CN114680010A - High-yield planting method for sugar cane in red soil area and with consideration of soil carbon sequestration and emission reduction - Google Patents
High-yield planting method for sugar cane in red soil area and with consideration of soil carbon sequestration and emission reduction Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/55—Sugar cane
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
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- A01B49/022—Combined machines with two or more soil-working tools of different kind at least one tool being actively driven
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B49/00—Combined machines
- A01B49/04—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B49/00—Combined machines
- A01B49/04—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools
- A01B49/06—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools for sowing or fertilising
- A01B49/065—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools for sowing or fertilising the soil-working tools being actively driven
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C5/00—Making or covering furrows or holes for sowing, planting or manuring
- A01C5/06—Machines for making or covering drills or furrows for sowing or planting
- A01C5/062—Devices for making drills or furrows
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0287—Devices for laying-out or removing ground coverings
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract
A high-yield planting method for sugar cane in a red soil area and with consideration of carbon sequestration and emission reduction of soil comprises the following steps: (1) and (3) crushing and stubble cleaning are carried out on the residues of the previous crops by adopting a stubble cleaning pre-ditching machine, and linear pre-ditching is carried out. (2) And adopting a tillage and soil preparation pipe all-in-one machine to carry out soil throwing type deep scarification and deep ploughing and soil crushing in the pre-opened ditch to form a planting ditch. (3) And (4) adopting a sugarcane planter to carry out automatic seed arrangement, soil covering and film covering planting. (4) Fertilizing in seedling stage and physical weeding and micro-hilling. (5) And (4) fertilizing and ridging operation is carried out by adopting a tillage and soil preparation and management integrated machine. (6) Chemical weeding and harvesting. (7) A flat-arranging machine is adopted to arrange the perennial root sugarcane ridges and the sugarcane pockets together, and soil on the ridge surfaces is thrown to the two outer sides of the sugarcane pockets; after flattening, the perennial root sugarcane is covered with a film, kept in water and kept warm; and (5) managing and harvesting according to the processes in the steps (4) to (6), and crushing sugarcane leaves and returning the sugarcane leaves to the field after each batch of sugarcane is harvested. The application of the method realizes the purposes of carbon sequestration and emission reduction of the soil of the sugarcane field, lodging resistance and yield increase and efficiency increase of the sugarcane.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of sugarcane planting, in particular to a high-yield planting method of sugar canes in a red soil area and with the functions of soil carbon sequestration and emission reduction.
Background
Sugarcane, (academic name:Saccharumofficinarum) Saccharum officinarum, a large and solid herb growing for many years. The root is strong and developed. The height of the stalk is 3-6 m. The sugarcane is suitable for being planted in places with fertile soil, sufficient sunlight and large temperature difference in winter and summer. The sugarcane isThe most important sugar crops in China occupy a very important position in tropical regions. Sugarcane is perennial root crop, and can be harvested for 3-7 years after being managed in place and newly planted once. Newly planted sugarcane needs to be cultivated, sowed, intertillage weeding, fertilizing and hilling, harvested and other production links in sugarcane production, and perennial root sugarcane also needs to be cultivated, ploughed, weeding, fertilizing, hilling, harvested and other production links.
The traditional sugarcane planting mode is a man-and-animal-powered working mode, is low in efficiency and high in labor intensity, and has a great limiting effect on scale management of sugarcane production in China. With the increasing of labor cost in rural areas and the popularization of land circulation and mechanization, sugarcane planting develops towards the direction of mechanization planting, and people put forward a production idea of mechanization in the whole process of sugarcane production in recent years. However, due to factors such as drought in climate, degradation of variety, chemical fertilizer abuse, small scale and the like, especially mismatch between agricultural machinery and agricultural implements, mismatch between agricultural implements and agricultural implements, and mismatch between agricultural implements and agriculture, effective, ideal and seamless butt joint of whole-process mechanized operations of sugarcane planting production still cannot be realized, so that the labor cost of sugarcane planting rises dramatically, the income of sugarcane farmers is reduced sharply, the sugarcane planting area is reduced, the yield is reduced, and the supply of domestic sugarcane is seriously influenced.
Actual planting research finds that the current mechanical sugarcane planting management mode mainly has the following defects.
1. In the traditional mechanized planting management process of the sugarcane, a large-scale tractor with high horsepower and high strength is mainly used for deep ploughing, rotary tillage, deep scarification and rotary tillage in the machine tillage and soil preparation process, and the defects that after the rotary tillage operation, the scarification depth is more than 25cm, the tillage layer is shallow, the sugarcane is shallow in root, the continuous utilization capability of water and fertilizer is poor, the sugarcane is easy to fall down, and the yield is low are caused. Although the ridge smashing machine is adopted for ridge smashing deep ploughing, the ploughing depth can reach 30-40 cm, the ridge smashing ploughing and deep ploughing plus rotary tillage, deep scarification plus rotary tillage are the same and need a tractor with larger horsepower to operate, the oil consumption is large, the energy saving and emission reduction are not facilitated, and the adopted ploughing mode is that the whole field soil is turned over generally, the soil disturbance is increased, so that the closed accumulation organic carbon protected by aggregates is rapidly utilized by microorganisms after being exposed, the organic carbon is mineralized, and the organic carbon is discharged and discarded in the form of carbon dioxide.
2. In the aspect of mixing the sugarcane leaves and the soil, the deep ploughing operation can bury the sugarcane leaves into the subsoil, but the sugarcane leaves are decomposed in the subsoil layer, the nutrients of the sugarcane leaves are not easy to be absorbed and utilized by the sugarcane in the current year, and the deep ploughing operation mainly aims at the operation of directly ploughing and re-planting the sugarcane after crushing, but is not suitable for continuously lodging the root sugarcane plots. Because of the large amount of sugarcane leaves in the field, the rotary cultivator and the ridge smashing machine can not disperse the sugarcane leaves, so that the sugarcane leaves are piled up, soil is possibly lifted, the moisture in the soil is evaporated more quickly, the absorption of the sugarcane to moisture and nutrients is not facilitated, and the growth of sugarcane seedlings is influenced.
3. The ridge-breaking ridging amount of the small ridging or perennial root sugarcane is large, soil extrudes the sugarcane to different degrees, tillering and stem forming rate of the sugarcane are influenced, and the group structure of the sugarcane is unreasonable; and the soil is sealed by adopting a herbicide after hilling, so that the labor and pesticide costs are increased.
4. The intertillage large ridging mainly adopts a plough shovel type, spiral type or disc type intertillage ridging machine to carry out ditching ridging. The plow-shovel type banking machine has poor soil crushing capability; the spiral mechanical ridge shape has poor adaptability and large energy consumption, the soil throwing flow direction is not easy to control, the soil splashes at a high speed, and the injury of stems and leaves of crops and the personal safety are easy to cause; the disc type hiller is used for hilling sugarcane fields with hard soil, and the hilling depth and effect of the disc type hiller are inferior to those of a spiral type hiller. In general, the existing agricultural implements of the sugarcane intertillage hiller have poor fusion degree with agriculture, cause grinding, extrusion, pressing and covering to the sugarcane, and are difficult to meet the field operation.
5. The perennial root sugarcane stumping mainly utilizes a stumping cutter head of a stumping machine to stump, and only can cut the sugarcane heads on the ground due to the horizontal rotation of the cutter head, so that the early germination of high-position buds is easily induced, the sugarcane seedlings are slender, and the germination of the low-position buds of the base parts is inhibited. And the output power of the tractor is unstable, which can cause the quality of stubble leveling of the sugarcane bags to be unstable and reduce the quality of perennial root sugarcane mulching films.
In order to better realize the mechanized production of the sugarcane, the high-yield sugarcane planting technology integrating the fine variety and fine method technical mode is designed, and the high-yield sugarcane planting technology is very necessary to be demonstrated and popularized in the Guangxi sugarcane planting area.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a sugar cane high-yield planting method considering both carbon fixation and emission reduction of soil in a red soil area, which is a cultivation mode of 'interval local deep scarification and deep ploughing, uniform mixing of cane leaves and soil, deep planting, micro-cultivation for plant spacing, labor saving, fertilizer application and insect prevention for one time completion by using pesticide and fertilizer, high hilling and perennial root leveling and film covering', reduces the oil consumption of agricultural implement soil preparation and disturbance to soil, reduces organic carbon mineralization of soil, and reduces greenhouse gas emission; the problems that the conventional cultivated land is shallow in cultivation layer, large in intertillage and shallow in earthing up, and sugarcane falls down due to earthing up of a volcanic opening and the like are solved; the phenomenon that the straw piles influence the subsequent farming is reduced; labor cost for applying fertilizer and pesticide is reduced, and utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved; high hilling and perennial root flattening are combined, sugarcane is prevented from lodging, sugarcane bags are prevented from being rolled by a harvesting machine, high-position buds of perennial root sugarcane are prevented from early sprouting, the sugarcane yield is increased, and the perennial root sugarcane age is prolonged; finally achieving the purposes of carbon fixation and emission reduction of the soil of the sugarcane field, lodging resistance, and yield and efficiency increase of the sugarcane.
In order to realize the purpose of the invention, the technical scheme is as follows:
a high-yield planting method for sugar canes in a red soil area and with the functions of soil carbon sequestration and emission reduction is disclosed, which comprises the processes of sugarcane soil preparation, fertilization, seed arrangement, soil covering and film covering, ridging, weeding, harvesting, perennial root sugarcane leveling and film covering, and specifically comprises the following steps.
(1) Stubble cleaning and pre-ditching: and (3) crushing and stubble cleaning are carried out on the residues of the previous crops by adopting a stubble cleaning pre-furrowing machine, and meanwhile, linear pre-furrowing is carried out at a distance of 140cm, so as to linearly position the post-process.
(2) Local deep scarification and deep ploughing, ditching and base fertilizer application: adopting a tillage and soil preparation pipe all-in-one machine to carry out soil throwing type deep scarification and deep ploughing on broken soil in a ditch which is pre-opened, throwing the broken soil to two sides to form sugarcane planting ditches, wherein the width of each ditch is 70cm, two sides of each sugarcane planting ditch are not ploughed, and meanwhile, applying a special pesticide-fertilizer base fertilizer for sugarcane in the sugarcane planting ditches; the deep scarification, deep ploughing and soil breaking farming area occupies about one half of the original land, so that the oil consumption of agricultural implements and the disturbance to soil are reduced.
