CN114173807A - 包含il-2表面表达-细胞外囊泡作为活性成分的用于预防或治疗癌症的组合物 - Google Patents
包含il-2表面表达-细胞外囊泡作为活性成分的用于预防或治疗癌症的组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114173807A CN114173807A CN202080052323.9A CN202080052323A CN114173807A CN 114173807 A CN114173807 A CN 114173807A CN 202080052323 A CN202080052323 A CN 202080052323A CN 114173807 A CN114173807 A CN 114173807A
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于预防或治疗癌症的组合物,所述组合物包含IL‑2表面表达‑细胞外囊泡作为活性成分。根据本发明,制备了免疫细胞和细胞外囊泡、优选小细胞外囊泡(sEV),在所述免疫细胞中使用含有细胞因子‑接头‑PDGF受体跨膜结构域的慢病毒载体在细胞表面上表达有用的细胞因子,所述细胞外囊泡源自所述免疫细胞并且具有在表面上表达的有用的细胞因子,发现所述细胞外囊泡增加了细胞毒性T细胞的增殖和活性,从而增加了抗癌免疫功效。因此,具有所述功效的细胞外囊泡可有效地用作用于预防或治疗癌症的药物组合物,与抗癌药剂联合给予的药物组合物,或者用于递送药物或生理活性物质的组合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于预防或治疗癌症的组合物,所述组合物含有IL-2表面表达-细胞外囊泡作为活性成分。
背景技术
小细胞外囊泡(sEV)是大多数细胞分泌的小的膜性囊泡。sEV的直径约为30nm-100nm,sEV含有源自细胞的多种类型的蛋白质、遗传物质(DNA、RNA、miRNA)、脂质等。sEV被释放并分泌到细胞外,其起源于称为多泡体(MVB)的特定细胞内区室,而不是直接从质膜上分离。换句话说,当发生多泡体与质膜融合时,囊泡被释放到细胞外环境中,称为sEV。虽然还没有确切地确定sEV是通过什么机制产生的,但已知sEV在正常和病理条件下从各种细胞类型中分离和释放。
癌症是由异常过量的细胞引起的不受控且紊乱的细胞增殖的结果。从分子生物学的角度来看,癌症是由遗传突变引起的疾病。目前已鉴别出的癌症有数十种类型,并且它们主要根据病变组织的位置进行分类。癌症分为良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤。良性肿瘤生长相对缓慢,不会从它们的原发部位转移到其它组织,而恶性肿瘤离开它们的原发部位,侵入其它组织,且生长迅速,并且因这一特征而危及生命。大多数癌症在早期是无症状的,即使有症状,症状也是轻微的,所以大多数人容易忽视它们,从而增加了癌症死亡率。
手术疗法、化学疗法、放射疗法等用于治疗癌症,但据报道,尽管进行了许多研究,所有癌症患者中超过50%最终未被治愈而死亡。原因是癌症复发,因为手术切除后显微镜下转移的癌细胞没有被清除;抗癌药物未诱导癌细胞的死亡;或者尽管在初始阶段由于对抗癌药物的反应,肿瘤似乎正在缩小,但在治疗期间或治疗后对抗癌药物发展出耐药性的癌细胞迅速增加。今天,有约60种不同的抗癌药物被使用,随着对关于癌症发生和癌细胞特征的知识广泛地了解,新的抗癌药物的开发研究正在积极进行。然而,大多数抗癌药物引发严重的副作用(如恶心和呕吐、脱发、皮肤和指甲变色、以及神经系统副作用),并且由于长期反复给药或在癌症复发时,癌细胞获得对抗癌药物的耐药性,因此有失去它们的治疗作用的缺点。此外,放射疗法通过对癌症组织照射高能辐射来诱导癌细胞死亡,但其缺点是损伤癌组织周围的正常组织而产生副作用。
因此,开发使用对癌症治疗具有特异性的细胞因子的多功能免疫sEV具有使癌症预防和治疗功效最大化的优势,所述sEV中有用的细胞因子由免疫细胞表达。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明的目的是提供细胞因子表面表达-细胞外囊泡。
本发明的另一目的是提供用于预防或治疗癌症的药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含细胞外囊泡作为活性成分。
本发明的另一目的是提供含有细胞外囊泡作为活性成分的药物组合物,以用于抗癌药物的共同给予。
本发明的另一目的是提供用于递送药物或生理活性物质的组合物。
