CN103430759B - Method for planting polygonum capitatum as medicinal material of Relinqing granule - Google Patents
Method for planting polygonum capitatum as medicinal material of Relinqing granule Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a novel method for planting polygonum capitatum as a medicinal material of a Relinqing granule. The method specifically comprises the steps of: (1), selecting a cultivated land suitable for the growth of polygonum capitatum; (2), preparing land, namely, deeply ploughing the land for above 30cm before frost comes, and freezing partial pests and harmful microorganisms to death by using low temperature in winter; (3), carrying out lifting of seedlings between the last ten-day period of April to the middle ten-day period of the May; (4), transplanting and planting and filling gaps with seedlings, namely, transplanting in cloudy or rainy days or the afternoons of sunny days between the end of the April and the middle ten-day period of the May, and immediately filling the gaps with the seedlings within one week after transplanting; (5), carrying out field management, at least comprising intertilling and weeding, irrigation and drainage, prevention of water logging, fertilizer application, pest control, interplanting, crop rotation and the like, and carrying out crop rotation with the following plants such as radix pseudostellariae, mint and iris tectorum; (6), harvesting and processing, namely, harvesting from July to October, and processing by adopting manners of drying, airing and drying in the shade. The polygonum capitatum as the medicinal material of the Relinqing granule, planted by adopting the method disclosed by the invention, is capable of generating huge economic benefit and social benefit.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to medicinal material planting technology field.Relate to a kind of method of planting polygonum capitatum, particularly relate to a kind of implantation methods of new Relinqing Granula medicinal material Polygonum capitatum.
Background technology
The former plant of polygonum capitatum is polygonaceae (Polygonaceae) Polygonum (Polygonum) plant polygonum capitatum (Polygonumcapitatum Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don).Its medicinal part is acrial part or herb, using fresh herb or dry use; Record in " Guizhou Province's traditional Chinese medicine, Ethnic crude drugs quality standard " (version in 2003).
Polygonum capitatum bitter, pungent, cool in nature.Return kidney, urinary bladder channel.There is clearing heat and promoting diuresis, promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, inducing diuresis for treating strangurtia function.Cure mainly dysentery, pyelonephritis, cystitis, lithangiuria, pelvic infecton, prostatitis, rheumatalgia, injury from falling down, the illness such as sore eczema.
Polygonum capitatum medicinal history is long, begins to be loaded in " Guangxi Chinese medicinal herbal " (1963, second), is mainly used in treating rheumatalgia; Within 1977, record in " Chinese medicine voluminous dictionary " (1977, the first volume), be mainly used in treating dysentery, ephritis, cystitis, lithangiuria etc.; " Miao in Guizhou medical research and exploitation " (1999), " Guizhou Province's traditional Chinese medicine quality standard " (version in 1988) and " Guizhou Province's traditional Chinese medicine, Ethnic crude drugs quality standard " (version in 2003) etc. are all given and being recorded.
Polygonum capitatum is national folk medicinal herbs most in use, applies very extensive.Its in different regions, different nationalities has different addresses.Add up with literature survey factually, polygonum capitatum once had more than 20 another name.Such as: the four seasons red (" Guizhou Province's traditional Chinese medicine quality standard " version in 1988), himalayan creeper herb (" GUIHAIA register "), water silk ball, economize fourth grass (" Guizhou Chinese herbal medicine register "), red acid bar, Gypsophila acutifolia, stone food (" national Chinese herbal medicine compilation "), capitate knotweed herb, Polygonum capitatum Buch (" Guangxi Chinese medicinal herbal "), solar grass (" Yunnan Chinese herbal medicine "), completely red, fire pomegranate grass (" mountain of papers Chinese herbal medicine "), safflower Chinese violet, straightstalk alpine meadowrue herb, little copper weed, small red grass (" choosing of Yunnan Chinese herbal medicine "), Sorrel, grass stone green pepper, heronsbill (" Yunnan spermatophyte register "), copper mine grass (" Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan will "), rock buckwheat, blue or green shadow (" Hubei flora ") etc.
Polygonum capitatum is again that multiple ethnic group is medicinal, the seedling medicine that particularly seedling doctor is the most conventional; Its name is called " Dlobdongd xok " (approximate Chinese phonetic is translated into " searching gear rope ")." four seasons are red " is then the most frequently used herbal medicine name of Guizhou province national folk; The ethnic group in some places, Guizhou is also called " completely red ", " drum fourth bubble " etc.
