CN103467588B - 稳定的α螺旋肽及其用途 - Google Patents
稳定的α螺旋肽及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103467588B CN103467588B CN201310178526.4A CN201310178526A CN103467588B CN 103467588 B CN103467588 B CN 103467588B CN 201310178526 A CN201310178526 A CN 201310178526A CN 103467588 B CN103467588 B CN 103467588B
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Abstract
在此描述了新的多肽及其制备方法和用途。该多肽包括交联的(“烃环钩”)部分以在两个氨基酸部分之间提供限制该多肽二级结构的栓链。在此描述的多肽可用于治疗以过度的或不适当的细胞死亡为特征的疾病。
Description
本申请是申请日为2004年11月05日和发明名称为“稳定的α螺旋肽及其用途”的200480039945.9号发明专利申请的分案申请。
优先权的请求
本申请在35USC§119(e)下要求于2003年11月5日提交的U.S.专利申请系列号60/517,848和于2004年7月27日提交的U.S.专利申请系列号60/591,548的优先权,其每个申请的全部内容在此并入作为参考。
背景
细胞凋亡或程序性细胞死亡在所有的多细胞生物体的内环境稳定的发展和保持中发挥重要的作用。对细胞凋亡的敏感性在细胞当中是显著不同的,并且受外部和内部细胞事件的影响。已经定义了介导细胞命运的正反调节蛋白质,并且已经在广谱的人类疾病,包括各种癌症的发病中证明了这些蛋白质信号网络的失调。BCL-2是这个细胞凋亡蛋白质家族的基本成员,并且首先在t(14;18)(q32;q21)淋巴瘤的染色体断裂点被鉴定出来(Bakhashi et al.1985Cell41:899;Cleary et al.1985Proc.Nat’l.Acad.Sci.USA82:7439)。
基因重排将BCL-2置于免疫球蛋白重链基因座的转录调控下,产生BCL-2的不适当高水平且导致病理性细胞存活。已经在淋巴细胞和粒细胞性白血病和许多其他的恶性肿瘤的细胞凋亡中鉴定出这种失常,并且它已经与肿瘤进展和对化疗-诱导的细胞凋亡的获得性耐受力有关。BCL-2家族的蛋白质已有相当多的阐述,并且包括提供控制细胞死亡敏感性的制约与平衡的促-和抗-细胞凋亡分子(图1)。不会令人惊讶地,细胞凋亡蛋白质已经成为开发防止细胞损失疾病中突然的细胞死亡并且活化恶性肿瘤中细胞死亡通路的治疗剂的关键靶物。
BCL-2家族被定义为存在多达四个命名为BH1、BH2、BH3、和BH4的保守的“BCL-2同源”(BH)结构域,其都包括α-螺旋节段(Chittenden etal.1995EMBO14:5589;Wang et al.1996Genes Dev.l0:2859)。抗-细胞凋亡蛋白质,例如BCL-2和BCL-XL,在所有的BH结构域显示序列保守性。促-细胞凋亡蛋白质被分为在BH1、BH2和BH3结构域中具有同源性的“多结构域”成员(例如BAK、BAX),和包含专门在BH3两亲性的α-螺旋节段中的序列同源性的“只有BH3-结构域”成员(例如BID、BAD、BIM、BIK、NOXA、PUMA)。BCL-2家族成员具有形成同型和杂二聚物的能力,表明在促-和抗-细胞凋亡蛋白水平之间的竞争性结合和比例支配了对死亡刺激的敏感性。抗-细胞凋亡蛋白质能够保护细胞避免促-细胞凋亡过量,即过度的程序性细胞死亡。附加的“安全”测量包括调节促-细胞凋亡蛋白质的转录并保持他们为非活化的构象体,其需要蛋白水解的活化、去磷酸化、或配体-诱导的构象变化来活化促-死亡功能。在某些细胞类型中,在质膜收到的死亡信号通过线粒体途径触发细胞凋亡(图2)。线粒体可通过隔离细胞色素c,这一活化胱冬蛋白酶9而导致致命的下游蛋白水解事件的细胞溶质复合物的关键成分来作为细胞死亡的看门者发挥作用。多结构域蛋白质,例如BCL-2/BCL-XL和BAK/BAX在线粒体膜发挥保护者和执行者的作用,其活性进一步受到上游BH3-BCL-2家族的唯一成员的调节。例如,BID是促-细胞凋亡蛋白质的“只有BH3-结构域”子集中的成员,并且传输在质膜收到的死亡信号至在线粒体膜的效应物促-细胞凋亡蛋白质。BID具有与促-和抗-细胞凋亡蛋白质相互作用的独特能力,并且当受到胱冬蛋白酶8的活化时,触发细胞色素c释放和线粒体的细胞凋亡。缺失和诱变研究确定促细胞凋亡家族成员的两亲性α-螺旋BH3节段起死亡结构域的作用,并且因此表现出与多结构域细胞凋亡蛋白质相互作用的决定性结构基序。结构研究已经证明BH3螺旋通过插入由BH1、2和3结构域的接触面形成的疏水性沟槽而与抗-细胞凋亡蛋白质相互作用。活化的BID可被抗-细胞凋亡蛋白质结合和隔离(例如,BCL-2和BCL-XL)并且可触发促-细胞凋亡蛋白质BAX和BAK的活化,导致细胞色素c释放和线粒体的细胞凋亡程序。
BAD也是“只有BH3-结构域”(BH3-domain only)的促-细胞凋亡家族成员,其表达同样触发BAX/BAK的活化。然而与BID相反,BAD显示优先结合抗-细胞凋亡成员,BCL-2和BCL-XL。尽管BAD BH3结构域显示高亲合力结合BCL-2,BAD BH3肽不能体外活化细胞色素c从线粒体释放,表明BAD不是BAX/BAK的直接活化剂。过表达BCL-2的线粒体抗BID-诱导细胞色素c释放,但与BAD的共同治疗可恢复BID灵敏性。由BAD诱导的线粒体的细胞凋亡看来似乎是由于:(1)BAX/BAK活化剂,例如BID和BID-样的蛋白质从BCL-2/BCL-XL结合袋的置换(displacement),或(2)BCL-2/BCL-XL结合袋被BAD选择性占据而阻止BID-样蛋白质被抗-细胞凋亡蛋白质螯合分离。因此,已经出现两种类型的“只有BH3-结构域”的蛋白质,BID-样蛋白质直接活化线粒体的细胞凋亡,而BAD-样蛋白质具有敏化线粒体为被多结构域抗-细胞凋亡蛋白质的结合袋占据的BID-样促-细胞凋亡的能力。
已经对鉴定或产生小分子以体外探测细胞凋亡蛋白质功能并且在体内特异控制细胞凋亡途径的目的提出挑战。高流通量筛选已经鉴定了抑制BAK BH3结构域与BCL-XL微摩尔亲合力的相互作用的若干分子。除鉴定低亲合力化合物的潜在缺陷之外,该技术在产生适合蛋白质家族个别成员的精细结合特异性的化合物控制板的其能力方面受到限制。控制细胞凋亡途径的备选途径来源于肽工程化,该技术使用非特异的肽序列来产生具有所需要三维结构的化合物。这种技术的一个应用涉及产生由用于通过破裂线粒体膜来诱导细胞死亡的非特异性肽序列组成的“促-细胞凋亡”α-螺旋。
α-螺旋是蛋白质的主要结构成份之一并且经常在蛋白质接触界面被发现,其参与多种分子间的生物学识别事件。理论上,螺旋肽,例如BH3螺旋,可用于有选择地干扰或稳定蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用,由此控制生理学过程。然而,当从全长蛋白质的范围内取出并被放入溶液中时,蛋白质内的生物学活化的螺旋基序一般具有很少的结构。因此,蛋白质肽片段已经由于二级结构螺旋的损失损害了其作为体内反应物的效力,其对蛋白水解的敏感性退化,并且不能透入完整细胞。尽管已经报道了共价螺旋稳定化的若干方法,大多数方法论涉及极化和/或不稳定的交联(Phelan et al.1997J.Am.Chem.Soc.119:455;Leuc et al.2003Proc.Nat’l.Acad.Sci.USA100:11273;Bracken et al.,1994J.Am.Chem.Soc.116:6432;Yan et al.2004Bioorg.Med.Chem.14:1403)。随后,Verdine及其同事开发了备选的基于置换的方法,其使用包含烷基栓链(tethers)的α,α-二取代的非天然氨基酸(Schafmeister et al.,2000J.Am.Chem.Soc.122:5891;Blackwell et al.1994Angew Chem.Int.Ed.37:3281)。
概述
本发明部分地基于具有至少两个改变氨基酸(定义为“烃环钩”(hydrocarbon stapling)方法)的稳定交联的多肽可帮助构象地赋予该多肽天然二级结构的发现。例如,使倾向于具有α-螺旋二级结构的多肽交联可约束该多肽至其天然的α-螺旋构象。被约束的二级结构可增加该多肽对蛋白水解切割的耐受性并且也增加疏水性。令人惊讶地,在有些情况下,该多肽可透过细胞膜(例如,通过能量-依赖的转运机制,例如胞饮作用)。因此,在此描述的交联多肽可相对于相应的未交联多肽具有改善的生物活性。例如该交联的多肽可包括BCL-2家族成员多肽的α-螺旋结构域(例如,BID-BH3结构域),其可结合BAK/BAX和/或BCL-2/BCL-XL以在受试体中促进细胞凋亡。在有些情况下,该交联的多肽可用于抑制细胞凋亡。可治疗性地使用该在此所描述的交联多肽,例如,在受试体中用于治疗癌症。
在一个方面,本发明描述了通式(I)的多肽,
其中;
每个R1和R2独立地是H、或C1至C10烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、环烷基烷基、杂芳基烷基、或杂环基烷基;
R3是烷基、烯基、炔基;[R4-K-R4]n;其每个用0-6个R5取代;
R4是烷基、烯基、或炔基;
R5是卤素、烷基、OR6、N(R6)2、SR6、SOR6、SO2R6、CO2R6、R6、荧光部分、或放射性同位素;
K是O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2、CONR6、或
R6是H、烷基、或治疗剂;
n是1-4的整数;
x是2-10的整数;
每个y独立地是0-100的整数;
z是1-10的整数(例如,1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10);以及
每个Xaa独立地是氨基酸。
在一些实例中,该多肽结合BCL-2家族蛋白质。该多肽可结合抗-细胞凋亡蛋白质。该多肽可结合原-细胞凋亡蛋白质。该多肽可结合和活化BAX或BAK。在一些实例中,该多肽结合BH1、BH2和/或BH3结构域。
在一些实例中,该多肽活化细胞死亡,例如该多肽可触发细胞色素c释放并活化线粒体的细胞死亡。
在另外的实例中,该多肽可抑制细胞死亡。
在一些实例中,该多肽包括BH3结构域。
在一些实例中,x是2、3、或6。
在一些实例中,每个y独立地是3和15之间的整数。
在一些实例中,R1和R2各自独立地是H或C1-C6烷基。
在一些实例中,R1和R2各自独立地是C1-C3烷基。
在一些实例中,R1和R2中的至少一个是甲基。例如R1和R2都是甲基。
在一些实例中,R3是烷基(例如,C8烷基)并且x是3。
在一些实例中,R3是C11烷基并且x是6。
在一些实例中,R3是烯基(例如,C8烯基)并且x是3。
在一些实例中,x是6并且R3是C11烯基。
在一些实例中,R3是直链烷基、烯基、或炔基。
在一些实例中,R3是-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-。
在某些实施方案中,两个α,α二取代的立构中心都是R构型或S构型(例如,i,i+4交联),或一个立构中心是R而另一个是S(例如,i,i+7交联)。因此,其中通式I描述为
C’和C”二取代的立构中心可以都是R构型或它们可以都是S构型,例如当X是3。当x是6时,C’二取代的立构中心可以是R构型而C”二取代的立构中心可以是S构型。
R3双键可以是E或Z立体化学构型(configuration)。
在一些实例中,R3是[R4-K-R4]n;而R4是直链烷基、烯基、或炔基。
在一些实例中,该多肽包括与EDIIRNI*RHL*QVGDSNLDRSIW(SEQID NO:112)的氨基酸序列至少大约60%(70%、80%、85%、90%、95%或98%)相同的氨基酸序列,其中*是栓链氨基酸。例如,可存在1、2、3、4、5个以上的氨基酸替换,例如保守替换。
该栓链(tether)可包括烷基、烯基、或炔基部分(例如,C5、C8或C11烷基或C5、C8或C11烯基,或C5、C8或C11炔基)。该栓链氨基酸可以是α二取代的(例如,C1-C3或甲基)。在一些实例中,该多肽可包括与EDIIRNIARHLA*VGD*NLDRSIW(SEQ ID NO:110)的氨基酸序列至少大约60%(70%、80%、85%、90%、95%或98%)相同的氨基酸序列,其中*是栓链氨基酸。例如,可存在1、2、3、4、5个以上的氨基酸替换,例如保守替换。在一些实例中,多肽转运通过细胞膜(例如,通过主动转运或胞吞机制或通过被动转运)。在某些实施方案中该多肽不包括Cys或Met。