When the soil is crushed and thrown, the crushed soil and the broken straws of the previous stubbles are mixed uniformly, the problem that the straws are piled and erected in the empty soil when the common rotary cultivator works can be reduced, and the straw-stalk rotary cultivator can also be used for throwing the soilCan accelerate the decomposition of the straws and improve the organic matter content of the soil. The broken soil is thrown between the rows at two sides to form a concave groove with the planting depth being 20-25 cm lower than the original solid surface, the height from the bottom of the groove to the ridge surface being 50-60 cm, the width of the ridge surface being 50-60 cm and the width of the base of the ridge being 70cm, thus realizing deep planting of the sugarcane. For the lower part is real soil, the upper portion is for throwing the loose soil of going, and the maximum soaks the collection to concave type groove with natural precipitation like this, does benefit to soil and preserves water, and in the operation of ditching, the all-in-one is with fertilizer and the mixing of recess ditch soil, and fertilizer is only limited in recess ditch soil, realizes fertilizer deep fertilization, and recess ditch liquid manure coordinates, improves fertilizer utilization ratio, and sugarcane root system is perpendicular to prick anti lodging for the first time deeply. The base fertilizer is applied with the special pesticide fertilizer for the sugarcane, the fertilizer application and the pesticide application are carried out synchronously, the labor cost is reduced, and the application amount is N120 kg/hm2 、P2O5 80 kg/hm2 、K2O 150 kg/hm2The formula is suitable for the nutrient requirement of the sugarcane in the seedling stage, and the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved. And the deep scarification, deep ploughing, ditching, soil throwing and fertilizing are completed by the all-in-one machine at one time, so that the labor efficiency is greatly improved.
(3) Seed arrangement, soil covering and film covering: carrying out automatic seed arrangement, soil covering and film covering planting by adopting a sugarcane planting machine, arranging two rows of sugarcane seeds in a sugarcane planting ditch, wherein the interval between the two rows of sugarcane seeds is 20 cm; the planter firstly loosens the soil on the two sides of the sugarcane seeds by unscrewing again to cover the soil on the sugarcane seeds. The covering soil for planting the sugarcane is thicker and about 9-11cm in autumn and winter, and is thinner and about 7-8cm in spring, so that early sprouting of the sugarcane seeds is facilitated. The degradable film with the width of 50 cm-60 cm is covered, when the film is pressed, the two sides of the mulching film are tightly pressed and tensioned, the film is not ventilated, the middle of the film is transparent for about 13-15cm, the water evaporation is prevented, the moisture is preserved, the temperature is kept, the sugarcane sprouts can be promoted only by water vapor below the ground without extra irrigation, the tensioned film is tightly attached to the ground, the sugarcane sprout top film breaking is facilitated, and the manual seedling picking operation cost is reduced. The sugarcane planter is purchased and used in the market or designed and used by the user.
(4) Fertilizing in seedling stage and physical weeding and micro-hilling: the sugarcane hiller is adopted, the seedling fertilizer N120 kg/hm2 is applied, the fertilizer is applied in combination, the sugarcane hiller carries out rotary tillage and soil throwing to turn the soil on the ridge surface to the ditch to cover 2-5 cm, micro-hilling is carried out, the phenomenon that large soil extrudes seedlings is avoided, the growing positions of the sugarcane seedlings can be scattered and positioned, the light transmittance and effective stems in the later period are increased, the moisture evaporation can be avoided, the sugarcane is promoted to root for the second time, row spacing weeds are rotated off in the rotary tillage and hilling process of the sugarcane hiller, and manual weeding and pesticide expenditure are reduced; the sugarcane banking machine is purchased or designed for use in the market.
(5) Fertilizing in the elongation period and high hilling: fertilizing and ridging operation is carried out by adopting the tillage and field management integrated machine in the step (2); applying sugarcane insecticide fertilizer, N260 kg/hm2、P2O5 40kg/hm2、K2O 150kg/hm2(ii) a The combined cutter rotating at high speed of the integrated tillage and soil preparation machine crushes soil on the ridge surface originally formed and then throws the crushed soil back to the base of the sugarcane plant, the ridging amount is 3 times of that of a conventional rotary cultivator, high ridging quality with full ridge shape, loose soil and complete and tight weed coverage is obtained, and the occurrence of 'fire hills' is reduced; after the hilling loose soil is solidified, the ridge height is 23-26cm, the sugarcane pocket is buried under the soil with the depth of 20-25 cm, the ridge surface width reaches 60-70 cm, and the ridge bottom width is 108-112cm, so that the lodging resistance of the sugarcane is improved, the crushing damage to the sugarcane pocket during mechanical harvesting is reduced, and the perennial root life is prolonged.
(6) Chemical weeding and harvesting: after the large hilling, the herbicide is sprayed in time for soil sealing, 55 to 70 percent of methyl, metolachlor, diuron 2700 and 3600g/hm2 are used for adding water 675L of weed stem leaves for directional spraying, or 200g/L of glufosinate ammonium 3000 and 4500 ml/hm2 Adding water 675L weed stem leaves, directionally spraying for 1 time, and preventing and treating for 12 times according to weed occurrence conditions at the later stage; the harvest can be carried out in the mature period of the sugarcane process.
(7) Leveling perennial root sugarcane and covering with a film: a ridge with the original height of 23-26cm of perennial root sugarcane is cut by a flattening machine with 13-16cm of sugarcane pocket, the ridge surface is smooth and convenient to cover with a film, soil on the ridge surface is thrown to the two outer sides of the sugarcane pocket, and the requirement of subsequent high hilling is met; after the ridge surface is leveled and reduced, the sugarcane is 10-12cm high in ridge, the perennial root sugarcane is covered with a film, water-retaining and heat-preserving, the germination of low-level buds is promoted, the emergence rate is improved, and the perennial root sugarcane age is prolonged; and (5) managing and harvesting according to the processes in the steps (4) to (6), wherein the perennial root sugarcanes adopt the processes until the sugarcane needs to be turned over again, and the sugarcane leaves are crushed and returned to the field after each batch of the sugarcane is harvested.
The integrated tillage and pipe-making machine is driven by a tractor in a traction way and comprises a rack and a gear box, wherein the gear box is arranged above the middle of the rack, power output shafts are respectively arranged at the left side and the right side of the gear box, and a power input main shaft which can be connected with a power shaft of the tractor is arranged at the front end of the gear box; the front end of the rack is provided with a side cantilever seat used for being connected with a side cantilever of a tractor in an installing way, and a middle cantilever seat used for being connected with a middle cantilever of the tractor in an installing way is arranged above the front end of the rack through a bracket; two sides of the lower part of the front end of the rack are respectively provided with a subsoiling plough through a subsoiling plough mounting seat, a gear transmission case is fixed on the rack right behind each subsoiling plough, the upper end of each gear transmission case is provided with a power input shaft, and the power input shaft is connected with a power output shaft through a coupling; two sides of the lower end of the gear transmission box are respectively provided with a driving shaft with the rotating direction opposite to the advancing direction of the integrated machine, and a plurality of rotary tillage soil throwing knives are arranged on the driving shaft through knife holders; a baffle is arranged at the lower part of the rack above the rotary tillage soil throwing cutter, one side of the baffle, which is far away from the gear transmission case, is hinged with a soil guide baffle through a hinge, the soil guide baffle is also connected with the rack through an angle adjusting rod, and the angle adjusting rod can adjust the opening angle of the soil guide baffle; the frame is provided with a fertilizing device which can automatically guide and convey fertilizer to the rear side of the gear transmission case.
Further preferably: fertilizing device include the fertilizer can, the fertilizer can passes through the fertilizer can rack-mount in the frame, install a motor gear case in the frame of fertilizer can lower part respectively, all be fixed with a lower fertile carousel that covers the fertilizer can play fertile mouthful in the pivot of motor gear case, the motor gear case utilizes the power drive of motor to descend fertile carousel rotatory, the outer wall of fertilizer can is provided with one and has the fertilizer scraping plate that is used for scraping the fertilizer in the fertile carousel down, scrape and install the lower fertile fill that is used for connecing the whereabouts fertilizer in the frame of fertilizer scraping plate below, the bottom intercommunication of lower fertile fill has the fertilizer guide pipe, the fertilizer guide pipe extends the rear side of gear drive case.
Further preferred is: the driving shaft is uniformly provided with three groups of rotary tillage soil throwing knives through the knife seats, each group of rotary tillage soil throwing knives consists of three rotary tillage soil throwing knives, and the three rotary tillage soil throwing knives are uniformly distributed on the knife seats, namely, are uniformly distributed on the circumference of the driving shaft.
Further preferred is: the rotary tillage soil throwing cutter comprises an L-shaped arc-shaped rotary tillage cutter and a soil throwing plate, a cutter handle is arranged at the straight end of the L-shaped arc-shaped rotary tillage cutter, a mounting hole for connecting and fixing the cutter handle with a cutter holder is formed in the cutter handle, the cutter handle is fixedly mounted with the cutter holder by adopting a bolt and a nut, and the soil throwing plate is fixed on the cambered surface of the uncut soil side of the arc-shaped end of the L-shaped arc-shaped rotary tillage cutter; the soil throwing plate and the knife face of the L-shaped arc rotary blade are arranged in an obtuse angle, and the angle of 120 plus 150 degrees is optimal. The soil throwing plate and the L-shaped arc rotary blade can also be integrally bent and formed.
Further preferred is: the deep scarification plough comprises a plough rod, a long tooth extending forwards is fixed on the front side of the bottom end of the plough rod, soil plowing plates inclining downwards from back to front are respectively arranged on the left side and the right side of the bottom end of the plough rod, and a short tooth extending forwards is fixed on the side, far away from the plough rod, of the front end of each soil plowing plate. Long tooth and short tooth correspond with the three groups of rotary tillage soil throwing knives of installation rear side, and long tooth and short tooth can be under the prerequisite that reduces the resistance as far as possible, plough the pine with earth, avoid the three groups of rotary tillage soil throwing knives of rear side can't realize local deep ploughing subsoiling hack.
Further preferred is: the left side and the right side of the plow lever above the soil plowing plate are respectively provided with a side plate which is opened backwards.
Further preferred is: the upper end of the plough rod is provided with a fixed mounting hole which is used for being fixedly connected with the deep scarification plough mounting seat.
The stubble cleaning pre-furrowing machine is driven by a tractor in a traction manner and comprises a machine frame I and a gear box I, wherein a side cantilever seat I used for being connected with a side cantilever of the tractor in an installation manner is arranged at the front end of the machine frame I, and a middle cantilever seat I used for being connected with a middle cantilever of the tractor in an installation manner is arranged above the front end of the machine frame I through a support I; the two sides of the front end of the machine frame I are respectively provided with a front scarification plough through scarification plough mounting seats, the distance between the two front scarification ploughs is determined according to the ditching planting row spacing, and the rear end machine frame I on the left side and the right side of each front scarification plough is respectively provided with a rear scarification plough through the scarification plough mounting seats; the rear end of the rack I is provided with a ditching plow frame, each ditching plow frame behind the front scarification plow is provided with a ditching and marking plow through a ditching plow mounting seat, the front scarification plow and the rear scarification plow carry out primary plow ditching, the farming resistance of the ditching and marking plow is reduced, the ditching and marking plow can plow deeper soil, and therefore the traction resistance of the whole combined machine is reduced; the gearbox I is arranged above the middle of the rack I, power output shafts I are respectively arranged on the left side and the right side of the gearbox I, and a power input main shaft I capable of being connected with a power shaft of a tractor is arranged at the front end of the gearbox I; the left side and the right side of the rack I are symmetrically and fixedly provided with a gear transmission case I, the upper end of the gear transmission case I is provided with a power input shaft I, and the power input shaft I is connected with a power output shaft I through a coupler I; a rotary tillage shaft is arranged between the lower ends of the two gear transmission boxes I through a bearing with a base, the rotary tillage shaft is connected with a gear in the gear transmission box I, and a stubble cleaning rotary blade is arranged on the rotary tillage shaft. According to production needs, the installation mode of the rear scarification plough, the ditching and scribing plough and the front scarification plough can be set to be in an up-and-down adjustable form, a plurality of adjusting holes can be formed in the plough rod, and the plurality of adjusting holes can be arranged to adjust the fixed positions of the plough rod seat and the plough rod so as to realize the height adjustment of the plough.
