CN114304160B - 一种协同增效的杀菌组合物 - Google Patents
一种协同增效的杀菌组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种协同增效的杀菌组合物,其含有有效量的(a)式I化合物,和(b)霜霉威,所述式I化合物和霜霉威的重量配比为10:1‑1:100。本发明还涉及一种预防或控制植物病原性真菌的方法,将所述的杀菌组合物作用于植物病原性真菌、植物、植物部分、植物繁殖材料和随后长出的植物器官、果实、收获的产物或植物所生长的土壤。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种协同增效的杀菌组合物;本发明还涉及使用这些协同增效的组合物的方法。
背景技术
杀菌剂用于保护植物不受植物病原性真菌导致的损害。一些农作物不能在没有使用杀真剂的情况下有效地生长。
但是没有一种杀菌剂在所有情况下都是有用的。单一杀菌剂的重复使用常常会导致产生针对该杀菌剂的耐受性。因此,提供更安全、具有更好的性能、施用剂量更低、更易于使用、且成本更低的杀菌组合物是不断研究的课题。
式I化合物由WO2016109257A1已知,其属于吡啶酰胺类化合物。式I化合物可以保护植物或种子免受子囊菌纲、担子菌纲、半知菌纲、卵菌纲等植物病原性真菌的侵袭。
当两种、或者更多种化合物的活性超过单独使用时化合物的活性时就发生了协同增效作用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供协同增效的杀菌组合物。本发明的另一目的是提供使用这些协同增效的组合物的方法。
本发明的协同增效的杀菌组合物能够预防或控制卵菌纲、子囊菌纲、担子菌纲、半知菌纲类真菌导致的植物病害。
本发明提供一种协同增效的杀菌组合物,其含有有效量的(a)式I 化合物,和(b)霜霉威。
就降低施用率和改善已知化合物活性谱而言,本发明的杀菌组合物在降低的活性化合物施用总量下,对植物致病菌具有改善活性的(协同增效)。
组合物和制剂
本发明涉及一种协同增效的杀菌组合物,其含有有效量的(a)式I 化合物,和(b)霜霉威。
所述式I化合物和霜霉威的重量配比为10:1-1:100,优选为5:1-1:100,进一步优选为1:1-1:100,更优选为1:1-1:50,更优选1:1-1:25, 更优选1:1-1:10。
所述的杀菌组合物通常包含有效量的(a)式I 化合物,和(b) 霜霉威,和一种或多种可接受的载体,特别是一种或多种农业上可接受的载体。
根据本发明的杀菌组合物通常含有0.01-99重量%、0.05-98重量%、优选0.1-95重量%、更优选0.5-90重量%、最优选1-80重量%的式I 化合物和霜霉威。
载体通常改善化合物对例如植物、植物部分或种子的适用性。载体通常为惰性的固体或液体。载体的量通常在杀菌组合物重量的1-99.99%、优选5-99.9%、更优选10-99.5%和最优选20-99%的范围内。
合适的固体载体的例子包括但不限于铵盐,天然岩粉如高岭土、粘土、滑石、白垩、石英、绿坡缕石、蒙脱石和硅藻土,和合成岩粉如细碎的二氧化硅、氧化铝和硅酸盐。通常用于制备颗粒剂的有用的固体载体的例子包括但不限于粉碎并分级的天然岩石,例如方解石、大理石、浮石、海泡石和白云石,无机和有机粉末的合成颗粒,以及有机材料如纸、锯屑、椰壳、玉米穗轴和烟草茎的颗粒。
合适的液体载体的例子包括但不限于水、有机溶剂及其组合。合适的溶剂的例子包括极性和非极性有机化学液体,例如水、石油醚、植物油、甲基乙基酮、环己酮、乙酸戊酯、2-丁酮、碳酸丁烯酯、环己烷、环己醇、乙酸烷基酯、二丙酮醇、二乙醇胺、二甘醇、松脂酸二乙二醇酯、二甘醇丁基醚、二甘醇乙基醚、二甘醇甲醚、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、二丙二醇、二丙二醇甲基醚、双丙甘醇二苯甲酸酯、二丙二醇、烷基吡咯烷酮、乙酸乙酯、2-乙基己醇、碳酸乙烯酯、2-庚酮、乳酸乙酯、乙二醇、乙二醇丁基醚、乙二醇甲基醚、γ-丁内酯、丙三醇、乙酸甘油酯、二乙酸甘油酯、三乙酸甘油酯、十六烷、己二醇、乙酸异戊基酯、乙酸异冰片基酯、异辛烷、异佛尔酮、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、乳酸、月桂胺、异亚丙基丙酮、甲氧基丙醇、甲基异戊基酮、甲基异丁基酮、月桂酸甲酯、辛酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、正己烷、正辛胺、十八烷酸、辛胺乙酸酯、油酸、油烯基胺、聚乙二醇、丙酸、乳酸丙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、丙二醇、丙二醇甲基醚、磷酸三乙酯、三乙二醇、石蜡、矿物油、乙酸乙酯、乙酸戊酯、乙酸丁酯、丙二醇甲基醚、二乙二醇甲基醚、乙醇、异丙醇以及更高分子量的醇,例如戊醇、四氢呋喃醇、己醇、辛醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、甘油、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮等。
所述的杀菌组合物可以进一步包含一种或多种可接受的助剂,例如一种或多种表面活性,其通常用于配制组合物(例如农用化学组合物)。表面活性剂的量通常为组合物的5重量%至40重量%。