技术方案
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了细胞外囊泡,在所述细胞外囊泡中细胞因子、接头和跨膜蛋白相融合。
此外,本发明提供了用于预防或治疗癌症的药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含细胞外囊泡作为活性成分。
此外,本发明提供了用于预防或治疗癌症的药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含细胞外囊泡和抗癌药物作为活性成分。
此外,本发明提供了用于递送药物或生理活性物质的组合物,所述组合物包含药物和生理活性物质中的一种或多种以及细胞外囊泡,在所述细胞外囊泡中细胞因子、接头和跨膜蛋白相融合,其中,所述药物或生理活性物质被包裹在所述细胞外囊泡的脂质层中。
有益效果
根据本发明,使用含有细胞因子-接头-PDGF受体跨膜结构域的慢病毒载体,制备了在细胞表面上表达有用的细胞因子的免疫细胞以及源自所述免疫细胞且具有在表面上表达的有用的细胞因子的细胞外囊泡(优选小细胞外囊泡(sEV))。经确定细胞外囊泡增加了细胞毒性T细胞的增殖和活性,从而增加了免疫抗癌作用。具有该作用的细胞外囊泡可有效地用作用于预防或治疗癌症的药物组合物、用于抗癌药物的共同给予的药物组合物、以及用于递送药物或生理活性物质的组合物。
附图说明
图1显示了包含细胞因子-接头-PDGF受体跨膜结构域的慢病毒载体的结构和用于制备多功能免疫小细胞外囊泡(sEV)的方法。
图2显示了通过对IL-2表面表达的Jurkat细胞进行实时聚合酶链式反应和流式细胞术来确定IL-2的表达水平的结果。
图3显示了通过对IL-2表面表达Jurkat细胞来源的sEV(sEVIL-2)进行蛋白质印迹和ELISA分析来确定IL-2的表达水平的结果。
图4显示了通过使用免疫金标记方法的透射电子显微术获得的sEVIL-2的图像。
图5显示了对黑色素瘤细胞中sEVIL-2引起的Rab 27a表达和sEV数量降低进行测定的结果。
图6显示了对黑色素瘤细胞中sEVIL-2引起的PD-L1表达降低进行测定的结果。
图7显示了对黑色素瘤细胞中sEVIL-2引起的外泌体PD-L1表达降低进行测定的结果。
图8显示了对在细胞毒性T细胞中sEVIL-2引起的细胞增殖进行测定的结果。
图9显示了对在细胞毒性T细胞中sEVIL-2引起的T细胞活性进行测定的结果。
图10显示了对在细胞毒性T细胞中sEVIL-2引起的PD-1表达降低进行测定的结果。
图11显示了在用sEVIL-2处理的黑色素瘤细胞和细胞毒性T细胞的共培养中确认黑色素瘤细胞凋亡的结果。
图12显示了在黑色素瘤移植小鼠模型中确认sEVIL-2的抗癌效果的结果。
图13显示了在黑色素瘤移植小鼠中确认由sEVIL-2而来的对癌细胞来源的外泌体PD-L1的抑制作用的结果。
图14显示了在黑色素瘤移植小鼠模型中使用sEVIL-2和顺铂或抗PD-L1抗体的联合疗法的抗癌效果的确认结果。
图15显示了通过蛋白质印迹确认在黑色素瘤移植小鼠模型中使用sEVIL-2和顺铂或抗PD-L1抗体的联合疗法的抗癌效果的结果。
具体实施方式
膜结合细胞因子(MBC)平台由“细胞因子-接头-血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)受体的跨膜结构域”组成。所述细胞因子通过柔性接头与PDGF受体的跨膜结构域连接,并以附着至细胞膜上的形式表达,而不分泌到细胞外。
在本发明中,如图1所示,通过将MBC平台应用于免疫细胞,制备了在其细胞膜表面上表达特定细胞因子的免疫细胞,并制备了被称为其替身的“表面上表达特定细胞因子的免疫细胞来源的细胞外小囊泡(sEV)”,并评价了其功效。
因此,本发明提供了细胞外囊泡,其中,在每个细胞外囊泡中,细胞因子、接头和跨膜蛋白相融合。
所述细胞因子与偶联于跨膜蛋白的接头结合并暴露在所述细胞外囊泡的表面上,所述跨膜蛋白贯穿细胞外囊泡的脂质层。
所述细胞外囊泡可由转染有病毒载体的细胞分泌,所述病毒载体含有细胞因子、接头和跨膜结构域。
显然,所述细胞因子可为IL-2,但不限于此。
所述接头由以如下通式表示的氨基酸序列组成:(GGGGS)n、(SGGGG)n、(SRSSG)n、(SGSSC)n、(GKSSGSGSESKS)n、(RPPPPC)n、(SSPPPPC)n、(GSTSGSGKSSEGKG)n、(GSTSGSGKSSEGSGSTKG)n、(GSTSGSGKPGSGEGSTKG)n或(EGKSSGSGSESKEF)n,其中,n可为1-20的整数。
