CN114008256A - 用于纤维增强复合材料的粗纱和织物 - Google Patents
用于纤维增强复合材料的粗纱和织物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114008256A CN114008256A CN202080045683.6A CN202080045683A CN114008256A CN 114008256 A CN114008256 A CN 114008256A CN 202080045683 A CN202080045683 A CN 202080045683A CN 114008256 A CN114008256 A CN 114008256A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- fabric
- roving
- cork
- rovings
- reinforced composite
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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Abstract
本公开涉及用于纤维增强复合材料的粗纱或织物,其包括:‑天然的或合成的纤维或粗纱(104);以及‑一根或更多根软木线(102)。
Description
相关专利申请的交叉引用
本申请要求美国临时专利申请第62/841266号的优先权权益,该申请的全部内容以法律允许的最大程度通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本公开总体上涉及纤维或织物增强复合材料的领域,并且具体地涉及用于纤维增强复合材料中的粗纱、丝束或织物,并且涉及所得的组合物。
背景技术
每年生产数百万千克的碳纤维、玻璃纤维、亚麻纤维、玄武岩纤维,和其他具有有利拉伸强度、压缩强度和/或弯曲强度的纤维,用作纤维增强复合材料或FRC(其也可以同义地称为纤维增强塑料,或FRP)中的增强材料。这些增强纤维与热固性塑料树脂或热成型塑料树脂(统称为基质(matrix))组合,以产生具有优于单独组分的性能的结构材料。
在注重轻质设计的结构中,使用具有高强度重量比的材料是有利的。虽然这是对材料的有效利用,但其也可能会产生不期望的特性,特别是在声阻尼、振动阻尼和回弹阻尼方面。如果过量的冲击或振动通过结构传递,或者如果结构在变形载荷下的回弹率过大,这可能会对结构的性能产生负面影响。
在建筑物、汽车和体育用品(以及其他示例)中,声音和振动的阻尼通常是期望的,并且有时是至关重要的。
为了定制高强度-重量材料的性质,通常使用不同类型和性质的基础材料来产生混杂构造。弹性股线可以编织成增强织物;粘弹性材料的薄层可以位于增强织物层之间的热固性FRC中;或者可以在叠层中使用多种纤维类型,比如碳层与亚麻层和/或玄武岩层交替,以改善刚性FRC的振动阻尼并且/或者缓和弯曲回弹率。
当前增强阻尼的解决方案是昂贵的,例如由于构造过程中的附加步骤,例如,将单独的粘弹性体层添加到叠层中增加了成品部件的成本。此外,添加至FRC的弹性体和其他阻尼剂通常是基于石油的,并且因此它们对环境有害。
因此,本领域需要改进的增强纤维构造和增强织物组合物,以在不依赖于基于石油或其他不可再生资源的阻尼剂的情况下提供有效的阻尼。
发明内容
本公开的各实施方式旨在至少部分地解决现有技术中的一些或全部需要。
本公开的一个方面由结合到纤维的粗纱(或束)中的至少一个基于软木的线构成,该纤维的粗纱(或束)全部或部分用于形成FRC的增强元件。
“软木线”是具有例如小于两毫米的直径和例如大于2000毫米的长度的软木的任何结构。该线可以是蒸汽熔接的、用天然粘合剂粘合的、或结构上加强的,以便提供适合于允许软木线与其他增强纤维结合的拉伸强度。
软木线可以位于粗纱和围绕其布置的其他增强纤维内;或者软木线可以与包括粗纱的其他增强纤维随机或非随机地缠结;或者软木线可以搁置成横跨粗纱。
粗纱然后可以用于诸如细丝缠绕的工艺中或者作为单向增强带结合在基质中,或者可以作为丝束结合到多轴构造或单向构造中的编织、织造或缝合的织物中。虽然词语“粗纱”和“丝束”通常被理解为同义词,但是为了清楚起见,在本申请中使用“粗纱”来指代独立的纤维束,并且使用“丝束”来指代被编织或缝合在一起以形成织物的粗纱。