表面活性剂可以是离子的(阳离子的或阴离子的)或非离子的表面活性剂,例如离子的或非离子的乳化剂、发泡剂、分散剂、润湿剂及其任意混合物。合适的表面活性剂的例子包括,但不限于;聚丙烯酸的盐;木素磺酸的盐;苯酚磺酸或萘磺酸的盐;环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷与脂肪醇、脂肪酸或脂肪胺的缩聚物(聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚,例如烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚);取代的酚(优选烷基酚或芳基酚);磺基琥珀酸酯的盐;牛磺酸衍生物(优选牛磺酸烷基酯);聚乙氧基化的醇或酚的磷酸酯;多元醇的脂肪酯;和含有硫酸盐、磺酸盐和磷酸盐的化合物的衍生物(例如烷基磺酸盐、烷基硫酸盐、芳基磺酸盐)。
常规用于配制农用化学组合物的助剂的其它例子包括胶体、粘合剂、增稠剂、触变剂、渗透剂、稳定剂、掩蔽剂、防冻剂、消泡剂、着色剂。
增稠剂可使用例如黄原胶、硅酸镁铝、明胶、淀粉、纤维素甲醚、聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙烯酯和天然磷脂以及合成磷脂、皂土、木质素磺酸钠等辅助剂。其可以使有效成分化合物分散稳定化、附着以及/或者结合。
防冻剂可选用乙二醇,丙二醇,丙三醇,山梨醇等辅助剂。
作为悬浮性产品的抗絮凝剂可以使用例如萘磺酸聚合物、聚合磷酸盐等的辅助剂。
消泡剂可使用有机硅消泡剂。
可以使用的着色剂,例如无机颜料,如氧化铁、氧化钛和普鲁士蓝;以及有机颜料/染料:茜素染料、偶氮染料和金属酞菁染料;以及微量元素,例如铁盐、锰盐、硼盐、铜盐、钴盐、钼盐和锌盐。
助剂的选择可以允许根据具体需要定制组合物。助剂的选择与本发明的杀菌组合物的预期施用方式和/或物理性质有关。此外,可以选择助剂以将特定的性质(工艺的、物理的和/或生物学的性质)赋予所述组合物或由其制备的使用形式。
本发明的杀菌组合物可以呈任何常规形式。本发明的化合物可以以悬浮的、乳化的或溶解的形式存在。例如可乳化浓缩物、乳液、悬浮液、水分散性颗粒和水溶性颗粒、水分散性粉末和水溶性粉末、凝胶、粉剂、颗粒、ULV溶液。
本发明的所述剂型可通过已知方式制备。例如:
i)可乳化浓缩物(EC)
将适量的活性成分溶于合适的溶剂中并加入十二烷基苯磺酸钙和蓖麻油乙氧基化物。用水稀释得到乳液。
ii)乳液(EW,EO,ES)
将适量的活性成分溶于合适的溶剂中并加入十二烷基苯磺酸钙和蓖麻油乙氧基化物。借助乳化机将该混合物引入适量的水中并制成均相乳液。用水稀释得到乳液。
iii)悬浮液(SC,OD,FS)
在搅拌的球磨机中将适量的活性成分粉碎并加入适量的分散剂和润湿剂以及适量的水或有机溶剂,得到细碎活性成分悬浮液。用水稀释得到稳定的活性成分悬浮液。
iv)水分散性颗粒和水溶性颗粒(WG,SG)
将适量的活性成分细碎研磨并加入分散剂和润湿剂,借助工业装置(例如挤出机、喷雾塔、流化床)将其制成水分散性或水溶性颗粒。用水稀释得到稳定的活性物质分散体或溶液。
v)水分散性粉末和水溶性粉末(WP,SP,SS,WS)
将适量的活性成分在转子-定子磨机中研磨并加入分散剂、润湿剂和硅胶。用水稀释得到稳定的活性成分分散体或溶液。
vi)凝胶(GF)
在搅拌的球磨机中研磨适量的活性成分并加入分散剂、胶凝剂、润湿剂和水或有机溶剂而得到活性成分的精细悬浮液。用水稀释得到活性物质的稳定悬浮液。
vii)粉剂(DP,DS)
将适量的活性成分细碎研磨并与细碎高岭土充分混合。可得到可撒粉组合物。
viii)颗粒(GR,FG,GG,MG)
将适量的活性成分细碎研磨并结合适量的载体。常见方法是挤出、喷雾干燥或流化床方法。可得到不经稀释施用的颗粒。
ix)ULV溶液(UL)
将适量的活性成分溶于有机溶剂中。可得到不经稀释施用的组合物。
可以将本发明的杀菌剂组合物作为即用型制剂提供给最终用户,即通过合适的装置如喷雾装置或撒粉装置可以将所述组合物直接施用至植物或种子。可替换地,可以将所述组合物以浓缩剂的形式提供给最终用户,所述浓缩剂在使用前必须稀释,优选用水。
可以将本发明的杀菌组合物与其它活性成分如杀真菌剂、杀细菌剂、杀螨剂、杀线虫剂、杀昆虫剂、除草剂、肥料、生长调节剂、安全剂或化学信息素混合。这可以允许拓宽活性谱或防止抗性产生。已知的杀真菌剂、杀昆虫剂、杀螨剂、杀线虫剂和杀细菌化合物公开于Pesticide Manual第17版中。
方法和用途
本发明的杀菌组合物可以用于预防或控制植物病原性真菌。本发明的杀菌组合物可以用于保护植物、植物部分、植物繁殖材料和随后长出的植物器官、果实、收获的产物和/或植物所生长的土壤免于植物病原性真菌的侵袭。
本发明也涉及一种预防或控制植物病原性真菌的方法,将本发明的杀菌组合物作用于植物病原性真菌、植物、植物部分、植物繁殖材料和随后长出的植物器官、果实、收获的产物或植物所生长的土壤。
本发明也涉及一种预防或控制植物病原性真菌的方法,该方法包括将本发明的杀菌组合物以有效且植物相容的量以种子处理、叶面施用、茎施用、浸透、滴注、浇注、喷射、喷雾、撒粉、散布或发烟等方法施用至植物病原性真菌、植物、植物部分、植物繁殖材料和随后长出的植物器官、果实或植物所生长的土壤。
“预防或控制”包括植物病原性真菌的保护性处理、治疗性处理和根除性处理。