Further preferred is: the front end of the gear transmission case I is provided with a soil breaking plough, so that the gear transmission case I can cut into soil during tillage, and the stubble cleaning rotary blade can extend into the soil for tillage.
Further preferred is: frame I on install the baffle I that prevents earth and splash.
Further preferred is: the ditching plow frame is articulated to be installed in the rear end of frame I, the ditching plow frame still articulates with frame I or gear box I through hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic cylinder's jar seat is articulated with frame I or gear box I, hydraulic cylinder's piston rod is articulated with the ditching plow frame, through the upset of hydraulic cylinder control ditching plow frame, realize the control of the promotion of ditching marking plow and transferring.
The perennial root sugarcane is subjected to film covering, water retention and heat preservation, and a perennial root sugarcane root cutting, ridge breaking, fertilizing and film covering combined machine is adopted, is pulled by a tractor and comprises a rack III, wherein a side cantilever seat III used for being connected with a side cantilever of the tractor in an installing manner is arranged at the front end of the rack III, and a middle cantilever seat III used for being connected with a middle cantilever of the tractor in an installing manner is arranged above the front end of the rack III; a fertilizer box III is arranged on the rack III through a fertilizer box rack III, a gear box III driven by a hydraulic motor III is arranged on the rack III at the lower part of the fertilizer box III, and a lower fertilizer circular rotating disc III covering a fertilizer outlet at the bottom of the fertilizer box III is fixed on a rotating shaft of the gear box III; two sides of the outer wall of the fertilizer box III are respectively provided with a fertilizer scraping plate III for scraping the fertilizer in the lower fertilizer circular rotating disc III, two sides of the outer wall of the fertilizer box III are respectively provided with a lower fertilizer box III for receiving the falling fertilizer, and the bottom of the lower fertilizer box III is communicated with a fertilizer guide pipe III; two sides of the front end of the rack III are respectively provided with a root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc for cutting ridges and roots on two sides of a sugarcane ridge through rolling disc mounting seats, and the fertilizer guide pipe III extends to the rear outer side of the root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc; a film frame is arranged at the lower part of the rear end of the frame III, a film shaft for placing a mulching film is arranged on the film frame, and film pressing wheels for rolling two sides of the mulching film are arranged on the rear side of the film frame through wheel carriers; two sides of the rear end of the machine frame III are respectively provided with a hinge seat, two hinge seats are hinged with a mounting rod extending backwards, the bottom end of the mounting rod is connected with a tension spring connected with the bottom of the hinge seat, and the lower part of the rear end of the mounting rod is provided with a soil crushing and returning rolling disc used for scraping soil on two sides of a mulching film; the middle of the rear end of the rack III is connected with a support frame extending backwards, and two sides of the support frame are connected with mounting rods on two sides of the support frame through threaded adjusting connecting rods for limiting. The distance between the two soil crushing and returning rolling disks is larger than that between the two root cutting and soil breaking rolling disks, and the soil crushing and returning rolling disks crush soil and return to cover the two sides of the mulching film.
Further preferred is: the soil crushing and soil returning rolling disc comprises a rotating shaft seat and an installation rotating shaft, the installation rotating shaft is installed in the rotating shaft seat through a bearing, an arc-shaped soil returning circular disc is installed on the installation rotating shaft in a stretching mode, the top end of the rotating shaft seat is fixedly connected with a connecting shaft, a square shaft body and a threaded shaft body are arranged at the top end of the connecting shaft, and the threaded shaft body is located at the top of the square shaft body; the connecting axle passes through the axle sleeve to be connected with the installation pole, the vertical welded fastening of axle sleeve is at the end of installation pole, the upper end of axle sleeve is provided with the engaging lug, be provided with slot hole or a plurality of connecting hole on the engaging lug, the connecting axle passes and is equipped with the locking plate on the axle sleeve rear shape axle body, threaded shaft installs lock nut on one's body, be provided with the square hole that matches with square axle body on the locking plate, still be provided with the through-hole that corresponds with slot hole or connecting hole position on the engaging lug on the locking plate, the locking plate passes through the bolt and is connected with the engaging lug, through after unscrewing lock nut, the locking plate rotates, adjust the position of locking plate and engaging lug, realize the regulation of hack back soil rolling disc installation angle.
Further preferred is: the root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc comprises a root cutting rotating shaft and a rod seat, the root cutting rotating shaft is installed in the rod seat through a root cutting rotating shaft bearing, an arc root cutting disc is installed at the extending end of the root cutting rotating shaft, a rod seat installation plate used for being connected with the rolling disc installation seat through a bolt shaft is arranged at the top end of the arc root cutting disc through a connecting rod shaft, and the rod seat installation plate is located at the top of the connecting rod shaft. During installation, the arc-shaped surface of the arc-shaped root cutting disc is close to the perennial root sugarcane ridge, so that the problem that the sugarcane buds are broken due to the fact that soil is stirred towards the sugarcane when the arc-shaped root cutting disc cuts the root is avoided.
Further preferred is: the installation slot hole is formed in the rod seat installation plate, the installation position of the rolling disc installation seat is convenient to adjust due to the installation slot hole, and the installation angle of the root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc is achieved.
Further preferred is: arc hack dish's dish limit equipartition be provided with a plurality of soil cuts mouthful, the periphery is provided with a plurality of breachs promptly, can be better during the rotation smash earth and break ridge root cutting.
Further preferred is: the screw thread adjusting connecting rod comprises a connecting screw rod I, a screw rod connecting seat and a connecting screw rod II, the screw rod connecting seat is a hollow long connecting seat, the connecting screw rod I and the connecting screw rod II are respectively in threaded connection at two ends of the screw rod connecting seat, the connecting screw rod I is hinged to the mounting rod through a connecting lug ring, the connecting screw rod II is hinged to the supporting frame through the connecting lug ring, and a locking nut used for locking the connecting screw rod II and the screw rod connecting seat is installed on the connecting screw rod II.
Further preferred is: the middle part of lower fertile circle carousel III be provided with and avoid fertilizer to pile up the vertical circular cone housing at lower fertile circle carousel III middle part, the setting of circular cone housing will be followed the fertilizer that falls down in the fertilizer case III and led the periphery of delivering to fertile circle carousel III down.
Further preferred is: the conical housing is provided with a stirring blade for stirring fertilizer.
The sugar cane high-yield planting method considering both carbon fixation and emission reduction of the soil in the red soil area has the advantages that during the planting process, the local part of the sugar cane land is dug at intervals to reduce the soil disturbance, the disturbance of agricultural implements to the soil is reduced, and the greenhouse gas emission and the oil consumption of the agricultural implements are reduced; the sugarcane seeds are directly attached to the hard ground of the concave groove, and the method of promoting the germination of the sugarcane by using the ground gas is adopted; the soil crushing and throwing combined knife uniformly mixes the straws with soil, so that the problem that the stacking of the straws influences the subsequent farming is reduced, the decomposition of the straws is accelerated, and the organic matter content of the soil is improved; a planting method of deep planting of sugarcane, twice root-tying, high-cultivation lodging resistance, reduction of crater and prevention of rolling of a harvesting machine of a sugarcane pocket; a method for micro-hilling at the sugarcane seedling stage, fixing the growth position of the sugarcane seedlings, increasing the light transmittance and the number of effective stems at the later stage and physically weeding; the perennial root sugarcane is leveled and covered with a film, water retention and heat preservation are realized, the germination of low-position buds is promoted, the emergence rate is improved, and the age limit of the perennial root sugarcane is prolonged.
The planting method adopts the integrated machine of tillage, field preparation and management, which integrates the functions of deep tillage, deep scarification, ditching, soil breaking, fertilization, ridging and the like into a whole, has high working efficiency, and solves the problems that the traditional operation machine has single function and is not beneficial to the whole mechanized operation of sugarcane production; the rotary direction of the rotary tillage soil throwing cutter of the tillage and field management integrated machine is opposite to the advancing direction of the cultivator, the front part of the rotary tillage soil throwing cutter is provided with the deep scarification plough, the deep scarification plough and the deep scarification plough are matched to realize deep tillage and deep scarification, the key technology for realizing the difficult winding of weeds is realized, the continuous work of the cultivator is ensured, and the soil breaking and ridging operation is facilitated. And because the baffle and the soil guide baffle are arranged above the rotary tillage soil throwing knife, the broken soil thrown by the rotary tillage soil throwing knife can be guided to two sides by adjusting the opening angle of the soil guide baffle, the functions of ditching and earthing up can be realized, and the sugarcane buds cannot be extruded and damaged by throwing and earthing up, so that the earthing up effect is good. The fertilizer applying device guides the fertilizer to the rear side of the gear transmission box, and the rotary tillage soil throwing cutter rotates backwards to throw soil, so that the base fertilizer is positioned at the bottom of the sugarcane ditch, the base fertilizer drops to cover soil, the sugarcane seeds are separated from the base fertilizer, the phenomena of root burning and seed burning caused by fertilizer fermentation are avoided, and the germination rate and the survival rate of the sugarcane are improved. The subsoiling plough is provided with long teeth and short teeth which extend forwards, the long teeth and the short teeth correspond to three groups of rotary tillage soil throwing knives arranged on the rear side, the long teeth and the short teeth can loosen the soil plough on the premise of reducing resistance as much as possible, and the three groups of rotary tillage soil throwing knives on the rear side are favorable for realizing local subsoiling and soil crushing.
The stubble cleaning pre-ditching machine adopted by the planting method can complete stubble cleaning, local soil loosening and ditching at the same time, because the deep ditching planting can improve the drought resistance and lodging resistance of the sugarcane, and can also improve the yield of the sugarcane, but the one-time ditching planting of the tractor in the prior art can not meet the requirement, and the sugarcane field is reclaimed and reseeded, and the sugarcane field needs to be broken and returned to the field, stubble cleaning, soil loosening and ditching processes before reseeding and planting according to the agricultural production needs, the combined machine can loosen the soil, ditch and clear up the soil loosening, prepare for subsequent ditching and deep ditch planting, improve the walking route for the tractor, avoid the dragging of the deep ditching work by the subsequent tractor, improve the production efficiency and reduce the labor intensity; the front two sides of the front end of a frame I of the stubble ploughing pre-furrowing machine are respectively provided with a front scarification plough through a scarification plough mounting seat, the distance between the two front scarification ploughs is determined according to the row spacing of ditching planting, and the rear end frame I on the left side and the right side of each front scarification plough is respectively provided with a rear scarification plough through a scarification plough mounting seat; the rear end of the rack I is provided with a ditching plow frame, each ditching plow frame behind the front scarification plow is provided with a ditching and scribing plow through a ditching plow mounting seat, the matching mode of the front scarification plow and the two rear scarification plows is adopted for primary plowing and ditching, the farming resistance of the ditching and scribing plow is reduced, the ditching and scribing plow can plow deeper soil, and therefore the traction resistance of the whole combined machine is reduced; the front end of the gear transmission case I is provided with a soil breaking plough, so that the gear transmission case I can cut into soil during tillage, stubble cleaning rotary blades can extend into the soil for tillage, and thorough stubble cleaning is guaranteed.