Guizhou is a multi-national province lived in concentrated communities, and has 49 nationalitys such as the Chinese, seedling, Bouyei, Dong; Wherein maximum with Miao ethnic group, reach more than 400 ten thousand, account for more than 49% of national Miao ethnic group total population.Along with struggle for existence and the production practices of Miao ethnic group ancients, along with the development of society, progressively formed and develop into the abundant in content and Miao Minority of uniqueness.Seedling medicine is the medicine that Miao people is conventionally used to prevention, treatment and keeps healthy; Be the cultural assets that Miao people passes on so far for thousands of years, there is long hand down, outstanding national characteristic and region.Guizhou seedling medicine aboundresources, its source relates to autonomic drug, animal drugs and mineral drug.And the polygonum capitatum of special effect Miao in Guizhou medicinal history is long just, the seedling medicine that at present research application is comparatively deep again.
Guizhou wild polygonum capitatum resource is very abundant, and all there is distribution in the whole province, is widely used at Guizhou national folk (particularly Miao ethnic group).Since the eighties in last century, the relevant scientific research institutions in Guizhou are just studied its resource, chemistry and drug effect and clinical practice etc., and research and develop polygonum capitatum simple seedling medicine preparation " Relinqing Granula ".
Although wild polygonum capitatum resource is very abundant, but in the Producing medicinal herbs process needed for Chinese medicine preparation industrialization, expect to plant in the process of particularly medicinal material plantation at medicinal material to find a kind of good method, with guarantee preparation production medicinal material high-quality, supply constantly, to ensure crude drug source, to stablize drug quality.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to seek effective medicinal material Polygonum capitatum planting technology.Carry out a large amount of effort in the process that the present inventor plants at medicinal material, and obtained the result of desirable, the present invention is based on these effort and result and be accomplished.
For this reason, first aspect present invention provides a kind of implantation methods of new Relinqing Granula medicinal material Polygonum capitatum, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) planting site being applicable to polygonum capitatum growth is selected;
(2) wholely;
(3) lifting;
(4) transplant planting and filling the gaps with seedlings;
(5) field management, wherein at least comprises with next aspect: intertill and clean tillage, irrigate and drainage waterlogging prevention, fertilising, the extermination of disease and insect pest, interplanting, crop rotation;
(6) gather and process.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, the method comprises the following steps:
(1) select the planting site being applicable to polygonum capitatum growth, this planting site is gentle slope or the level land in height above sea level 600-1500m area, and has the soil that soil layer is deep, the soil is porous, fertile, irrigation condition is good;
(2) wholely, it is that soil deeptillage reaches more than 30cm before frost arrives, and utilizes the low temperature in winter to freeze to death part insect, harmful microorganism etc.;
(3) lifting, it carries out in late April to mid-May, carries out lifting to the seedbed seedling of booth or the breeding of land for growing field crops shed, or carry out lifting to cave dish breeding seedling;
(4) transplant planting and filling the gaps with seedlings: by the end of April to mid-May, transplant afternoon in cloudy, rainy day or fine day, filling the gaps with seedlings is that after transplanting in 1 week, every day checks the growth of cereal crop seedlings, finds to be short of seedling, fills the gaps with seedlings in time;
(5) field management, wherein at least comprises with next aspect:
I) intertill and clean tillage: in transplanting after 1 week, carries out first time loosening soil, weeding with hoe, and should be strictly on guard against that dynamic root hinders seedling; Later every 10 days hoes once grass, until envelope row;
Ii) irrigation and drainage waterlogging prevention: irrigate and refer to when not raining for continuous more than 5 days, carry out man-made irrigation; Described drainage waterlogging prevention refer to before transplanting open railway carriage or compartment wholely time dug drain ditch along physical features, ensure the unobstructed discharge of rainwater in rainy season;
Iii) apply fertilizer: comprise applications of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer, and based on farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer is auxiliary;
Iv) extermination of disease and insect pest: to put prevention first, the mode of integrated control carries out;
V) interplant: interplant with soya bean;
Vi) crop rotation: be selected from following plant crop rotation: radix pseudostellariae, peppermint, iris;
(6) gather and process: July gathered to October, the mode of then adopt oven dry, dry, drying in the shade is processed.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein selected in step (1) planting site is gentle slope or the level land in height above sea level 600-1500m area.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein selected in step (1) planting site atmospheric environment should meet the regulation requirement of national GB3095-1996 " ambient air quality ".
