CN114342727A - Dry rocky sunny slope pinus sylvestris forestation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a dry rocky sunny slope pinus sylvestris afforestation method, and belongs to the technical field of afforestation and greening. According to the method, pinus sylvestris container seedlings are selected for planting according to the drought and rocky sunny slope land conditions, the seedlings in rows are arranged in a shape like a Chinese character pin, a scale-shaped pit design and a combination mode that a large pit is sleeved with a small pit are adopted, and film mulching is combined. The method can greatly improve the water retention capacity of the soil matrix of the nursery stock, thereby obviously improving the survival rate of afforestation and simultaneously ensuring the growth vigor of the nursery stock. The invention provides effective technical support for afforestation of the arid rocky sunny slope, and has important significance for ecological restoration of the areas.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of afforestation and greening, and particularly relates to a dry and stony pinus sylvestris forestation method.
Background
Afforestation is a production activity for newly building or updating a forest, and is a basic link for cultivating the forest. In the process of afforestation, the drought and rocky sunny slope afforestation is always the biggest difficult problem to face, and is the hard bone and the afforestation short plate which are difficult to gnaw in forestation. The reason is that the afforestation survival rate is low due to poor standing conditions of the arid rocky sunny slope, arid climate, serious water and soil loss and poor soil nutrient, thereby restricting the afforestation and greening steps.
The plateau area on the Beijing dam is an important component of Jingjin Ji wind and sand source treatment engineering, although the afforestation result taking the mechanical forest field of the Seahan dam as a sample plate has already been shown to be effective, the large area of arid stone sunny slope is difficult to stand, and the afforestation survival rate still needs to be further improved by adopting the traditional cave-shaped afforestation method.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a dry stone sunny slope pinus sylvestris forestation method which is high in forestation survival rate.
The invention provides a method for afforestation on a drought rocky sunny slope, which comprises the following steps:
1) excavating fish scale pits according to different afforestation densities of different afforestation areas; each fish scale pit comprises a large fish scale pit and a small pit sleeved in the large fish scale pit; the fish scale pits between the rows are arranged in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin';
2) planting pinus sylvestris container seedlings in the small holes of the fish scale pits;
3) and (5) performing film covering and management on the planted pinus sylvestris.
Preferably, in step 1), the method for dividing different afforestation regions comprises: from the slope ridge to the slope bottom, divide into 3 regions of gentle slope district, abrupt slope district of well slope and downhill path slow platform district along the domatic distance on average.
Preferably, the planting density of the uphill gentle slope region is 75 plants/mu; the planting density of the middle slope and steep slope area is 55 plants/mu; the planting density of the downhill slow-stage area is 111 plants/mu.
Preferably, in the step 1), excavating the fish scale pits according to the afforestation density comprises the following steps:
digging at a preset fish scale pit, piling the dug gravel into a semi-ring shape along a downhill slope, and enabling a ring opening to face an uphill slope to form a large hole;
and gathering the excavated soil to the central position inside the fish scale pit to form a small hole.
Preferably, in step 1), the shape of the big hole is fish scale; the width of the ring opening of the big hole is 60cm, and the depth from the hole surface of the big hole to the hole surface of the small hole is 10 cm;
the small holes are positioned inside the large holes, the small holes are square or circular, the side length or the diameter of each small hole is 30cm, the depth of the hole surface of each small hole from the hole bottom is 30cm, and the hole bottom of each small hole is flat.
Preferably, in the step 2), the height of the pinus sylvestris container seedlings is more than or equal to 25 cm; the seedling age of the pinus sylvestris container seedlings is more than or equal to 2 years.
Preferably, in the step 2), in the process of planting the pinus sylvestris container seedlings, after backfilling the alien soil to 2/3 parts of the volume of the small holes, covering the surfaces with plant residues until the plant residues are flush with the surfaces of the small holes.
Preferably, in step 3), the coating film includes: sleeving a film with holes on the pinus sylvestris seedlings, covering the film on the hole surfaces of the small holes, and fixing the film; the film comprises a plastic film.