所述跨膜结构域可以是选自于由如下受体所组成的组中的一种或多种受体的跨膜结构域:表皮生长因子受体、胰岛素受体、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)受体、血管内皮生长因子受体、成纤维细胞生长因子受体、胆囊收缩素(CCK)受体、神经营养因子(NGF)受体、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)受体、Ephrin(Eph)受体、血管生成素受体和RTK(受体酪氨酸激酶相关)受体,但应注意,本发明不限于此。
所述细胞为T细胞,更具体而言,可为辅助性T细胞,但不限于此。
所述细胞外囊泡可以通过增加细胞毒性T细胞的增殖和活性来增加抗癌作用。
所述细胞外囊泡为直径为30nm-100nm的小细胞外囊泡(sEV),可以包括外泌体和微囊泡,但应注意的是,本发明不限于此。
此外,本发明提供用于预防或治疗癌症的药物组合物,所述药物组合物含有细胞外囊泡作为活性成分。
所述癌症可为选自于由如下癌症所组成的组中的任一种:黑色素瘤、结肠癌、肺癌、皮肤癌、非小细胞肺癌、结肠癌、骨癌、胰腺癌、头颈癌、子宫癌、卵巢癌、直肠癌、胃癌、肛周癌、乳腺癌、输卵管癌、子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌、阴道癌、外阴癌、Hawkins病、食道癌、小肠癌、内分泌癌、甲状腺癌、甲状旁腺癌、肾上腺癌、软组织肉瘤、尿道癌、阴茎癌、前列腺癌、慢性白血病或急性白血病、淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤、膀胱癌、肾癌或输尿管癌、肾细胞癌、肾盂癌、中枢神经系统肿瘤、原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤、脊髓肿瘤、脑干胶质瘤和垂体腺瘤,但应注意,本发明不限于此。
所述药物组合物可与抗癌药物或抗体共同给予,但应注意,本发明不限于此。
此外,本发明提供了包含所述细胞外囊泡和抗癌药物作为活性成分的用于预防或治疗癌症的药物组合物,换言之,提供了用于与抗癌药物共同给予以预防或治疗癌症的药物组合物。
所述抗癌药物可为选自于由如下抗癌药物所组成的组中的至少一种:顺铂、长春碱、长春新碱、放线菌素-D、5-氟脲嘧啶(fluouracil)、多西他赛、卡巴他赛、紫杉醇和派姆单抗(pembrolizumab),但应注意,本发明不限于此。
所述药物组合物可以与抗癌药物共同给予以增加对癌症的治疗效果。
对于给药,本发明的药物组合物除上述所述活性成分外还可包含药学上可接受的运载体、赋形剂或稀释剂。所述运载体、赋形剂和稀释剂可包括乳糖、右旋糖、蔗糖、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、木糖醇、赤藓糖醇、麦芽糖醇、淀粉、阿拉伯树胶、藻酸盐、明胶、磷酸钙、硅酸钙、纤维素、甲基纤维素、微晶纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、水、羟基苯甲酸甲酯、羟基苯甲酸丙酯、滑石、硬脂酸镁和矿物油。
本发明的药物组合物可以分别按常规方法配制成口服剂型(如粉剂、颗粒剂、片剂、胶囊剂、悬浮剂、乳剂、糖浆剂或气溶胶),或外用剂型、栓剂或无菌注射液的形式并使用。具体而言,在配制时,可以使用稀释剂或赋形剂,例如常用的填充剂、疏松剂、粘合剂、润湿剂、崩解剂和表面活性剂。用于口服给药的固体剂型包括但不限于片剂、丸剂、粉剂、颗粒剂和胶囊剂。还可以通过混合活性成分和一种或多种赋形剂(例如淀粉、碳酸钙、蔗糖、乳糖和明胶)来制备此类固体剂型。除了简单的赋形剂外,还可以使用润滑剂(如硬脂酸镁和滑石)。除了用于口服使用的液体和液体石蜡外,还可以通过添加各种赋形剂(例如润湿剂、甜味剂、芳香剂、防腐剂)来制备。肠胃外给药的制剂包括无菌水溶液、非水溶剂、悬浮剂、乳剂、冻干制剂和栓剂。作为非水溶剂和悬浮液,可以使用丙二醇、聚乙二醇、植物油(例如橄榄油)、以及注射用酯(例如油酸乙酯)。作为栓剂的基质,可以使用Witepsol、Macrosol、吐温61、可可脂、月桂脂、甘油明胶等。
本发明的药物组合物的合适剂量根据患者的状况和体重、疾病程度、药物形式和时间而变化,但可以由本领域技术人员适当地选择。所述组合物的日剂量优选为0.001mg/kg-50mg/kg,并且根据需要可以一天一次或分数次给药。