粗纱可以使用任何合成纤维(比如碳、玻璃、硼、芳族聚酰胺等)、或任何天然纤维(比如竹、亚麻、大麻等)、或在复合材料工业中常用的或可以在复合材料工业中变成常用的任何其他增强材料形成。
粗纱和/或织物可以与任何热固性或热成形树脂体系组合以形成FRC。
粗纱可以被制成具有一根以上的软木线。
丝束可以以这样的方式结合到织物中,即:在至少一个轴上的至少一个丝束使用“具有软木线的丝束”。
软木线可以与纤维丝束分开地结合到缝合、织造或编织的织物中,或者丝束可以仅使用软木线产生并且结合到具有增强纤维丝束(其可以具有或不具有软木线)的织物中。
粗纱、丝束和由丝束产生的织物可以具有树脂、基于树脂的细丝(比如聚乳酸或聚酰胺)、或被添加以定制所得FRC的性能的其他附加化学剂或结构剂(金属细丝或其他增强物)。
根据一个方面,提供了一种用于纤维增强复合材料的粗纱或织物,其包括:天然的或合成的纤维或粗纱;以及一根或更多根软木线。
根据一个实施方式,一根或更多根软木线各自具有小于2mm的直径或宽度。
根据一个实施方式,在切割以形成纤维增强复合材料叠层(layup)之前,一根或更多根软木线各自具有大于2000mm的长度。
根据一个实施方式,纤维或丝束由诸如苎麻纤维、竹子纤维、菠萝叶纤维、亚麻纤维或大麻纤维之类的天然纤维形成。
根据一个实施方式,软木线在粗纱中的体积百分比在25%至85%的范围内。
根据一个实施方式,软木线在织物中的体积百分比在1%至50%的范围内,并且更优选地在5%至25%的范围内。
根据一个实施方式,织物包括与一根或更多根软木线编织的天然的或合成的粗纱。
根据另一方面,提供了一种包括上述粗纱或织物的纤维增强复合材料叠层。
根据一个实施方式,所述一根或更多根软木线被天然的或合成的纤维包围。
根据一个实施方式,所述一根或更多根软木线至少部分地设置在粗纱的边缘处。
根据一个实施方式,所述一根或更多根软木线所述与天然的或合成的纤维缠结。
根据另一方面,提供了一种包括上述纤维增强复合材料叠层并与热固性或热成型树脂组合的纤维增强复合材料。
根据另一方面,提供了一种具有由上述纤维增强复合材料形成的层片的滑板。
根据又一方面,提供了一种包括由上述纤维增强复合材料形成的轴的手持式杆。
根据另一方面,提供了一种形成用于纤维增强复合材料的粗纱或织物的方法,该方法包括:将一根或更多根软木线结合到包括天然的纤维或粗纱或者合成的纤维或粗纱的粗纱或织物中。
根据又一方面,提供了一种形成用于纤维增强复合材料的织物的方法,该方法包括:根据上述方法形成至少一根粗纱;以及用环氧树脂预浸渍所述至少一根粗纱,并将所述至少一根粗纱(可能还有其他粗纱)布置在背衬纸或支承件上以形成织物。
根据一个实施方式,织物是单向织物,并且该方法还包括形成一个或更多个另外的单向织物、以及组装单向织物以形成多轴向织物。
根据一个实施方式,将所述至少一根粗纱(可能还有其他粗纱)布置在背衬纸上包括将粗纱缠结在一起以形成非编织织物。
附图说明
前述特征和优点以及其他特征和优点将参照附图在通过说明而非限制的方式给出的特定实施方式的以下描述中进行详细描述,在附图中:
图1以横截面和侧面轮廓示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的用于增强元件的粗纱,该粗纱包括由其他纤维围绕的中心软木线;
图2以横截面和侧面轮廓示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的用于增强元件的粗纱,该粗纱包括横跨其他纤维的软木线;
图3以横截面和侧面轮廓示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的用于增强元件的粗纱,该粗纱包括缠结在其他纤维中的软木线;
图4是表示根据本公开的示例性实施方式的形成软木线的方法中的步骤的示例的流程图;
图5示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的由利用至少一根软木线的纤维增强丝束构成的单向增强织物;
图6示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的由利用至少一根软木线的纤维增强丝束构成的单向缝合织物;