The leveling machine adopted by the planting method can be used for downwards rotating and cutting the soil and the sugarcane heads of the upper stubble sugarcane ridges, the rotating and cutting depth is close to the height of the upper stubble sugarcane ridging, the limiting depth can be adjusted through the limiting wheel II, the soil leveling and cutting soil of the stubble cleaning rotary blade II is leveled by the soil leveling plough and is pushed towards sugarcane rows on two sides of the sugarcane ridges, so that enough soil is improved for the subsequent intertillage ridging, the growth of high-position buds is avoided, and the problem that the ratoon sugarcane ridging height is small because enough soil is not used for ridging during the intertillage ridging is avoided; the leveling machine can stir the crushed sugarcane leaves returned to the field and soil to return to the field, so that the sugarcane is decomposed into organic matters, and the sugarcane leaves returned to the field in the current year can provide nutrients for the growth of the sugarcane in the current year.
The perennial root sugarcane root cutting, ridge breaking, fertilizing and mulching combined machine adopted by the planting method can simultaneously cut roots, break ridges, fertilize and mulching on two sides of a perennial root sugarcane ridge, is high in working efficiency, and solves the problems of low germination rate, low tillering rate and low seedling rate of sugarcane high-position buds caused by the fact that a harvester and a conveyor are put into a field and rolled. The root cutting, ridge breaking, fertilization and film covering can be completed through one-time cultivation, fertilizers are accurately applied to the ridge sides of the sugarcanes, the mechanization degree of sugarcane planting management is improved, the yield per unit of the sugarcanes is improved, the perennial root age is prolonged, and the natural risk resistance is improved. The two sides of the front end of the frame III are respectively provided with a root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc through a root cutting and rolling disc mounting seat, the two root cutting and soil breaking rolling discs are used for cutting off lateral roots on two sides of a perennial root sugarcane ridge and turning over soil, the fertilizer guide pipe III applies fertilizer into the turned over soil, the arc-shaped surface of the arc root cutting disc is close to the perennial root sugarcane ridge, soil is turned over to the sugarcane when the arc root cutting disc is used for cutting the root, the sugarcane buds are pressed to be broken, and damage to soil loosening and fertilizing of the perennial root sugarcane can be reduced. Two sides of the rear end of the rack III are respectively provided with a hinge seat, two hinge seats are hinged with a mounting rod extending backwards, the bottom end of the mounting rod is connected with a tension spring connected with the bottom of the hinge seat, and the lower part of the rear end of the mounting rod is provided with a soil crushing and returning rolling disc used for scraping soil on two sides of a mulching film; the middle part of the rear end of the rack III is connected with a support frame extending backwards, and two sides of the support frame are respectively connected with mounting rods at two sides through a threaded adjusting connecting rod for limiting; the setting of structure like this can make the hack return soil rolling disc can paste tight ground all the time, can scrape the both sides of earth gland plastic film, guarantees that the plastic film both sides all have earth gland.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the integrated machine for tillage and soil preparation;
FIG. 2 is a schematic right-side view of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a rotary tillage soil throwing blade;
FIG. 4 is a schematic top view of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the construction of the subsoiler;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of a stubble ploughing pre-furrowing machine adopted;
FIG. 7 is a schematic left side view of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a top schematic view of FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is a schematic structural view of a root-cutting, ridge-breaking, fertilizing and film-covering combined machine for perennial sugarcane;
FIG. 10 is a schematic left side view of FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a schematic top view of FIG. 9;
FIG. 12 is a schematic structural view of a root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc;
FIG. 13 is a schematic view taken from the direction A-A of FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 is a top schematic view of FIG. 12;
FIG. 15 is a schematic structural view of a soil crushing and returning rolling disc;
FIG. 16 is a schematic view of the mounting structure of the lower spheroidicity rotary table III;
FIG. 17 is a top schematic view of FIG. 16;
FIG. 18 is a schematic view of a threaded adjusting connecting rod;
the part names of the sequence numbers in the figure are:
1. a frame, 2, a fertilizer box frame, 3, a fertilizer guide pipe, 4, a fertilizer discharging bucket, 5, a motor gear box, 6, a fertilizer scraping plate, 7, a fertilizer discharging turntable, 8, a fertilizer box, 9, a middle cantilever seat, 10, a bracket, 11, a gear box, 12, a power input main shaft, 13, a power input shaft, 14, a gear transmission box, 15, a side cantilever seat, 16, a deep loosening plough mounting seat, 17, a deep loosening plough, 18, a rotary tillage soil throwing knife, 19, a knife seat, 20, a driving shaft, 21, a soil guide baffle, 22, a baffle, 23, a hinge, 24, an angle adjusting rod, 25, a power output shaft, 26, a coupler, 27, an L-shaped arc rotary tillage knife, 28, a soil throwing plate, 29, a knife handle, 30, a mounting hole, 31, a short tooth, 32, a soil throwing plate, 33, a side plate, 34, a plough rod, 35, a fixed mounting hole, 36, a long tooth, 37, a broken soil, 38, a gear transmission box I, 39 and a bearing with a seat, 40. rotary tillage shaft, 41, stubble ploughing rotary blade, 42, machine frame I, 43, baffle I, 44, power input shaft I, 45, coupling I, 46, side cantilever base I, 47, power output shaft I, 48, gear box I, 49, power input main shaft I, 50, middle cantilever base I, 51, support I, 52, rear scarification plough, 53, ditching and marking plough, 54, front scarification plough, 55, scarification plough mounting base, 56, ditching mounting base, 57, ditching plough frame, 58, hydraulic cylinder, 59, root cutting and breaking rolling disc, 60, side cantilever base III, 61, machine frame III, 62, rolling disc mounting base, 63, hydraulic motor III, 64, gear box III, 65, middle cantilever base III, 66, fertilizer box frame III, 67, fertilizer box III, 68, fertilizer scraping plate III, 69, fertilizer circular fertilizer rotating disc, 70, fertilizer bucket, 71, hinged base, 72, tension spring, 73, threaded connecting rod, 74. the soil back-grinding device comprises a support frame, 75, an installation rod, 76, a locking plate, 77, a soil back-grinding rolling disc, 78, a film pressing wheel, 79, a wheel frame, 80, a film shaft, 81, a film frame, 82, a fertilizer guide pipe III, 83, a conical housing, 84, a toggle blade, 85, a root cutting rotating shaft, 86, a root cutting rotating shaft bearing, 87, a rod seat, 88, a rod seat installation plate, 89, an installation long hole, 90, an arc root cutting disc, 91, a soil cutting opening, 92, a rotating shaft seat, 93, a connecting shaft, 94, a square shaft body, 95, a threaded shaft body, 96, an arc soil back-grinding disc, 97, an installation rotating shaft, 98, a connecting screw rod I, 99, a screw rod connection seat, 100, a locking nut, 101 and a connecting screw rod II.
Detailed Description
The present application will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Example 1
The sugar cane high-yield planting method can realize the high-yield planting of the sugar cane in the red soil area with the functions of carbon sequestration and emission reduction of the soil by adopting the following steps:
(1) stubble cleaning and pre-ditching: and (3) crushing and stubble cleaning are carried out on the residues of the previous crops by adopting a stubble cleaning pre-furrowing machine, and meanwhile, linear pre-furrowing is carried out at a distance of 140cm, so as to linearly position the post-process.
(2) Local deep scarification and deep ploughing, ditching and base fertilizer application: adopting a tillage and soil preparation pipe all-in-one machine to carry out soil throwing type deep scarification and deep ploughing on broken soil in a ditch which is pre-opened, throwing the broken soil to two sides to form sugarcane planting ditches, wherein the width of each ditch is 70cm, two sides of each sugarcane planting ditch are not ploughed, and meanwhile, applying a special pesticide-fertilizer base fertilizer for sugarcane in the sugarcane planting ditches; the deep scarification, deep ploughing and soil breaking farming area occupies about one half of the original land, so that the oil consumption of agricultural implements and the disturbance to soil are reduced.
When the soil is crushed and thrown, the crushed soil and the broken straws of the previous stubbles are uniformly mixed, so that the problem of the straw pile-up and empty soil during the operation of the common rotary cultivator can be solved, the decomposition of the straws can be accelerated, and the organic matter content of the soil can be improved. The broken soil is thrown between the rows at two sides to form a concave groove with the planting depth being 20-25 cm lower than the original solid surface, the height from the bottom of the groove to the ridge surface being 50-60 cm, the width of the ridge surface being 50-60 cm and the width of the base of the ridge being 70cm, thus realizing deep planting of the sugarcane. For the lower part is real soil, the upper portion is for throwing the loose soil of going, and the maximum soaks the collection to concave type groove with natural precipitation like this, does benefit to soil and preserves water, and in the operation of ditching, the all-in-one is with fertilizer and the mixing of recess ditch soil, and fertilizer is only limited in recess ditch soil, realizes fertilizer deep fertilization, and recess ditch liquid manure coordinates, improves fertilizer utilization ratio, and sugarcane root system is perpendicular to prick anti lodging for the first time deeply. The base fertilizer is applied with the special pesticide fertilizer for the sugarcane, the fertilizer application and the pesticide application are carried out synchronously, the labor cost is reduced, and the application amount is N120 kg/hm2 、P2O5 80 kg/hm2 、K2O 150 kg/hm2The formula is suitable for the nutrient requirement of the sugarcane in the seedling stage, and the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved. And the deep scarification, deep ploughing, ditching, soil throwing and fertilizing are completed by the all-in-one machine at one time, so that the labor efficiency is greatly improved.
(3) Seed arrangement, soil covering and film covering: carrying out automatic seed arrangement, soil covering and film covering planting by adopting a sugarcane planting machine, arranging two rows of sugarcane seeds in a sugarcane planting ditch, wherein the interval between the two rows of sugarcane seeds is 20 cm; the planter firstly loosens the soil on the two sides of the sugarcane seeds by unscrewing again to cover the soil on the sugarcane seeds. The covering soil for planting the sugarcane is thicker and about 9-11cm in autumn and winter, and is thinner and about 7-8cm in spring, so that early sprouting of the sugarcane seeds is facilitated. The degradable film with the width of 50 cm-60 cm is covered, when the film is pressed, the two sides of the mulching film are tightly pressed and tensioned, the film is not ventilated, the middle of the film is transparent for about 13-15cm, the water evaporation is prevented, the moisture is preserved, the temperature is kept, the sugarcane sprouts can be promoted only by water vapor below the ground without extra irrigation, the tensioned film is tightly attached to the ground, the sugarcane sprout top film breaking is facilitated, and the manual seedling picking operation cost is reduced. The sugarcane planter is purchased and used in the market or designed and used by the user.
