(2-溴代乙酰氨基)-4-甲基噻吩-2-碳酸脂(7.8g)。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δppm9.43(br s,1H),7.17(s,1H),4.04(s,2H),3.89(s,3H),2.20(s,3H).
·合成中间体
向甲基3-(2-溴代乙酰氨基)-4-甲基噻吩-2-碳酸脂(5g,17.11mmol)在ACN(50mL)中搅拌后的溶液中加入六亚甲基亚胺(1.6974g,17.11mmol)和K2CO3(4.7306g,34.22mmol)。在室温条件下搅拌所得反应混合物16h,使用TLC(70%在石油醚中的乙酸乙酯,紫外观察)监控反映进程。用水(50mL)稀释反应混合物并用EtOAc(2x 250mL)提取。用无水硫酸钠干燥结合的有机提取物、过滤并在减少的压力下浓缩产生甲基3-(2-(六亚甲基亚胺-1-基)乙酰氨基)-4-甲基噻吩-2-碳酸脂(5g)。MS(ESI):m/z 311.16[M+H+].1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δppm 10.05(br s,1H),7.13(d,J=0.95Hz,1H),3.85(s,3H),3.32(s,2H),2.65-2.94(m,4H),2.19(s,3H),1.39-1.93(m,8H).
·合成1-苯甲基-1-(2-((2-(甲氧基羰基)-4-甲基噻吩-3-基)氨基)-2-氧乙基)环六亚甲基-1-亚胺溴化物
向甲基3-(2-(六亚甲基亚胺-1-基)乙酰氨基)-4-甲基噻吩-2-碳酸脂(2g,6.44mmol)在ACN(5mL)中搅拌后的溶液中加入苯甲基溴(0.9mL,7.57mmol)。在密封的容器中80℃下搅拌所得反应混合物16小时,使用TLC(5%MeOH在DCM中的溶液,紫外观察)监控反映进程。将反应冷却至室温并在减少的压力下浓缩。用1:1的乙酸乙酯:乙醇(3x 50mL)滴定粗产品产生1-苯甲基-1-(2-((2-(甲氧基羰基)-4-甲基噻吩-3-基)氨基)-2-氧乙基)环六亚甲基-1-亚胺溴化物(1.1g)。MS(ESI):m/z 401.1[M]+.1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δppm10.50(s,1H),7.61-7.77(m,3H),7.46-7.61(m,3H),4.88(s,2H),4.12(s,2H),3.67-3.90(m,5H),3.47-3.63(m,2H),2.14(s,3H),1.96(br s,4H),1.66(br s,4H).
本发明其他代表性实施例如下所示,可以使用合适取代的2-溴代-N-(噻吩-3-基)乙酰胺、氮杂环和烷基卤化物来合成。
实施例2–抑制Nav1.7电流
根据上述方法合成本发明的代表性化合物,并测试其抑制电压门控钠通道的能力。
细胞培养
用四环素诱导表达NaV1.7。细胞在含有10%透析胎牛血清(VWR,Radnor,PA)、1%谷氨酰胺(VWR,Radnor,PA)、1%青霉素链霉素(VWR,Radnor,PA)、100mg/L潮霉素(ThermoFisher Scientific,Waltham,MA)和5mg/L杀幼素(Alfa Aesar,Haverhill,MA)的DMEM中培养。细胞在37℃的潮湿环境中生长并保持在空气中含有10%二氧化碳。将细胞从培养瓶中分离以传代,并使用0.05%胰蛋白酶EDTA(Thermo Fisher Scientific,Waltham,MA)收获。为了诱导NaV1.7,在记录前一天用四环素(0.1-1μg/mL,IBI Scientific,Peosta,IA)诱导细胞,将细胞置于24孔板上。用DPBS(VWR、Radnor、PA)清洗细胞,胰蛋白酶化,然后在10mL生长培养基中研磨五次,以分离细胞聚集体。对于一个24孔板,将2mL细胞悬浮液与23mL新鲜生长培养基混合,并添加0.1-1μg/mL四环素。然后将1mL带细胞的混合培养基添加到24孔板的每个孔中,并在每个孔中放置12mm盖玻片然后将细胞在37℃和10%CO2中培养过夜。