图7示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的由利用至少一根软木线的纤维增强丝束构成的多轴向缝合织物;
图8示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的由利用至少一根软木线的纤维增强丝束构成的多轴向编织织物;
图9示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的由利用至少一根软木线的纤维增强丝束构成的管状编织物;
图10示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的单向织物,该单向织物包括横跨软木线丝束定位的交替增强纤维丝束;
图11示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的双轴向织物,该双轴向织物包括横跨软木线丝束定位的交替增强纤维丝束;
图12示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的2×1斜纹织物,该2×1斜纹织物包括横跨软木线丝束定位的交替增强纤维丝束;
图13示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的平纹编织织物,该平纹编织织物包括横跨软木线丝束定位的交替增强纤维丝束;
图14示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的滑雪板,该滑雪板包括含有软木线的增强织物组合物;以及
图15示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的滑雪杆或步行杆的轴,该滑雪杆或步行杆的轴包括含有软木线的增强织物组合物。
具体实施方式
在各个附图中,相同的特征由相同的附图标记表示。特别地,在各种实施方式中共同的结构和/或功能特征可以具有相同的附图标记,并且可以设置相同的结构、尺寸和材料特性。
在以下公开内容中,除非另有说明,否则当提及绝对位置限定词(比如术语“前”、“后”、“顶”、“底”、“左”、“右”等)、或相对位置限定词(比如术语“上方”、“下方”、“较高”、“较低”等)、或取向限定词(比如“水平”、“竖向”等)时,参照图中所示的取向。
除非另有说明,否则表述“约”、“近似”、“基本上”和“大约”表示在10%以内,优选地在5%以内。
虽然术语“粗纱”和“丝束”通常被理解为同义词,但是为了清楚起见,本文中使用“粗纱”来指代独立的纤维束,并且使用“丝束”来指代被编织或缝合在一起以形成织物的粗纱。
第一方面——包含软木线的粗纱或织物
图1示出了用于增强元件的粗纱100的横截面A-A和侧面轮廓。在图1的轮廓视图中表示了截取横截面A-A的位置。
如本领域技术人员已知的,在复合材料领域中,粗纱是一束细丝,其结合到复合材料中以改善复合材料的机械性能,比如增加复合材料在至少一个轴上的强度。在一些情况下,本文所述的粗纱被切割和组装以形成用于FRC的叠层,该叠层然后结合到FRC中。在其他情况下,本文所述的粗纱用作布置在一起并缝合或编织以形成织物的丝束,该织物将多个增强材料丝束定向在特定轴上。还可以例如通过使用粘合剂将粗纱粘附在一起而形成带,而不会抑制带的柔韧性。该织物或带例如被切割和组装以形成用于FRC的叠层,该叠层然后结合到FRC中。例如,本文所述的粗纱可以结合到包括热固性或热成型塑料树脂的纤维增强塑料中以形成FRC材料的基质,或者结合在其他类型的复合材料中。
粗纱100包括纤维束,该纤维束包括至少一根软木线102和多根增强纤维104。
软木线102例如具有大于0.25mm并且例如小于2mm的宽度或直径d。在图1的示例中,软木线的横截面呈大致方形。在替代实施方式中,其他横截面形状也是可能的,所述其他横截面形状包括矩形、多边形、椭圆形和圆形。
软木线102在粗纱100中例如具有长度l,该长度1大致等于增强纤维的长度,和/或例如大于2000mm。例如,软木线102可以设置在线轴上。然后,粗纱100可以在结合到用于FRC的叠层中之前被切割成较短的长度,其长度将取决于应用。