The invention provides a dry stone sunny slope pinus sylvestris forestation method, which is characterized in that pinus sylvestris container seedlings are selected for planting according to the conditions of the dry stone sunny slope on the vertical ground, the seedlings between rows are arranged in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin', a scale-shaped pit design and a combination mode of a large pit and a small pit are adopted, and film mulching is combined. In the invention, the seedlings in the rows are arranged in a Chinese character pin shape, so that the rainwater interception efficiency of the sloping field can be effectively improved, the water retention capacity of the sloping field is increased, and the water and soil loss phenomenon is relieved. The fish scale pit provided by the invention can increase the utilization rate of stones in the rocky sloping field, reduce the cost of constructing earthwork and improve the water storage capacity of the tree pit. The mode of sleeving the big hole with the small hole can effectively improve the water and soil holding capacity of the seedling pit of the drought rocky sunny slope, wherein the big hole can increase the water holding capacity and can prevent water and soil in the small hole from losing. The film covering technology provided by the invention can reduce the water evaporation of the soil matrix caused by the high temperature of the sunny slope ground surface, relieve the water loss phenomenon, play a certain role in heat preservation and contribute to the overwintering of the nursery stock. The method can greatly improve the water retention capacity of the soil matrix of the nursery stock, thereby obviously improving the survival rate of afforestation and simultaneously ensuring the growth vigor of the nursery stock. The invention provides effective technical support for afforestation of the arid rocky sunny slope, and has important significance for ecological restoration of the areas. Through verification, the comprehensive afforestation technology provided by the invention can greatly improve the survival rate of the drought stone sunny slope hardness-attacking afforestation nursery stocks, the survival rate in the same year reaches 98.4%, and the three-year preservation rate is kept above 95%. In addition, the seedling can be ensured to maintain good growth vigor, the high growth of 7-year-old seedlings can reach 33 cm/year and the high growth of 11-year-old seedlings can reach 42 cm/year through investigation, and the seedling has no obvious difference with flat-land afforestation seedlings.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a live view of the conditions of the field in the drought and rocky sunny slope forestation method of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a fish scale pit in the drought and rocky sunny slope forestation method;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a big hole set and a small hole set in the drought rocky sunny slope forestation method;
FIG. 4 is a film covering diagram in the drought stone sunny slope afforestation method of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of afforestation results in the drought and rocky sunny slope afforestation method.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for afforestation on a drought rocky sunny slope, which comprises the following steps:
1) excavating fish scale pits according to different afforestation densities of different afforestation areas; each fish scale pit comprises a large fish scale pit and a small pit sleeved in the large fish scale pit; the fish scale pits between the rows are arranged in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin';
2) planting pinus sylvestris container seedlings in the small holes of the fish scale pits;
3) and (5) performing film covering and management on the planted pinus sylvestris.
The afforestation density of different afforestation areas is different, firstly, fish scale pits are dug according to the afforestation density; each fish scale pit comprises a large fish scale pit and a small pit sleeved in the large fish scale pit; the fish scale pits in the rows are arranged in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin'. In the present invention, the method for dividing the different afforestation regions is preferably: from the slope ridge to the slope bottom, divide into 3 regions of gentle slope district, abrupt slope district of well slope and downhill path slow platform district along the domatic distance on average. In the invention, the planting density of the uphill gentle slope area is preferably 75 plants/mu; the planting density of the middle slope and steep slope area is preferably 55 plants/mu; the planting density of the downhill slow-stage area is 111 plants/mu. According to the method, the afforestation densities of different afforestation areas are different, and compared with the traditional method that 111 plants/mu with the same planting density are arranged, the method reduces the construction difficulty and cost of steep slope afforestation.
In the present invention, digging the fish scale pits according to the forestation density preferably comprises the following steps:
digging at a preset fish scale pit, piling the dug gravel into a semi-ring shape along a downhill slope, and enabling a ring opening to face an uphill slope to form a large hole; and gathering the excavated soil to the central position inside the fish scale pit to form a small hole. After the small holes are formed, the method preferably further comprises turning and leveling the inner parts of the small holes.
In the present invention, the shape of the large hole is fish scale; the width of the ring opening of the large hole is preferably 60cm, and the depth from the hole surface of the large hole to the hole surface of the small hole is preferably 10 cm; the small hole is positioned inside the large hole, preferably in the center of the university; the shape of the small cavity is preferably square or round, the side length or the diameter of the small cavity is preferably 30cm, the depth of the cavity surface of the small cavity from the cavity surface of the large cavity is preferably 30cm, and the bottom of the small cavity is flat. According to the invention, the large holes can increase the interception effect on surface runoff water, and intercepted water can be gathered into the small holes, so that the water and soil conservation effect is good.
In the invention, the large-hole excavation surface is preferably level to the slope surface or the ring opening direction is lower than the scale cambered surface.