(4) Fertilizing in seedling stage and physical weeding and micro-hilling: the sugarcane hiller is adopted, the seedling fertilizer N120 kg/hm2 is applied, the fertilizer is applied in combination, the sugarcane hiller carries out rotary tillage and soil throwing to turn the soil on the ridge surface to the ditch to cover 2-5 cm, micro-hilling is carried out, the phenomenon that large soil extrudes seedlings is avoided, the growing positions of the sugarcane seedlings can be scattered and positioned, the light transmittance and effective stems in the later period are increased, the moisture evaporation can be avoided, the sugarcane is promoted to root for the second time, row spacing weeds are rotated off in the rotary tillage and hilling process of the sugarcane hiller, and manual weeding and pesticide expenditure are reduced; the sugarcane banking machine is purchased or designed for use in the market.
(5) Fertilizing in the elongation period and high hilling: fertilizing and ridging operation is carried out by adopting the tillage and field management integrated machine in the step (2); applying sugarcane insecticide fertilizer, N260 kg/hm2、P2O5 40kg/hm2、K2O 150kg/hm2(ii) a The combined cutter rotating at high speed of the integrated tillage and soil preparation machine crushes soil on the ridge surface originally formed and then throws the crushed soil back to the base of the sugarcane plant, the ridging amount is 3 times of that of a conventional rotary cultivator, high ridging quality with full ridge shape, loose soil and complete and tight weed coverage is obtained, and the occurrence of 'fire hills' is reduced; after the hilling loose soil is solidified, the ridge height is 23-26cm, the sugarcane pocket is buried under the soil with the depth of 20-25 cm, the ridge surface width reaches 60-70 cm, and the ridge bottom width is 108-112cm, so that the lodging resistance of the sugarcane is improved, the crushing damage to the sugarcane pocket during mechanical harvesting is reduced, and the perennial root life is prolonged.
(6) Chemical weeding and harvesting: after the large hilling, the herbicide is sprayed in time for soil sealing, 55 to 70 percent of methyl, metolachlor, diuron 2700 and 3600g/hm2 are used for adding water 675L of weed stem leaves for directional spraying, or 200g/L of glufosinate ammonium 3000 and 4500 ml/hm2 Adding water 675L weed stem leaves, directionally spraying for 1 time, and preventing and treating for 12 times according to weed occurrence conditions at the later stage; the harvest can be carried out in the mature period of the sugarcane process.
(7) Leveling perennial root sugarcane and covering with a film: a ridge with the original height of 23-26cm of perennial root sugarcane is cut by a flattening machine with 13-16cm of sugarcane pocket, the ridge surface is smooth and convenient to cover with a film, soil on the ridge surface is thrown to the two outer sides of the sugarcane pocket, and the requirement of subsequent high hilling is met; after the ridge surface is leveled and reduced, the sugarcane is 10-12cm high in ridge, the perennial root sugarcane is covered with a film, water-retaining and heat-preserving, the germination of low-level buds is promoted, the emergence rate is improved, and the perennial root sugarcane age is prolonged; and (5) managing and harvesting according to the processes in the steps (4) to (6), wherein the perennial root sugarcanes adopt the processes until the sugarcane needs to be turned over again, and the sugarcane leaves are crushed and returned to the field after each batch of the sugarcane is harvested.
The integrated tillage and pipe-making machine is driven by a tractor in a traction way and comprises a rack 1 and a gear box 11, wherein the gear box 11 is arranged above the middle of the rack 1, the left side and the right side of the gear box 11 are respectively provided with a power output shaft 25, and the front end of the gear box 11 is provided with a power input main shaft 12 which can be connected with the power shaft of the tractor; a side cantilever seat 15 used for being connected with a side cantilever of a tractor in an installing way is arranged at the front end of the frame 1, and a middle cantilever seat 9 used for being connected with a middle cantilever of the tractor in an installing way is arranged above the front end of the frame 1 through a support 10; the deep loosening plough 17 is mounted on two sides of the lower portion of the front end of the frame 1 through deep loosening plough mounting seats 16 respectively, the deep loosening plough 17 comprises a plough rod 34, a long tooth 36 extending forwards is fixed on the front side of the bottom end of the plough rod 34, soil plowing plates 32 inclining downwards from back to front are arranged on the left side and the right side of the bottom end of the plough rod 34 respectively, and a short tooth 31 extending forwards is fixed on the side, far away from the plough rod 34, of the front ends of the soil plowing plates 32. The left side and the right side of a plow rod 34 above the soil plowing plate 32 are respectively provided with a side plate 33 which is opened backwards. The upper end of the plow lever 34 is provided with a fixed mounting hole 35 for connecting and fixing with the deep loosening plow mounting base 16. A gear transmission case 14 is fixed on the frame 1 right behind each subsoiling plough 17, a power input shaft 13 is mounted at the upper end of the gear transmission case 14, and the power input shaft 13 is connected with a power output shaft 25 through a coupling 26; two sides of the lower end of the gear transmission box 14 are respectively provided with a driving shaft 20 with the rotation direction opposite to the advancing direction of the all-in-one machine, three groups of rotary tillage soil throwing knives 18 are uniformly distributed on each driving shaft 20 through a knife seat 19, and the three groups of rotary tillage soil throwing knives 18 respectively correspond to one knife seat 19; each group of rotary tillage soil throwing blades 18 consists of three rotary tillage soil throwing blades 18, and the three rotary tillage soil throwing blades 18 are uniformly distributed on a blade holder 19, namely on the circumference of a driving shaft 20. The rotary tillage soil throwing blade 18 comprises an L-shaped arc rotary tillage blade 27 and a soil throwing plate 28, a knife handle 29 is arranged at the straight end of the L-shaped arc rotary tillage blade 27, a mounting hole 30 for connecting and fixing the knife handle 29 with the knife holder 19 is formed in the knife handle 29, and the soil throwing plate 28 is fixed on the arc surface of the non-soil cutting side of the arc end of the L-shaped arc rotary tillage blade 27; the soil throwing plate 28 and the blade face of the L-shaped arc rotary blade 27 are arranged in an obtuse angle. The soil throwing plate 28 and the L-shaped arc rotary blade 27 can also be integrally formed by bending. A baffle 22 is arranged at the lower part of the frame 1 above the rotary tillage soil throwing knife 18, one side of the baffle 22 far away from the gear transmission case 14 is hinged with a soil guiding baffle 21 through a hinge 23, the soil guiding baffle 21 is also connected with the frame 1 through an angle adjusting rod 24, and the angle adjusting rod 24 can adjust the opening angle of the soil guiding baffle 21; a fertilizing device which can automatically guide fertilizer to the rear side of the gear transmission case 14 is arranged on the frame 1; fertilizer injection unit include fertilizer box 8, fertilizer box 8 passes through fertilizer box frame 2 and installs in frame 1, install a motor gear box 5 on the frame 1 of 8 lower parts of fertilizer box respectively, all be fixed with a lower fertilizer carousel 7 that covers 8 fertilizer outlets of fertilizer box in the pivot of motor gear box 5, motor gear box 5 utilizes the power drive of motor to descend fertilizer carousel 7 rotatory, fertilizer box 8's outer wall is provided with one and is used for scraping the fertilizer in lower fertilizer carousel 7 and scrapes fertilizer board 6, scrape and install the lower fertilizer fill 4 that is used for connecing the whereabouts fertilizer on the frame 1 of fertilizer board 6 below, the bottom intercommunication of lower fertilizer fill 4 has fertilizer guide 3, fertilizer guide 3 extends gear drive case 14 rear side.
The working principle of the adopted tillage and soil preparation pipe all-in-one machine is as follows: the side cantilever and the side cantilever seat 15 of the tractor are connected in an installing way, the middle cantilever and the middle cantilever seat 9 of the tractor are connected in an installing way, and the side cantilever and the middle cantilever of the tractor are used for controlling the lifting and lowering of the tillage and soil preparation pipe all-in-one machine. When the cultivator is not used for cultivating, the cultivator-pipe integrated machine is lifted by the side cantilever and the middle cantilever of the tractor. When the sugarcane is planted, the tractor puts the tillage and soil preparation pipe all-in-one machine down, fertilizer is put into the fertilizer box 8, the tractor is driven to travel by traction, the motor gear box 5 drives the fertilizer-discharging rotary disc 7 to rotate by the power of the motor, and the deep scarification plough 17 cuts and digs soil, so that the working resistance of the rotary tillage soil-throwing knife 18 arranged at the rear side can be reduced, and the local deep tillage and deep scarification of the rotary tillage soil-throwing knife 18 are facilitated; the power output by the tractor is transmitted into the gear box 11 from the power input main shaft 12, the power is respectively transmitted to the power input shaft 13 from the power output shafts 25 at two sides of the gear box 11 through the shaft couplings 26, the power is transmitted into the gear transmission box 14, the driving shaft 20 is driven to drive the rotary tillage soil throwing cutter 18 to rotate backwards to break soil and throw soil through the action of the soil guide baffle plate 21 and the baffle plate 22, soil is turned and thrown towards two sides to form a sugarcane planting ditch, the fertilizer in the fertilizer box 8 falls onto the lower fertilizer rotating disc 7, the fertilizer in the lower fertilizer rotating disc 7 is scraped into the lower fertilizer bucket 4 due to the rotation of the lower fertilizer rotating disc 7 and the blocking action of the fertilizer scraping plate 6, the fertilizer is discharged into the sugarcane planting ditch through the action of the fertilizer guide pipe 3, a small part of broken soil falls into the ditch during the working process of the rotary tillage soil throwing cutter to cover the fertilizer, and the fertilizer is separated from the sugarcane when the sugarcane seeds fall into the ditch, avoids the phenomena of root burning and seed burning caused by fertilizer fermentation, and improves the germination rate and the survival rate of the sugarcane. When the soil is required to be hilled, the fertilizer applying device is stopped to work, and the opening angle of the soil guide baffle 21 is adjusted to enable soil to be turned over towards the root of the sugarcane ridge.