“有效且植物相容的量”意指农学有效并且不会引起所述作物的任何明显的植物毒性症状的量。这样的量可以在宽范围内变化,这取决于待控制的真菌、作物的类型、作物生长阶段、 气候条件。该量可通过系统性田间试验来确定, 这是在本领域技术人员的能力范围内。
植物、植物部分和植物繁殖材料
本发明的杀菌组合物,可以处理所有植物和植物部分。“植物”指所有植物和植物种群,例如理想的和不理想的野生植物、栽培植物和植物品种(无论是否受植物品种或植物培育人权利的保护)。栽培植物和植物品种可以是通过常规繁殖和培育方法得到的植物,这些方法可辅以或补充有一种或多种生物技术方法,例如使用双单倍体、原生质体融合、随机和定向突变、分子或遗传标记,或使用生物工程和遗传工程方法。
“植物部分”是指植物的所有地上和地下部分及器官,例如芽、叶、花和根,例如叶子、针叶、茎、枝、花、子实体、果实和种子以及根、球茎和根茎。作物以及营养繁殖和有性繁殖材料,例如插枝、球茎、根茎、纤匐枝和种子也属于植物部分。
“植物繁殖材料”应理解为指所有有繁殖能力的植物部分,例如种子,其能用于繁殖后者,以及植物性材料例如扦插条或块茎(例如马铃薯)。因此,本文中所使用的植物部分包括植物繁殖材料。可以提及的是例如种子,根,果实,块茎,鳞茎,根茎和植物部分。待从土壤中发芽后或出苗后抑制的发芽植株和有效植株。幼小植株可以在移植前通过浸渍进行全部或局部处理来进行保护。
本发明的杀菌组合物可以处理的植物包括以下的:棉花、亚麻、葡萄树、水果、蔬菜,芭蕉科(Musaceae sp .)、茜草科(Rubiaceae sp .)(例如咖啡)、山茶科(Theaceae sp.)、梧桐科(Sterculiceae sp .)、芸香科(Rutaceae sp .)、茄科(Solanaceae sp .)、百合科(Liliaceae sp .)、菊科(Asteraceae sp .)、伞形科(Umbelliferae sp .)、十字花科(Cruciferae sp .)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae sp .)、葫芦科(Cucurbitaceae sp .)、葱科(Alliaceae sp .)、禾本科(Gramineae sp .)、蝶形花科(Fabacaesp .);用于花园和森林区域的有用植物和观赏植物;和这些植物中的每一种的遗传修饰变种。
病原体和疾病
本发明的杀菌组合物可用于预防或控制植物病原性真菌,包括根肿菌纲(Plasmodiophoromycetes)、壶菌纲(Chytridiomycetes)、接合菌纲(Zygomycetes)、子囊菌纲(Ascomycetes)、担子菌纲(Basidiomycetes)、半知菌纲(Deuteromycetes)、卵菌纲(Oomycetes)。例如:
卵菌纲(Oomycetes)病原体,例如,白锈属种(Albugo species) (例如白锈菌(Algubo candida))、盘梗霉属种(Bremia species) (例如莴苣盘梗霉(Bremialactucae))、霜霉属种(Peronospora species)(例如豌豆霜霉(Peronospora pisi)或十字花科霜霉 (Pbrassicae) ) 、疫霉属种 (Phytophthoraspecies) (例如致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestan))、轴霜霉属种(Plasmopara species) (例如葡萄轴霜霉(Plasmopara viticola))、假霜霉属种(Pseudoperonospora species) (例如草假霜霉(Pseudoperonospora humuli)或古巴假霜霉(Pseudoperonospora Cubensis))、腐霉属种(Pythium species)(例如终极腐霉(Pythium ultimum));
引起锈病的病原性真菌:例如,胶锈菌属种(Gymnosporangium species) (例如褐色胶锈菌(Gymnosporangium sabinae))、驼孢锈属种(Hemileia species)(例如咖 啡驼孢锈菌(Hemileia vastatrix))、层锈菌属种(Phakopsora species)(例如豆薯层锈菌(Phakopsora pachyrhizi)或山马蝗层锈菌 (Phakopsora meibomiae))、柄锈菌属种(Puccinia species) (例如隐匿柄锈菌(Puccinia recondite)、禾柄锈菌(Pucciniagraminis)或条形锈菌(Puccinia striiformis))、单胞锈菌属种(Uromyces species) (例如疣顶单胞锈菌(Uromyces appendiculatus));
引起白粉病的病原性真菌:例如,布氏白粉菌属种(Blumeria species)(例如禾本科布氏白粉菌(Blumeria graminis))、叉丝单囊壳属种(Podosphaera species)(例如白叉丝单囊壳(Podosphaera leucotricha))、单囊壳属种(Sphaerotheca species) (例如单囊壳白粉菌(Sphaerotheca fuliginea))、钩丝壳属种(Uncinula species)(例如葡萄钩丝壳(Uncinula necator))。