增强纤维104例如是合成纤维(比如碳纤维、玻璃纤维、硼纤维或芳族聚酰胺纤维);或天然纤维(比如诸如竹子、亚麻、苎麻、大麻、剑麻、黄麻、香蕉、菠萝叶、椰壳纤维、蕉麻、稻、玉米和纳米纤维素之类的植物纤维),以及诸如玄武岩、石棉和陶瓷纤维之类的矿物纤维,以及诸如山羊毛发、马毛发、羔羊毛和丝之类的动物来源的纤维。在一些实施方式中,天然纤维是有机纤维或植物来源的纤维。也可以使用在复合材料工业中常用或可能变得常用的其他类型的纤维。增强纤维104具有的宽度或直径d'例如小于软木线102的直径,和/或小于1mm,并且例如大于1μm。
在图1的示例中,软木纤维102居中地定位在粗纱100中,并且增强纤维104围绕软木纤维102。例如,粗纱100包括围绕软木纤维102的八种增强纤维。更一般地,围绕软木线102的增强纤维的数量n可以在1至数千之间,这取决于它们各自的尺寸和特定应用。
如图1所示,将软木线结合到增强元件的粗纱中的优点在于,软木线102提供阻尼功能,从而阻尼穿过复合材料的振动并阻尼使用粗纱100形成的复合材料的回弹率。例如,当软木线在粗纱中的体积百分比在25%至85%的范围内时,这种阻尼功能是特别明显的,并且如果结合到织物中,则软木线在织物中的体积百分比在例如1%至50%的范围内,并且更优选地在5%至25%的范围内。结合如粗纱100中所描绘的软木线102的另一优点是,在成品复合部件或复合增强织物的构造过程期间软木线被显著地加强和保护。
图2示出了用于增强元件的粗纱200的横截面B-B和侧面轮廓,该粗纱200包括软木线102和增强纤维104。在图2的轮廓视图中表示了截取横截面B-B的位置。软木线102和增强纤维104例如与关于图1的示例描述的那些软木线和增强纤维相同,并且将不再对软木线102和增强纤维104进行详细描述。
在图2的示例中,软木线102在形成粗纱200的纤维束内偏心定位。例如,软木线102定位成横跨粗纱。在一些实施方式中,软木线102的至少一个边缘设置在粗纱200的边缘处。
图2的实施方式的优点是制造成本的降低,这是因为软木线102在构造期间不需要仔细定位在粗纱的中心内。此外,在这种丝束结合到编织织物或缝合织物中的情况下,当丝束之间的至少一些接触点涉及与一根或更多根软木线的接触时,这种实施方式可以有利地在丝束之间提供阻尼。
图3示出了粗纱300的横截面C-C和侧面轮廓,粗纱300用于包括软木线102和增强纤维104的增强元件。在图3的轮廓视图中表示了截取横截面C-C的位置。软木线102和增强纤维104例如与关于图1的示例描述的那些软木线和增强纤维相同,并且将不再对软木线102和增强纤维104进行详细描述。
在图3的示例中,软木线102蜿蜒穿过形成粗纱200的增强纤维104的束。例如,软木线102与增强纤维104随机或非随机地缠结或缠绕。
软木线102的这种缠结设置的优点在于,当增强纤维104是诸如天然纤维(亚麻、苎麻、竹子等)的有限长度增强纤维时,这种纤维能够彼此产生互锁缠结,这增加了粗纱的拉伸强度。此外,软木线102接触的增强纤维的数量增加,从而改善了阻尼功能在整个粗纱中的分布。进一步,以与图2的示例类似的方式,软木线102的至少一个边缘例如规则地或不规则地设置在粗纱300的边缘处。存在于粗纱的边缘处的这种软木将例如与形成复合材料的其他材料相接触,从而有助于阻尼。在这种丝束结合到编织织物中的情况下,这种实施方式还可以有利地在丝束之间提供阻尼。
虽然图1、图2和图3表示其中在每根粗纱100、200、300中存在单根软木线的示例,但是在替代实施方式中,这些粗纱可以包括多于一根的软木线102,比如两根或更多根软木线102。
图1、图2或图3的粗纱例如用作用于FRC的叠层的一部分,该叠层对应于用于在固化之前形成FRC的组分的组合。粗纱中的一根或更多根例如与任何热固性或热成型树脂体系组合以形成FRC,或者粗纱中的一根或更多根可以用作被编织或组装以形成织物的丝束,该织物然后可以与任何热固性或热成型树脂体系组合以形成FRC。在一些实施方式中,粗纱、丝束或由丝束产生的织物具有树脂、基于树脂的细丝比如聚乳酸(PLA)或聚酰胺(PA)、或其他额外的化学剂或结构剂例如金属细丝或其他增强物,其被添加以调整所得复合材料的性能。
上述类型的软木线例如使用用于形成软木线的许多已知方法中的任一方法来制造。例如,在公布为WO 2018/063018的PCT专利申请中描述了一种这样的方法,其内容在法律允许的范围内通过引用并入本文。现在将参照图4对合适的方法的另一示例进行描述。