此外,本发明提供了用于递送药物或生理活性物质的组合物,所述组合物包含药物或生理活性物质中的一种或多种以及细胞外囊泡,其中,在每个细胞外囊泡中细胞因子、接头和跨膜蛋白相融合,并且其中,所述药物或生理活性物质被包裹在所述细胞外囊泡的脂质层中。
所述细胞因子可为IL-2,但应注意,本发明不限于此。
所述接头由以如下通式表示的氨基酸序列组成:(GGGGS)n、(SGGGG)n、(SRSSG)n、(SGSSC)n、(GKSSGSGSESKS)n、(RPPPPC)n、(SSPPPPC)n、(GSTSGSGKSSEGKG)n、(GSTSGSGKSSEGSGSTKG)n、(GSTSGSGKPGSGEGSTKG)n或(EGKSSGSGSESKEF)n,其中,n可为1-20的整数。
所述跨膜结构域可为选自于由如下受体所组成的组中的一种或多种受体的跨膜结构域:表皮生长因子受体、胰岛素受体、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)受体、血管内皮生长因子受体、成纤维细胞生长因子受体、胆囊收缩素(CCK)受体、神经营养因子(NGF)受体、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)受体、Ephrin(Eph)受体、血管生成素受体和RTK(受体酪氨酸激酶相关)受体,但应注意,本发明不限于此。
所述药物可选自于由如下药物所组成的组:抗癌药物、抗炎药、抗生素、抗菌剂和疫苗;所述生理活性物质可选自于由如下物质所组成的组:肽、蛋白质、激素和基因,但应注意,本发明不限于此。
实施例
在下文中,将使用实施例详细描述本发明。这些实施例仅用于更具体地说明本发明,并且对于本领域技术人员来说显而易见的是,本发明的范围不受这些实施例限制。
实施例1:细胞培养
将HEK-293FT细胞(人胚胎肾)、B16F10(小鼠黑色素瘤)和B16F10-luc-g5(小鼠黑色素瘤)在补充有10%胎牛血清以及1%青霉素和链霉素的DMEM培养基(Hyclone)中进行培养。将Jurkat细胞(人T淋巴细胞)在补充有10%胎牛血清以及1%青霉素和链霉素的RPMI1640培养基(Hyclone)中进行培养。将SK-MEL-28(人黑色素瘤)在补充有10%胎牛血清以及1%青霉素和链霉素的EMEM培养基(Hyclone)中进行培养。将CTLL-2细胞(小鼠细胞毒性T淋巴细胞)在补充有10%胎牛血清、1%青霉素和链霉素、以及20IU/mL-100IU/mL的重组IL-2(R&D systems)的RPMI-1640培养基中进行培养。
实施例2:慢病毒制备
参考文献(Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2013May 14;110(20):8099-104),制备含有抗体-接头-PDGF受体跨膜结构域的慢病毒载体。重构包含IL-2-接头(GSTSGSGKPGSGEGSTKG)-PDGF受体的跨膜结构域的慢病毒载体并克隆。
对于转染,以约1×106个细胞/孔的密度将HEK-293FT细胞接种到6孔板中,并将2000试剂(参考号11668-027;Thermo Fisher Scientific)、表达IL-2的慢病毒载体、以及pCMVD(#PS100001:Origene)和pVSVg(#1733:Addgene)病毒包装载体以1:1:1的比例混合,然后在Opti-MEM(参考号31985-070;Gibco)培养基中37℃孵育过夜。第二天,去除上清液,用补充有10%胎牛血清的新鲜培养基来替换该培养基。其后48小时时,收集含有病毒的上清液,并使用离心和无表面活性剂醋酸纤维素(SFCA)膜过滤装置(0.22μm;Corning)去除细胞碎片。使用Lenti-X p24快速滴度试剂盒(#632200;Takara)测量慢病毒滴度。将慢病毒等分并在-80℃下冷冻。
实施例3:使用慢病毒转导至Jurkat细胞
将10μg/mL聚凝胺和500μg/mL表达IL-2的慢病毒加入到0.3mL RPMI培养基中,并用它处理Jurkat细胞(1×106个细胞/mL)。通过将慢病毒和细胞混合物在30℃下以1200×g离心90分钟来进行旋转接种(spinoculation)。然后将细胞与慢病毒在37℃下孵育过夜。去除多余的病毒,并在第二天添加补充有10%胎牛血清的新鲜培养基。
实施例4:使用实时聚合酶链式反应分析Jurkat细胞中的IL-2表达