在一些实施方案中,该多肽包括BCL-2或BCL-2样结构域的至少5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、25、50、或更多个连续氨基酸,例如BH3结构域或BH3-样结构域,例如,图5a、5b和28a-28h中任何所描绘的多肽。每个[Xaa]y是可独立地包括BCL-2或BCL-2样结构域的至少5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、25或更多个连续氨基酸,例如BH3结构域或BH3-样结构域,例如图5a、5b和28a-28h中任何所描绘的多肽的肽。[Xaa]x是可包括BCL-2或BCL-2样结构域的3或6个连续氨基酸,例如BH3结构域或BH3-样结构域,例如图5a、5b和28a-28h中任何所描绘的多肽的肽。
该多肽可包括BCL-2或BCL-2样结构域的8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、25、30、35、40、45、50个连续氨基酸,例如BH3结构域或BH3-样结构域,例如图5a、5b和28a-28h中任何所描绘的多肽(SEQ ID Nos:),其中被三个氨基酸(或六个氨基酸)分隔开的两个氨基酸由通过R3连接的氨基酸取代物替代。因此,至少两个氨基酸可被栓链氨基酸或栓链氨基酸取代物替代。因此,其中通式I描述为
[Xaa]y’和[Xaa]y”可各自包括来自相同或不同BCL-2或BCL-2样结构域的连续多肽序列。
本发明描绘了包括BCL-2或BCL-2样结构域的10(11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、30、35、40、45、50或更多个)连续氨基酸,例如BH3结构域或BH3-样结构域,例如图5a、5b(SEQID Nos:84-114)和28a-28h(SEQ ID Nos:1-83)中任何所描绘的多肽的交联多肽,其中被三个氨基酸(或六个氨基酸)分隔开的两个氨基酸的α碳通过R3连接,两个α碳中的一个被R1取代而另一个被R2取代,并且每个通过肽键连接至附加的氨基酸。
在一些实施方案中,该多肽具有细胞凋亡活性。
在一些实例中,该多肽也包括荧光部分或放射性同位素。
在一些实例中,该多肽包括23个氨基酸;R1和R2是甲基;R3是C8烷基,C11烷基,C8烯基,C11烯基,C8炔基,或C11炔基;以及x是2、3或6。
在一些实例中,该多肽包括亲合标记、靶向部分、和/或生物素部分。
在一些实例中,该多肽是选自图28a-h(SEQ ID NOS:1-83)和5a-b(SEQID NOS:84-114)中所描绘多肽的多肽。在另外的方面,本发明描绘了制备通式(III)的多肽的方法,包括
提供通式(II)的多肽;以及
用催化剂处理通式(II)的化合物以促进环闭合置换作用(methathesis),由此提供通式(III)的化合物
其中
每个R1和R2独立地是H,烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、环烷基烷基;杂芳基烷基;或杂环基烷基;
每个n独立地是1-15的整数;
x是2、3或6
每个y独立地是0-100的整数;
z是1-10的整数(例如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10);以及
每个Xaa独立地是氨基酸。
在一些实例中,该多肽结合BCL-2家族成员蛋白质。
在一些实例中,该催化剂是钌催化剂。
在一些实例中,该方法也包括在环闭合置换作用之后提供还原剂或氧化剂。
在一些实例中,该还原剂是H2或氧化剂是四氧化锇(osmium tetroxide)。
在一些实例中,本发明描述了治疗受试体的方法,包括将在此描述的任何化合物施用于该受试体。在一些实例中,该方法也包括施用附加的治疗剂。
在一些实例中,本发明描述了在受试体中治疗癌症的方法,包括将在此描述的任何化合物施用于该受试体。在一些实例中,该方法也包括施用附加的治疗剂。
在一些实例中,本发明描述了在此所描述的化合物的文库。
在一些实例中,本发明描述了鉴定用于促进细胞凋亡的候选化合物的方法,包括;
提供线粒体;
使该线粒体与在此所描述的化合物接触;
测量细胞色素c释放;以及
与缺少该化合物时的细胞色素c释放比较在存在该化合物时的细胞色素c释放,其中在存在通式1的化合物时细胞色素c释放增加则鉴定该化合物为用于促进细胞凋亡的候选化合物。
在一些实例中,本发明描述了通式(IV)的多肽,
其中;
每个R1和R2独立地是H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、环烷基烷基,杂芳基烷基,或杂环基烷基;
R3是烷基、烯基、炔基;[R4-K-R4]n或天然存在的氨基酸侧链;其中每个用0-6个R5取代;
R4是烷基、烯基或炔基;;
R5是卤素、烷基、OR6、N(R6)2、SR6、SOR6、SO2R6、CO2R6、R6、荧光部分或放射性同位素;
K是O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2、CONR6、或
R6是H、烷基、或治疗剂;
R7是烷基、烯基、炔基;[R4-K-R4]n或天然存在的氨基酸侧链;其中每个用0-6个R5取代;
n是1-4的整数;
x是2-10的整数;
每个y独立地是0-100的整数;
z是1-10(例如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10)的整数;以及
每个Xaa独立地是氨基酸。
在一些实例中,本发明描述了通式(I)的多肽,
其中;
每个R1和R2独立地是H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、环烷基烷基,杂芳基烷基,或杂环基烷基;
R3是烷基、烯基、炔基;[R4-K-R4]n;其中每个用0-6个R5取代;
R4是烷基、炔基(烯基)或炔基;;
R5是卤素、烷基、OR6、N(R6)2、SR6、SOR6、SO2R6、CO2R6、R6、荧光部分或放射性同位素;
K是O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2、CONR6、或
R6是H、烷基、或治疗剂;
n是1-4的整数;
x是2-10的整数;
每个y独立地是0-100的整数;
z是1-10(例如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10)的整数;以及
每个Xaa独立地是氨基酸;
其中,通过圆二色光谱测定该多肽在含水溶液中具有至少5%的α螺旋度。
在一些实例中,通过圆二色光谱测定该多肽具有至少15%、至少35%、至少50%、至少60%、至少70%、至少80%、或至少90%的α螺旋度。
在一些实例中,本发明描述了通式(I)的多肽,
其中;
每个R1和R2独立地是H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、环烷基烷基,杂芳基烷基,或杂环基烷基;
R3是烷基、烯基、炔基;[R4-K-R4]n;其中每个用0-6个R5取代;
R4是烷基、炔基(烯基)或炔基;
R5是卤素、烷基、OR6、N(R6)2、SR6、SOR6、SO2R6、CO2R6、R6、荧光部分或放射性同位素;
K是O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2、CONR6、或
R6是H、烷基、或治疗剂;
n是1-4的整数;
x是2-10的整数;
每个y独立地是0-100的整数;
z是1-10(例如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10)的整数;以及
每个Xaa独立地是氨基酸;
其中通过圆二色光谱测定该多肽与通式(IV)的多肽相比具有至少1.25-倍的α螺旋增加
其中R1、R2、Xaa、x、y、和z都如对于上述通式(I)所定义的。
在一些实例中,通过圆二色光谱测定该多肽与通式(IV)的多肽相比具有至少1.5-倍、至少1.75-倍、至少2.0-倍、至少2.5-倍、至少3-倍、至少4-倍的α螺旋度增加。
在一些实例中,本发明描述了鉴定用于抑制细胞凋亡的候选化合物的方法,包括;
提供线粒体;
使该线粒体与在此所描述的化合物接触;
测量细胞色素c释放;以及
与缺少在此所描述的化合物时的细胞色素c释放比较在存在在此所描述的化合物时的细胞色素c释放,其中在存在在此所描述的化合物时细胞色素c释放降低则鉴定在此所描述的该化合物为用于抑制细胞凋亡的候选化合物。
取代基的组合和本发明可预见的变化只是导致形成稳定化合物的那些。术语“稳定的”,如在此所使用的,是指具有足够容许制造的稳定性和维持该化合物足够时段的完整性以用于在此详细描述的目的(例如,治疗性施用于受试体或生成反应物以研究或发现体外或体内的生物学途径)的化合物。
本发明的化合物可包含一个或多个不对称中心,因此以消旋体和外消旋混合物、单对映异构体、单独的非对映异构体和非对映体混合物的形式存在。这些化合物的所有这些同分异构形式明确地包括在本发明之内。本发明的化合物也可以多重互变异构形式出现,在这种情况下,本发明明确地包括在此描述的化合物的全部互变异构形式(例如,环状系统的烷基化可导致在多重位点的烷基化,本发明明确地包括所有这些反应产物)。这些化合物的所有这些同分异构形式明确地包括在本发明之内。在此描述的化合物的所有晶体形式明确地包括在本发明之内。
术语“氨基酸”是指含有氨基和羧基的分子。适当的氨基酸不加限制地包括,在肽中发现的20个普遍天然存在的D-和L-异构体(例如,A,R、N、C、D、Q、E、G、H、I、L、K、M、F、P、S、T、W、Y、V(如由一个字母缩写所表示的))以及通过有机合成或其他代谢途径制备的天然存在和非天然存在的氨基酸。
″非必需的″氨基酸残基是可从多肽的野生型序列(例如,BH3结构域)被改变而不消除或基本上不改变其活性的残基。″必需的″氨基酸残基是可当从多肽的野生型序列被改变时,导致消除或基本上消除该多肽活性的残基。
″保守氨基酸取代″是其中该氨基酸残基被替换为具有相似侧链的氨基酸残基的取代。本领域中已经定义了具有相似侧链的氨基酸残基家族。这些家族包括具有碱性侧链(例如,赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸)、酸性侧链(例如,天冬氨酸、谷氨酸)、非电荷极化侧链(例如,甘氨酸、天门冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸、半胱氨酸)、非极性侧链(例如,丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸、苯基丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、色氨酸)、β-分支侧链(例如,苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸)和芳香族侧链(例如,酪氨酸、苯基丙氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸)的氨基酸。因此,在BH3多肽中预测的非必需氨基酸残基例如优选被替换为来自相同侧链家族的另一个氨基酸残基。
符号当用作分子结构的一部分时,是指单键或反式或顺式双键。
术语“氨基酸侧链”是指附着于氨基酸中α-碳的部分。例如,丙氨酸的氨基酸侧链是甲基,苯丙氨酸的氨基酸侧链是苯基甲基,半胱氨酸的氨基酸侧链是硫甲基,天冬氨酸的氨基酸侧链是羧甲基,酪氨酸的氨基酸侧链是4-羟苯甲基等。其他非天然存在的氨基酸侧链也包括例如天然存在的氨基酸侧链(例如,氨基酸代谢产物)或合成制备的氨基酸侧链(例如,α二-取代氨基酸)。
术语多肽包括通过共价键(例如酰胺键)连接的两个或多个天然存在或合成的氨基酸。如在此描述的多肽包括全长蛋白质(例如,充分加工的蛋白质)以及更短的氨基酸序列(例如,天然存在的蛋白质的片段或合成的多肽片段)。
术语“卤素”是指氟、氯、溴或碘的任何基团。术语“烷基”是指可能是直链或支链,包含指定数目的碳原子的碳氢链。例如,C1-C10表明该基团中可具有1至10个(包括在内的)碳原子。当缺少任何数值标识时,“烷基”是其中具有1至20个(包括在内的)碳原子的链(直的或分支的)。术语“亚烷基”是指二价的烷基(即,-R-)。
术语“烯基”是指可能是直链或支链,具有一个或多个碳-碳双键的碳氢链。烯基部分包含指定数目的碳原子。例如,C2-C10表明该基团中可具有2至20个(包括在内的)碳原子。术语“更低烯基”是指C2-C8烯基链。当缺少任何数值标识时,“烯基”是其中具有2至20个(包括在内的)碳原子的链(直的或分支的)。