图4是表示了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的形成软木线的方法中的步骤的示例的流程图。
在步骤401中,水蒸气例如通过软木颗粒注入,从而使软木颗粒膨胀,水结合至软木中的树脂。
在步骤402中,然后将混合物例如压制并与基层(比如亚麻层、苎麻层、PLA层、PHA层(聚羟基链烷酸酯)、聚酰胺层或聚酯层、或其他类型的材料的层)组合。这导致相对薄的片材,其厚度例如基于期望的软木线厚度来选择。
在步骤403中,然后将在操作402中生产的片材例如切割成条带,每个条带的宽度例如基于期望的软木线宽度来选择。
替代性地,并且基于步骤402中的基层的尺寸,在步骤402中产生的所得软木/基部结构的尺寸可以具有适当的尺寸,由此不需要像在步骤403中描述的那样切割成条带来达到用于粗纱、丝束或织物的最终指定尺寸。
在一些实施方式中,在步骤404中,然后在溶液中洗涤由步骤403产生的线以增加强度、柔韧性和/或弹性,该溶液包括但不限于淀粉基溶液、和/或碱溶液、和/或弱酸性溶液。附加地或替代性地,线可以在使用之前被蒸汽熔接、被用天然粘合剂结合、或者被进一步结构增强。
如关于图1、图2和图3描述的粗纱中的一根或更多根粗纱可以用作丝束以形成织物,如现在将关于图5至图9描述的那样。
图5示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的包括丝束的单向增强织物500,丝束中的至少一个丝束对应于比如图1、图2和图3的示例中的包含软木线的丝束。图5的示例是非缝合织物。在一个实施方式中,为了形成这样的织物,丝束用环氧树脂预浸渍并且彼此跨接布置并且布置在背衬纸或支承件上。可移除膜例如用于覆盖与背衬纸相对的表面,并且可移除膜在织物用于产生FRC时被移除。一旦暴露的织物面已经粘附至模具或另一层复合增强织物,就移除背衬纸。
虽然在图5的示例中,丝束在单个轴上对准,但是也可以使用类似的技术形成织物,但是在该技术中形成非编织垫,在该非编织垫中,包含软木线的丝束缠结在一起,如在粗纱300中那样,并且没有精确的取向。
此外,用于形成织物500的上述方法可以适于形成多轴向织物。例如,预浸渍层片层叠在以与第一层片类似的方式形成的第二预浸渍层片和可能的第三预浸渍层片上,其中每层的预浸渍层片具有其以不同取向布置的丝束。然后例如用保护膜来覆盖层片的夹心物,并且将织物层片切割并层叠为一体式件/层。
上述用于形成织物500(其例如具有至少100mm的宽度)的技术也可以用于形成具有小于100mm的较小宽度的带。
图6示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的具有丝束的单向(UD)缝合织物600,其中至少一个丝束对应于比如在图1、图2和图3的示例中的包含软木线的丝束。在该示例中,包含软木线的丝束例如布置在图6中示出为竖向延伸的条带602中,并且另一根线604以规则的间隔编织在条带602上,以将条带602连结在一起。在0°UD织物的情况下,条带602沿着织物的长度布设,并且缝合例如在水平方向上执行。在90°UD织物的情况下,条带602垂直于织物的长度布设,并且缝合例如在竖向方向上执行。缝线的另一根线例如通常由聚酯制成,尽管尼龙、苎麻、亚麻或其他材料可以根据需要替代地使用。织物是单向的,这是因为织物是沿着丝束的轴提供强度的丝束,并且“缝合”仅用于保持纤维的位置,直到纤维在FRC的模塑工艺期间被包封在基质中为止。
图7示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的由丝束702构成的多轴向缝合织物,丝束702中的至少一个丝束对应于比如在图1、图2和图3的示例中的包含软木线的丝束。在该织物中,机器例如用于以特定角度定向纤维,该特定角度通常为0°、90°、+45°和/或-45°(在一些机器上也可以以+/-60°的角度对纤维进行定向)。将给定角度的纤维放置在单层上,并且这些层以一个位于另一个上方的方式定位,然后这些层以0°和/或90°取向缝合在一起,以赋予织物以结构。织物可以是双轴向的(通常为+45/-45)、三轴向的(0/+45/-45、0/+60/-60或90/+45/-45)、或四轴向的(0/90/+45/-45)。缝线704例如通常由聚酯制成,尽管也可以根据需要替代地使用尼龙、苎麻、亚麻或其他材料。