The stubble-cleaning pre-furrowing machine is driven by a tractor in a traction manner and comprises a machine frame I42 and a gear box I48, wherein a side cantilever seat I46 used for being connected with a side cantilever of the tractor in an installation manner is arranged at the front end of the machine frame I42, and a middle cantilever seat I50 used for being connected with a middle cantilever of the tractor in an installation manner is arranged above the front end of the machine frame I42 through a support I51; the two sides of the front end of the frame I42 are respectively provided with a front scarification plough 54 through a scarification plough mounting seat 55, the distance between the two front scarification ploughs 54 is determined according to the row spacing of ditching and planting, and the rear end frame I42 at the left side and the right side of each front scarification plough 54 is respectively provided with a rear scarification plough 52 through the scarification plough mounting seat 55; the ditching plow frame 57 is hinged to the rear end of the machine frame I42, a ditching and marking plow 53 is mounted on the ditching plow frame 57 behind each front scarification plow 54 through a ditching plow mounting seat 56, the front scarification plow 54 and the rear scarification plow 52 carry out primary plow ditching, the farming resistance of the ditching and marking plow 53 is reduced, the ditching and marking plow 53 can plow deeper soil, and the traction resistance of the whole combined machine is reduced; the ditching plow frame 57 is also hinged with the machine frame I42 or the gear box I48 through a hydraulic oil cylinder 58, a cylinder seat of the hydraulic oil cylinder 58 is hinged with the machine frame I42 or the gear box I48, a piston rod of the hydraulic oil cylinder 58 is hinged with the ditching plow frame 57, the ditching plow frame 57 is controlled to turn through the hydraulic oil cylinder 58, and the control of lifting and lowering of the ditching marking plow 53 is realized. A baffle I43 for preventing mud from splashing is mounted on the machine frame I42. The gearbox I48 is arranged above the middle of the rack I42, power output shafts I47 are respectively arranged on the left side and the right side of the gearbox I48, and a power input main shaft I49 capable of being connected with a power shaft of a tractor is arranged at the front end of the gearbox I48; the left side and the right side of the rack I42 are symmetrically and fixedly provided with a gear transmission box I38, the upper end of the gear transmission box I38 is provided with a power input shaft I44, and the power input shaft I44 is connected with a power output shaft I47 through a coupler I45; a rotary tillage shaft 40 is arranged between the lower ends of the two gear transmission boxes I38 through a bearing 39 with a base, the rotary tillage shaft 40 is connected with a gear in the gear transmission box I38, and a stubble cleaning rotary blade 41 is arranged on the rotary tillage shaft 40. The front end of the gear transmission box I38 is provided with a soil breaking plough 37, so that the gear transmission box I38 can cut into soil during tillage, and the stubble cleaning rotary blade 41 can extend into the soil for tillage.
The working principle of the stubble-cleaning pre-furrowing machine is as follows: the side cantilever of a tractor is connected with a side cantilever seat I46 in an installing way, the middle cantilever of the tractor is connected with a middle cantilever seat I50 in an installing way, a power shaft at the rear end of the tractor is connected with a power input main shaft I49, and the tractor controls the combination machine to ascend and descend; hydraulic rams 58 are connected to a hydraulic cylinder control system. When the combined machine is not used for tillage during walking, the combined machine is lifted through the side cantilever and the middle cantilever of the tractor, and the ditching plow frame 57 is turned upwards by the hydraulic oil cylinder 58. When the land needs to be cultivated, the tractor lowers the combined machine and drives the combined machine to walk, the power output by the tractor is transmitted into the gear box I48 from the power input main shaft I49, the power is respectively transmitted to the power input shaft I44 from the power output shafts I47 at the two sides of the gear box I48 through the shaft coupling I45, the power is transmitted into the gear transmission box I38 of the frame I42, the rotary tillage shaft 40 is driven to drive the stubble-cleaning rotary blade 41 to rotate and clean the stubble after being transmitted by the gears in the gear transmission box I38, the soil breaking plough 37 at the front end of the gear transmission box I38 breaks the soil, the gear transmission case I38 is enabled to cut into soil, the front scarification plough 54 and the rear scarification plough 52 carry out primary plough ditching, the farming resistance of the ditching and marking plough 53 is reduced, the hydraulic oil cylinder 58 turns the ditching plough frame 57 downwards, the ditching and marking plough 53 ploughs into the soil, ditching and soil loosening are cleaned, preparation is made for subsequent ditching and deep groove planting, the walking route is also improved for the tractor, and the tractor is prevented from working and slipping. The pre-ditching can pull loose soil open, when the following tractor pulls the deep ditching, the tractor runs and skids, if the pre-ditching is not carried out, when the tractor pulls the deep ditching, the tractor wheel is easy to skid, and the deep ditching can be realized very much.
The perennial root sugarcane is subjected to film covering, water retention and heat preservation, and a perennial root sugarcane root cutting, ridge breaking, fertilizing and film covering combined machine is adopted and comprises a rack III 89, the front end of the rack III 89 is provided with a side cantilever seat III 88 for being connected with a side cantilever of a tractor in an installing manner, and a middle cantilever seat III 93 for being connected with a middle cantilever of the tractor in an installing manner is arranged above the front end of the rack III 89; a fertilizer box III 95 is arranged on the rack III 89 through a fertilizer box rack III 94, a gear box III 92 driven by a hydraulic motor III 91 is arranged on the rack III 89 at the lower part of the fertilizer box III 95, and a lower fertilizer circular rotating disc III 97 covering a fertilizer outlet at the bottom of the fertilizer box III 95 is fixed on a rotating shaft of the gear box III 92; two sides of the outer wall of the fertilizer box III 95 are respectively provided with a fertilizer scraping plate III 96 used for scraping the fertilizer in the lower fertilizer circular turntable III 97, two sides of the outer wall of the fertilizer box III 95 are respectively provided with a lower fertilizer bucket III 98 used for receiving the falling fertilizer, and the bottom of the lower fertilizer bucket III 98 is communicated with a fertilizer guide pipe III 110; two sides of the front end of the rack III 89 are respectively provided with a root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc 87 for breaking ridges and cutting roots on two sides of a sugarcane ridge through rolling disc mounting seats 90, and the fertilizer guide pipe III 110 extends to the rear outer side of the root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc 87; a film frame 109 is arranged at the lower part of the rear end of the rack III 89, a film shaft 108 for placing a mulching film is arranged on the film frame 109, and a film pressing wheel 106 for rolling the two sides of the mulching film is arranged at the rear side of the film frame 109 through a wheel carrier 107; two sides of the rear end of the rack III 89 are respectively provided with a hinge seat 99, two hinge seats 99 are hinged with a mounting rod 103 extending backwards, the bottom end of the mounting rod 103 is connected with a tension spring 100 connected with the bottom of the hinge seat 99, and the lower part of the rear end of the mounting rod 103 is provided with a soil crushing and returning rolling disc 105 used for scraping soil on two sides of a mulching film; the middle part of the rear end of the rack III 89 is connected with a support frame 102 extending backwards, and two sides of the support frame 102 are respectively connected with mounting rods 103 at two sides through a threaded adjusting connecting rod 101 for limiting. The distance between the two soil breaking and returning rolling disks 105 is larger than the distance between the two root cutting and soil breaking rolling disks 87. The soil crushing and soil returning rolling disc 105 comprises a rotating shaft seat 120 and an installation rotating shaft 125, the installation rotating shaft 125 is installed in the rotating shaft seat 120 through a bearing, an arc-shaped soil returning circular disc 124 is installed on the installation rotating shaft 125 in a stretching mode, the top end of the rotating shaft seat 120 is fixedly connected with a connecting shaft 121, a square shaft body 122 and a threaded shaft body 123 are arranged at the top end of the connecting shaft 121, and the threaded shaft body 123 is located at the top of the square shaft body 122; connecting axle 121 passes through the axle sleeve and is connected with installation pole 103, the vertical welded fastening of axle sleeve is at the end of installation pole 103, the upper end of axle sleeve is provided with the engaging lug, be provided with slot hole or a plurality of connecting hole on the engaging lug, connecting axle 121 is equipped with locking plate 104 on passing square axle body 122 behind the axle sleeve, install lock nut on the screw thread axle body 123, be provided with the square hole that matches with square axle body 122 on the locking plate 104, still be provided with the through-hole that corresponds with slot hole or connecting hole position on the engaging lug on the locking plate 104, locking plate 104 passes through the bolt and is connected with the engaging lug, through unscrewing the lock nut after, lock plate 104 rotates, adjust the position of locking plate 104 and engaging lug, realize the regulation of hack return native rolling disc 105 installation angle. The root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc 87 comprises a root cutting rotating shaft 113 and a rod seat 115, the root cutting rotating shaft 113 is installed in the rod seat 115 through a root cutting rotating shaft bearing 114, an arc-shaped root cutting disc 118 is installed at the extending end of the root cutting rotating shaft 113, the top end of the arc-shaped root cutting disc 118 is provided with a rod seat installation plate 116 which is connected with the rolling disc installation seat 90 through bolts through a connecting rod shaft, and the rod seat installation plate 116 is located at the top of the connecting rod shaft. The rod seat mounting plate 116 is provided with a mounting long hole 117, the mounting position of the rolling disc mounting seat 90 can be conveniently adjusted by the mounting long hole 117, and the mounting angle of the root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc 87 is realized. The plate edge of the arc soil crushing plate 23 is uniformly provided with a plurality of soil cutting openings 119. The thread adjusting connecting rod 101 comprises a connecting screw I126, a screw connecting seat 127 and a connecting screw II 129, the screw connecting seat 127 is a hollow long connecting seat, the connecting screw I126 and the connecting screw II 129 are respectively in threaded connection with two ends of the screw connecting seat 127, the connecting screw I126 is hinged to the mounting rod 103 through a connecting lug ring, the connecting screw II 129 is hinged to the supporting frame 102 through the connecting lug ring, and a locking nut 128 used for locking the connecting screw II 129 and the screw connecting seat 127 is mounted on the connecting screw II 129. The middle part of lower fertile circle carousel III 97 be provided with and avoid fertilizer to pile up the vertical circular cone housing 111 in lower fertile circle carousel III 97 middle part, the setting of circular cone housing 111 will be from the fertilizer that falls in the fertile case III 95 lead the periphery of delivering to fertile circle carousel III 97 down. The conical housing 111 is provided with a stirring blade 112 for stirring fertilizer.
The operating principle of the perennial sugarcane root cutting, ridge breaking, fertilizing and film covering combined machine is as follows: the side cantilever and the side cantilever seat III 88 of the tractor are connected in an installing mode, the middle cantilever and the middle cantilever seat III 93 of the tractor are connected in an installing mode, and the side cantilever and the middle cantilever of the tractor are used for controlling the rising and the lowering of the perennial sugarcane root cutting, ridge breaking, fertilizing and mulching combined machine. According to the actual ridge width of the perennial root sugarcane, the distance between the two root cutting and soil breaking rolling discs 87 is adjusted by adjusting the installation positions of the rolling disc installation seats 90, and the distance between the two installation rods 103 is adjusted by adjusting the installation positions of the hinged seats 99, so that the distance between the soil breaking and soil returning rolling discs 105 is adjusted;
when the sugarcane harvester is not used for farming during walking, the perennial sugarcane root cutting, ridge breaking, fertilizing and mulching combined machine is lifted through the side cantilever and the middle cantilever of the tractor. When the land needs to be cultivated, a tractor lowers a ratoon sugarcane root cutting, ridge breaking, fertilizing and mulching combined machine, two root cutting, soil breaking and rolling disks 87 are positioned on two sides of a sugarcane ridge, fertilizer is put into a fertilizer box III 95, a mulching film roll is collided on a film shaft 108, a film pressing wheel 106 is favorable for pressing two sides of a mulching film, the tractor drives the sugarcane to travel, meanwhile, a hydraulic motor III 91 drives a lower fertilizer circle rotating disk III 97 to rotate through a gear box III 92, and the two root cutting, soil breaking and rolling disks 87 cut off and turn over soil on the side roots on the two sides of the ratoon sugarcane ridge; the fertilizer in the fertilizer box III 95 falls on the lower fertilizer circular turntable III 97, the fertilizer in the lower fertilizer circular turntable III 97 is scraped to fall into the lower fertilizer bucket III 98 due to the rotation of the lower fertilizer circular turntable III 97 and the blocking action of the fertilizer scraping plate III 96, the fertilizer is discharged to the lower part of soil stirred by the root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc 87 under the action of the fertilizer guide pipe III 110, the soil breaking and soil returning rolling disc 105 is dragged at the rear side to cut and break the soil, the mulching is finished by guiding the two sides of the mulching film to be covered, the root cutting and ridge breaking, the fertilization and the mulching of the perennial sugarcane can be finished by one-time operation, and the sprouting and the growth of the perennial sugarcane are facilitated.