黑粉菌植物病原性真菌:例如,轴黑粉菌属种(Sphacelotheca species) (例如丝孢堆黑粉菌(Sphacelotheca reiliana))、腥黑粉菌属种(Tilletia species)(例如小麦网腥黑粉菌(Tilletia caries)或小麦矮腥黑粉菌(Tilletia controversa))、条黑粉菌属种(Urocystis species) (例如隐条黑粉菌(Urocystis occulta))、黑粉菌属种(Ustilagospecies)(例如裸黑粉菌(Ustilago nuda));
引起叶斑枯疾病和叶萎蔫疾病的病原性真菌:例如,链格孢属种 (Alternariaspecies)(例如早疫病链格孢(Alternaria solani))、尾孢属种(Cercospora species)(例如菜生尾孢(Cercospora beticola))、枝孢属种(Cladiosporium species)(例如黄瓜枝孢(Cladiosporium cucumerinum))、旋孢腔菌属种(Cochliobolus species) (例如禾旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus sativus) (长蠕孢属 (Helminthosporium))或宫部旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus miyabeanus))、炭疽菌属种 (Colletotrichum species) (例如菜豆炭疽菌(Colletotrichum lindemuthanium))、锈斑病菌属种(Cycloconium species)(例如孔雀斑病(Cycloconium oleaginum))、间座壳属种 (Diaporthe species) (例如柑桔间座壳(Diaporthe citri))、痂囊腔菌属种(Elsinoe species) (例如柑桔痂囊腔菌 (Elsinoefawcettii))、盘长孢属种 (Gloeosporium species) (例如悦色盘长孢(Gloeosporiumlaeticolor))、小丛壳属种(Glomerella species) (例如围小丛壳(Glomerellacingulata))、球座菌属种(Guignardia species) (例如葡萄球座菌(Guignardiabidwelli))、小球腔菌属种(Leptosphaeria species) (例如十字花科小球腔菌(Leptosphaeria maculans))、稻瘟菌属种(Magnaporthe species) (例如稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea))、微座孢属种(Microdochium species) (例如雪霉微座孢(Microdochium nivale))、球腔菌属种(Mycosphaerella species) (例如禾生球腔菌(Mycosphaerella graminicola)、落花生球腔菌(Mycosphaerella arachidicola)或斐 济球腔菌(Mycosphaerella fijiensis))、暗球腔菌属种(Phaeosphaeria species) (例如颖枯壳针孢(Phaeosphaeria nodorum))、核腔菌属种(Pyrenophora species)(例如圆核腔菌(Pyrenophora teres)或偃麦草核腔菌(Pyrenophora tritici repentis))、柱隔孢属种(Ramularia species) (例如辛加柱隔孢 (Ramularia collo-cygni)或白斑柱隔孢(Ramularia reola) ) 、喙孢属种 (Rhynchosporiumspecies) (例如黑麦喙孢(Rhynchosporium secalis))、针孢属种 (Septoria species) (例如芹菜小壳针孢(Septoria apii)或番茄壳针孢(Septoria lycopersici))、壳多胞菌属种(Stagonosporaspecies)(例如颖枯壳多孢(Stagonospora nodorum))、核瑚菌属种(Typhula species)(例如肉孢核瑚菌(Typhula incarnata))、黑星菌属种(Venturia species) (例如苹果黑星菌(Venturia inaequalis));
引起根和茎疾病的病原性真菌:例如,伏革菌属种(Corticium species) (例如禾伏革菌(Corticium graminearum))、镰孢属种(Fusarium species) (例如尖镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum))、顶囊壳菌属种(Gaeumannomyces species) (例如禾顶囊壳(Gaeumannomyces graminis) ) 、根肿菌属种 (Plasmodiophoraspecies) (例如十字花科根肿菌 (Plasmodiophora brassicae))、丝核菌属种(Rhizoctonia species) (例如立枯丝核菌 (Rhi octoniasolani)) 、帚枝霉属种 (Sarocladium species) (例如稻帚枝霉(Sarocladium oryzae))、小核菌属种(Sclerotium species) (例如稻小核菌(Sclerotiumoryzae))、Tapesia属种(例如Tapesia acuformis)、根串珠霉属种(Thielaviopsisspecies)(例如根串珠霉(Thielaviopsis basicola));