膜片钳溶液和药物
细胞内溶液含有以下物质(单位:mM):CsCl 135、NaCl 10、EGTA 10、HEPES 10、MgCl2 2,并用CsOH调节至pH 7.2。外部溶液为正常的林格溶液,含有(单位:mM)NaCl 155、HEPES 10、葡萄糖10、KCl 3.5、CaCl2 1.5、MgCl2 1,并用NaOH调节至pH 7.4。CsCl来自马萨诸塞州哈弗希尔的阿尔法·埃萨尔。所有其他化学品均来自密苏里州圣路易斯市西格玛·奥尔德里奇。为了测试化合物内部嵌段程度,将待检测化合物溶解在指定测试浓度的内部溶液中。在对照实验中,内部溶液不含任何化合物。为了通过测试化合物测试外部堵塞程度,将化合物溶解在指示测试浓度的外部溶液中。
全细胞膜片钳协议
用四环素诱导细胞18-24小时后,将盖玻片置于室温下充满正常林格溶液的腔室中,并将腔室置于显微镜上。移液管在P97拉拔器(Sutter Instrument,加利福尼亚州诺瓦托市)上从硼硅酸盐玻璃中拔出,并用MF-830微型玻璃抛光(Narishige InternationalUSA,Inc,Amityville,NY),在室温下填充CsCl内部溶液时使其电阻为1.5-2.5mΩ。选择健康细胞(那些圆形半透明且无可见瑕疵的细胞)形成密封环境。移液管和细胞之间形成了密封以及一个短暂的抽吸脉冲用于“切入”并建立整个细胞结构。在电压方案开始之前,膜电位保持在-100mV。仅限串联电阻在1.5-5M之间的电池Ω留作分析。电压方案如下:将电池保持在-100mV下12ms,然后在-105mV下进行超极化步骤12ms,以监测泄漏。然后将细胞退至-100mV持续40ms。然后将细胞去极化至-20mV持续10ms,然后再返回至-100mV持续26ms。
测试化合物的内部阻断
一旦开始记录,电压方案以30秒的间隔运行5分钟,以获得稳定的基线。随后进行四次30秒的5Hz相同电压刺激,每次电压刺激后休息1分钟,然后在最后一次刺激之后进行0.33Hz刺激。使用PatchMaster软件和Heka EPC10(Heka Electronics公司,德国Lambrecht市)记录电流。仅接受向内电流振幅在-20mV、400pA和4nA之间的细胞。此外,泄漏电流大于其电流振幅10%的电池被丢弃。
数据分析:内部阻断
使用Patchmaster软件(HEKA Electronics公司,Lambrecht市,德国)绘制数据,并通过绘制电压阶跃至-20mV(峰值内向电流)期间的最小电流与时间的函数进行分析。为了确定实验过程中的耗竭程度,将5Hz刺激前的平均峰值内向电流振幅(2-3点)指定为基线(Ibaseline)。测量了最后5Hz刺激最后2秒钟内的平均峰值内向电流(Itest)。通过将Itest除以Ibaseline计算剩余控制分数电流。在每个记录日,用对照内部溶液测试三个细胞,并计算剩余电流的平均分数(Ctrl分数电流)。
为了确定内部应用的试验化合物产生的%阻断,进行了以下操作。5Hz刺激前的平均峰值内向电流振幅(2-3点)被指定为0%阻断(I0%block)。为了校正控制条件下的电流变化,将I0%阻断乘以剩余的平均Ctrl分数电流,得到校正的0%阻断电流。最后5Hz刺激最后2秒内的平均峰值内向电流被指定为未阻断电流(Iunblocked)。使用以下等式计算%阻断:(1-IUNBLOCK/(I0%block*剩余电流控制分数)x 100)。
检测化合物1-苯甲基-1-(2-((2-(甲氧基羰基)-4-甲基噻吩-3-基)氨基)-2-氧乙基)环六亚甲基-1-亚胺溴化物(化合物-31)的NaV 1.7细胞内抑制。化合物的Nav1.7细胞内抑制在>95%范围内,测试浓度为3μM.