术语“炔基”是指可能是直链或支链,具有一个或多个碳-碳三键的碳氢链。炔基部分包含指定数目的碳原子。例如,C2-C10表明该基团中可具有2至20个(包括在内的)碳原子。术语“更低炔基”是指C2-C8炔基链。当缺少任何数值标识时,“炔基”是其中具有2至20个(包括在内的)碳原子的链(直的或分支的)。
术语“芳基”是指6-碳单环的或10-碳二环的芳香环系统,其中每个环的0、1、2、3、或4个原子可被取代基取代。芳基基团的实例包括苯基、萘基等。术语“芳基烷基”或术语“芳烷基”是指用芳基取代的烷基。术语“芳烷氧基”是指用芳基取代的烷氧基。
术语“环烷基”如在此所使用的,包括饱和和部分不饱和的环烃基团,其具有3至12个碳,优选3至8个碳,更优选3至6个碳,其中附加地环烷基基团可任选地被取代。优选的环烷基基团不加限制地包括,环丙基、环丁基、环戊烯基、环己基、环己烯基、环庚基和环辛基。
术语“杂芳基”是指芳香的5-8元单环的、8-12元二环的、或11-14元三环核系统(membered tricyclic ring system),其如果是单环的具有1-3个杂原子,如果是二环的具有1-6个杂原子,或如果是三环的具有1-9个杂原子,所述的杂原子选自O、N、或S(例如,碳原子和如果是单环的、二环的、或三环的分别为1-3、1-6、或1-9个杂原子的N、O、或S),其中每个环的0、1、2、3或4个原子可由取代基取代。杂芳基基团的实例包括吡啶基、呋喃基或furanyl、咪唑基、苯并咪唑基、嘧啶基、苯硫基或噻吩基、喹啉基、吲哚基、噻唑基等。术语“杂芳基烷基”或术语“杂芳烷基”是指用杂芳基取代的烷基。术语“杂芳基烷氧基”是指用杂芳基取代的烷氧基。
术语“杂环基”是指非芳香性的5-8元单环的、8-12元二环的、或11-14元三环核系统,其如果是单环的具有1-3个杂原子,如果是二环的具有1-6个杂原子,或如果是三环的具有1-9个杂原子,所述的杂原子选自O、N、或S(例如,碳原子和如果是单环的、二环的、或三环的分别为1-3、1-6、或1-9个杂原子的N、O、或S),其中每个环的0、1、2或3个原子可被取代基取代。杂环基团的实例包括哌嗪基、吡咯烷基、二噁烷基、吗啉基、四氢呋喃基等。
术语“取代基”是指在烷基、环烷基、芳基、杂环、或杂芳基基团上的该基团的任何原子进行“取代”的基团。合适的取代基没有限制地包括卤素、羟基、巯基、氧代、硝基、卤烷基、烷基、烷芳基、芳基、芳代脂烷基、烷氧基、硫烷氧基、芳氧基、氨基、烷氧羰基、酰胺基、羧基、链烷磺酰基、烷基羰基和氰基基团。
本发明的一个或多个实施方案的详述在下文的附图和说明中阐述。本发明的其他特征、目的和优点将由说明书和附图以及权利要求所表现。
附图简述
图1描绘了具有一个或多个保守的BCL-2同源(BH)结构域的BCL-2家族成员。
图2描绘了BID-介导的线粒体细胞凋亡的模型。TNF-RI/Fas诱导移位至线粒体并触发细胞凋亡的BID切割。
图3描绘了用于生成包含烯键侧链的手性α,α-二取代的非天然氨基酸的合成策略。
图4a描绘了某些非天然氨基酸的化学结构。
图4b描绘了通过链烯置换合成氨基酸在i和i+4以及i+7位的交联。
图5a描绘了通过非天然氨基酸的取代和链烯置换产生的SAHB3化合物(分别为SEQ ID NOs84-108)。
图5b描绘了用于在此所描述的研究的某些交联的肽(分别为SEQ IDNOs109-114)。
图6描绘的研究结果显示所选择的BCL-2家族成员的BH3结构域α-螺旋的程度。
图7描绘的研究结果显示与未改变的BID BH3肽相比,化学交联增强SAHB3BID化合物的α螺旋。
图8描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDA多肽的gly→glu突变体与包含相应gly的多肽显示相似的螺旋接触。
图9描绘的研究结果显示23-mer SABH3BIDB(“SAHB3b”)至16-mer的截短导致α-螺旋的损失。
图10a描绘的研究结果显示体外胰蛋白酶蛋白水解的动力学被SABH3BIDA交联延迟3.5-倍。
图10b描绘了肽的自体内(Ex vivo)血清稳定性研究的结果,证明与未改变的肽相比交联肽的半衰期增加10倍。
图10c描绘的体内试验结果显示与BID BH3肽相比SAHB3BIDA随时间维持更高的血清浓度。
图11a描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BID肽在荧光偏振竞争结合分析中显示以高亲合力结合GST-BCL2。
图11b描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDA和B的阴性对照Gly至Glu的点突变是相对弱的结合物。
图11c描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDB从23-mer至16-mer的截短导致Ki降低大于6倍,与截短化合物的螺旋百分比显著降低相一致。
图11d描绘了BCL-2荧光偏振直接结合分析的结果,证明SAHB3BIDA与未改变的BID BH3相比结合亲和力增强大于6倍。
图11e描绘了BAX荧光偏振直接结合分析的结果证明交联的掺入导致SAHB3BIDA和SAHB3BID(G→E)A与多结构域促-细胞凋亡BCL-2家族成员的可测量结合。未改变的BID BH3肽显示没有结合。
图11f描绘了证明SAHB3BIDA结合时15N-标记的BCL-XL中构象变化的HSQC光谱,这与BID BH3结合时所观察到的相似,证实SAHB3BIDA结合BCL-XL的限定的疏水袋。
图12a和12b描绘的研究结果显示了从纯化的小鼠肝线粒体通过SAHB3BID化合物释放细胞色素c的百分比。
图13a和13b描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDA-和SAHB3BIDB-诱导的细胞色素释放比未改变的肽更快和更有效。
图14描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDA的Gly至Glu突变体有选择地消除Bak-依赖的细胞色素释放,强调了图13中所示的SAHB3BIDA-诱导细胞色素c释放作用的特异性。
图15描绘的研究结果显示JurkatT-细胞白血病细胞在暴露于FITC-BIDBH3和FITC-BID螺旋6时,缺乏荧光标记,而JurkatT-细胞白血病细胞在暴露于FITC-SAHB3BID时指示阳性FITC信号,并且这些结果不受到细胞胰蛋白酶处理的显著改变。
图16a描绘的研究结果显示暴露于交联肽FITC-SAHB3BIDA和SAHB3BID(G→E)A的JurkatT-细胞指示荧光标记,而暴露于未改变的BH3肽FITC-BID和FITC-BID(G→S)的JurkatT-细胞没有指示。
图16b描绘的研究结果显示如FACS分析所评估的,FITC-SAHB3BIDA的细胞输入在37℃是时间依赖的。
图17a和17b描绘了显示用FITC肽在4℃和37℃处理的JurkatT-细胞的研究结果。图17a显示FITC-BID BH3不在任何温度标记细胞,而FITC-SAHB3BIDA在37℃而非4℃标记细胞。图17b显示FITC-BID螺旋6以不依赖温度的方式标记并且也透化细胞。然而相比之下,FITC-SAHB3BIDA只在37℃标记细胞并且没有细胞透化,这与通过胞吞途径的SAHB3BIDA的主动转运相一致。
图17c描绘的研究结果显示当用FITC-肽处理后,在有或没有叠氮化钠和2-脱氧葡萄糖预培养时,JurkatT-细胞显示在FITC-BID BH3多肽的任何状况下没有标记。在叠氮化钠和2-脱氧葡萄糖条件下该细胞对于FITC-SAHB3BIDA显示标记减少,并且在两个条件下使用FITC-BID螺旋6都显示有标记。这些结果与对SAHB3BID转运的ATP-依赖的细胞摄取相一致(例如,胞吞途径)。
图18描绘的研究结果显示FITC-SAHB3BIDA摄取不受到氨基多糖肝素细胞处理的抑制,表明了FITC-SAHB3BIDA与其他的细胞穿透肽(CPPs),例如HIV TAT和Antennapedia(控制触角基因)肽相比其结合和摄取机制之间的区别。
图19描绘的研究结果显示FITC-SAHB3BIDA化合物显示了JurkatT-细胞中囊泡状分布的细胞质标记,而质膜荧光不明显。另一方面,FITC-BIDBH3显示没有细胞的细胞标记并且FITC-BID螺旋6广泛地标记细胞并导致显著的结构破坏。
图20描绘了显示JurkatT-细胞中FITC-SAHB3BIDA与线粒体膜标记的共标记的研究结果。
图21a和图21b描绘的研究结果显示FITC-SAHB3BIDA在具有葡聚糖标记的内涵体而不是转移标记的内涵体的BCL-2过表达的活的JurkatT-细胞中共标记,表明FITC-SAHB3BIDA通过液相胞饮作用被运入细胞。
图21c描绘的研究结果显示处理后24小时,FITC-SAHB3BIDA在具有由MitoTracker标记的线粒体的活细胞中共标记。
图22a、22b和22c描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDA在测试的白血病细胞系中以剂量应答的方式触发代谢停滞,而BID BH3和SAHB3BID(G→E)A在这个剂量范围中基本上无效。
图23描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDA和SAHB3BIDB在10μM诱导达到50%的完整JurkaT-细胞的细胞凋亡,该效应受到BCL-2过表达的特异抑制(黑条)。根据与非处理对照的比较,未改变的BID BH3肽和gly至glu的突变体没有影响。
图24描绘了显示用SAHB3BIDA、SAHB3BID(G→E)和SAHB3BID(G→S)A处理的Jurkat BCL-2过表达细胞的剂量应答的研究结果。尽管SAHB3BIDA和SAHB3BID(G→S)A可在这个剂量范围内克服细胞凋亡的BCL-2抑制,但gly至glu的点突变没有影响。
图25描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDA处理的白血病细胞系REH、MV4;11和SEMK2经历特异的细胞凋亡诱导,而gly至glu的点突变SAHB3BID(G→E)A对细胞没有影响。
图26a和26b描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDA和SAHB3BID(G→S)A抑制NOD-SCID小鼠中SEMK2白血病的生长,证明SAHB3BID(G→S)A比SAHB3BIDA更为有效。
图27a和FIG.27b描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDA相对于载体钝化了NOD-SCID小鼠中SEMK2白血病的进展。图27a中注明了剂量反应效果。
图27c、27d、27e描绘的研究结果显示SAHB3BIDA相对于载体抑制SCID beige小鼠中RS4;11白血病的生长,与载体对照象比在SAHB3BIDA-处理的小鼠中,具有统计上显著的存活延长。
图27f描绘的动物研究结果再次显示与被证明白血病有进展的SAHB3BID(G→E)A-和载体-处理的小鼠相比,SAHB3BIDA导致SCID beige小鼠中RS4;11白血病的退化。
图28a-28h描绘了受交联作用的BCL-2家族成员蛋白质的多种α螺旋结构域(分别为SEQ ID NOs1-83)的实施例。
发明详述
本发明部分基于BCL-2家族蛋白质的交联α螺旋结构域多肽相对于他们的未交联配对物(例如,增加的疏水性、对蛋白水解切割的耐受性、结合亲合力、体外和体内生物活性)具有改善的药理学性质的发现。此外,已经令人惊讶地发现交联的多肽可通过温度-和能量-依赖的运输机制(例如,胞吞作用、特异的液相胞饮作用)穿透细胞膜。该多肽包括两个非天然氨基酸之间的栓链,其中该栓链显著增强该多肽的α螺旋二级结构。一般地,该栓链延伸跨越一个或两个螺旋回转(turn)的长度(即,大约3.4或大约7个氨基酸)。因此,位于i和i+3;i和i+4;或i和i+7的氨基酸是用于化学修饰和交联的理想候选物。因此,例如,当肽具有序列...Xaa1,Xaa2,Xaa3,Xaa4,Xaa5,Xaa6,Xaa7,Xaa8,Xaa9...,在Xaa1和Xaa4之间,或Xaa1和Xaa5之间,或Xaa1和Xaa8之间的交联与Xaa2和Xaa5之间,或Xaa2和Xaa6之间,或Xaa2和Xaa9之间等的交联一样有用。此外,通过整合两组交联,一组位于Xaa1和Xaa5之间而另一组位于Xaa9和Xaa13之间来制备模型多肽。通过双键置换反应的精细立体化学控制获得双交联。因此,本发明包括在多肽序列内整合一个以上交联以进一步稳定该序列或促进较长多肽伸展的稳定化。如果该多肽太长而不能容易地合而为一(in one part),可通过称为天然化学绑扎的技术使独立合成的交联肽连接在一起。(Bang,et al.,J.Am.ChemSoc.126:1377).