引起穗和圆锥花序疾病的病原性真菌,例如,链格孢属种 (Alternaria species)(例如链格孢属(Alternaria spp .))、曲霉属种(Aspergillus species) (例如黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus))、枝孢属种(Cladosporium species) (例如芽枝状枝孢(Cladosporium cladosporioides))、麦角菌属种(Claviceps species) (例如麦角菌(Claviceps purpurea))、镰孢属种(Fusarium species) (例如黄色镰孢(Fusariumculmorum))、赤霉属种(Gibberella species)(例如玉蜀黍赤霉(Gibberella zeae))、小画线壳属种(Monographella species) (例如雪腐小画线壳(Monographella nivalis))、Stagnospora属种(例如Stagnospora nodorum);
引起果实腐烂病的病原性真菌:例如,曲霉属种(Aspergillus species) (例如黄曲 霉(Aspergillus flavus))、葡萄孢属种(Botrytis species) (例如灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea))、青霉属种(Penicillium species) (例如扩展青霉(Penicilliumexpansum)或 产紫青霉(Penicillium purpurogenum))、根霉菌属种(Rhizopus species)(例如匍茎根霉 菌 (Rhizopus stolonifer))、核盘菌属种 (Sclerotinia species) (例如核盘菌 (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum))、轮枝孢属种(Verticilium species) (例如黑白轮枝孢 (Verticilium alboatrum));
引起种子传播和土壤传播的腐烂和萎蔫疾病以及幼苗的疾病的植物病原性真菌:例如,链格孢属种(Alternaria species) (例如甘蓝链格孢菌(Alternariabrassicicola))、丝囊霉属种(Aphanomyces species)(例如根腐丝囊霉(Aphanomyceseuteiches))、壳二孢属种(Ascochyta species) (例如兵豆壳二孢(Ascochyta lentis))、曲霉属种(Aspergillus species) (例如黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus))、枝孢属种(Cladosporium species) (例如草本枝孢(Cladosporium herbarum))、旋孢腔菌属种(Cochliobolus species) (例如禾旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus sativus) (分生孢子形式:内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera),长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)))、炭疽菌属种(Colletotrichumspecies) (例如马铃薯炭疽菌 (Colletotrichum coccodes))、镰孢属种 (Fusariumspecies)(例如黄色镰孢(Fusarium culmorum))、赤霉属种(Gibberella species)(例如玉蜀黍赤霉(Gibberella zeae))、壳球孢属种(Macrophomina species) (例如菜豆壳球孢菌(Macrophomina phaseolina))、微座孢属种(Microdochium species) (例如雪霉微座孢(Microdochium nivale))、小画线壳属种(Monographella species) (例如雪腐小画线壳(Monog ra phella niva lis))、青霉属种 (Penicillium s pecies) (例如扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum))、茎点霉属种(Phoma species) (例如黑胫茎点霉 (Phomalingam))、拟茎点霉属种(Phomopsis