图8示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的包括丝束的多轴向编织织物,丝束中的至少一个丝束对应于比如在图1、图2和图3的示例中的包含软木线的丝束。图8的示例包括在竖向方向上的丝束802和在水平方向上的丝束804,丝束802、804例如具有彼此大致相同的宽度。
图9示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的由加强丝束构成的管状编织物900。例如,这种编织物900包括丝束902,丝束902中的至少一个丝束对应于比如在图1、图2和图3的示例中的包含软木线的丝束。
虽然已经对包括软木线的增强纤维丝束或粗纱的示例进行了描述,但是在替代实施方式中,增强织物的一个或更多个丝束或一根或更多根粗纱可以仅由一根或更多根软木线构成,并且可以与可以包含或不包含软木线的其他增强纤维丝束组合。
此外,可以产生用于纤维增强复合材料的织物,在该织物中,织物的至少一个丝束仅由软木线构成,如现在将参照图10至图13更详细地描述的那样。
图10示出了单向织物1000,该单向织物1000包括由软木线形成的至少一根粗纱1002和由其他材料比如天然丝束或合成丝束形成的其他粗纱1004。天然丝束的示例包括由纤维形成的丝束,所述纤维为诸如竹子、亚麻、苎麻、大麻、剑麻、黄麻、香蕉、菠萝叶、椰壳纤维、蕉麻、稻、玉米和纳米纤维素之类的植物纤维,诸如玄武岩、石棉和陶瓷纤维之类的矿物纤维,以及诸如山羊毛发、马毛发、羔羊毛和丝之类的动物来源的纤维,而合成丝束的示例包括由碳、玻璃、硼或芳族聚酰胺形成的丝束。在一些实施方式中,天然纤维是有机纤维或植物来源的纤维。如上所述,该织物还可以结合有相同的金属细丝、塑料或树脂细丝、或其他对于FRC的生产是常见的或可能变得常见的材料。
软木线丝束1002例如各自具有与用于形成上述图1、图2和图3的示例中的丝束的软木线102相同的尺寸。每个软木线丝束1002可以包括单根软木线,或一束两根或更多根的软木线。
其他丝束1004例如具有与软木线丝束1002的尺寸基本相同的尺寸以产生均匀的织物,或者其他丝束1004的尺寸可以与软木线丝束1002的尺寸不同以产生不均匀的织物。其他丝束1004中的每个丝束例如由两个或更多个并且通常由数百或数千个天然纤维或合成纤维的束形成。
在图10的示例中,织物1000包括提供单向织物的平行布置的丝束,并且在每组四个相邻的非软木丝束1004之间存在软木丝束1002。然而,该比率可以改变,每组中由软木粗纱1002分开的非软木粗纱1004的数量r例如在1至100之间。丝束1002和1004例如以与上述用于图5和图6的织物500和600的技术类似的方式连结在一起以形成织物。
虽然在图10的示例中,丝束在单个轴上对准,但是也可以使用与上面关于图5描述的技术类似的技术形成织物,但是在该技术中形成非编织垫,在该非编织垫中,软木线丝束1002和其他丝束1004都刚刚缠结在一起,如在粗纱300中那样,并且没有精确的取向。
图11示出了双轴向织物1100,该双轴向织物1100包括沿两个方向布置的丝束,在图11的示例中,所述两个方向是垂直方向,至少一个丝束例如是由软木线形成的软木丝束。例如,织物1100包括单向织物的两个层1102、1104,所述两个层1102、1104中的每个层例如对应于图10的织物1000。层1102例如放置在层1104上,这两个层例如以与上述图7的织物700类似的方式附接在一起。类似地,如关于图7所描述的那样,多轴向缝合织物可以用任何类似的轴布置来产生。
图12示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的包括由软木线形成的丝束的2×1斜纹织物1200。例如,类似于图11的织物,图12的织物1200包括在垂直方向上布置的丝束,在每个方向上在每组r个非软木丝束1004之间存在软木丝束1002。然而,在图12的示例中,以2×1斜纹图案来编织丝束。斜纹图案的梯级可以根据织物的用途而变化,并且尤其可以包括具有2×1、2×2、2×3、2×4、3×1、3×3、3×4等梯级的图案。软木丝束的分布可以在不同的轴上变化。