对本发明的代表性实施例进行了NaV 1.7的细胞内抑制试验。在1μM时,活性范围为抑制百分比:“++++”(>90%),“+++”90-70%,“++”(70-40%)或者“+”(<40%)。结果如下所示。
测试化合物的外部阻断
一旦开始记录,电压方案以30秒的间隔运行5分钟,以获得稳定的基线。随后使用相同电压方案进行5Hz刺激,直到实验结束。在5Hz刺激期间加入测试化合物,等待直到确保在加入化合物前细胞显示稳定的消耗率。加入测试化合物五分钟,随后用常规林格氏溶液洗脱。使用PatchMaster软件和Heka EPC10(Heka Electronics公司,德国Lambrecht市)记录电流。仅接受向内电流振幅在-20mV、400pA和4nA之间的细胞。此外,泄漏电流大于其电流振幅10%的电池被丢弃。
数据分析:外部阻断
使用Patchmaster软件(HEKA Electronics,Lambrecht市,德国)绘制数据,并通过绘制电压阶跃至-20mV(峰值内向电流)期间的最小电流作为时间的函数进行分析。为了确定外部施用的测试化合物产生的阻断百分比,进行了以下操作。在5Hz刺激期间在建立起稳定的电流衰减率之后,通过将峰值电流振幅的变化除以时间来计算速率(Raterundown)。添加化合物之前的平均峰值内向电流振幅(2-3秒)用于确定0%块(I0%block)。为了校正耗损,将I0%block减去(Raterundown*5分钟)以获得校正的0%阻断电流。洗涤前,5分钟化合物添加时间最后2-3秒内内向电流的平均峰值为未阻断电流(Iunblocked)。然后使用以下等式计算%阻断:电流阻断分数=1-IUNBLOCK/(I0%block-Raterundown*5分钟)。
对1-苯甲基-1-(2-((2-(甲氧基羰基)-4-甲基噻吩-3-基)氨基)-2-氧乙基)环六亚甲基-1-亚胺溴化物(化合物-31)进行NaV 1.7细胞外抑制实验。化合物的Nav1.7细胞外抑制在<40%的范围内,并且测试浓度为3μM。化合物D也被检测NaV 1.7细胞外抑制。化合物的Nav1.7细胞外抑制在<40%的范围内,并且测试浓度为1μM。
实施例3–膜渗透性
使用PAMPA分析(pION,Inc.,Woburn MA)确定本发明化合物通过被动扩散穿过人工脂膜的能力。将测试化合物溶解在二甲基亚砜(10mM)中,并在缓冲液(pION Inc.,pH7.4)中稀释200倍,以提供50um储备溶液。将缓冲液(150μL)添加至UV空白板,并将储备溶液(150μL)转移至UV对照板。使用分光光度计读取空白和参考光谱。将储备溶液(200μL)添加到PAMPA夹心板的供体板中,并在顶部放置涂有GIT脂质的接受板(pION Inc,5μL)。向受体板中添加缓冲液(200μL),并将PAMPA夹心板培养4小时。将来自受体板的小份(150μL)添加到UV板中,并读取为受体光谱。将等分(150μL)的供体溶液添加到UV分析板中,并读取为供体光谱。使用PAMPA Explorer TM软件(版本3.5.0.4)根据参考板、供体板、供试品板的AUC计算试验化合物的渗透系数以及接受板。
1-苯甲基-1-(2-((2-(甲氧基羰基)-4-甲基噻吩-3-基)氨基)-2-氧乙基)环六亚甲基-1-亚胺溴化物(化合物-31)的PAMPA渗透率结果(10-6cm/s)为0.4 10-6cm/s。
代表性化合物的PAMPA渗透率结果(10-6cm/s)报告为“+”(<0.1 10-6cm/s)、“++”(0.1-2.0 10-6cm/s)、“+++”(2.0-10.010-6cm/s)或者“++++”(>10.0 10-6cm/s)。
这里涉及的专利和科技文献构建起本发明所属领域普通技术人员可获得的知识。这里引用的所有的美国专利和公开的或者未被公开的美国专利申请通过引证在此全部并入本文。这里引用的所有公开的外国专利和外国专利申请通过引证在此全部并入本文。所有其他公开的参考文献,文件,手稿和科技文章通过引证在此并入本文。
尽管本发明已经经过其优选的实施方案进行了专门的显示和描述,本领域普通技术人员应当理解,在不脱离本发明所附权利要求所定义的本发明范围的情况下,可以在形式和细节上发生多种变化。还应该理解的是,这里描述的实施方案都不是不可变化的,在不脱离所述权利要求书定义的本发明范围的情况下,其可以以多种方式相互结合。