该新的交联多肽可用于例如模拟或研究具有一个或多个α-螺旋结构域的蛋白质或多肽。其中家族成员具有至少一个α螺旋结构域的一个家族蛋白质是BCL-2家族的蛋白质。这些蛋白质涉及细胞凋亡途径。一些BCL-2家族成员具有促-细胞凋亡功能,其它的具有抗-细胞凋亡功能,另外一些随细胞状况变化而变化功能。因此,需要制备模拟BCL-2家族成员的一个或多个基序的稳定多肽来调节各种BCL-2相关活性。
SAHB3BID化合物系列的化学合成
根据图3中的图解合成包含不同长度烯族侧链的α,α-二取代的非天然氨基酸(Williams et al.,1991J.Am.Chem.Soc.113:9276;Schafmeister et al.,2000J.Am.Chem Soc.122:5891)。通过用相应合成的氨基酸替换两个或四个天然存在的氨基酸设计化学交联的BID BH3肽(图4a)。在离散的位置,即“i,和i+4位”或“i,和i+7位”进行取代作用,其通过将活性残基置于α-螺旋的相同平面上来促进交联化学(图4b)。细胞凋亡蛋白质中高度保守的氨基酸,除根据X-射线结晶学和NMR研究发现在蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用中重要的那些序列外,(Muchmore et al.,1996Nature381:335;Sattler et al.,1997Science275:983),在某些环境中没有被特异替换,保守的氨基酸可被其他氨基酸(例如,合成的非天然存在的氨基酸)替代以增强活性(这个效应可在在此所描述的SAHB3BID突变体中观察到)。通过固相肽合成,然后是合成氨基酸通过其含有链烯的侧链的基于链烯置换的交联来产生SAHB3BID化合物。图5a中说明了产生的SAHB3BID化合物的变化。也构建整合入已知改变BID功能的特异突变(Wang et al.1996Genes Dev.10:2859)的SAHB3BID(SAHBA)变体以用作生物学实验中的阴性对照(图5a)。进一步用异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)或生物素共轭的-赖氨酸衍生化所选择化合物的氨基末端以产生标记的SAHB3BID化合物分别用于细胞透性研究和生化分析(图5a)。在几个合成中,将C-末端色氨酸加入序列用作纯化和浓度测定目的的UV标记;几个肽中的N-末端谷氨酸被消除以增加该化合物可能促进细胞穿透的总pI(参见下文)。容易地将该置换方法应用于产生备选的SAHB3s,包括SAHB3BAD和SAHB3BIM(图5a)。
非天然氨基酸(5-碳烯族氨基酸的R和S对映异构体和8-碳烯族氨基酸的S对映异构体)通过核磁共振(NMR)光谱学(Varian Mercury400)和质谱分析法(Micromass LCT)表征。人工地或在自动肽合成仪上(AppliedBiosystems,模型433A),利用固相条件,rink酰胺AM树脂(Novabiochem),和Fmoc主链保护基团化学进行肽合成。对于天然Fmoc-保护的氨基酸(Novabiochem)的偶联,使用10等量的氨基酸和1∶1∶2摩尔比的偶联反应物HBTU/HOBt(Novabiochem)/DIEA。非天然的氨基酸(4当量)与1∶1∶2摩尔比的HATU(Applied Biosystems)/HOBt/DIEA偶联。在固相中利用溶于脱气二氯甲烷的10mM Grubbs催化剂(Blackewell et al.1994上文)(StremChemicals)并在室温下反应2小时来进行链烯置换。进一步用b-丙氨酸和异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC[Sigma]/DMF/DIEA)衍生化所选择化合物的氨基末端以产生荧光标记化合物。掺入C-末端色氨酸作为用于纯化和浓度测定目的的UV标签;也合成没有C-末端色氨酸和N-末端谷氨酸的SAHBA化合物,进行后者的修饰以增加该分子的总pI。通过三氟乙酸-介导的去保护和切割、乙醚沉淀产生粗制品,以及反相C18柱(Varian)上的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)(Varian ProStar)以产生纯化合物来获得置换化合物的分离。通过LC/MS质谱分析法(与Agilent1100HPLC系统对接的Micromass LCT)和氨基酸分析(Applied Biosystems,模型420A)确认纯产品的化学组成。
图5b大略地描绘了图5a中的肽的子集,包括烯族氨基酸的立体化学(5-碳烯族氨基酸的R和S对映异构体和8-碳烯族氨基酸的S对映异构体)。
SAHB3BID化合物显示增强的α-螺旋
我们研究了促-细胞凋亡BH3结构域的螺旋百分比,并且发现这些未改变的肽在溶液中显著地是随机盘绕的,其α-螺旋含量全部在25%下(图6)。简要地,化合物溶于含水的50mM磷酸钾溶液pH7至浓度为25-50mM。在Jasco J-710分光偏振仪上于20℃,利用下列标准测量参数获得圆二色性谱:波长,190-260nm;分级分辨率,0.5nm;速度,20nm/sec;累加,10;反应,1秒;带宽,1nm;径长,0.1cm。通过将模型螺旋十肽的平均剩余椭圆率222obs除以所报道的计算每个肽的α-螺旋含量(Yang et al.1986MethodsEnzymol.130:208))。
在所有情况下,化学交联增加了BID’s BH3结构域的α-螺旋百分比,其中SAHB3BIDA和B获得大于5-倍的增强(图7)。SAHB3BID(G→E)A,SAHB3BIDA的阴性对照Gly至Glu点突变体,显示与SAHB3BIDA相似的螺旋含量(图8)。因此,全部的-烃交联可将在含水溶液中基本上随机卷曲的细胞凋亡肽转换成结构为显著α-螺旋的肽。令人感兴趣的是,通过当SAHB3BIDB23-mer被截短为16-mer,SAHB3BID(tr)B时观察到的螺旋减少强调了第四个螺旋回转在稳定BID BH3肽中的重要性(图9)。
全部的-烃交联增加SAHB3BID化合物的蛋白酶耐受性
肽骨架的酰胺键对蛋白酶水解敏感,由此使得肽化合物易受体内快速降解损伤。然而肽螺旋形成隐藏酰胺骨架并因此保护其免于蛋白水解切割。SAHB3BIDA经受体外胰蛋白酶蛋白水解以评估与未改变的BID BH3肽相比任何降解速率的变化。用胰蛋白酶琼脂糖孵育SAHB3BIDA和未改变的肽,通过离心作用在不同时间点猝灭反应,随后进行HPLC注射通过在280nm处的紫外线吸收测定剩余的底物。简要地,用胰蛋白酶琼脂糖(Pierce)(S/E~125)孵育BID BH3和SAHB3BIDA化合物(5mcg)0、10、20、90和180分钟。通过以高速桌面离心作用猝灭反应;通过基于HPLC的220nm处峰值检测定量分离上清液中的剩余底物。蛋白水解反应显示了根据ln[S]对时间作图(k=-1×斜率)测定的一级动力学和速率常量,k(图10a)。该实验一式三份地进行,证明与未改变的肽相比SAHB3BIDA的胰蛋白酶耐受性增强3.5-倍。因此,通过将其隐藏在α-螺旋的核心胰蛋白酶-敏感的酰胺键的增强保护提供了更稳定的肽化合物,并且因此可使得这种化合物在血清中特别稳定。
对于自体内血清稳定性研究,用新鲜的小鼠血清(20mL)在37℃孵育FITC-共轭的肽BID BH3和SAHB3BIDA(2.5mcg)0、1、2、4、8和24小时。通过在液氮中快速冷冻血清样品、冻干、在含有0.1%三氟乙酸的50∶50乙腈/水中萃取,然后是利用设置在495/530nm处的激发/发射荧光检测的基于HPLC的定量来确定完整FITC-化合物的水平。这个分析的结果显示在图10b中。
为了研究SAHB3BIDA的体内稳定性,将10mg/kg FITC-共轭的BID BH3肽和SAHB3BIDA注射到NOD-SCID小鼠中,并且在注射后0、1、4和22小时采取血液样本。然后测量25μL新鲜血清中完整FITC-化合物的水平。这个分析的结果描绘在图10c中,显示经过22小时时段SAHB3BIDA可容易地被检测出来,其在22小时仍具有13%的可测量度。相比之下,注射后一个小时只可检测出12%的BID BH3。
SAHB3BID化合物保持高亲合力的抗-细胞凋亡结合
全部的烃交联被有选择地置于BID BH3两亲螺旋的电荷平面以免干扰多结构域细胞凋亡蛋白质的结合袋和BID BH3螺旋疏水残基之间的决定性的相互作用。进行荧光偏振竞争结合实验以评估SAHB3BID化合物在与FITC-标记的未改变BID BH3肽竞争结合GST-BCL-2中的效力。全部的SAHB3BID化合物证明高亲合力结合GST-BCL2,SAHB3BIDA和B两个化合物具有最大的螺旋百分比,同样显示最高的亲合力结合(图11a)。值得注意的,SAHB3BIDA和B的Gly至Glu突变体正如同从上述研究所预测的消除了高亲合力结合(图11b)。我们另外测定SAHB3BIDA的Gly至Ser突变体在这个分析中消除了BCL-2结合(资料未显示)。23-mer SAHB3BIDB至16-mer的截短导致BCL-2结合亲合力的损失,这与如上所述α-螺旋的减少相符合(图11c)。
FITC-标记的BID BH3肽以220nM的KD结合BCL-2,并且一旦结合,以838nM的IC50发生经未标记BID BH3的这种相互作用的易位。这支持了其中BH3结合BCL-2触发总的构象变化促成相互作用,导致需要过量的未标记肽来置换预结合的FITC-标记的BID BH3的模型。我们已经进一步表明BAD BH3结构域对BCL-2结合具有41nM的增强KD,而且它可以173nM的IC50置换预结合的FITC-BID BH3。在类似的实验中,发现SAHB3BIDA以62nM的IC50从BCL-2置换FITC-BID BH3,与未改变的BID BH3肽相比反映出易位效力有大于13-倍的增加。这些数据证实SAHB3BIDA与未改变的BH3肽相比以增强的亲合力结合BCL-2,并且表明通过化学交联预组成的α-螺旋结构为靶结合提供动力学益处。
通过荧光偏振的直接结合分析证明将交联掺入BID BH3肽导致SAHB3BIDA与未改变的BID BH3肽相比对BCL-2,抗-细胞凋亡多结构域蛋白质和BAX,促-细胞凋亡多结构域蛋白质的结合亲合力都增强(图11d和11e)。直接的BCL-2荧光偏振结合分析证明SAHB3BIDA的BCL-2结合亲合力(KD,38.8nm)与未改变的BID BH3肽(KD,269nM)相比增强6倍(图11d)。Gly至Glu的突变体,SAHBA(G→E)(KD,483nM)消除了高亲合力结合并且用作有用的对照(图11d)。简要地,使包含编码C-末端缺失的GST-BCL-2的质粒的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)培养在包含氨苄青霉素的LuriaBroth中并且用0.1mM IPTG诱导。将细菌颗粒重悬浮在裂解缓冲液中(在PBS中的1mg/ml溶菌酶,1%Triton X-100,0.1mg/ml PMSF,2μg/ml抑蛋白酶肽(aprotinin),2μg/ml抑蛋白酶醛肽(leupeptine),1μg/ml抑胃肽(pepstatin)A)并且超声处理。在20,000×g离心20min后,将上清液施加到谷胱甘肽-琼脂糖珠的柱子上(Sigma)。用PBS洗涤珠子并且用50mM谷胱甘肽,50mM Tris-HCl(pH8.0)处理以洗提蛋白质,然后对结合分析缓冲液(140mM NaCl,50mM Tris-HCl[pH7.4])透析。在结合缓冲液中在室温下氟化荧光素的化合物(25nM)与GST-BCL2(25nM-1000nM)孵育。通过Perkin-Elmer LS50B发光分光光度计上的荧光偏振测量结合活性。利用Prism软件(Graphpad)通过非线性回归分析确定KD值。如先前描述(Suzukiet al,Cell,103:645)制备全长的BAX蛋白质并如上所述进行荧光偏振分析。
SAHB3BIDA结合BCL-XL
为了确定SAHB3BIDA是否特异地与抗细胞凋亡多结构域蛋白质的限定结合沟槽相互作用,记录SAHB3BIDA加入前后15N-标记的BCL-XL的二维15N/1H杂环单量子相关(HSQC)光谱并且与相应的BID BH3/15N-BCL-XL光谱相比较。简要地,使包含编码C-末端缺失的BCL-XL的质粒的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)培养在包含15NH4Cl(Cambridge Isotope Laboratories)M9-基本培养基中以相同地产生15N-标记的蛋白质。从细菌分离重组蛋白质。产生未标记的SAHB3BIDA和BID BH3肽并且如上所述进行纯化。在50mM磷酸钾(pH7),50mM氯化钠中制备0.1mM的下列1∶1复合物,在D2O或H2O/D2O中的5%DMSO(95∶5):15N-BCL-XL/未标记的BID BH3,15N--XL/未标记的SAHB3BIDA。对于两个复合物记录二维15N/1H杂环单量子光谱并且分析配体结合共振中的变化。