species) (例如大豆拟茎点霉(Phomopsis sojae))、疫霉属种(Phytophthora species) (例如恶疫霉(Phytophthora cactorum))、核腔菌属种(Pyrenophora species) (例如麦类核腔菌 (Pyrenophora g raminea))、梨孢属种(Pyricularia species) (例如稻梨孢 (Pyricularia oryzae))、腐霉属种(Pythiumspecies) (例如终极腐霉(Pythium ultimum))、丝核菌属种(Rhizoctonia species) (例如立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani))、根霉菌属种(Rhizopus species) (例如稻根霉菌(Rhizopus oryzae))、小核菌属种(Sclerotium species) (例如齐整小核菌(Sclerotiumrolfsii))、壳针孢属种(Septoria species)(例如颖枯壳针孢(Septoria nodorum))、核瑚菌属种(Typhula species) (例如肉孢核瑚菌 (Typhula incarnata))、轮枝孢菌属种(Verticillium species)(例如大丽花轮枝孢(Verticillium dahliae));
引起植物块茎疾病的植物病原性真菌:例如,丝核菌属种(Rhizoctonia species)(例如立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani))、长蠕孢菌属种(Helminthosporium species)(例如茄病长蠕孢(Helminthosporium solani));
种子处理
大部分由真菌造成的对作物植物的损害早在种子、在存贮期间以及种子被播入土壤后及在植物发芽期间或发芽后,被侵扰时就发生了。此阶段特别关键,因为正在生长植物的根和苗特别敏感,即使是微小的损害也可导致整株植物的死亡。因此,通过使用合适的组合物来保护种子、萌芽植物、出土幼苗和出苗后的植物是特别值得关注的。
本发明也涉及用于保护种子和/或作物免于植物病原性真菌侵袭的方法,包括在播种以前和/或催芽以后使种子与本发明有效量的杀菌组合物接触。采用本发明的杀菌组合物对种子进行处理,不仅保护种子免于植物病原性真菌的侵袭,而且也保护萌芽植物、出土幼苗和出苗后的植物。
一种预防或控制植物致病菌的方法,将预期长出植物的种子在播种前和/或催芽之后用协同增效有效量的本发明所述的杀菌组合物处理。
本发明的杀菌组合物可以施用至任意生理状态的种子。包括休眠的种子、待发的种子、预发芽的种子和冒出根和叶的种子。
优选地,处理在种子播种之前发生,从而所述播种种子已用所述组合预处理过。特别地,种子包衣或种子造粒在本发明组合的处理中是优选的。处理后,各组合中的成分附着至种子上并因此可用于病害的防治。
采用本发明的杀菌组合物处理过的种子不仅为种子本身还为从种子中长出的植物在其出苗后提供免受病菌侵袭的保护。因此,可不必在播种时或其后不久直接处理植物。
本发明的杀菌组合物适合于保护用于农业、温室、森林或园艺中的任何植物品种的种子。更具体地,所述种子为以下植物的种子:谷物(例如小麦、大麦、黑麦、 粟、黑小麦和燕麦)、芸苔、玉米、棉花、大豆、稻、土豆、向日葵、菜豆、咖啡、豌豆、甜菜(例如 糖用甜菜和饲用甜菜)、花生、蔬菜(例如番茄、黄瓜、洋葱和莴苣)、草坪和观赏性植物。
特别重要的是处理马铃薯、向日葵、咖啡、烟草、加拿大油菜、油菜、甜菜、番茄、黄瓜、菜豆、芸薹属植物、洋葱、大豆、小麦、大麦、黑麦、燕麦、高粱、花生、甘蔗、稻子、甘蓝、豇豆、胡萝卜、棉花和玉米种子。特别重要的是处理小麦、大麦、黑麦、燕麦、玉米、棉花、加拿大油菜、油菜和稻的种子。
为了处理植物繁殖材料,尤其是种子,通常使用种子处理用溶液(LS), 悬浮乳液(SE), 可流动浓缩物(FS), 干处理用粉末(DS),淤浆处理用水分散粉末(WS),水溶性粉末(SS),乳液(ES), 可乳化浓缩物(EC)和凝胶(GF)。
施用可以在播种之前或期间进行。所述的杀菌组合物在植物繁殖材料,尤其是种子上的施用方法包括繁殖材料的拌种、包衣、造粒、撒粉、浸泡和梨沟内施用方法。优选通过不诱发萌发的方法,例如通过拌种、造粒、包衣和撒粉施用于植物繁殖材料上。
土壤处理
本发明还提供了一种防治土壤有害菌的方法,将本发明所述的杀菌组合物施用至土壤和/或直接施用至与植物根部接触的土壤或适合植物生长的土壤。
在一般情况下,土壤病菌能产生大量菌体,只要条件对病菌生长发育有利而寄主又是感病的,病菌就可以大量繁殖并能侵染寄主。在感病寄主存在下,这些病菌就可以进入持续的致病期,随着作物的连作而大量繁殖扩散,但之后养分被消耗完或土壤条件如温度、湿度等对病菌不利时,病菌又可以进入休眠期。在感病寄主不存在时,土传病菌在土壤中也能存活下来,除土壤病菌具有广泛的寄主范围外,还能在非寄主的根表面或残枝落叶上存活,与其具有腐生竞争能力是分不开的。但不同病菌是有差异的,像镰刀菌在土壤中几乎可以无限期生存下去。
向土壤中施用药剂的方法,例如将液体药剂稀释于水中或不稀释直接施用于植物体的根部或育秧用的秧田中等方法,将颗粒剂散播到植物体的根部或者育秧的秧田中的方法有在播种前将粉剂、水分散粒剂等喷洒于土壤中并与土壤整体混合的方法,播种前或栽种植物体前将粉剂、水分散粒剂稀释后喷洒于种植孔、播种沟中,再进行播种的方法等。