Claims (24)
1.式(I)化合物:
其中,
Y-是一种药学上可接受的阴离子;
RA和RB分别独立的选自H、D、卤素、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基、ORI、NRJRK、NRLC(O)RM、S(O)RN、S(O)2RN、SO2RORP、SO2NRQRR,SO3RS,CO2RT,C(O)RU和C(O)NRVRW;
RI、RJ、RK、RL、RM、RN、RO、RP、RQ、RR、RS、RT、RU、RV和RW中的每一个相互独立的选自H、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基和取代的或者未被取代的炔基;
X1选自—CRXRY—、—NRZC(O)—、NRZC(O)CRXRY、—OC(O)—、—SC(O)—、—C(O)NR1A—、—C(O)O—、—(O)CS—、—NR1AS(O)—、—S(O)NR1A—、—NR1AC(O)NR1A—、—S(O)—和—S(O)2—;
RX、RY、RZ和R1A中的每个相互独立的选自H、D、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基和取代的或者未被取代的炔基;
RD和RE每个相互独立的选自H、D、取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基以及取代的或者未被取代的环烷基;或者RD和RE与其所附着的碳原子一起形成取代的或者未被取代的C3-C6环烷基、取代的或者未被取代的杂环基;或者RD和RZ与他们所附着的碳原子或者与-N-C(O)-一起形成一种任选取代的5-8-元内酰胺;
RF和RG与他们所附着的N+一起形成一种任选取代的杂环基环,其中,除了N+之外还具有零个、一个或者一个以上氮原子;或者,RF和RG中的任意一个都独立的选自取代的或者未被取代的烷基、取代的或者未被取代的烯基、取代的或者未被取代的炔基、取代的或者未被取代的杂环基和取代的或者未被取代的C3-6环烷基;以及
RH是取代的或者未被取代的芳基,或者取代的或者未被取代的杂芳基。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,Y-是溴离子、氯离子或者碘离子。
3.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,X1是—NHC(O)—。
4.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,RH选自C6-10芳基或者C5-10杂芳基,其任选的被C1-6烷基,C3-6环烷基、杂环基、苯基、取代的苯基、杂芳基、取代的杂芳基、羟基、酰胺、酯、磺酰胺、尿素、腈或卤素所取代。
5.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,RH是C6-10芳基或者5-元到10-元杂芳基,其任选的被取代的或者未被取代的C1-6烷基、卤素、腈、羟基和烷氧基所取代。
6.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,每个RA和RB相互独立的选自H、卤素、C1-4烷基和CO2RT;RT选自H或者C1-4烷基。
7.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,RA和RB相互独立的选自H、D、卤素、ORI、取代的或者未被取代的C1-C4烷基和CO2RT;其中,RI和RT相互独立的选自H和取代的或者未被取代的C1-C4烷基。
8.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,RA是CH3,且RB选自–CO2CH3和-C(O)OCH2CH3。
9.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,RD是C1-4烷基,其选择性的被卤素、氧、C3-8环烷基、芳基或者杂芳基取代,并且其中,RE是H、D或者C1-4烷基。
10.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,RD选自氢和乙基并且RE是氢。