HSQC光谱的总体相似度表明加入SAHB3BIDA后BCL-XL中存在的结构变化几乎与BID BH3肽中所观察到的相同(图11f)。
SAHB3BID化合物触发快速和特异的线粒体细胞色素c释放
为了评估SAHB3BID化合物的体外生物活性,利用纯化的小鼠肝线粒体进行细胞色素c释放分析。使线粒体(0.5mg/mL)与1μM和100nM的SAHB3BID化合物孵育40分钟,然后分离上清液和线粒体部分并经受细胞色素c ELISA分析。对于每个样品从总释放量减去背景的细胞色素c释放(10-15%),测定实际的细胞色素c释放百分比(图12)。对从Bak-/-小鼠分离的小鼠肝线粒体同时进行相同的实验,其应答BID-BH3活化而不释放线粒体细胞色素c;因此将来自BAK-/-线粒体的数据用作应答SAHB3BID处理的BAK-介导的细胞色素c释放的阴性对照。在各个情况下,除双交联的SAHB3BIDE(其可以缺乏对生物活性决定性的氨基酸或,在这种情况下,被二交联过度束缚)外,与未改变的肽相比存在应答1μM SAHB3BID化合物的大约两倍的细胞色素c释放(图12a)。在使用SAHB3BIDA、B以及特别是D的这个剂量观察到BAK-非依赖的细胞色素c释放。尽管这种细胞色素c释放可表现为α-螺旋非特异性的膜扰动作用,SAHB3BID-诱导的、细胞色素c释放的BAK-非依赖成分的作用值得进一步研究。有趣地,诱导最显著水平的BAK-非依赖的细胞色素c释放的SAHB3BID化合物,SAHB3BIDD,也是最疏水性的SAHB3BID化合物;与以50-75%乙腈洗提的另外的SAHB3BID化合物相比,从反相C18柱以95%/5%水洗提SAHB3BIDD。具有缺陷的BH3结构域的BID突变体可促进BAK-非依赖的细胞色素c转移(Scorrano et al,Dev Cell,2∶55),并且高度疏水性的BID螺旋6已经与这种活性相关(L.Scorrano,S.J.Korsmeyer,结果未公开)。似乎合理的是SAHB3BIDD显示通过模拟BID螺旋3和6特征的BAK依赖的和非依赖的细胞色素c释放。低十倍剂量的SAHB3BIDA和B保持选择性的BAK-依赖的细胞色素c释放活性(图12b)。SAHB3BIDB的效力,与最大限度活化的肉豆蔻酰化的BID蛋白质比较特别有利,后者在30nM的剂量在这些条件下释放大约65%的细胞色素c。
大多数活化的SAHB3BID化合物,A和B进一步受到动力学研究以确定螺旋预组成与未改变的肽相比可触发更快速的细胞色素c释放。类似于上述的实验,使来自野生型和Bak-/-小鼠的小鼠肝线粒体暴露于不同浓度的化合物并且在10和40分钟间隔分析细胞色素c释放。尽管在10分钟未改变的肽在测试的最高剂量(1μM)导致小于10%的释放,在这个时间点的仅仅400nM以下具有的EC50释放为几乎最大的1μM细胞色素释放(图13a)。同样地,SAHB3BIDA在10分钟时间间隔触发显著的细胞色素c释放。对于未改变的肽在40分钟的细胞色素c释放EC50是2.9μM,而对于SAHB3BIDA和B分别是310和110nM(图13b)。因此,SAHB3BIDA和B在40分钟时间点显示10-25倍增强的细胞色素c释放活性。尽管BAK-依赖的细胞色素c释放随时间增加,BAK-非依赖的释放在10和40分钟时间点之间不变化,表明这个明显的释放发生很早并且在10分钟内最大限度地获得这个释放。值得注意的,SAHB3BIDA的阴性对照Gly至Glu点突变体,SAHB3BID(G→E)A,只产生Bak-非依赖的细胞色素c释放,证实通过Bak-依赖的线粒体细胞凋亡途径的SAHB3BIDA功能(图14)。总之,这些细胞色素c释放数据表明SAHB3BIDA和B能够特异地诱导BAK-依赖的细胞色素c释放,其与未改变的肽相比具有显著增强的效力和动力学。
SAHB3BID化合物穿透完整细胞
使荧光素-衍生化的SAHB3BID化合物、BID BH3肽和BID螺旋6肽与培养4-24小时的JurkatT-细胞白血病细胞一起培养,并且随后进行FACS分拣来确定白血病细胞的标记百分比。为了避免由细胞-表面结合化合物引起的混淆,彻底洗涤JurkaT-细胞并且根据最近的报道经受胰蛋白酶过消化。对于测试的每个化合物,胰蛋白酶消化后在FITC信号图谱中没有显著的变化,表明就这些肽来说,很少至没有FITC-标记的化合物是表面结合的(图15)。尽管BID BH3-处理的细胞是FITC-阴性的,如通过FITC信号的右倾(rightward)转移所表明的,FITC-SAHB3BIDA-和FITC-SAHB3BID(G→E)A-处理的细胞是FITC-阳性的(图16a)。这些细胞透性研究中FITC-SAHB3BIDA和FITC-SAHB3BID(G→E)A的相似图谱是特别重要的,给出了点突变体化合物作为生物学实验中阴性对照的用途。使用BID螺旋6,细胞可渗透和膜扰乱的肽在这些实验中作为FITC-标记的阳性对照。
令人惊讶地,发现FITC-SAHB3BIDA看来似乎通过胞吞作用,温度-和能量-依赖的运输途径进入细胞。FITC-SAHB3BIDA的细胞输入以时间依赖的方式发生(图16b)。当通过在4℃(图17a,17b)或通过用能量毒物叠氮化钠和2-脱氧葡萄糖(图17c)处理进行实验抑制细胞胞吞作用时,分别抑制细胞标记或显著减弱细胞标记。值得注意的,通过FITC-SAHB3BIDA在37℃标记的JurkaT-细胞是碘化丙啶(PI)阴性的,证实交联的肽不仅仅起透化试剂的作用(图17b);相比之下,FITC-BID螺旋6如PI阳性的程度所证明的在两个温度都容易有效地穿透透化细胞(图17b)。这些数据支持SAHB3BID化合物进入的内吞机制,这与引证细胞表面粘附然后是胞吞作用来作为其他穿透细胞的肽(CPPs),例如HIV转录反式作用子(TAT)机制的最近报道相符。尽管强碱性的CPPs,例如TAT和Antennapedia,被认为通过粘附至带负电荷的氨基多糖而集结在细胞表面,SAHB3BIDA输入没有受到肝素的剂量-应答方式的抑制(图18)。SAHB3BID两亲的α-螺旋的生物物理学性质可通过静电和/或类脂膜相互作用促进不同的细胞接触。
为了确定SAHB3BIDA的胞内定位,使用共聚焦显微术实验。如上所述与FITC-标记的化合物一起培养JurkatT-细胞白血病细胞,或在4小时用血清替换,然后在37℃另外培养16小时,用PBS洗涤两次后在超冷冻(superfrost plus)的正载玻片(Fisher)上,以600RPM细胞旋转5分钟。然后将细胞固定在4%多聚甲醛中,用PBS洗涤,与TO-PRO-3碘化物(100nM)(Molecular Probes)一起培养至复染核,用Vectashield固定介质(Vector)处理,然后通过共聚焦显微术成像(BioRad1024)。对于双标记实验,与TOM20的第一抗体一起另外培养固定细胞,并在TOPRO-3复染前与若丹明-共轭的第二抗体培养。对于有生命的共聚焦显微术,用FITC-SAHBA(10μM)和MitoTracker(100nM,Molecular Probes),四甲基若丹明异硫氰酸盐(TRITC)-葡聚糖4.4kD或70kD(25mcg/mL,Molecular Probes),或Alexa Fluor594-转铁蛋白(25mcg/mL,Molecular Probes)进行JurkaT-细胞的双标记4小时(葡聚糖和转铁蛋白)或24小时(MitoTracker)。由于光漂白的限制,使用过表达BCL-2的Jurka细胞用于有生命的(live)共聚焦显微术以使FITC成像最优化。线粒体的FITC-SAHBA标记在BCL-2过表达的Jurkats(符合SAHB活性的机制)中是更明亮的,因此利用这些细胞捕获图像更为便利。洗涤处理的Jurkats两次,然后重悬在PBS中并且用BioRad1024(Beth Israel/Deaconess Center for Advanced Microscopy)或ZeissLSM510激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(Children’s Hospital Boston Imaging Core)分析湿润的固定制品。
在固定切片中,SAHB3BIDA化合物定位于白血病细胞的细胞质边缘,没有质膜或表面荧光昭显;荧光的囊泡状图案表明细胞器特异的定位(图19a和19b)。与FACS数据一致,用FITC-BID BH3处理的JurkaT-细胞显示没有荧光标记(图19c)。尽管FITC-SAHB3BIDA-处理的细胞显示选择性的胞内荧光并且维持它们的细胞结构(图19a),FITC-BID螺旋6-处理的细胞被广泛标记并且证明具有破裂的细胞形态(图19d)。利用FITC-SAHB3BIDA和线粒体膜蛋白质Tom20的抗体的共区域化研究证明SAHB3BIDA荧光与线粒体,SAHB3BID的分子靶物的预期位点广泛重叠(图20)。
SAHB处理后4hr进行活细胞成像证明FITC-SAHBA与葡聚糖(4.4kD或70kD)-标记吞饮泡(图21a),而不是转铁蛋白-标记的吞饮泡(图21b)的最初共区域化,这与通过液相胞饮作用(手稿参考27)的细胞摄取,对TAT和Antp肽(手稿参考28)所确定的内吞途径一致。在24hr时间点,胞内的FITC-SAHBA显示在活细胞中与MitoTracker-标记的线粒体共区域化增加(图21c),这与在固定细胞中利用Tom20抗体,线粒体外膜蛋白质所观察到的线粒体共区域化一致(图20)。总之,FACS数据和共聚焦成像证明全部的烃交联使得SAHB3BIDA化合物能够通过完整细胞被输入(例如,通过胞吞机制)。
SAHB3BID化合物触发B-、T-、和混合谱系白血病(MLL)细胞的细胞凋亡
为了评估SAHB3BID化合物是否可阻止培养中增殖的白血病细胞的生长,对培养中的T-细胞(Jurkat)、B-细胞(REH)、和混合谱系白血病(MLL)-细胞MV4;11、SEMK2、RS4;11)利用连续稀释的SAHB3BIDA进行3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)2,5-联苯四唑溴化物,MTT分析。SAHB3BIDA以2.2(Jurkat)、10.2(REH)、4.7(MV4;11)、1.6(SEMK2)和2.7(RS4;11)μM的IC50s抑制白血病细胞(图22a)。BID BH3肽和SAHBA(G→E)点突变体在这个剂量范围中都不具有作用(图22b,22c)。
为了评估这个代谢是否停滞表现细胞凋亡诱导,用10μM SAHB3BIDA和B、SAHB3BID(G→E)A和B以及未改变的BID BH3肽在无血清的培养基中处理Jurkat白血病细胞4小时,然后在包含血清的培养基中培养16小时(即,最终的肽浓度为5μM),然后通过膜联蛋白V-处理细胞的流式细胞计数检测分析细胞凋亡。处理后20小时SAHB3BIDA和B证明40-60%之间的膜联蛋白V阳性,而未改变的肽和SAHB3BID点突变体没有影响(图23a和23b)。使用具有载体反应剂的未改变的BH3肽或具有非特异性线粒体扰动作用的工程化螺旋的比较研究需要200-300μM的剂量来活化细胞凋亡。随后利用工程化的过表达BCL-2的JurkaT-细胞的附加对照实验来评估是否可通过过量的BCL-2减少SAHB3BID-诱导的细胞凋亡,其表明该化合物在细胞内通过线粒体细胞凋亡途径特异地发挥作用。实际上,在BCL-2过表达细胞中消除了10μM SAHB3BIDA和B对“野生型″Jurkats的促细胞凋亡作用。然而这个保护作用可通过SAHB3BIDA而不是SAHB3BID(G→E)A的剂量提高而克服;此外,不显示BCL-2结合亲和力(参见上面)的SAHB3BIDA的gly至ser点突变体(SAHB3BID(G→S)A),与“野生型”和BCL-2Jurkat细胞中的促细胞凋亡是同样有效的(图24)。在具有相似结果的REH、MV4;11和SEMK2细胞系中另外进行利用SAHB3BIDA和SAHB3BID(G→E)A的细胞凋亡诱导分析(图25)。总之,这些数据表明SAHB3BID化合物可穿透和杀死增殖的白血病细胞。可通过SAHB3BIDA的gly至glu突变体和过表达BCL-2的细胞有选择地消除所观察到的促细胞凋亡作用,该发现强调了SAHB3BID化合物通过限定的线粒体细胞凋亡途径起作用。
SAHB3BIDA和SAHB3BIDG-->SA证明体内的白血病抑制