土壤施用方法被视为将农药化合物直接或间接施用至土壤和/或地面的不同技术,例如滴施或滴灌(至土壤上)或土壤注入、浸润土壤的其他方法。其他已知的土壤施用方法为犁沟内和T带施用。
施用
本发明的杀菌组合物中,式I 化合物与霜霉威可组合/联合施用,包括分开、依次或同时施用式I 化合物与霜霉威。优选地,所述式I 化合物与霜霉威组合为包含式I 化合物与霜霉威的组合物的形式。
本发明的杀菌组合物以农学有效且基本无植物毒性的施用量以种子处理、叶面施用、茎施用、浸透、滴注、浇注、喷射、喷雾、撒粉、散布或发烟等方法施用至植物、植物部分、植物繁殖材料和随后长出的植物器官、果实、收获的产物和/或植物所生长的土壤。
施用至植物、植物部分、果实、种子或土壤的本发明的杀菌化合物的有效且植物相容的量将取决于多种因素,例如处理对象(植物、植物部分、果实、种子或土壤)、处理类型(撒粉、喷雾、拌种)、处理目的(治疗性的和保护性的)、病原性真菌的发育阶段、病原性真菌的敏感性、作物生长阶段和环境条件。
当使用本发明的化合物作为杀真菌剂时,施用率可以根据施用的种类而在相对宽的范围内变化。
对于植物部分如叶的处理,施用率范围可以为10-500克/公顷,优选10-300克/公顷;
对于种子的处理,施用率范围可以为5- 200g/100 kg种子,优选1-100 g/100 kg种子,更优选10-50g/100 kg种子;
对于土壤的处理,施用率范围可以为10-5000克/公顷,优选50- 2500克/公顷。
具体实施方式
生物测试例
当活性化合物组合物的作用超过当各活性化合物单独施用时的作用的总和时,存在协同增效作用。两种活性化合物的特定组合的预期作用可使用所谓的"Colby 公式" (参见S.R. Colby, "Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses ofHerbicide Combinations “,Weeds 1967,15, 20-22) 如下计算:如果
X 是当使用用量为m g/ha 或浓度为m ppm的活性化合物A时的活性;
Y 是当使用用量为n g/ha或浓度为n ppm的活性化合物B时的活性,表示为占未处理对照的百分率;
E 是当使用用量为m和n g/ha 或浓度为m 和n ppm 的活性化合物A和B时的活性,
那么
如果实际观察的活性(O)大于预期活性(E),那么该组合物具有增效作用。
以下生物测试例用以说明本发明。但是,本发明并不限于这些实施例。
试验1:黄瓜霜霉病
将式I化合物、霜霉威的原药分别用丙酮溶解配制单剂的母液,再用含0.1%的Tween-80的水溶液稀释至所需的浓度。
采用活体盆栽法测定药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的杀菌活性。黄瓜品种为新泰密刺,种植于盆中,基质为蔬菜种植基质,黄瓜长至4片-6片真叶期备用。
取新鲜黄瓜霜霉病病叶,转接在无病黄瓜植株上,待叶片发病后,采集叶片保湿产生新鲜孢子囊,4oC蒸馏水冲洗下孢子囊,用双层纱布过滤,孢子囊悬浮液浓度为1×105个/mL。4oC下存放备用。
对供试盆栽苗进行茎叶均匀喷雾。将待接种的叶片正反面喷雾各处理药剂至湿润,24h 后接种。4次重复,每重复10盆,每盆1株苗。并设不含药剂(含有机溶剂和乳化剂)的处理作空白对照。
接种用玻璃喷雾器均匀喷孢子囊悬浮液到叶片背面。接种后黄瓜苗在每天连续光照/黑暗各12h交替,温度为17℃-22℃,相对湿度为90%以上的条件下培养。根据空白对照发病情况,对接种叶片进行分级调查。采用如下分级方法:
根据病斑占叶面积的比例划分病级。
0级:无任何病斑;
1级:病斑面积占整个叶面积5%以下;
3级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的6%-10%;
5级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的11%-25%
7级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的26%-50%;
9级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的50%以上。
根据下列公式计算病情指数和防效,并采用DPS软件进行统计分析。
表1 本发明的组合物对黄瓜霜霉病的防效
表1清楚地表明本发明的杀菌组合物对黄瓜霜霉病的实际防效高于Colby 公式计算得到的防效,即存在协同效应。
试验2:番茄晚疫病
将式I化合物、霜霉威的原药分别用丙酮溶解配制单剂的母液,再用含0.1%的Tween-80的水溶液稀释至所需的浓度。
采用活体盆栽法测定药剂对番茄晚疫病的杀菌活性。将番茄苗种植于塑料盆中,基质为蔬菜种植基质。盆栽培养至2-4片真叶期备用。
将试验用的病原菌在适宜的培养基上培养,待产生孢子囊后,4oC蒸馏水冲洗下孢子囊,用双层纱布过滤,制成孢子囊悬浮液,置于4oC低温下,黑暗处理0.5-3h, 使其释放出游动孢子,并调节孢子浓度在1×105个/mL,备用。
对供试盆栽苗进行茎叶均匀喷雾。将待接种的叶片正反面喷雾各处理药剂至湿润,24h 后接种。每处理3盆,4次重复。并设不含药剂(含有机溶剂和乳化剂)的处理作空白对照。