图13示出了根据本公开的示例性实施方式的平纹编织织物1300,该平纹编织织物1300包括由软木线形成的丝束。图13的示例类似于图12的示例,不同之处在于丝束以平纹编织图案编织。
本文所述的织物和组合物具有许多应用。例如,如本文所述的纤维增强复合材料可以用于各种应用,在这些应用中,声音、振动和/或回弹阻尼是有益的,包括用于建筑、自行车框架、冬季运动装备、立体声装备、航空航天部件等的应用。现在将参照图14和图15对示例性应用进行更详细地描述。
图14示出了一对滑雪板1400的滑板,每个板1402在图14中以正视图和侧视图示出。如侧视图所示,板例如包括一层或更多层层片1404、以及沿着每个板1402的长度部分延伸的芯部1406。每个板的层片1404例如包括如本文所述的纤维增强组合物。当然,纤维增强组合物同样可以用于形成其他类型的滑板,比如雪板或单滑雪板、滑冰板等的层片。
图15示出了包括轴1502的滑雪杆1500。在轴1502的一端设置有由抓握本体1504、抓握头1506和手提带1508形成的抓握件。在轴1502的另一端设置有篮部1510和梢部1512。滑雪杆1500的轴1502例如包括如本文所述的纤维增强组合物。当然,可以以类似的方式形成其他类型的手持杆比如步行杆。
第二方面——具有有限长度的纤维和连续长度细丝的粗纱或丝束
根据上述第一方面,用于纤维增强复合材料的粗纱或用于纤维增强复合材料的织物的至少一个丝束部分地或完全地由软木线形成。
根据第二方面,不是使用软木线,而是用于纤维增强复合材料的粗纱(如图1至图3的粗纱)、或者用于织物或纤维增强复合材料的至少一个丝束(如单向带)、或者图5至图13的织物中的丝束由有限长度的天然纤维和连续的细丝的组合而形成。
天然纤维例如由下述纤维形成,即:竹子、亚麻、苎麻、大麻、剑麻、黄麻、香蕉、菠萝叶、椰壳纤维、蕉麻、稻、玉米和纳米纤维素的植物纤维,以及山羊毛发、马毛发和羔羊毛的动物来源的纤维,或者任何其他具有用于FRC的期望的机械性能的有限长度的天然纤维。在一些实施方式中,天然纤维是有机纤维或者植物来源的纤维。
连续细丝例如由提取的纤维素、纳米纤维素细丝、玄武岩细丝、或其他可以在细丝的整个长度上在宏观水平上生成有连续结构的细丝形成。
使用有限长度的天然纤维(比如长度大于10mm且长度小于2000mm的纤维)提供了阻尼特性,并且代表了在来自植物来源的可快速再生纤维中最常见的纤维长度的范围,这些纤维具有有利于构建FRC的机械性能。连续细丝例如在细丝的整个长度上在宏观水平上具有连续结构,并且从粗纱或丝束的一端连续延伸至相对端,从而为FRC提供附加的稳定性和强度。使用连续细丝和有限长度的纤维的混合物的优点在于,在粗纱中仅使用连续细丝具有生态影响,这是由于生产连续细丝的较高能量消耗或其他来源/制造问题。另一方面,使用天然的有限长度的纤维可以产生碳中性或甚至碳负性的粗纱。
根据增强粗纱的使用要求,用于构造粗纱的有限长度的纤维与连续细丝的体积比可以优选地介于90:10至50:50(+/-5)之间。
根据第二方面,提供了一种用于纤维增强复合材料的粗纱或用于纤维增强复合材料的织物的丝束,其包括有限长度的天然纤维和连续细丝的组合。
根据一个实施方式,天然纤维由苎麻或亚麻或菠萝叶的纤维形成,或者更一般地由有机纤维形成,或者由植物纤维或植物来源的纤维形成。
根据一个实施方式,连续纤维细丝由提取的纤维素、纳米纤维素或玄武岩形成。
根据一个实施方式,天然纤维各自具有等于或大于10mm且小于2000mm的制备长度。
根据一个实施方式,连续细丝各自具有大于2000mm的长度。
根据另一方面,提供了一种用于纤维增强复合材料的叠层,该纤维增强复合材料包括上述粗纱或丝束。
根据又一方面,提供了一种包括上述叠层的纤维增强复合材料。
共同方面
已经对各种实施方式和变型进行了描述。本领域技术人员将理解的是,这些实施方式的某些特征可以组合,并且本领域技术人员将容易想到其他变型。例如,纤维增强复合材料可以包括根据第一方面的包括软木线的一根或更多根粗纱、以及根据第二方面的包括有限长度纤维和连续细丝的一根或更多根粗砂。替代性地,纤维增强复合材料可以包括织物增强结构,该织物增强结构包括一个或更多个软木线丝束、以及根据第二方面形成的包括有限长度纤维和连续细丝的一个或更多个丝束。
对于本领域技术人员明显的是,软木线作为丝束或纤维增强软木线丝束的使用可以仅在织物的一个轴上使用,而不必在每个轴上均使用。