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein selected in step (1) planting site has the soil that soil layer is deep, the soil is porous, fertile, irrigation condition is good.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein selected in step (1) planting site meets the regulation requirement of national GAP Bases of Chinese Medicinal Crops soil environment quality GB15618-1995 " standard of soil environment quality (dry farming) ".
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein selected in step (1) planting site possesses the water source meeting national GB5084-1992 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard (dry farming) " secondary standard.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (2) is that soil deeptillage reaches more than 30cm before frost arrives wholely, utilizes the low temperature in winter to freeze to death part insect, harmful microorganism etc.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, being included in further wherein in step (2) is transplanted first 3 ~ 5 days wholely, removes and chooses the foreign material such as weeds, stone in plot, break up the clods with hoe, make the furrow of wide 1m, high 10cm, furrow spacing 30 ~ 40cm; Plough under subsequently in soil, mix in conjunction with whole fine earth earth and furrow soil, pick up various weeds perennial root and larger chad simultaneously, then play furrow and drag for flat furrow face with hoe.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, the lifting wherein in step (3) carries out in late April to mid-May.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, the lifting wherein in step (3) carries out lifting to the seedbed seedling of booth or the breeding of land for growing field crops shed.In one embodiment, this plays seedling-growing method: sprayed in seedbed permeable the previous day in transplanting, within 2nd day, choose the seed shoots meeting seedling quality standard, with the thumb of hand, food, in 3 refer to pinch seedling base portion, pulled up gently by seedling one by one, the straw soft with bubble is bundled into handle, is then placed in clean pollution-free vessel, cover wet cloth, be transported to and transplant ground.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, the lifting wherein in step (3) carries out lifting to cave dish breeding seedling.In one embodiment, this plays seedling-growing method and is: directly transport between transplant field by seedling dish, seedling and matrix are tripped out, rise while plant with hand.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, the lifting wherein in step (3) is the transplanting on the same day of lifting on the same day.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (4), the transplant planting time is by the end of April to mid-May.In one embodiment, transplant planting is transplanted afternoon at the moon, rainy day or fine day.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (4), during transplant planting, planting density is 25cm × 25cm.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, cave is wherein adopted to plant in step (4) during transplant planting, in booth seedbed, select to choose plant height about 7 ~ 8cm, leaf age between 7 ~ 8 leaves, and in the same size, robust growth, well developed root system, to be transplanted as transplant without the polygonum capitatum seedling of damage by disease and insect.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (4) during transplant planting, digs the cave of dark about 5cm, puts into a young plant, earthing compacting, then water normal root water with little iron hoe.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (4), described in fill the gaps with seedlings be that after transplanting in 1 week, every day checks the growth of cereal crop seedlings, find to be short of seedling, fill the gaps with seedlings in time.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (5), described intertill and clean tillage is in transplanting after 1 week, carries out first time loosening soil, weeding with hoe, and should be strictly on guard against that dynamic root hinders seedling; Later every 10 days hoes once grass, until envelope row (whole furrow face is paved with polygonum capitatum); Feng Hanghou must manual weed out the rank grass to the first half of the month of gathering.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein polygonum capitatum does not use weed killer herbicide whole vegetative period.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (5), described irrigation refers to when within continuous more than 5 days, not raining, and carries out man-made irrigation.In one embodiment, when the man-made irrigation time is morning 11 before or afternoon 17 time after.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (5), described drainage waterlogging prevention refer to before transplanting open railway carriage or compartment wholely time dug drain ditch along physical features, ensure the unobstructed discharge of rainwater in rainy season.Further, described drainage waterlogging prevention refers to, within whole vegetative period, every day in rainy season checks field drainage situation, if find the plot of ponding, should dredge draining in time, be strictly on guard against that ponding causes rotten of polygonum capitatum.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (5), described fertilising comprises applications of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer.In one embodiment, described fertilising is based on farmyard manure, and chemical fertilizer is auxiliary.