In the invention, the seedlings in the rows are arranged in a Chinese character pin shape, so that the rainwater interception efficiency of the sloping field can be effectively improved, the water retention capacity of the sloping field is increased, and the water and soil loss phenomenon is relieved. The fish scale pit provided by the invention can increase the utilization rate of stones in the rocky sloping field, reduce the cost of constructing earthwork and improve the water storage capacity of the tree pit. The mode of sleeving the big hole with the small hole can effectively improve the water and soil holding capacity of the seedling pit of the drought rocky sunny slope, wherein the big hole can increase the water holding capacity and can prevent water and soil in the small hole from losing.
Before digging the fish scale pit, combustible materials and stones with the diameter grade exceeding 40cm are preferably removed; the combustible includes deadwood and miscellaneous shrubs.
After the scale pits are dug, the pinus sylvestris container seedlings are planted in the small holes of the scale pits. In the invention, the pinus sylvestris container seedlings are large pinus sylvestris fine variety container seedlings; the height of the pinus sylvestris container seedling is preferably more than or equal to 25 cm; the seedling age of the pinus sylvestris container seedlings is preferably more than or equal to 2 years; the container size for loading the pinus sylvestris container seedlings is preferably 2000 ml. In the invention, the width of the container is preferably 8-12 cm, and more preferably 10 cm; the height of the container is preferably 18-22 cm, and more preferably 20 cm. In the invention, the pinus sylvestris container seedlings are preferably watered thoroughly before being planted. In the present invention, during the planting process of the pinus sylvestris container seedlings, the soil dug out before and the foreign soil are preferably backfilled to 2/3 points of the volume of the small holes, and then plant residues are covered on the surface to be flush with the surfaces of the small holes.
In the present invention, the coating film preferably includes: sleeving a film with holes on the pinus sylvestris seedlings, covering the film on the hole surfaces of the small holes, and fixing the film; the film preferably comprises a plastic film, more preferably a degradable plastic film. In the invention, the diameter of the hole on the film is preferably 7-10 cm. In the present invention, the thickness of the thin film is preferably 0.03 mm; the shape of the film is preferably square; the side length of the film is preferably 50-70 cm, and more preferably 60 cm; the film is used for covering and retaining water on the lower layer trunk and soil of the planted nursery stock.
The film covering technology provided by the invention can reduce the water evaporation of the soil matrix caused by the high temperature of the sunny slope ground surface, relieve the water loss phenomenon, play a certain role in heat preservation and contribute to the overwintering of the nursery stock.
In the present invention, the management and protection preferably comprises: watering, maintaining the integrity of the film, weeding, preventing and controlling mouse damage, fertilizing and preventing wind.
In the present invention, the watering preferably comprises: watering pinus sylvestris in the first year of forestation; the watering time is 7 months to 8 months in the solar calendar, and the watering frequency is once every half month. Watering is not needed from the second year to the second year, and natural rainfall is fully utilized through the water collecting effect of the big holes.
In the present invention, the integrity of the film that maintains the coating film preferably includes: the integrity of the film is checked regularly, and the damaged or lost film is replaced to prevent the water from being excessively lost.
In the present invention, the weeding preferably includes: within 1-3 years of afforestation, weeding is carried out for at least 3 times around the pinus sylvestris, so that the bullage and competition are avoided.
In the present invention, the control of mouse damage preferably includes: digging a narrow hole with the diameter of 10cm parallel to the boundary of the afforestation ground at a distance of 5m from the periphery of the afforestation ground, and applying a medicament for preventing and controlling the mouse injury; in the specific implementation process of the invention, the PVC pipe is used as a protector when the raticide is thrown, so that the damage caused by eating of other animals is prevented; the diameter of the PVC pipe is preferably 3-5 cm, and the length of the PVC pipe is preferably 15-25 cm, and more preferably 20 cm; the raticide is preferably a biological agent or nontoxic barium sulfate particles; the function of preventing and controlling the mouse damage is to prevent the pinus sylvestris from being gnawed by the mouse.
In the present invention, the fertilizing preferably comprises: fertilizing in the rainy season of the second year of forestation to improve soil nutrients; the fertilizer is preferably a compound fertilizer; more preferably a mixed fertilizer comprising urea and diamine; the mass ratio of urea to diamine in the mixed fertilizer is preferably 1: 1; the application amount of the fertilizer is preferably 80-120 g per plant, and more preferably 100 g; the fertilization mode is preferably two-hole diagonal fertilization, and in the specific implementation process of the invention, after digging a pit, fertilizer is put in and then soil is filled.
In the present invention, the windproof preferably includes: windbreak is carried out on the windward slope land to prevent physiological drought and weathering of the nursery stock; the windproof mode is preferably to cover the nursery stock with a straw mat on an upwind slope.