11.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,RD选自氢和乙基并且RE是烷基。
12.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,RD和RE与其所附着的碳原子一起形成C3-C6环烷基。
13.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,RF和RG与他们所附着的N+一起形成取代的或者未被取代的五元、六元、七元或者八元杂环基环。
14.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,RF和RG相互独立的选自未被取代的C1-C4烷基。
16.根据权利要求15所述的化合物,其中,Y-是Br-或者Cl-。
17.一种药物组合物,其包括权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的赋形剂。
18.根据权利要求17所述的组合物,其中,所述组合物被配制成用于口服、静脉、肌肉内、直肠、皮肤、皮下、外用、经皮、舌下、鼻腔、吸入、阴道、鞘内、硬膜外或眼内给药。
19.一种用于治疗患者的疼痛、咳嗽、瘙痒或神经源性炎症疾病的方法,该方法包括向所述患者给药有效量的权利要求1所述的化合物。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,所述疼痛选自以下所组成的组中:背部和颈部疼痛、下背部疼痛、癌症疼痛、妇科和分娩疼痛、纤维肌痛、关节炎、、类风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、风湿性疼痛、骨科疼痛、急性和带状疱疹后神经痛和其他神经病理性疼痛(包括周围神经病变)、镰状细胞危象、外阴痛、肛周痛、肠易激综合征、炎症性肠病、口腔粘膜炎、食管炎、间质性膀胱炎、尿道炎和其他泌尿系统疼痛、牙痛、头痛、三叉神经营养综合征、红斑病、腹壁痛、慢性腹壁痛、过敏性鼻炎、肌肉痛、直肠痛、肛提肌综合征、痉挛性肛门痛、痔疮痛、胃痛、皮肤溃疡、胃溃疡、烧伤痛、眼部刺激、结膜炎(如过敏性结膜炎)、眼睛发红、干眼症、干眼综合征(慢性眼部疼痛),复杂区域疼痛综合征、急性术后疼痛、术后疼痛、术后眼部疼痛、以及程序性疼痛(即与注射、脓肿引流、手术、牙科手术、眼科手术、眼部刺激、结膜炎(如过敏性结膜炎)、眼睛发红、干眼症、关节镜检查和其他医疗器械的使用、美容外科手术、皮肤科手术、骨折复位、活组织检查等相关的疼痛)。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,所述咳嗽选自由以下所组成的组中:哮喘、COPD、哮喘-COPD重叠综合征(ACOS)、间质性肺纤维化(IPF)、特发性肺纤维化、病毒后咳嗽、感染后咳嗽、慢性特发性咳嗽和肺癌。
22.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,所述瘙痒选自由以下所组成的组中造成的瘙痒:瘙痒、肱桡部瘙痒、慢性特发性瘙痒、生殖器/肛门瘙痒、感觉异常痛、头皮瘙痒、过敏性皮炎、接触性皮炎、特应性皮炎、手部湿疹、毒葛、感染、寄生虫、昆虫叮咬、妊娠、代谢紊乱、肝或肾衰竭、药物反应、过敏反应、湿疹、生殖器和肛门瘙痒、痔疮瘙痒、以及癌症。
23.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,所述神经源性炎症疾病选自以下所组成的组中:过敏性炎症、哮喘、慢性咳嗽、结膜炎、鼻炎、牛皮癣、炎症性肠病、间质性膀胱炎、关节炎、结肠炎、接触性皮炎、糖尿病、湿疹、膀胱炎、胃炎、偏头痛、酒渣鼻、晒伤、胰腺炎、慢性鼻窦炎、创伤性脑损伤、多种微生物脓毒症、肌腱病、慢性荨麻疹、风湿性疾病、急性肺损伤、暴露于刺激物、吸入刺激物、污染物、化学战剂以及特应性皮炎。
24.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,式(I)化合物与一种或者一种以上外源大孔受体拮抗剂联合使用。
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