从慢病毒载体转染的Jurkat细胞中提取mRNA(mRNA提取试剂盒,#9767;TaKaRa)后,使用nanodrop(DS-11系列分光光度计;DeNovix)测量mRNA的浓度。用100ng mRNA合成cDNA(SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System,参考号18080-051;invitrogen)后,进行实时聚合酶链式反应来分析IL-2的基因表达水平(正向:agacccagggacttaatcag,反向:acaatggttgctgtctcatc)。
结果如图2(A)所示,确定了在慢病毒转染的Jurkat细胞中IL-2的基因表达较对照组增加了约1600倍。
实施例5:使用流式细胞术分析Jurkat细胞中的IL-2表达
为了确定IL-2在细胞表面上的表达,将慢病毒转染的Jurkat细胞用磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)洗涤一次并用4%甲醛固定。此后,在4℃下使用补充有1%牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和5%山羊血清的PBS进行封闭1小时。然后,与抗Flag抗体(#8146;CST)于4℃反应1小时后,将它们用PBS洗3次,与FITC缀合的二抗于4℃反应1小时,并用PBS洗涤3次以进行流式细胞术分析。
结果如图2(B)所示,确定了慢病毒转染的Jurkat细胞表面上IL-2的蛋白表达较对照组增加了约46%。
如图2(C)所示,使用流式细胞仪对慢病毒转染的Jurkat细胞进行分离。
实施例6:sEV纯化
以约2×106个细胞/孔的密度接种对照Jurkat细胞或表达IL-2的Jurkat细胞,并在不含胎牛血清的RPMI培养基中培养24小时。然后,为了分离sEV或sEVIL-2,将从每种细胞获得的上清液依次以300×g、2500×g和10000×g离心。然后,将上清液通过0.2μm注射器式过滤器进行过滤,并以120000×g离心。将sEV沉淀重新悬浮在PBS中,并再次以120000×g离心。将纯化的sEV沉淀重新悬浮在PBS或1×细胞裂解缓冲液中,用于下一个实验。
实施例7:使用ELISA测定分析sEV的IL-2表达
从慢病毒转染的Jurkat细胞中分离并纯化sEVIL-2后,进行酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)以确定sEV表面上IL-2的表达。首先,使用ELISA试剂盒(#550534;BD OptEIATMReagent Set B)来确定从细胞中分离的sEVIL-2的表面上Flag的表达。将板与抗CD63抗体(ab68418;Abcam)在4℃下反应过夜以包被所述板,然后使用洗涤缓冲液洗涤5次。之后,用5μg 4%甲醛固定的sEVIL-2(对照组:来源自原始Jurkat细胞的sEV)处理所述板,使其在室温下附着1小时,然后使用Assay Diluent在室温下封闭1小时。与抗Flag抗体(#8146;CST)室温反应1小时后,将其用洗涤缓冲液洗涤5次,与HRP缀合的二抗室温反应1小时,然后用洗涤缓冲液洗涤5次。最后,使用TMB显色10分钟后,使用终止液停止显色。然后,使用酶标仪在450nm处测量吸光度。
为了通过另一种方法确定从慢病毒转染的Jurkat细胞分离的sEV的表面上IL-2的表达,使用人IL-2免疫测定(D2050;R&D)试剂盒进行了重复实验。
结果如图3所示,确定了慢病毒感染的Jurkat细胞来源的sEV表面上的IL-2表达较对照组增加。
实施例8:纯化的sEVIL-2的性能分析
为了使用电子显微术确定纯化的sEVIL-2的性能,将悬浮在PBS中的纯化sEVIL-2滴到formvar碳包被的镍网格上。用2%醋酸铀染色后,将网格风干,使用HF-3300(Hitachi)透射电子显微镜将直径结构进行可视化。
对于免疫金标记,将悬浮在PBS中的纯化sEV置于formvar碳包被的镍网格上,并在使用补充有0.5%牛血清白蛋白的PBS封闭后,与识别Flag的小鼠抗人单克隆抗体一起孵育。此后,将其与缀合有蛋白A-金颗粒(10nm)的抗小鼠二抗一起孵育。然后用PBS洗涤5次,用ddH2O洗涤10次,并用2%醋酸铀复染。
结果如图4所示,对于sEVIL-2,确定了蛋白A-金颗粒(10nm)被识别Flag的抗体标记。
实施例9:使用纳米颗粒追踪分析源自黑色素瘤细胞的sEV
用浓度为10μg/mL的纯化sEVIL-2处理黑色素瘤细胞(B16F10:5×104个细胞/mL,SK-MEL-28:1×105个细胞/mL),并培养72小时。然后,使用配备有快速视频捕获和颗粒追踪软件的Nanosight LM10(Malvern Instruments)测量源自培养上清液的sEV的大小和浓度。