The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
In 2016, afforestation is carried out on dry stone sunny slopes in head ditch operation areas of four ditch afforestation areas of a north Mandian branch field in a mechanical forest field of a Shihan dam in spring, the soil layer structure of the dry stone sunny slopes is shown in figure 1, flat ground traditional afforestation is used as a contrast, the area is 247.4 mu in total, an investigation sample prescription is set in autumn in 2021, the area of the sample prescription is 30m multiplied by 20m, and the afforestation technology comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting the types and specifications of nursery stocks suitable for afforestation under difficult land conditions of drought and soil impoverishment;
(2) dividing the sloping field into different afforestation areas based on the topographic features of the sloping field and the water and soil conditions;
(3) determining suitable afforestation densities of different afforestation areas based on a plurality of test results;
(4) preparing soil on a steep slope, stacking earth surface stone blocks, and placing the earth surface stone blocks near a tree pit for later use;
(5) determining the shape and specification of a tree pit, and excavating the tree pit by adopting a mode of sleeving a large pit with a small pit;
(6) planting the nursery stock according to different afforestation areas and corresponding reasonable afforestation densities;
(7) film-coating the planted nursery stock;
(8) and (5) regularly managing and protecting the nursery stock.
The variety and specification of the nursery stock for afforestation in the step (1) are the optimal tree variety and specification obtained based on the effect of multiple afforestation tests, and specifically are large-size pinus sylvestris container seedlings which are higher than 25cm and grow for more than 2 years. The optimal container specification is a container barrel with the total volume of 2000ml and the size of 10cm multiplied by 20 cm.
The afforestation area in the step (2) comprises an uphill gentle slope area, a middle slope steep slope area and a downhill gentle slope area;
the suitable afforestation density of different afforestation areas in the step (3) is an optimal density ratio obtained based on multiple afforestation test contrastive analysis, and specifically comprises the following steps: the uphill gentle slope region is planted according to 75 plants/mu (planting according to the interval of 3m by 3 m), the middle slope steep slope region is planted according to 55 plants/mu (planting according to 3m by 4 m) and the downhill gentle slope region (planting according to 2m by 3 m).
The steep slope land preparation in the step (4) comprises the following steps:
a. removing combustible materials such as dead branches, miscellaneous shrubs and the like and larger stones manually by using picks and shovels;
b. at tree pits preset in different afforestation areas, the gravel is dug out and is stacked into a semi-ring shape along a downhill position, a ring opening faces an uphill, and the arrangement mode of the tree pits between rows is in a 'pin' shape, as shown in fig. 2;
c. gathering residual grass-filling scraps after cleaning combustible materials and soil left by digging stones to the central position of a preset tree pit;
d. and (5) turning soil and leveling.
The tree pit excavation in the step (5) adopts a mode that a large pit is sleeved with a small pit as shown in fig. 3, on a pre-prepared forestation ground, the modes of manually excavating (digging) the pit by using a common spade (pick) and the like are adopted, the large pit is in a fish scale shape, the diameter is 60cm, the depth is 10cm, the small pit is excavated in the center of the large pit, the large pit is in a square or round shape, the diameter of the small pit is 30cm, the depth is 30cm, the excavation surface needs to be level with a slope surface or slightly inclined inwards, the pit bottom needs to be flat, and the excavated gravel is piled on the lower edge of the large pit.
The seedling planting in the step (6) comprises the following steps:
a. cutting off the bottom of the container seedling by a knife at a position of 1cm from bottom to top;
b. then slightly scratching the container from the side surface of the container (the root system of the seedling cannot be injured too deeply) and lightly placing the container in the hole with a barrel;
c. and (3) carrying out soil dressing and backfilling, earthing up to 1/3 parts of the container seedlings, removing the outer skins of the containers, compacting by hand, carrying out secondary soil filling to 2/3 parts, compacting by hand on the ground surface, finally filling the dry branches and the broken shrubs, and finishing water collecting holes. The container seedling substrate surface is required to be flat with the ground, the periphery is compacted and is not ventilated, and the soil ball is upright, complete and not loose.
The coating described in step (7) is shown in fig. 4: the specification of the plastic film is 0.03mm thick, the side length is 60cm square, a small hole with the diameter of 7-10 cm is cut in the center of the plastic film, the plastic film is sleeved on the nursery stock, the nursery stock penetrates through the hole and uniformly covers the small hole, and then the plastic film is integrally covered with soil.