用接种喷雾器将孢子囊悬浮液均匀喷雾接种于番茄叶背面。接种后番茄苗在每天连续光照/黑暗各12h 交替,光照强度10000Lux、温度18OC -20OC,以及接种后24h 内保持叶面有水膜,以后相对湿度为90%以上的条件下培养7d。
待空白对照病叶率达到50% 以上时,分级调查各处理发病情况。每处理至少调查30片叶;分级方法为:
0级:无任何病斑;
1级:病斑面积占整个叶面积10%以下;
3级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的10%-25%;
5级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的25%-50%;
7级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的50%以上;
9级:全叶发病枯萎。
根据下列公式计算病情指数和防效,并采用DPS软件进行统计分析。
表2 本发明的组合物对番茄晚疫病的防效
表2清楚地表明本发明的杀菌组合物对番茄晚疫病的实际防效高于Colby 公式计算得到的防效,即存在协同效应。
试验3:葡萄霜霉病
将式I化合物、霜霉威的原药分别用丙酮溶解配制单剂的母液,再用含0.1%的Tween-80的水溶液稀释至所需的浓度。
采用活体盆栽法测定药剂对葡萄霜霉病的杀菌活性。葡萄品种为巨峰,种植于陶盆中。葡萄苗长至4-5叶时备用。
取新鲜病叶,用低于10oC的去离子水洗下病叶背面霜霉病菌孢子囊,用单层纱布过滤,配成孢子囊悬浮液(2×105个-3×105个/mL)。
对供试盆栽苗进行茎叶均匀喷雾。将待接种的叶片正反面喷雾各处理药剂至湿润,在通风处阴干。24h后在葡萄苗叶背面均匀喷雾接种孢子悬浮液。每处理一盆,4次重复,,每盆1株葡萄苗。并设不含药剂(含有机溶剂和乳化剂)的处理作空白对照。接种后葡萄苗移至温室内使之发病。接种7天后再次在22OC的湿室内静置24小时,使之形成分生孢子观察各叶片形成了分生孢子的发病面积。根据空白对照发病情况,对接种叶片进行分级调查。采用如下分级方法:
根据病斑占叶面积的比例划分病级。
0级:无任何病斑;
1级:病斑面积占整个叶面积5%以下;
3级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的6%-10%;
5级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的11%-25%
7级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的26%-50%;
9级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的50%以上。
根据下列公式计算病情指数和防效,并采用DPS软件进行统计分析。
表3 本发明的组合物对葡萄霜霉病的防效
表3清楚地表明本发明的杀菌组合物对葡萄霜霉病的实际防效高于Colby 公式计算得到的防效,即存在协同效应。
试验4:小麦白粉病
将式I化合物、霜霉威的原药分别用丙酮溶解配制单剂的母液,再用含0.1%的Tween-80的水溶液稀释至所需的浓度。
采用活体盆栽法测定药剂对小麦白粉病的杀菌活性。每盆播种20粒小麦种子,出苗后选定其中10株,长至1叶1心期备用。
对供试盆栽苗进行茎叶均匀喷雾至叶片全部润湿,待药液自然风干后备用。24h后接种。每处理1盆,4次重复。并设不含药剂(含有机溶剂和乳化剂)的处理作空白对照。
将发病小麦叶片上24h内产生的白粉菌新鲜孢子均匀抖落接种于处理的小麦苗上。
接种后将麦苗置于光照强度大于2000lx 的温室低湿培养(15-26OC), 7d 后根据空白对照发病情况分级调查。
分级标准:
0级:无病;
1级:病斑面积占整片叶面积的5%以下;
3级:病斑面积占整片叶面积的6%-10%;
5级:病斑面积占整片叶面积的11%-25%;
7级:病斑面积占整片叶面积的26%-50%;
9级:病斑面积占整片叶面积的50%以上。
根据下列公式计算病情指数和防效,并采用DPS软件进行统计分析。
表4 本发明的组合物对小麦白粉病的防效
表4清楚地表明本发明的杀菌组合物对小麦白粉病的实际防效高于Colby 公式计算得到的防效,即存在协同效应。
Claims (7)
1.一种协同增效的杀菌组合物,其活性成分由有效量的(a)式I 化合物,和(b) 霜霉威组成,
,
所述式I 化合物和霜霉威的重量配比为1:1-1:100。
2.根据权利要求1所述的杀菌组合物,其特征在于,所述式I 化合物和霜霉威的重量配比为1:1-1:50。
3.根据权利要求1所述的杀菌组合物,其特征在于,所述式I 化合物和霜霉威的重量配比为1:1-1:25。
4.根据权利要求1所述的杀菌组合物,其特征在于,所述式I 化合物和霜霉威的重量配比为1:1-1:10。
5.根据权利要求1所述的杀菌组合物,其特征在于,所述杀菌组合物,还包含和一种或多种可接受的载体。
6.权利要求1所述的杀菌组合物用于控制植物病原性真菌的用途。
7.一种预防或控制植物病原性真菌的方法,将权利要求1所述的杀菌组合物作用于植物病原性真菌、植物、植物部分、植物繁殖材料和随后长出的植物器官、果实、收获的产物或植物所生长的土壤。
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