结果如图5(A)所示,通过纳米颗粒追踪分析确定了,与对照组相比,用sEVIL-2处理的两种类型的黑色素瘤细胞中sEV的数量减少。
实施例10:使用蛋白质印迹分析源自黑色素瘤细胞的sEV
为了证实源自黑色素瘤细胞的sEV数量的减少,通过蛋白质印迹测量了参与sEV分泌和表达的Rab蛋白的表达水平。通过SDS-PAGE分离细胞质或sEV的蛋白,并转移到硝酸纤维素膜上。然后,将细胞与每种一抗(ab18211,abcam/Rab5;ab50533,abcam/Rab7;ab55667,abcam/Rab27a;#4970,Cell signaling/β-actin;ab10931,abcam/PD-L1)一起孵育,并与HRP缀合的二抗孵育。使用增强化学发光(ECL)检测试剂(#34095,Thermo Scientific;#RPN2209,GE Healthcare)对图像进行可视化,并使用ECL hyperfilm(AGFA,Morstel)进行量化。
结果如图5(B)所示,确定了相较对照组,用sEVIL-2处理的两种类型的黑色素瘤细胞中Rab 27a的蛋白表达显著降低。
此外,为了评价sEVIL-2在黑色素瘤中的功效,测量了已知对于癌细胞的免疫逃避最重要的PD-L1(程序性死亡配体1)蛋白的表达。
结果如图6(A)所示,确定了相较对照组,用sEVIL-2处理的两种类型的黑色素瘤细胞中PD-L1的蛋白表达显著降低。这通过如图6(B)所示的免疫染色得到证实。
接下来,进行蛋白质印迹和酶联免疫吸附测定以评价来自黑色素瘤的外泌体PD-Ll表达是否受sEVIL-2调节。
结果如图7所示,确定了相较对照组,用sEVIL-2处理的黑色素瘤中外泌体PD-L1的表达显著降低(A),并且这通过酶联免疫吸附测定的验证得到了证实(B)。
实施例11:sEVIL-2引起的细胞毒性T细胞增殖的分析
已知IL-2是细胞毒性T细胞增殖和活性中最重要的因子。因此,根据本发明,为了分析sEVIL-2对细胞毒性T细胞的作用,使用MTS测定(#G3582;Promega)进行细胞增殖分析。
以5×103个细胞/孔的密度将CTLL-2细胞接种在96孔板中,并培养24小时。此后,将培养基更换为含有10%FBS和rIL-2(100IU/mL)以及对照sEV或sEVIL-2(10μg/mL)的新鲜培养基,并将它们进一步培养24小时。然后,每孔加入MTS试剂后,进行37℃培养2小时,从各孔中去除含有上清的MTS,使用酶标仪在490nm处测量吸光度。
结果如图8所示,确定用sEVIL-2处理的CTLL-2细胞中的细胞增殖较对照组增加了约7倍,并且确定通过抗IL-2抗体显著降低了反应。
换言之,从以上结果来看,确定sEVIL-2增加了对癌细胞死亡而言重要的细胞毒性T细胞的数量,从而增强了免疫抗癌功效。
实施例12:sEVIL-2引起的细胞毒性T细胞活性的分析
接下来,为了确认据报道参与细胞毒性T细胞活性的穿孔素、颗粒酶-B(GrzmB)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)的表达,从对照组或用sEVIL-2处理的细胞毒性T细胞中提取mRNA(mRNA提取试剂盒,#9767;TaKaRa)。使用nanodrop(DS-11系列分光光度计;DeNovix)测量提取的mRNA浓度后,用100ng mRNA合成cDNA(SuperScript III第一链合成系统,参考号18080-051;invitrogen)。使用合成的cDNA通过聚合酶链式反应确认以下的基因表达:穿孔素(正向:cgcctacctcaggcttatctc,反向:cctcgacagtcaggcagtc)、颗粒酶-B(正向:tgggggacccagagattaaaa,反向:tttcgtccataggagacaatgc)、INF-γ(正向:tgaccagagcatccaaaaga,反向:ctcttcgacctcgaaacagc)。
因此,确定在用sEVIL-2处理的细胞毒性T细胞中所有三种基因的表达都显著增加,如图9(A)所示。特别是干扰素-γ,确定其基因表达与对照组相比增加了约9倍。
换句话说,从以上结果来看,确定sEVIL-2强烈增加了对癌细胞死亡而言重要的细胞毒性T细胞的活性。
使用流式细胞仪对其进行了验证,如图9(B)所示。此外,用与上述相同的方式确认了用sEVIL-2处理的细胞毒性T细胞中免疫检查点PD-1(程序性细胞死亡-1,正向:agaatcctggagacctcaac,反向:atacccactaggcactcat)的表达。