使NOD-SCID小鼠经受300cGy全身照射,然后是显示稳定荧光素酶表达的4×106个SEMK2-M1白血病细胞的静脉注射。利用腹腔内注射D-荧光素后测定全身荧光的体内成像系统(IVIS,Xenogen)每周监测小鼠的白血病移植物移入。在第0天,对白血病的小鼠成像,然后在第1、2、3、5、6天用10mg/kg的SAHB3BIDA、SAHB3BIDG-->SA静脉内处理或没有注射。在第4和7天测量全身荧光。关于图26a,与未处理的对照小鼠相比该小组中肿瘤负重的分析证明了经SAHB3BIDA和SAHB3BID(G-->S)A的白血病抑制。关于图26b,全身荧光成像与证明低水平和更局部化疾病的SAHB3BIDA-处理的小鼠相比,证明了第7天未处理组中进一步发展的白血病(可在遍及骨骼系统中观察到表现高水平白血病的红色致密度)。有趣地,不能被BCL-2螯合的G-->S突变体似乎比母体化合物SAHB3BIDA在抑制白血病生长中是更有效的。
在进一步的动物试验中,在第0天对白血病的小鼠(如上产生)成像,然后在第1、2、3、6和7天用10mg/kg SAHB3BIDA、5mg/kg SAHB3BIDA或载体对照(在D5W中的5%DMSO)静脉内处理。在第4和8天测量全身荧光。关于图27a,与未处理的对照小鼠相比该小组中肿瘤负重的分析证明了经SAHB3BIDA的剂量依赖方式的白血病抑制。关于图27b,全身荧光成像与其白血病进展明显减弱的SAHB3BIDA-处理的小鼠相比,证明了第8天未处理组中进一步发展的白血病(表现高水平白血病的红色致密度)。
在代替使用SCID beige小鼠和RS4;11白血病细胞的附加动物试验中,SAHB3BIDA处理不断地体内抑制白血病生长。对于体内白血病成像,用吸入异氟烷(Abbott Laboratories)麻醉小鼠,伴随地用腹腔内注射D-荧光素(60mg/kg)(Promega)进行治疗。利用体内成像系统(Xenogen)成像光电子发射并通过光电子流的整合定量全身生物发光(光子/sec)(LivingImage Software,Xenogen)。在实验的第1天开始,小鼠接受每日的尾部静脉注射SAHB3BIDA(10mg/kg)或载体(在D5W中的5%DMSO)七天。在第1、3和5天对小鼠成像并且在实验的整个时段内每日监视存活率。利用Kaplan-Meier方法测定SAHB3BIDA和载体处理小鼠的存活率分布并利用log-rank检验比较。使用Fisher’s Exact检验比较在第3和5天之间处理失败的小鼠的比例,其中处理失败被定义为发展或死亡,而处理成功被定义为疾病稳定或退化。期满的小鼠经受尸体解剖(Rodent Histopathology Core,DF/HCC)。
对照小鼠如通过从第1-5天的生物发光流增加所测定的证明了白血病生长的累进加速(图27c)。3天后SAHB3BIDA处理抑制白血病扩展,第5天观察到肿瘤退化。代表性的小鼠图像证明了小鼠中脾和肝中累进的白血病浸润,但在SAHBA-处理的小鼠中处理第5天在这些解剖位点证明了疾病退化(图27d)。在这个群组中死亡的中值时间对于对照动物是5天,而在七天处理时期内SAHBA-处理的动物中没有一个死去,并且代之以幸存时间为11天的中值(FIG27e)。SAHBA-处理小鼠的组织学检查显示该化合物对正常的组织没有明显的毒性。在比较SAHB3BIDA-和SAHB3BID(G→E)A处理小鼠的附加研究中,接受点突变体SAHB的动物没有显示肿瘤退化(图27f),突出了SAHB3BIDA的抗白血病活性的体内特异性。
多肽
在一些实例中,可进一步控制在此所描述的烃栓链(即,交联)。在一个情况中,烃烯基栓链的双键,(例如,如利用钌-催化的环闭合置换(RCM)合成的)可以被氧化(例如,通过环氧化作用或二羟基化)以提供下列化合物中的一个。
该环氧化物部分或游离羟基部分中的一个可进一步被功能化。例如,可用提供可用于例如,附加标记(例如,放射性同位素或荧光标记)的附加功能的亲核试剂处理该环氧化物。该标记可用于帮助指导该化合物至机体内的所需要的位置(例如,当使用碘标记时,指导该化合物至甲状腺)或追踪该化合物在机体内的位置。备选地,附加治疗剂可化学地附着于功能化的栓链(例如,抗癌症试剂,例如雷帕霉素(rapamycin)、长春花碱(vinblastine)、红豆杉醇(taxol)等)。这种衍生物可备选地通过合成操作多肽的氨基或羧基末端或通过氨基酸侧链而获得。
虽然已经描述了烃类栓链,其他的栓链也是可预见的。例如,该栓链可包括一个或多个乙醚、硫醚、酯、胺或酰胺部分。有时,可将天然存在的氨基酸侧链整合入该栓链。例如,栓链可与官能团偶联,例如丝氨酸中的羟基,半胱氨酸中的硫醇,赖氨酸中的伯胺,天冬氨酸或谷氨酸中的酸,或天门冬酰胺或谷氨酰胺中的酰胺。因此,有可能利用天然存在的氨基酸而不是利用通过两个非天然存在的氨基酸偶联制备的栓链来产生栓链。也可能使用与天然存在的氨基酸一起的单个非天然存在的氨基酸。
进一步预见栓链的长度可以是不同的。例如,当需要对仲α-螺旋结构提供相对高程度的约束时,可使用较短长度的栓链,而在有些情况下,需要对仲α-螺旋结构提供较少的约束,因此可能需要较长的栓链。
另外,虽然已经描述了跨度为从氨基酸i至i+3,i至i+4;和i至i+7的栓链实例,以提供主要在α螺旋的单平面上的栓链,可合成该栓链以跨越任何数目组合的氨基酸。
在有些情况下,在多肽中使用α二取代的氨基酸以提高α螺旋二级结构的稳定性。然而,不需要α二取代的氨基酸,并且也预见利用单-α取代基(例如,在栓链的氨基酸中)的情况。
如熟练的技术人员可认识到的,在此描述的合成化合物的方法对于本领域的普通技术人员来说是明显的。另外,可以备选的顺序或次序进行不同的合成步骤以产生所需要的化合物。可用于合成在此所描述的化合物的合成化学转化和保护基方法论(保护和去保护)是本领域已知的,并且包括例如,在R.Larock,Comprehensive Organic Transformations,VCHPublishers(1989);T.W.Greene and P.G.M.Wuts,Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis,2d.Ed.,John Wiley and Sons(1991);L.Fieser and M.Fieser,Fieserand Fieser′s Reagents for Organic Synthesis,John Wiley and Sons(1994);andL.Paquette,ed.,Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis,John Wiley andSons(1995),及其随后的版本中所描述的方法。
本发明的肽可通过普通技术人员已知的化学合成方法制备。参见例如,Fields et al.,Chapter3in Synthetic Peptides:A User′s Guide,ed.Grant,W.H.Freeman&Co.,New York,N.Y.,1992,p.77.Hence,可利用在例如AppliedBiosystems肽合成仪模型430A或431上通过利用侧链保护氨基酸的t-Boc或F-moc化学保护的α-NH2的固相合成的自动Merrifield技术合成肽。
制备在此描述的肽的一个方式是利用固相肽合成(SPPS)。该C-末端氨基酸通过具有接头分子的酸不稳定键附着于交联聚苯乙烯树脂。这种树脂在用于合成的溶剂中是不溶的,这使得它相对简单和快速以洗去过量的反应物和副产品。用在酸中稳定,但可通过碱除去的Fmoc基团保护N-末端。用碱稳定的、酸不稳定的基团保护任何侧链官能团。
可通过利用天然的化学连接结合单独的合成肽制备较长的肽。备选地,可通过已知的重组DNA技术合成更长的合成肽。在已知的标准手册中提供了这种技术的详细方案。为了构建编码本发明肽的基因,逆翻译氨基酸序列以获得编码该氨基酸序列的核酸序列,优选使用对其中将表达该基因的生物体最优化的密码子。其次,一般通过合成编码肽以及如有必要编码任何调节元件的寡核苷酸来制备合成基因。将合成基因插入合适的克隆载体并转染进入宿主细胞。然后在适于所选择表达系统和宿主的适宜条件下表达该肽。纯化该肽并通过标准方法表征。
利用从Advanced Chemtech可获得的高通量多通道的组合合成仪,以高通量、组合的方式来制备该肽。
图28a-28f描绘了包括可用于产生交联肽的结构域的各种肽。
治疗方法
本发明提供治疗处于(或容易受到)病症危险之中或具有与异常的(例如,不足或过度的)BCL-2家族成员表达或活性(例如,外在的或固有的细胞凋亡途径异常)相关病症的受试者的预防和治疗方法。如在此使用的,术语“治疗”定义为将治疗剂应用或施用于患者,或将治疗剂应用或施用于来自患者的分离组织或细胞系,其中该患者患有疾病、具有疾病症状或患有疾病的倾向,其目的是为了治愈、恢复、缓和、减轻、改变、补救、改进、改善或影响该疾病、病症或对疾病的倾向。治疗剂包括但不限于小分子、肽、抗体、核糖酶和反义寡核苷酸。
有可能通过一个或多个BCL-2家族成员的异常水平(例如,过或低表达),或通过一个或多个显示异常活性的BCL-2家族成员的存在至少部分地导致一些BCL-2类型病症。因而,BCL-2家族成员水平和/或活性的降低或BCL-2家族成员水平和/或活性的增强将导致病症症状的改善。
本发明的多肽可用于治疗、预防、和/或诊断癌症和肿瘤状况。如在此使用的,术语“癌症”、″高增殖″和″肿瘤″是指具有自发生长能力的细胞,即以快速增殖的细胞生长为特征的异常状态或状况。高增殖和肿瘤疾病状态可被分类为病理的,即表征或组成疾病状态,或可被分类为非病理的,即与正常的不符合然而并非与疾病状态相关。该术语是指包括所有类型的癌性生长或致癌过程,转移性的组织或恶性转化的细胞、组织或器官,而与组织病理学类型或侵入的阶段无关。″病理性的高增殖″细胞发生在以恶性肿瘤生长为特征的疾病状态。非病理性的高增殖细胞的实例包括与创伤修复相关的细胞的增殖。
细胞增殖和/或分化病症的实例包括癌症,例如癌瘤、肉瘤或转移性的病症。该化合物(即,多肽)可起用于控制乳腺癌(breast cancer)、卵巢癌、结肠癌、肺癌、这种癌症的转移等的新治疗剂的作用。转移性肿瘤可能起因于大量的原发肿瘤类型,包括但不限于乳腺、肺、肝、结肠和卵巢起源的肿瘤。
癌症或肿瘤状况的实例包括但不限于,纤维肉瘤、肌肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤、软骨肉瘤、成骨肉瘤、脊索瘤、血管肉瘤、内皮肉瘤、淋巴管肉瘤、淋巴管内皮肉瘤、滑膜瘤、间皮细胞瘤(mesothelioma)、Ewing’s肿瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、胃癌、食道癌、直肠癌、胰腺癌(pancreatic cancer)、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、子宫癌、头颈部癌、皮肤癌、脑瘤(brain cancer)、鳞状细胞癌、皮脂腺癌瘤(sebaceous gland carcinoma)、乳头状癌、乳头状腺癌、囊腺癌、髓样癌、支气管癌、肾细胞癌瘤、肝癌、胆管癌瘤(bile duct carcinoma)、绒毛膜癌、精原细胞瘤、胚胎癌、Wilm’s肿瘤、子宫颈癌、睾丸癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、膀胱癌、上皮癌、神经胶质瘤、星形细胞瘤、成神经管细胞瘤、颅咽管瘤、室管膜瘤、松果体瘤、成血管细胞瘤、听神经瘤、少突神经胶质细胞瘤、脑膜瘤、黑素瘤、成神经细胞瘤、成视网膜细胞瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤或Kaposi肉瘤。
增殖病症的实例包括造血肿瘤病症。如在此使用的,术语“造血肿瘤病症”包括涉及造血起源,例如产生自脊髓、淋巴或红细胞系统、或其前身细胞的增生性/赘生性细胞的疾病。优选的,该疾病起因于分化不良的急性白血病,例如成红血球细胞的白血病和髓母细胞性白血病。另外的例证性的脊髓病症包括但不限于,急性前髓细胞性白血病(APML)、急性髓细胞性白血病(AML)和慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)(参见Vaickus,L.(1991)Crit Rev.in Oncol./Hemotol.11:267-97);淋巴恶性肿瘤包括但不限于,急性成淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL),其包括B-谱系ALL和T-谱系ALL、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL)、前淋巴细胞白血病(PLL)、毛细胞白血病(HLL)和Waldenstrom′s巨球蛋白血症(WM)。恶性淋巴瘤的另外形式包括但不限于非-Hodgkin淋巴瘤及其变体、外周的T-细胞淋巴瘤、成人T-细胞白血病/淋巴瘤(ATL)、皮肤的T-细胞淋巴瘤(CTCL)、大的粒状淋巴细胞白血症(LGF)、Hodgkin′s疾病和Reed-Sternberg疾病。