Application case
The high-yield planting method for sugar cane carries out test demonstration in the town of Wuming Altar at 2020, 1 month to 2021, 12 months, designs two treatments of conventional cultivation of farmers and cultivation of the invention, and each treated land is 666.6m2This was repeated three times. The high-yield planting method of the sugar cane comprises the following specific steps:
1. in 1 month, 120 horsepower rotary cultivator equipped with Beidou navigation system is adopted, the residue of the previous crop is crushed and stubble-cleaned, and meanwhile, the straight line with the distance of 140cm is pre-ditched. 2. Adopting a deep scarification and deep ploughing, soil crushing, soil throwing, ditching and fertilizing all-in-one machine, locally and deeply ploughing, soil crushing and throwing and ditching, throwing soil into the space between two side rows to form a planting ditch with the depth being 20 cm-25 cm lower than the original field surface, forming a concave groove below the ground solid soil, the height from the ditch bottom to the ridge surface being 50 cm-60 cm, the width of the ridge surface being 50 cm-60 cm and the width of the ridge base being 70cm, applying base fertilizer while ditching, applying 750 kg/hm of sugarcane pesticide fertilizer containing 0.05 percent of dinotefuran2. 3. Seed arrangement, soil covering and film covering are carried out by adopting a sugarcane split type planter, the sugarcane is planted in a double-row manner of willow city 05/136, the spacing between two rows of sugarcane seeds is about 20cm, and the seeding amount is 10.5 t/hm2. 4. Applying 250 kg/hm of urea to the sugarcane banking machine in the seedling stage of the sugarcane in the middle ten days of the 4 th month2And at the same time of fertilizing, the grass is removed by a physical method. 5. In the elongation period of the sugarcane in the last 6 months, a deep-scarification, deep-ploughing, soil-breaking, furrowing and fertilization all-in-one machine is adopted for fertilizing and hilling, and 100 kg/hm of sugarcane pesticide fertilizer containing 0.05 percent of dinotefuran is applied2. 6. After the large hilling, herbicide is sprayed in time for soil sealing, 55 to 70 percent of metolachlor diuron 2700-2675L of weed stem leaves are added with water for directional spraying. Harvesting is carried out in late 12 months. 7. And (4) leveling and film covering the perennial root sugarcane by using a leveling machine in the middle ten days of the next 1 month. The field management in the later period is basically consistent with the new planted sugarcane. 8. In the mature period of the sugarcaneAnd (5) checking and accepting the sugarcane yield of the residential area, and simultaneously collecting soil and plant samples. The organic carbon content of the soil is measured by an oil bath heating potassium dichromate oxidation capacity measuring method, and the carbon content of the plants is measured by a TOC instrument. Collecting greenhouse gas samples by adopting a static box method, collecting greenhouse gas once a week after sugarcane is planted, continuously sampling for 7 days after fertilization or when rainfall is more than 20mm, and carrying out encrypted sampling and greenhouse gas determination chromatography. The sugarcane market price is calculated according to 520 Yuan.t, and the labor cost of the chemical fertilizer and pesticide mechanical tillage comprises the labor cost of land preparation, planting and ridging, a pesticide applying machine, fertilizer, pesticide and the middle part.
The conventional planting process comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of rotary tillage and soil preparation (the depth is about 17 cm) by a tractor, fertilizing, seed placing, soil covering and film covering by a planter, micro-planting by a small sugarcane banking machine in a seedling stage, fertilizing in an elongation stage and high banking (the banking height is 15-18 cm) by a large banking machine, chemical weeding and harvesting, leveling perennial sugarcane by a leveling machine in the next year, and finally ridge breaking, fertilizing and film covering (the later-stage field management is consistent with the new planted sugarcane).
Through the positioning monitoring of newly planted perennial roots for 2 years, compared with the habit of farmers, the sugarcane cultivation technical mode of the invention can increase the yield of sugarcane stalks by 16.13 t.hm in 2 years2The amplification is 15.67%; the labor cost of the mechanical tillage of the chemical fertilizer and the pesticide is reduced by 1538 yuan hm2(ii) a Increase of sugarcane yield value 9923 yuan hm2The net income is increased by 11461 yuan hm2(ii) a The biological carbon fixation amount of the sugarcane is increased by 274 t.hm2The amplification is 16.82 percent, the organic carbon of the soil is increased by 0.32 g/kg, and the soil CO is2And N2The cumulative total discharge amount of O is respectively reduced by 9.18 percent and 14.46 percent, and the cumulative total absorption amount of soil CH4 is increased by 29.56 percent; the lodging angle of the sugarcane is reduced by 87.90 percent. The technology reduces the production cost of the sugarcane, increases the yield of the sugarcane, improves the biological carbon fixation amount of the sugarcane and the organic matter content of soil, prevents the sugarcane from lodging, reduces the greenhouse gas emission of the soil of the sugarcane field, and has good economic benefit, ecological benefit and social benefit.
TABLE 1 analysis of sugarcane yield and ecological benefit under different cultivation
The above description is not intended to limit the present application, and the present application is not limited to the above examples, and those skilled in the art should understand that they can make various changes, modifications, additions or substitutions within the spirit and scope of the present application.
Claims (8)
1. A high-yield planting method of sugar cane in a red soil area and with consideration of soil carbon sequestration and emission reduction comprises the processes of sugarcane soil preparation, fertilization, seed arrangement, soil covering and film covering, ridging, weeding, harvesting, perennial root sugarcane leveling and film covering, and is characterized in that: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) stubble cleaning and pre-ditching: crushing and stubble cleaning are carried out on the residues of the previous crops by adopting a stubble cleaning pre-furrowing machine, and meanwhile, linear pre-furrowing is carried out at a distance of 140cm for positioning the post-process line;
(2) local deep scarification and deep ploughing, ditching and base fertilizer application: adopting a tillage and soil preparation pipe all-in-one machine to carry out soil throwing type deep scarification and deep ploughing on broken soil in a ditch which is pre-opened, throwing the broken soil to two sides to form sugarcane planting ditches, wherein the width of each ditch is 70cm, two sides of each sugarcane planting ditch are not ploughed, and meanwhile, applying a special pesticide-fertilizer base fertilizer for sugarcane in the sugarcane planting ditches;
(3) seed arrangement, soil covering and film covering: adopting a sugarcane planter to perform automatic seed arrangement, soil covering and film covering planting, arranging two rows of sugarcane seeds in the sugarcane planting ditch, wherein the interval between the two rows of sugarcane seeds is 20 cm;
(4) fertilizing in the seedling stage and micro-earthing up by physical weeding: adopting a sugarcane banking machine to apply the seedling fertilizer N120 kg/hm2The method is combined with fertilization, the sugarcane hiller carries out rotary tillage and soil throwing to turn soil on the ridge surface to the ditch to cover 2-5 cm, micro-hilling is carried out, large soil blocks are prevented from extruding seedlings, the growth positions of the sugarcane seedlings can be scattered and positioned, light transmittance and effective stems in the later period are increased, water evaporation can be avoided, secondary root pricking of the sugarcane is promoted, row spacing weeds are rotated off in the rotary tillage hilling process of the sugarcane hiller, and the expenditure of manual weeding and pesticides is reduced;
(5) fertilizing in the elongation period and high hilling: fertilizing and ridging operation is carried out by adopting the tillage and field management integrated machine in the step (2); administration ofSugarcane fertilizer, N260 kg/hm2、P2O5 40kg/hm2、K2O 150kg/hm2(ii) a The combined cutter rotating at high speed of the integrated tillage and soil preparation machine crushes soil on the ridge surface originally formed and throws the crushed soil back to the base of the sugarcane plant to obtain high ridging quality with full ridge shape, loose soil and complete and tight weed coverage, and the occurrence of 'fire hills' is reduced; after the hilling loose soil is solidified, the ridge height is 23-26cm, the sugarcane pocket is buried under 20-25 cm of soil, the ridge surface width reaches 60-70 cm, and the ridge bottom width is 108 plus 112cm, so that the lodging resistance of the sugarcane is improved, the crushing damage to the sugarcane pocket during mechanical harvesting is reduced, and the perennial root life is prolonged;
(6) chemical weeding and harvesting: after the large hilling, herbicide is sprayed in time for soil sealing, 55 to 70 percent of methyl, ethyl, diuron 2700 and 3600g/hm2Adding water 675L weed stem and leaf directional spray, or using 200g/L glufosinate ammonium 3000-4500 ml/hm2Adding water 675L weed stem leaves, directionally spraying for 1 time, and preventing and treating for 1-2 times according to weed occurrence conditions at later stage; the sugarcane can be harvested in the mature period of the sugarcane process;
(7) leveling and covering the perennial root sugarcanes with films: a ridge with the original height of 23-26cm of perennial root sugarcane is cut by a flattening machine with 13-16cm of sugarcane pocket, the ridge surface is smooth and convenient to cover with a film, soil on the ridge surface is thrown to the two outer sides of the sugarcane pocket, and the requirement of subsequent high hilling is met; after the ridge surface is leveled and reduced, the sugarcane is 10-12cm high in ridge, the perennial root sugarcane is covered with a film, water-retaining and heat-preserving, the germination of low-level buds is promoted, the emergence rate is improved, and the perennial root sugarcane age is prolonged; and (5) managing and harvesting according to the processes in the steps (4) to (6), and crushing sugarcane leaves and returning the sugarcane leaves to the field after each batch of sugarcane is harvested.
2. The high-yield planting method of sugar cane in the red soil area with carbon sequestration and emission reduction of soil as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the field cultivation and management integrated machine comprises a rack (1) and a gear box (11), wherein the gear box (11) is installed above the middle of the rack (1), power output shafts (25) are installed on the left side and the right side of the gear box (11) respectively, and a power input main shaft (12) capable of being connected with a power shaft of a tractor is installed at the front end of the gear box (11); a side cantilever seat (15) used for being connected with a side cantilever of a tractor in an installing mode is arranged at the front end of the rack (1), and a middle cantilever seat (9) used for being connected with a middle cantilever of the tractor in an installing mode is arranged above the front end of the rack (1) through a support (10); two sides of the lower part of the front end of the rack (1) are respectively provided with a subsoiling plough (17) through a subsoiling plough mounting seat (16), a gear transmission case (14) is fixed on the rack (1) right behind each subsoiling plough (17), the upper end of the gear transmission case (14) is provided with a power input shaft (13), and the power input shaft (13) is connected with a power output shaft (25) through a coupling (26); two sides of the lower end of the gear transmission box (14) are respectively provided with a driving shaft (20) with the rotating direction opposite to the advancing direction of the all-in-one machine, and a plurality of rotary tillage soil throwing knives (18) are arranged on the driving shaft (20) through a knife holder (19); a baffle (22) is installed at the lower part of the rack (1) above the rotary tillage soil throwing knife (18), one side of the baffle (22) far away from the gear transmission case (14) is hinged with a soil guiding baffle (21) through a hinge (23), the soil guiding baffle (21) is also connected with the rack (1) through an angle adjusting rod (24), and the angle adjusting rod (24) can adjust the opening angle of the soil guiding baffle (21); the frame (1) is provided with a fertilizing device which can automatically guide fertilizer to the rear side of the gear transmission case (14).