The nursery stock management and protection measures in the step (8) are as follows:
a. watering the nursery stock regularly in the first year of afforestation, and watering and replenishing water for the nursery stock once every half month in a high-temperature period from 7 months of the solar calendar to 8 months of the solar calendar.
b. In the first year of forestation, the integrity of the water-retaining film is regularly checked, and the damaged or lost film is replaced in time to prevent the water from being excessively lost.
c. Weeding is carried out on the periphery of the sapling three times in three years after afforestation, so that the phenomenon of bullage and competition is avoided.
d. Based on the characteristic that pinus sylvestris is easy to attract the mouse damage to gnaw, narrow holes with the diameter of 10cm are dug in an afforestation ground at intervals of 10m, and the pesticide for preventing and controlling the mouse damage is applied.
e. Fertilizing the young trees in the second year in the rainy season to improve soil nutrients, wherein the fertilizer is urea or diamine, each tree is fertilized by 100g, and the fertilizing method adopts a two-hole diagonal method, digging holes with a picking head, putting fertilizer and then burying with soil.
f. And (4) preventing wind by using a grass curtain or burying soil on the slope of the upper air inlet.
In 10 months at 2021, the survival rate and growth conditions (ground diameter, tree height and crown width) of the nursery stock are investigated, and the investigation results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 comparison of drought, rocky, sunny slope, hardness-attacking and flat-land afforestation effects
As can be seen from Table 1, the growth conditions of the trees after drought and rocky yang afforestation by the method are all better than those of the trees afforested on flat ground by the common afforestation technology, and the average ground diameter, the average tree height, the average crown width and the high growth rate of the trees in 2021 years are respectively higher than 16.1%, 7.3%, 21.5% and 7.3%.
Experimental results show that the method can effectively attack and strengthen forestation in arid rocky sunny slope areas and areas with similar fields and environments.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, it is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments, and other embodiments can be obtained without inventive step according to the embodiments, and the embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for afforestation on a drought stone sunny slope comprises the following steps:
1) excavating fish scale pits according to different afforestation densities of different afforestation areas; each fish scale pit comprises a large fish scale pit and a small pit sleeved in the large fish scale pit; the fish scale pits between the rows are arranged in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin';
2) planting pinus sylvestris container seedlings in the small holes of the fish scale pits;
3) and (5) performing film covering and management on the planted pinus sylvestris.
2. The method for afforesting the arid-rocky sunny slope according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1), the different afforestation areas are divided by: from the slope ridge to the slope bottom, divide into 3 regions of gentle slope district, abrupt slope district of well slope and downhill path slow platform district along the domatic distance on average.
3. The method for afforesting the arid-rocky sunny slope according to claim 2, wherein the planting density of the gentle slope area of the ascending slope is 75 plants/mu; the planting density of the middle slope and steep slope area is 55 plants/mu; the planting density of the downhill slow-stage area is 111 plants/mu.
4. The method for afforesting the arid-rocky sunny slope according to claim 1, wherein the step 1) of excavating the fish scale pits according to the afforestation density comprises the following steps:
digging at a preset fish scale pit, piling the dug gravel into a semi-ring shape along a downhill slope, and enabling a ring opening to face an uphill slope to form a large hole;
and gathering the excavated soil to the central position inside the fish scale pit to form a small hole.
5. The method for forestation on the arid-rocky sunny slope according to claim 1 or 4, wherein in the step 1), the shape of the big hole is fish scale; the width of the ring opening of the big hole is 60cm, and the depth from the hole surface of the big hole to the hole surface of the small hole is 10 cm;
the small holes are positioned inside the large holes, the small holes are square or circular, the side length or the diameter of each small hole is 30cm, the depth of the hole surface of each small hole from the hole bottom is 30cm, and the hole bottom of each small hole is flat.
6. The method for afforesting the arid-stone sunny slope according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), the height of the pinus sylvestris container seedlings is more than or equal to 25 cm; the seedling age of the pinus sylvestris container seedlings is more than or equal to 2 years.
7. The method for afforesting the arid-rocky sunny slope according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), in the process of planting the pinus sylvestris container seedlings, plant residues are covered on the surface to be flush with the surfaces of the small holes after the alien soil is backfilled to 2/3 parts of the volume of the small holes.
8. The method for afforestation on the arid-rocky sunny slope according to claim 1, wherein in the step 3), the film covering comprises the following steps: sleeving a film with holes on the pinus sylvestris seedlings, covering the film on the hole surfaces of the small holes, and fixing the film; the film comprises a plastic film.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115005007B (en) * | 2022-07-12 | 2024-01-26 | 河北省塞罕坝机械林场(河北塞罕坝国家级自然保护区管理中心) | Seedling cultivation and forestation method for high-cold semiarid wind erosion desertification land |
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