乳腺(breast)的细胞增殖和/或分化病症的实例包括但不限于,增生性的乳腺疾病包括,例如上皮细胞增生、硬化的腺病和小管乳头状瘤;肿瘤,例如,基质肿瘤,例如纤维性瘤、叶状肿瘤,和肉瘤,以及上皮肿瘤,例如大管乳头状瘤;乳腺的癌瘤包括原位(非扩散的)癌瘤,其包括导管原位癌(包括Paget’s疾病)和小叶原位癌,以及侵入性的(浸润)癌瘤包括但不限于,侵入性的导管癌瘤、侵入性的小叶癌瘤、髓样癌、胶质(粘质)癌瘤、管状癌瘤、和侵入性的乳头状癌、以及混杂的(miscellaneous)恶性肿瘤。男性乳腺中的病症包括但不限于男子女性型乳房症和癌瘤。
肺的细胞增生性和/或分化病症的实例包括但不限于,支气管癌,包括瘤外伴随综合症、细支气管肺泡癌瘤、神经内分泌肿瘤,例如支气管的良性肿瘤、混杂的肿瘤、和转移性肿瘤;胸膜的病变,包括炎性胸膜积液、非炎性的胸膜积液、气胸和胸膜肿瘤,包括单发性纤维肿瘤(胸膜纤维瘤)和恶性间皮瘤。
结肠的细胞增生性和/或分化病症的实例包括但不限于,非肿瘤息肉、腺瘤、家族综合症、结肠直肠癌的发生、结肠直肠的癌瘤和良性肿瘤。
肝的细胞增生性和/或分化病症的实例包括但不限于,结节性增生、腺瘤和恶性肿瘤,包括肝的原发癌和转移性肿瘤。
卵巢的细胞增生性和/或分化病症的实例包括但不限于,卵巢肿瘤,例如体腔上皮的肿瘤、血浆(serous)肿瘤、粘质肿瘤、子宫内膜(endometeriod)肿瘤、透明细胞腺癌(clear cell adenocarcinoma)、囊腺纤维瘤、卵巢纤维上皮(brenner)瘤、表面上皮细胞瘤;生殖细胞肿瘤,例如成熟(良性)的畸胎瘤、单层畸胎瘤(teratomas)、未成熟的恶性畸胎瘤、无性细胞瘤、内胚窦(sinus)瘤、绒毛膜瘤;生殖索-孔肿瘤(sex cord-stomal tumors),例如,粒层泡膜(granulosa-theca)细胞瘤、泡膜细胞瘤(thecoma)-纤维瘤、睾丸足细胞瘤(androblastomas)、丘细胞(hillcell)肿瘤和性腺胚细胞瘤(gonadoblastoma);和转移性(metastatic)肿瘤,例如Krukenberg肿瘤。
在此描述的多肽也可用于治疗、预防或诊断其特征在于过度活化的细胞死亡或由于生理损伤造成细胞死亡的状况。以早熟或不必要细胞的死亡为特征的状况的一些实例是备选不需要的或过度的细胞增殖,包括但不限于细胞过少/发育不全、非细胞/再生障碍、或细胞过多/增生性的状况。一些实例包括血液学病症,包括但不限于fanconi贫血症、再生障碍性贫血、地中海贫血(thalaessemia)、先天性中性粒细胞减少、脊髓发育不良。
本发明的起减少细胞凋亡作用的多肽可用于治疗与不合需要的细胞死亡水平相关的病症。因此,本发明的抗细胞凋亡肽可用于治疗例如导致与病毒感染有关的细胞死亡的病症,例如与用艾滋病毒(HIV)感染有关的侵染。多种神经学疾病的特点在于特定组神经元的逐步损失,并且抗细胞凋亡肽的感染可用于治疗这些病症。这种病症包括阿尔茨海默氏病;帕金森氏症、肌萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS)视网膜色素变性(amyotrophic lateral sclerosisretinitis pigmentosa)、脊髓性肌萎缩和各种形式的小脑(cerebellar)变性。这些疾病中的细胞损失不诱导炎性反应,并且细胞凋亡似乎是细胞死亡的机制。此外,许多血液学疾病与血细胞的产生减少有关。这些病症包括与慢性疾病有关的贫血症、再生障碍性贫血、慢性中性粒细胞减少和脊髓发育不良综合症。血细胞产生的病症,例如脊髓发育不良综合症和一些形式的再生障碍性贫血与骨髓内细胞凋亡的细胞死亡增加有关。这些病症可以由促进细胞凋亡的基因的活化、基质细胞或造血存活因子的获得性缺陷、或毒素的直接作用和免疫应答的媒介引起。与细胞死亡有关的两种常见病症是心肌梗塞和中风。在两种病症中,在血流急剧损失的事件中产生的缺血中心区内的细胞看来似乎由于坏死的快速死亡。然而,中心缺血区域外的细胞经过更延长的时间段死亡并且在形态学上看来似乎死于细胞凋亡。本发明的抗细胞凋亡肽可用于治疗所有这类与不合需要的细胞死亡有关的病症。
可用在此描述的多肽治疗的免疫学病症的一些实例包括但不限于器官移植排异、关节炎、狼疮、IBD、crone’s疾病、哮喘、多发性硬化、糖尿病等。
可用在此描述的多肽治疗的神经病学病症的一些实例包括但不限于,Alzheimer’s疾病、Down’s综合症、Dutch型遗传的脑出血淀粉样变性、活性的淀粉样变性、伴随荨麻疹和耳聋(urticaria and deafness)的家族性淀粉状蛋白肾病、Muckle-Wells综合症、自发的骨髓瘤;巨球蛋白血症-相关的骨髓瘤、家族性淀粉状蛋白多发性神经病、家族性淀粉状蛋白心肌炎、分离的心脏淀粉状蛋白、全身性老年淀粉样变性、成人发病的糖尿病、胰岛瘤、分离的前房淀粉状蛋白、甲状腺髓样癌、家族性淀粉样变性、伴随淀粉样变性的遗传性脑出血、家族性淀粉样变性多发性神经病、疯羊病、Creutzfeldt-Jacob疾病、Gerstmann Straussler-Scheinker综合症、牛海绵状脑炎、朊病毒介导的疾病、和Huntington’s疾病。
可用在此描述的多肽治疗的内分泌学病症的一些实例包括但不限于糖尿病、甲状腺功能减退(hypthyroidism)、hyopituitarism、甲状旁腺机能减退、性腺机能减退(hypogonadism)等。
可用本发明的化合物和方法治疗或预防的心血管病症(例如炎性病症)的实例包括但不限于,动脉粥样硬化、心肌梗塞、中风、血栓形成、动脉瘤、心力衰竭、缺血性心脏病、心绞痛、心源性猝死、高血压性心脏病;非冠状血管疾病,例如小动脉硬化、小脉管疾病、肾病、高甘油三酯血症、高胆固醇血症、高脂血症、黄瘤病、哮喘、高血压、肺气肿和慢性肺病;或与介入方法(″程序性的血管创伤″),例如血管成形术、放置旁路(placementofa shunt)、扩张、合成或天然的切除移植物、留置导管、活瓣(valve)或其他可植入装置后的再狭窄有关的心血管状况。优选的心血管病症包括动脉粥样硬化、心肌梗塞、动脉瘤和中风。
药物组合物和给药途径
如在此使用的,本发明的化合物,包括在此描述的通式的化合物,被定义为包括其药物学上可接受的衍生物或前体药物。“药物学上可接受的衍生物或前体药物”是指当施用于受体时能够(直接或间接地)提供本发明化合物的任何药物学上可接受的本发明化合物的盐、酯、酯的盐、或其他衍生物。特别有利的衍生物和前体药物是当这种化合物被施用于哺乳动物(例如,通过容许口服化合物以更容易地被吸收到血液中)时,增加本发明化合物的生物利用率,或相对于亲本种增加母体化合物递送至生物间隔(例如,脑或淋巴系统)的衍生物和前体药物。优选的前体药物包括的衍生物中增加通过肠管膜的水溶性或主动运输的基团结合于在此所描述的通式的结构。
本发明的化合物可通过添加适当的功能以增加所选择的生物特性而被改变。这种改变是本领域已知的,并且包括增加生物穿透进入给定生物间隔(例如,血液、淋巴系统、中枢神经系统)、增加口服可利用性、增加可溶性以容许通过注射给药、改变新陈代谢和改变排泄速率的修饰。
本发明化合物的药物学上可接受的盐包括来源于药物学上可接受的无机和有机酸和碱的盐。合适的酸性盐的实例包括醋酸盐、己二酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、二葡糖酸盐(digluconate)、十二烷基硫酸盐、甲酸盐、富马酸盐(fumarate)、羟乙酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、氢碘化物、乳酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、甲磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、palmoate、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐(picrate)、特戊酸盐(pivalate)、丙酸盐、水杨酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐(tartrate)、甲苯磺酸盐(tosylate)和十一酸盐。来源于适当的碱的盐包括,碱金属(例如钠)、碱土金属(例如,镁)、铵和N-(烷基)4 +盐。本发明也预见在此所公开的化合物的包含任何碱性氮基团的季铵化作用。可通过这种季铵化作用获得水或可溶于油的或可分散的产品。
在此描述的通式的化合物可例如通过注射、静脉内、动脉内、皮下、腹膜内、肌内注射或皮下地;或口服、颊部(buccally)、鼻部、转化粘液质、局部地在眼制剂中、或通过吸入给药,其剂量范围为大约0.001至大约100mg/kg的体重,或根据特定药物的需要量。在此该方法试图施用有效量的化合物或化合物组合物以获得所需要的或确定的效果。一般地,本发明的药物组合物以每日大约1至大约6次或备选地作为连续的输液进行给药。这种给药可用作慢性的或急性的治疗。可与载体材料组合以产生单一剂型地活性成分的数量将依赖于待治疗的宿主和给药的特定方式而不同。典型的制剂将包含大约5%至大约95%的活性化合物(w/w)。备选地,这种制剂包含大约20%至大约80%的活性化合物。
可能需要比上述的剂量更低或更高的剂量。用于任何特定患者的指定剂量和治疗方式将依赖于多种因素,包括所使用的指定化合物的活性、年龄、体重、全身健康状态、性别、饮食、给药时间、排泄速率、药物组合、疾病的严重度和病程、状况或症状、患者对疾病、状况或症状的处置、以及治疗医师的判断。
当改善患者状况时,如有必要可施用维持剂量的化合物、组合物或本发明的组合。随后,当对症状起作用时,可减少给药的剂量或频率,或两者都减少至保持改善的状况的水平。然而当有任何病征再发生时患者可能需要长期方式的间歇疗法。
本发明的药物组合物包括在此描述的通式的化合物或其药物学上可接受的盐;附加试剂包括例如,吗啡或甲基吗啡;以及任何药物学上可接受的载体、佐剂或赋形剂。本发明的备选组合物包括在此描述的通式的化合物或其药物学上可接受的盐;以及药物学上可接受的载体、佐剂或赋形剂。在此描绘的组合物包括在此描绘的通式的化合物,以及如果呈递,包括用于获得调节疾病或病征,包括BCL-2家族成员介导的病症或其症状的有效量的附加治疗剂。
术语“药物学上可接受的载体或佐剂”是指可与本发明的化合物一起施用于患者,并且不破坏其药理学活性,以及当以足够递送治疗数量的该化合物的剂量给药时是无毒的载体或佐剂。
可用于本发明的药物组合物的药物学上可接受的载体、佐剂和赋形剂包括但不限于,离子交换剂、铝矾土、硬脂酸铝、卵磷脂、自乳化药物递送系统(SEDDS),例如d-α-生育酚聚乙二醇1000琥珀酸盐、用于药物剂型地表面活性剂,例如Tweens或其他相似的聚合递送基质,血清蛋白,例如人血清白蛋白,缓冲物质,例如磷酸盐、甘氨酸、山梨酸、山梨酸钾、饱和植物脂肪酸的偏甘油酯(partial glyceride)混合物、水、盐或电解质,例如硫酸鱼精蛋白,磷酸氢二钠、磷酸氢钾、氯化钠、锌盐、胶态氧化硅、三硅酸镁、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、基于纤维素的物质、聚乙二醇、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚丙烯酸酯,蜡、聚乙烯-聚氧化丙烯-块段(block)聚合体、聚乙二醇和羊毛脂。环糊精,例如α-、β-和γ-环糊精也可有利地用于增加递送在此描述的通式的化合物。
本发明的药物组合物可口服、肠胃外地、通过吸入喷雾、局部地、直肠、鼻部、颊部、阴道地或通过植入容器进行给药,优选通过口服或通过注射给药。本发明的药物组合物可包含任何常规无毒的药物学上-可接受的载体、佐剂或赋形剂。有时,可用药物学上可接受的酸、碱或缓冲液调节该制剂的pH以增加所配制化合物或其递送形式的稳定性。如在此使用的术语肠胃外的,包括皮下、皮内、静脉内、肌内、关节内、动脉内、滑膜内、胸骨内、鞘内、损害内(intralesional)和颅内(intracranial)的注射或输液技术。
该药物组合物可以是无菌可注射制剂的形式,例如无菌的可注射的含水或含油的悬浮液。这种悬浮液可利用合适的分散剂或湿润剂(例如,Tween80)和悬浮剂根据本领域已知的技术配制。该无菌的可注射制剂也可以是在无毒的肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌的可注射溶液或悬浮液,例如作为在1,3-丁二醇中的溶液。可使用的可接受的赋形剂和溶剂是甘露醇、水、Ringer’s溶液和等渗氯化钠溶液。此外,通常使用无菌的固定油类作为溶剂或悬浮介质。为了这个目的,可使用任何温和的固定油,包括合成的单-或二脂酰甘油脂。脂肪酸,例如油酸及其甘油酯衍生物可用于可注射的制剂,如天然的药物学上可接受的油剂,例如橄榄油或蓖麻油,特别是其聚氧乙烯化的形式。这些油剂或悬浮液也可包含长链乙醇稀释剂或分散剂,或羧甲基纤维素或相似的分散剂,其通常被用于药物学上可接受剂型,例如乳剂和或悬浮液的配制。其他通常使用的表面活性剂,例如Tweens或Spans和/或其他相似的乳化剂或通常被用于制造药物学上可接受的固体、液体或其他剂型的生物利用率增强剂也可用于该配制的目的。