3. The high-yield planting method of sugar cane in the red soil area with carbon sequestration and emission reduction of soil as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: three groups of rotary tillage soil throwing blades (18) are uniformly arranged on the driving shaft (20) through a blade holder (19), each group of rotary tillage soil throwing blades (18) consists of three rotary tillage soil throwing blades (18), and the three rotary tillage soil throwing blades (18) are uniformly arranged on the blade holder (19); the rotary tillage soil throwing cutter (18) comprises an L-shaped arc-shaped rotary tillage cutter (27) and a soil throwing plate (28), a cutter handle (29) is arranged at the straight end of the L-shaped arc-shaped rotary tillage cutter (27), a mounting hole (30) for connecting and fixing the cutter handle (29) with the cutter holder (19) is formed in the cutter handle (29), and the soil throwing plate (28) is fixed on the arc surface of the non-soil cutting side of the arc-shaped end of the L-shaped arc-shaped rotary tillage cutter (27); the soil throwing plate (28) and the knife face of the L-shaped arc rotary blade (27) are arranged in an obtuse angle.
4. The high-yield planting method for the sugar cane in the red soil area with carbon sequestration and emission reduction of the soil as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: the deep scarification plough (17) comprises a plough rod (34), a long tooth (36) extending forwards is fixed on the front side of the bottom end of the plough rod (34), soil ploughing plates (32) inclining downwards from back to front are respectively arranged on the left side and the right side of the bottom end of the plough rod (34), and a short tooth (31) extending forwards is fixed on the side, far away from the plough rod (34), of the front end of each soil ploughing plate (32); the left side and the right side of a plow rod (34) above the soil plowing plate (32) are respectively provided with a side plate (33) which is opened backwards; the upper end of the plow lever (34) is provided with a fixed mounting hole (35) which is used for connecting and fixing the deep scarification plow mounting seat (16); fertilizing device include fertilizer box (8), install in frame (1) fertilizer box (8) through fertilizer box frame (2), install a motor gear box (5) on frame (1) of fertilizer box (8) lower part respectively, all be fixed with one in the pivot of motor gear box (5) and cover fertilizer box (8) and go out lower fertilizer carousel (7) of fertile mouthful, the outer wall of fertilizer box (8) is provided with one and has and is used for scraping the fertilizer in fertilizer carousel (7) down and scrape fertilizer board (6), scrape and install on frame (1) of fertilizer board (6) below and be used for connecing lower fertilizer fill (4) of whereabouts fertile, the bottom intercommunication of lower fertilizer fill (4) has conduit (3), conduit (3) extend the rear side of gear drive case (14).
5. The high-yield planting method of sugar cane in the red soil area with carbon sequestration and emission reduction of soil as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the stubble-cleaning pre-furrowing machine is driven by a tractor in a traction way and is characterized in that: the front end of the rack I (42) is provided with a side cantilever seat I (46) which is used for being connected with a side cantilever of a tractor in an installing way, and a middle cantilever seat I (50) which is used for being connected with a middle cantilever of the tractor in an installing way is arranged above the front end of the rack I (42) through a support I (51); two sides of the front end of the frame I (42) are respectively provided with a front scarification plough (54) through a scarification plough mounting seat (55), and the rear end frame I (42) at the left side and the right side of each front scarification plough (54) is respectively provided with a rear scarification plough (52) through the scarification plough mounting seat (55); the rear end of the rack I (42) is provided with a ditching plow frame (57), the ditching and marking plow (53) is arranged on the ditching plow frame (57) behind each front scarification plow (54) through a ditching plow mounting seat (56), the gear box I (48) is arranged above the middle of the rack I (42), the left side and the right side of the gear box I (48) are respectively provided with a power output shaft I (47), and the front end of the gear box I (48) is provided with a power input main shaft I (49) which can be connected with a power shaft of a tractor; the left side and the right side of the rack I (42) are symmetrically and fixedly provided with a gear transmission box I (38), the upper end of the gear transmission box I (38) is provided with a power input shaft I (44), and the power input shaft I (44) is connected with a power output shaft I (47) through a coupler I (45); a rotary tillage shaft (40) is arranged between the lower ends of the two gear transmission boxes I (38) through a bearing with a base (39), the rotary tillage shaft (40) is connected with a gear in the gear transmission box I (38), and stubble cleaning rotary blades (41) are arranged on the rotary tillage shaft (40).
6. The high-yield planting method of sugar cane in the red soil area with carbon sequestration and emission reduction of soil as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that: the front end of the gear transmission box I (38) is provided with a soil breaking plough (37); a baffle I (43) for preventing mud from splashing is arranged on the rack I (42); the ditching plow frame (57) is hinged at the rear end of the machine frame I (42), the ditching plow frame (57) is further hinged with the machine frame I (42) or the gear box I (48) through a hydraulic oil cylinder (58), a cylinder seat of the hydraulic oil cylinder (58) is hinged with the machine frame I (42) or the gear box I (48), a piston rod of the hydraulic oil cylinder (58) is hinged with the ditching plow frame (57), the ditching plow frame (57) is controlled to turn through the hydraulic oil cylinder (58), and lifting and lowering of the ditching marking plow (53) are controlled.
7. The high-yield planting method of sugar cane in the red soil area with carbon sequestration and emission reduction of soil as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the perennial root sugarcane is subjected to film covering, water retention and heat preservation, and a perennial root sugarcane root cutting, ridge breaking, fertilizing and film covering combined machine is adopted, the perennial root sugarcane root cutting, ridge breaking, fertilizing and film covering combined machine comprises a rack III (89), a side cantilever seat III (88) used for being connected with a side cantilever of a tractor in an installing mode is arranged at the front end of the rack III (89), and a middle cantilever seat III (93) used for being connected with a middle cantilever of the tractor in an installing mode is arranged above the front end of the rack III (89); a fertilizer box III (95) is arranged on the rack III (89) through a fertilizer box rack III (94), a gear box III (92) driven by a hydraulic motor III (91) is arranged on the rack III (89) at the lower part of the fertilizer box III (95), and a lower fertilizer circular rotating disc III (97) covering a fertilizer outlet at the bottom of the fertilizer box III (95) is fixed on a rotating shaft of the gear box III (92); two sides of the outer wall of the fertilizer box III (95) are respectively provided with a fertilizer scraping plate III (96) for scraping the fertilizer in the lower fertilizer circle turntable III (97), two sides of the outer wall of the fertilizer box III (95) are respectively provided with a lower fertilizer bucket III (98) for receiving the falling fertilizer, and the bottom of the lower fertilizer bucket III (98) is communicated with a fertilizer guide pipe III (110); two sides of the front end of the rack III (89) are respectively provided with a root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc (87) for cutting ridges and roots on two sides of a sugarcane ridge through rolling disc mounting seats (90), and the fertilizer guide pipe III (110) extends to the rear outer side of the root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc (87); a film frame (109) is installed at the lower part of the rear end of the frame III (89), a film shaft (108) for placing mulching films is installed on the film frame (109), and film pressing wheels (106) for rolling the two sides of the mulching films are installed on the rear side of the film frame (109) through a wheel carrier (107); two sides of the rear end of the rack III (89) are respectively provided with a hinge seat (99), the two hinge seats (99) are respectively hinged with a mounting rod (103) extending backwards, the bottom end of the mounting rod (103) is connected with a tension spring (100) connected with the bottom of the hinge seat (99), and the lower part of the rear end of the mounting rod (103) is provided with a soil crushing and soil returning rolling disc (105) for scraping soil on two sides of a mulching film; the middle part of the rear end of the rack III (89) is connected with a support frame (102) extending backwards, and two sides of the support frame (102) are respectively connected with mounting rods (103) at two sides through a threaded adjusting connecting rod (101) for limiting.
8. The high-yield planting method of sugar cane in the red soil area with carbon sequestration and emission reduction of soil as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that: the soil crushing and soil returning rolling disc (105) comprises a rotating shaft seat (120) and an installation rotating shaft (125), the installation rotating shaft (125) is installed in the rotating shaft seat (120) through a bearing, an arc-shaped soil returning disc (124) is installed on the installation rotating shaft (125) in a stretching mode, the top end of the rotating shaft seat (120) is fixedly connected with a connecting shaft (121), a square shaft body (122) and a threaded shaft body (123) are arranged at the top end of the connecting shaft (121), and the threaded shaft body (123) is located at the top of the square shaft body (122); the connecting shaft (121) is connected with the mounting rod (103) through a shaft sleeve, the shaft sleeve is vertically welded and fixed at the tail end of the mounting rod (103), a connecting lug is arranged at the upper end of the shaft sleeve, a long hole or a plurality of connecting holes are formed in the connecting lug, a locking plate (104) is arranged on a square shaft body (122) after the connecting shaft (121) penetrates through the shaft sleeve, and a locking nut is arranged on a threaded shaft body (123); the root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc (87) comprises a root cutting rotating shaft (113) and a rod seat (115), the root cutting rotating shaft (113) is installed in the rod seat (115) through a root cutting rotating shaft bearing (114), an arc root cutting disc (118) is installed at the extending end of the root cutting rotating shaft (113), a rod seat installation plate (116) which is used for being connected with the rolling disc installation seat (90) through bolts is arranged at the top end of the arc root cutting disc (118) through a connecting rod shaft, and the rod seat installation plate (116) is located at the top of the connecting rod shaft; the rod seat mounting plate (116) is provided with a mounting long hole (117), the mounting long hole (117) is arranged to facilitate adjustment of the mounting position of the rolling disc mounting seat (90), and the mounting angle of the root cutting and soil breaking rolling disc (87) is realized; a plurality of soil cutting openings (119) are uniformly distributed on the edge of the arc soil crushing disc (23); the thread adjusting connecting rod (101) comprises a connecting screw I (126), a screw connecting seat (127) and a connecting screw II (129), the screw connecting seat (127) is a hollow long connecting seat, the connecting screw I (126) and the connecting screw II (129) are respectively in threaded connection with two ends of the screw connecting seat (127), the connecting screw I (126) is hinged to the mounting rod (103) through a connecting lug ring, the connecting screw II (129) is hinged to the supporting frame (102) through the connecting lug ring, and a locking nut (128) used for locking the connecting screw II (129) and the screw connecting seat (127) is mounted on the connecting screw II (129); the middle part of the lower fertilizer round turntable III (97) is provided with a vertical conical housing (111) for preventing fertilizer from being accumulated in the middle part of the lower fertilizer round turntable III (97), and the conical housing (111) is arranged for guiding the fertilizer falling from the inside of the fertilizer box III (95) to the periphery of the lower fertilizer round turntable III (97); the conical housing (111) is provided with a stirring blade (112) for stirring fertilizer.
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