结果如图10所示,确定了用sEVIL-2处理的细胞毒性T细胞中PD-1基因和蛋白的表达较对照组而言显著降低。这表明,由于细胞毒性T细胞的PD-1减少,可以通过降低由于癌细胞与PD-L1的结合导致的免疫逃避来增加抗癌效果。
实施例13:共培养测定
为了证明通过sEVIL-2增加细胞毒性T细胞活性以及减少黑色素瘤细胞的PD-Ll的抗癌作用,在sEVIL-2、黑色素瘤细胞(B16F10)和细胞毒性T细胞共培养后确定黑色素瘤细胞的活力,如图11(A)所示。使用具有细胞发光基因的黑色素瘤细胞(B16F10-luc-g5)并使用IVIS光谱(PerkinElmer)进行分析。
13-1.用sEVIL-2预处理的黑色素瘤细胞的共培养测定
以约5×103个细胞/孔的密度将黑色素瘤细胞接种在96孔板中,并用对照sEV或sEVIL-2(5μg/mL)进行预处理。培养24小时后,将细胞与不同比例的CTLL-2细胞(1:1至1:10)进行培养。培养结束后时,每孔加入MTS试剂,37℃培养2小时。从每个孔中去除含有上清液的MTS后,使用酶标仪在490nm处测量吸光度。
13-2.用sEVIL-2预处理的T细胞的共培养测定
以约1×106个细胞/孔的密度将CTLL-2细胞接种在96孔板中,并用对照sEV或sEVIL-2(5μg/mL)进行预处理。培养24小时后,将细胞与不同比例的黑色素瘤细胞(1:1至1:10)进行培养。培养结束时,每孔加入MTS试剂,37℃培养2小时。从每个孔中去除含有上清液的MTS后,使用酶标仪在490nm处测量吸光度。
结果如图11(B)和图11(C)所示,确定了在用sEVIL-2处理的黑色素瘤细胞和细胞毒性T细胞的共培养组中黑色素瘤细胞的活力显著降低。
实施例14:黑色素瘤移植小鼠模型中sEVIL-2的癌症生长抑制测定
将5×105个B16F10小鼠黑色素瘤细胞皮下注射到C57BL/6小鼠的右胁腹。实验开始5天后,每周3次将PBS、rhIL-2(50000IU/动物)、对照sEV或sEVIL-2(20μg/动物)直接注射到癌组织中。然后,使用工程数显卡尺测量并比较小鼠的癌组织(长轴×短轴×0.52),每2天一次。
结果如图12(A)所示,注射sEVIL-2的小鼠的癌症生长比PBS对照组更显著地受到抑制。然后,从小鼠中提取的癌组织的重量分析显示了相同的结果(图12(B))。
实施例15:黑色素瘤移植小鼠模型中sEVIL-2的血液外泌体PD-L1表达调节分析
从上述实验中的小鼠采集血液后,通过550×g离心获得血清。然后将上清液依次以300×g、2500×g和10000×g离心。随后,通过0.2μm注射器式过滤器过滤上清液,并以120000×g离心。将sEV沉淀重新悬浮在PBS中并再次以120000×g离心。将纯化的sEV沉淀与抗PD-L1(ab10931;abcam/PD-L1)抗体一起培养过夜,并与FITC缀合的二抗(a11001;invitrogen/山羊抗小鼠igg(h+1)交叉吸附二抗alexa fluor 488)一起培养,并使用sEV流式细胞仪(CytoFlEX/Beckman Coulter)进行分析。
结果如图13(A、B)所示,确定了注射sEVIL-2的小鼠中外泌体PD-L1的表达水平较对照组而言显著降低。
实施例16:根据与抗癌药物共同处理的黑色素瘤移植小鼠的癌症生长分析
将5×105个B16F10小鼠黑色素瘤细胞皮下注射到C57BL/6小鼠的右胁腹。实验开始7天后,每周两次将PBS、对照sEV(20μg/动物)、sEVIL-2(20μg/动物)、顺铂(p4394;Sigma-Aldrich/cis-Diammineplatinum(II)二氯化物结晶)、对照IgG(be0252;bioxcell/抗大鼠IgG2b)和抗PD-L1抗体(be0101;bioxcell/抗PD-L1)注射至小鼠(sEVIL-2或对照sEV,瘤内注射;顺铂或PBS,腹膜内注射;抗PD-L1或对照IgG,静脉内注射)。此后,使用工程数显卡尺测量并比较小鼠的癌组织(长轴×短轴×0.52),每2天一次。
结果如图14(A、B、C)所示,抗癌药物与sEVIL-2一起注射的小鼠的癌症生长相比对照组而言更显著地受到抑制。然后,从小鼠中提取的癌组织的重量分析也显示了相同的结果(图14(D))。
此外,作为通过蛋白质印迹确定根据与抗癌药物共同治疗的黑色素瘤移植小鼠的癌组织中Rab27a与PD-Ll的表达的结果,证实注射sEVIL-2的小鼠癌组织中的PD-L1和Rab27a两者的表达均明显降低,如图15所示。
以上对本发明的具体部分进行了详细描述,对于本领域技术人员而言显而易见的是,这些具体描述仅为优选的实施方式,本发明的范围并不限于此。因此,本发明的实质范围将由所附权利要求及其等同物来界定。