用于任何织物的丝束可以具有不同的尺寸、重量、密度或纤维组合物。多轴向织物(无论是编织的还是非编织的)的轴可以利用不同的纤维、多个丝束的重量和尺寸等。
此外,虽然已经描述了织物的一些示例,但是本文描述的原理可以应用于由丝束形成的任何类型的织物的构造、取向和构成。
最后,基于上文提供的功能描述,本文描述的实施方式和变型的实际实现在本领域技术人员的能力范围之内。特别地,存在许多公知的用于形成纤维增强复合材料的制造工艺,并且如何将本文所述的粗纱、丝束和织物的使用结合到任何这些已知的制造工艺中对于本领域技术人员将是明显的。
Claims (18)
1.一种用于纤维增强复合材料的粗纱或织物,所述粗砂或织物包括:
-天然的或合成的纤维或粗纱(104、1004);以及
-一根或更多根软木线(102、1002)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的粗纱或织物,其中,所述一根或更多根软木线(102、1002)各自具有小于2mm的直径或宽度。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的粗纱或织物,其中,在切割以形成纤维增强复合材料叠层之前,所述一根或更多根软木线(102、1002)各自具有大于2000mm的长度。
4.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的粗纱或织物,其中,所述纤维或丝束(104、1004)由诸如苎麻纤维、竹子纤维、菠萝叶纤维、亚麻纤维或大麻纤维之类的天然纤维形成。
5.根据权利要求1至4中的任一项所述的粗纱,其中,所述软木线在所述粗纱中的体积百分比在25%至85%的范围内。
6.根据权利要求1至4中的任一项所述的织物,其中,所述软木线在所述织物中的体积百分比在1%至50%的范围内,并且更优选地在5%至25%的范围内。
7.根据权利要求1至4或6中的任一项所述的织物,包括与所述一根或更多根软木线(1002)编织的所述天然的或合成的粗纱(1004)。
8.一种纤维增强复合材料叠层,所述纤维增强复合材料叠层包括根据权利要求1至5中的任一项所述的粗纱(100、200、300)或根据权利要求1至4、6或7中的任一项所述的织物(1000、1100、1200、1300)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的纤维增强复合材料叠层,其中,所述一根或更多根软木线(102或1002)被天然的或合成的纤维(104或1004)包围。
10.根据权利要求8所述的纤维增强复合材料叠层,其中,所述一根或更多根软木线(102)至少部分地设置在所述粗纱(200、300)的边缘处。
11.根据权利要求8或10所述的纤维增强复合材料叠层,其中,所述一根或更多根软木线(102)与所述天然的或合成的纤维(104)缠结。
12.一种包括根据权利要求8至11中的任一项所述的纤维增强复合材料叠层并与热固性树脂或热成型树脂组合的纤维增强复合材料。
13.一种具有由根据权利要求12所述的纤维增强复合材料形成的层片(1404)的滑板(1402)。
14.一种包括由根据权利要求12所述的纤维增强复合材料形成的轴的手持式杆(1500)。
15.一种形成用于纤维增强复合材料的粗纱或织物的方法,所述方法包括:
-将一根或更多根软木线(102、1002)结合到包括天然的或合成的纤维或粗纱(104、1004)的粗纱或织物中。
16.一种形成用于纤维增强复合材料的织物的方法,所述方法包括:
-根据权利要求15所述的方法形成至少一根粗纱;以及
-用环氧树脂预浸渍所述至少一根粗纱,并将所述至少一根粗纱可能还有其他粗纱布置在背衬纸或支承件上以形成所述织物。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中,所述织物是单向织物,所述方法还包括形成一根或更多根另外的单向织物,以及组装所述单向织物以形成多轴向织物。
18.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中,将所述至少一根粗纱可能还有其他粗纱布置在所述背衬纸上包括将所述粗纱缠结在一起以形成非编织织物。
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