本发明的药物组合物可以任何口服可接受的剂型口服给药,包括但不限于胶囊剂、片剂、乳剂和水悬剂、分散剂和液剂。就用于口服使用的片剂来说,通常使用的载体包括乳糖和玉米淀粉。一般也附加润滑剂,例如硬脂酸镁。对于胶囊剂形式的口服给药,有用的稀释剂包括乳糖和干的玉米淀粉。当口服给药水悬剂和/或乳剂时,活性成分可以悬浮或溶于油相而与乳化剂和/或悬浮剂化合。如果需要,可添加某些加甜味料和/或调味剂和/或着色剂。
本发明的药物组合物也可以用于直肠给药的栓剂形式给药。可通过将本发明的化合物与在室温下为固体但在直肠温度下为液体并因此在直肠中溶化以释放该活性成分的合适的无刺激性赋形剂混合来制备这些组合物。这种材料包括但不限于可可脂、蜂蜡和聚乙二醇。
本发明的药物组合物可通过鼻的气溶胶或吸入剂给药。根据药物配制领域已知的技术制备这种组合物,并且可制备为在盐水中的溶液,其中使用苯甲醇或其他合适的防腐剂、吸收促进剂以增加生物利用率、氟碳化合物、和/或其他本领域已知的增溶剂或分散剂。
当本发明的组合物包括在此描述的通式的化合物的组合物和一种或多种附加治疗剂或预防剂时,该化合物和附加试剂都应以大约1至100%之间的剂量水平存在,并且更优选通常在单治疗方式中给药的大约5至95%之间的剂量。该附加试剂可单独给药,作为来自本发明化合物的多剂量方式的一部分。备选地,那些试剂可以是在单组合物中与本发明化合物混合在一起的单剂型的一部分。
筛选分析
本发明提供用于识别调节一个或多个BCL-2家族蛋白质或结合一个或多个BCL-2家族蛋白质(例如,具有至少一个BH同源性结构域的多肽)的多肽的方法(在此也相当于″筛选分析″)。
在此描述的多肽的结合亲合力可利用例如滴定结合分析进行测定。BCL-2家族多肽或包括BH结构域(例如,BID、BAK、BAX等)的多肽可在存在例如包含多肽或其片段(例如BID、BAD、BAK、BAX等)的荧光标记的BH3的底物时,暴露于不同浓度的候选化合物(即,多肽)(例如,1nM,10nM,100nM,1μM,10μM,100μM,1mM和10mM)。然后分析候选化合物的各个浓度的作用以确定该候选化合物对不同浓度的BCL-2家族结合活性的作用,其可用于计算该候选化合物的Ki。该候选化合物可调节竞争或非竞争性方式的BCL-2类型活性。也可在BCL-2家族蛋白质和荧光标记的候选化合物之间进行直接的结合分析以确定结合相互作用的Kd。还可例如通过测量其在触发来自纯化线粒体的细胞色素c中的剂量-反应的效力来筛选候选化合物的体外生物活性。也预见细胞透性筛选分析,其中将荧光标记的候选化合物施用于完整细胞,然后通过显微术或高通量的细胞荧光检测来分析细胞荧光。
用单独的候选化合物进行在此描述的分析或可用多元候选化合物进行这种分析。当用多元候选化合物进行该分析时,可利用候选化合物的混合物进行该分析或可以具有单候选化合物的各个反应进行平行反应。可利用本领域已知的组合文库方法中的任何多种方法来获得测试化合物或试剂。
在一个实施方案中,分析是基于细胞的分析,其中将表达BCL-2家族蛋白质或其生物活性部分的细胞与候选多肽接触,并且测定该测试化合物调节BCL-2类型活性的能力(例如,在一些实例中通过固有的或外在的细胞死亡途径,细胞凋亡增加,而在其他情况中,细胞凋亡减少)。测试化合物在细胞内调节BCL-2类型活性能力的测定可伴随有监测例如,从线粒体释放的细胞色素c或其他相关的生理读数(例如,膜联蛋白V染色、MTT分析、胱冬蛋白酶活性分析、TUNEL分析)。
在一个实施方案中,分析是生化分析,由此可将交联的多肽与亲合树脂连接以纯化或识别细胞凋亡途径中新的或已知的相互作用伴侣。
在此引用的所有参考文献,无论已出版的、电子的、电脑可读存储介质的或其他的形成,是全部明确地引入作为参考,包括但不限于摘要、论文、期刊、出版刊物、教科书、条约、国际互连网网点、数据库、专利和专利公开物。
其他应用
在此描述的肽的生物学上相关的应用如通过下列基于细胞隔室所表明的是数目众多且容易表现的:
(1)细胞表面-表现HIV-1蛋白质gp41(例如,C-肽、T-20肽)的关键螺旋区的天然肽已经显示防止病毒融合而因此防止HIV感染。参与融合机制的螺旋肽对许多病毒-宿主细胞感染范例是很重要的(例如,Dengue,Hepatitis C,Influenza),因此,这些决定性的螺旋区域的烃类-钩环类似物可通过抑制病毒的融合而起有效抗生素的作用。通常,利用螺旋接触面以活化或抑制信号途径的与细胞表面受体相互作用的配体表现了在此描述的多肽的附加应用。
(2)膜内-受体二聚作用和寡聚化是配体诱导的受体活化和信号传递的主要特征。横跨膜的螺旋结构域广泛参与这种必要的寡聚化反应(例如,表皮生长因子受体[EGFR]家族),并且特异的肽序列已经被定义为促进这些致密的膜内螺旋缔合的序列。这种受体通过寡聚化的异常活化涉及疾病致病原因(例如,erbB和肿癌症)。因此,在适当的环境中,横跨膜的内螺旋相互作用的活化或抑制将具有治疗学益处。
(3)细胞溶质的-细胞溶质的靶包括可溶蛋白质靶和与特异的内细胞溶质的细胞器有关的靶,包括线粒体、内质网、Golgi网络、溶酶体和过氧物酶体。在细胞凋亡的领域内,存在针对烃类-钩环BCL-2家族结构域的多种细胞溶质和线粒体细胞凋亡蛋白质靶。在促细胞凋亡蛋白质的只有BH3-亚组内,已经鉴定了BH3结构域的两个主要子集:(1)BID-样BH3s(例如,BIM),其是细胞凋亡“激活子,在线粒体诱导BAK寡聚化和细胞色素c释放以及(2)BAD-样BH3s,其是细胞凋亡“敏感子”,有选择地靶向抗细胞凋亡多结构域蛋白质,启动活化结构域的阈下水平至最大限度的有效性。除只有BH3的蛋白质对促对比抗细胞凋亡多结构域家族成员的不同结合外,BH3结构域在抗细胞凋亡蛋白质当中显示有差别的结合。例如,已经证明BAD优选地结合抗细胞凋亡BCL-2,而BIM靶向抗细胞凋亡MCL-1。鉴定和研究这些选择性的相互作用是极其重要的,因为不同的BCL-2家族成员涉及不同类型的肿瘤。例如,BCL-2过表达一般引起滤泡性淋巴瘤和化疗耐受性(resistance)的发展,而MCL-1被认为在多发性骨髓瘤的发病机理中扮演重要角色。使许多BH3结构域转化为结构稳定的能力和细胞可渗透反应剂将为研究和区别调控癌细胞中的细胞凋亡途径提供重要的时机。进一步靶向胞液中或在细胞溶质的细胞器中的螺旋依赖的相互作用或是可预见的。
(4)核-核转录因子及其调节蛋白驱动大量生理过程以与核蛋白和核酸相互作用的肽螺旋为基础。最近我们已经通过合成一系列与MDM2以皮摩尔亲合力相互作用的烃类-钩环(stapled)p53肽证明了产生烃类-钩环肽以参加核相互作用的可能性。除调节核内的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用外,蛋白质-核酸的相互作用也是显而易见的目标。多重转录因子家族,例如同源结构域、基本的螺旋-环-螺旋、核受体和包含锌指的蛋白质,通过其肽螺旋直接与DNA相互作用来活化或抑制基因转录。举例来说,同源结构域蛋白质是调节极度的多细胞机体中的生长和分化遗传程序的必要转录因子家族。这些蛋白质共享包含60个氨基酸长的肽,形成三个α-螺旋,称为同源结构域的保守的DNA结合基序,其中第三个α螺旋与DNA的宽(major)沟直接接触。类似于细胞凋亡蛋白质的BH3结构域,同源结构域是在同系物当中具有足够变化的决定性的效应物基序,其促进有差异的结合特异性和生理活性。蛋白质-DNA相互作用可以是复杂的和广泛的,由此为了研究和有选择地调节翻译事件的目的而提供对小分子开发的挑战。在高等生物体中,同源结构域蛋白质在发育、确定机体计划和支配组织分化期间高度表达。特异的同源异型蛋白(例如,CDX4)的过表达可活化导致例如来自小鼠胚胎干细胞的血液形成的组织-特异分化程序。同源异型基因表达的异常调节,例如一般在未分化细胞中表达的同源结构域蛋白质的异常上调或通常在分化细胞中表达的这种蛋白质的不适当下调可促进肿瘤的发展和维持。例如,在小儿的腺泡状横纹肌肉瘤(pediatric alveolar rhabdomy osarcoma)中,PAX3或PAX7DNA结合结构域与forkhead的转活化结构域的融合已经涉及细胞转化;涉及几个HOX基因的DNA-结合结构域的易位已经涉及白血病的发病机理。因此,化学稳定转录因子螺旋,例如同源结构域肽用于细胞递送的能力对产生用于研究和调节各种对健康和疾病中大量的生物过程负责的转录程序的化学工具盒具有潜能。
已经描述了本发明的许多实施方案。然而,可以理解可制备各种改变而不背离本发明的精神和范围。因此,其他的实施方案在下列权利要求的范围之内。
Claims (21)
1.制备包含促细胞凋亡的α螺旋的促进细胞凋亡的多肽的方法,其中所述多肽是通式(III)的化合物,所述方法包括
提供通式(II)的促进细胞凋亡的化合物;以及
用催化剂处理通式(II)的化合物以促进环闭合置换作用,由此提供通式(III)的化合物
其中
每个R1和R2独立地是H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、环烷基烷基;杂芳基烷基;或杂环基烷基;
每个n独立地是1-15的整数;
x是2、3或6
每个y独立地是0-100的整数;
z是1-10的整数;以及
每个Xaa独立地是氨基酸,并且[Xaa]x是所述包含促细胞凋亡的α螺旋的促进细胞凋亡的多肽中的促细胞凋亡的α螺旋中的一个或两个螺旋回转上的氨基酸。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中是C8烷基或C11烷基。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中是C8烯基或C11烯基。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中R1和R2独立地为H或C1-6烷基。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中该多肽包含BH3结构域。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中x是3或6且z是1。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中每个y独立地是1至15的整数。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中R1和R2分别独立地是C1-C3烷基。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中R1和R2中的至少一个是甲基。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中x是3或6且R1和R2是甲基。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中该多肽包括与SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸序列至少60%同一性的氨基酸序列,或者包括与SEQ ID NO:2的氨基酸序列至少80%同一性的氨基酸序列。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中R1和R2中的至少一个是C1-C6烷基。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中R1和R2分别独立地是H或C1-C3烷基。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中该多肽还包括荧光部分、放射性同位素、亲和标记或生物素部分。
15.权利要求1的方法,其中该多肽结合BCL-2家族成员多肽。
16.权利要求1的方法,其中该催化剂是钌催化剂。
17.权利要求1的方法,进一步包括在环闭合置换作用之后将通式(III)的化合物与还原剂或氧化剂相接触。
18.权利要求17的方法,其中该还原剂是H2或氧化剂是四氧化锇。
19.权利要求1的方法,其中n独立地是1-4的整数。
20.权利要求1的方法,其中每个y独立地是3-15的整数。
21.权利要求1的方法,其中z是1-3的整数。
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