本发明的范围由下面的权利要求指示,并且由权利要求的精神和范围所衍生出的所有修改或替换及其等同物均应理解为包含在本发明的范围内。
Claims (17)
1.一种细胞外囊泡,在所述细胞外囊泡中细胞因子、接头和跨膜蛋白相融合。
2.如权利要求1所述的细胞外囊泡,其中,所述细胞因子结合至所述接头,所述接头与贯穿所述细胞外囊泡的脂质层的所述跨膜蛋白偶联。
3.如权利要求1所述的细胞外囊泡,其中,所述细胞外囊泡由转染有病毒载体的细胞分泌,所述病毒载体含有细胞因子、接头和跨膜结构域。
4.如权利要求3所述的细胞外囊泡,其中,所述细胞因子为IL-2。
5.如权利要求3所述的细胞外囊泡,
其中,所述接头由以如下通式表示的氨基酸序列组成:(GGGGS)n、(SGGGG)n、(SRSSG)n、(SGSSC)n、(GKSSGSGSESKS)n、(RPPPPC)n、(SSPPPPC)n、(GSTSGSGKSSEGKG)n、(GSTSGSGKSSEGSGSTKG)n、(GSTSGSGKPGSGEGSTKG)n或(EGKSSGSGSESKEF)n,其中,n为1-20的整数。
6.如权利要求3所述的细胞外囊泡,
其中,所述跨膜结构域为选自于由如下受体所组成的组中的一种或多种受体的跨膜结构域:表皮生长因子受体、胰岛素受体、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)受体、血管内皮生长因子受体、成纤维细胞生长因子受体、胆囊收缩素(CCK)受体、神经营养因子(NGF)受体、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)受体、Ephrin(Eph)受体、血管生成素受体和RTK(受体酪氨酸激酶相关)受体。
7.如权利要求3所述的细胞外囊泡,其中,所述细胞为辅助性T细胞。
8.如权利要求1所述的细胞外囊泡,其中,所述细胞外囊泡增加细胞毒性T细胞的增殖和活性,从而增加抗癌作用。
9.如权利要求1所述的细胞外囊泡,其中,所述细胞外囊泡是直径为30nm-100nm的小细胞外囊泡(sEV)。
10.一种用于预防或治疗癌症的药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的细胞外囊泡作为活性成分。
11.如权利要求10所述的药物组合物,
其中,所述癌症为选自于由如下癌症所组成的组中的任一种:黑色素瘤、结肠癌、肺癌、皮肤癌、非小细胞肺癌、结肠癌、骨癌、胰腺癌、头颈癌、子宫癌、卵巢癌、直肠癌、胃癌、肛周癌、乳腺癌、输卵管癌、子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌、阴道癌、外阴癌、Hawkins病、食道癌、小肠癌、内分泌癌、甲状腺癌、甲状旁腺癌、肾上腺癌、软组织肉瘤、尿道癌、阴茎癌、前列腺癌、慢性白血病或急性白血病、淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤、膀胱癌、肾癌或输尿管癌、肾细胞癌、肾盂癌、中枢神经系统肿瘤、原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤、脊髓肿瘤、脑干胶质瘤和垂体腺瘤。
12.如权利要求10所述的药物组合物,其中,所述组合物与抗癌药共同给予。
13.一种用于预防或治疗癌症的药物组合物,所述药物组合物含有如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的细胞外囊泡和抗癌药物作为活性成分。
14.如权利要求13所述的药物组合物,其中,所述抗癌药物为选自于由如下抗癌药物所组成的组中的至少一种:顺铂、长春碱、长春新碱、放线菌素-D、5-氟脲嘧啶、多西他赛、卡巴他赛、紫杉醇和派姆单抗。
15.一种用于递送药物或生理活性物质的组合物,所述组合物包含药物和生理活性物质中的一种或多种以及细胞外囊泡,在所述细胞外囊泡中细胞因子、接头和跨膜蛋白相融合,其中,所述药物或生理活性物质被包裹在所述细胞外囊泡的脂质层中。
16.如权利要求15所述的组合物,其中,所述细胞因子为IL-2。
17.如权利要求15所述的组合物,其中,所述药物为选自于由如下药物所组成的组中的任一种:抗癌药物、抗炎药、抗生素、抗菌剂和疫苗;所述生理活性物质为选自于由如下物质所组成的组中的任一种:肽、蛋白质、激素和基因。
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