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (5), described fertilising comprises uses base manure and topdresses.In one embodiment, described fertilising is based on base manure, and it is auxiliary for topdressing.In one embodiment, described fertilising is based on base manure, and it is auxiliary for topdressing, and wherein base manure applied once all made by phosphate fertilizer; Base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 40%, and 60% topdresses uses; Base manure made by potash fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses uses.In one embodiment, topdress at Feng Hangqian described in.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (5), described fertilising comprises applied nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer.In one embodiment, described fertilising is based on nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphorus potash fertilizer compounding application.In one embodiment, described nitrogenous fertilizer is amide nitrogen fertilizer such as urea.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (5), described fertilising comprises applications of farmyard manure 2000 ~ 2500kg/ mu, nitrogenous fertilizer 12kg/ mu, phosphate fertilizer 10kg/ mu, potash fertilizer K
2o6kg/ mu.In one embodiment, base manure applied once all made by described farmyard manure, phosphate fertilizer; Base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 40%, and 60%g topdresses in envelope row previous crops and uses; Base manure made by potash fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses in envelope row previous crops uses.In one embodiment, described farmyard manure is the farmyard manure through fully becoming thoroughly decomposed.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (5), the described extermination of disease and insect pest be put prevention first, the mode of integrated control carries out.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (5), described interplanting can be interplant with soya bean.In one embodiment, the spacing in the rows of each density in planting of described soya bean is 15cm.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (5), described crop rotation is and is selected from following plant crop rotation: radix pseudostellariae, peppermint, iris.In one embodiment, described crop rotation is and radix pseudostellariae or peppermint crop rotation; Crop rotation method is: polygonum capitatum and radix pseudostellariae, peppermint crop rotation 1 year, namely all after polygonum capitatum is gathered September, carry out radix pseudostellariae or thin He kind is planted November, crown prince participate in gather the June of next year, after peppermint gathers the August of next year, Second Year carries out polygonum capitatum crop rotation again.In one embodiment, described crop rotation is and iris crop rotation; Crop rotation method is: with iris crop rotation 3 years, namely after polygonum capitatum 9 is gathered, carry out iris plantation October, gather after 3 years September, next year carried out polygonum capitatum crop rotation again.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (6), described in gather be gather to October in July.Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (6), described in gather be gather once or secondary in July to October.
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (6), described in gather be extract acrial part (base portion can retain old stem 10-15cm) with reaping hook
Method according to a first aspect of the present invention, wherein in step (6), described processing method is selected from: 1) dry (such as, gather the same day, and put in drying room and dry, temperature controls at about 50 DEG C, within general 24 hours, can dry, Drying rate is about 20%); 2) dry (such as, select fine day, dry on the spot); 3) dry in the shade (such as, choose back, put the ventilation be not caught in the rain and dry in the shade).
In addition, can with reference to prior art (such as CN1481666A) or the routine operation carrying out polygonum capitatum plantation according to those skilled in the art's experience.
In the present invention, certain operations can be carried out with reference to following standards or specification:
GB3094-1996 ambient air quality;
GB4084-1992 agricultural irrigation water quality standard;
GB14618-1994 standard of soil environment quality;
GB9137-1988 protects the atmosphere pollution maximum permissible concentration of crops;
GB/T3543.2 crop seeds inspection procedure sample;
GB/T3543.3 crop seeds inspection procedure cleanliness is analyzed;
GB/T3543.4 crop seeds inspection procedure germination test;
GB/T3543.5 crop seeds inspection procedure authenticity and object innovation;
The determination of moisture of GB/T3543.6 crop seeds inspection procedure;
GB4284-1989 major experiment standard;
Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission's Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (version one in 2010);
The Ministry of the Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of the People's Republic of China, MOFTEC WM/T2-2004 " green professional standard imported and exported by medicinal plant and preparation ";
National Drug Administration's " Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) " (trying);
Drug Administration of Guizhou Province " Guizhou Province's Chinese medicine, Ethnic crude drugs quality standard " (version in 2003).
In the present invention, seed collection and processing and storage can be carried out as follows:
1, acquisition time and seed selection: 8 ~ November, from breeding Breeding base select healthy and strong without damage by disease and insect plant as seed collecting plant, undergrowth or abnormal, strain shape is not good, the plant that has damage by disease and insect to infect must not for collecting seed;
2, plant matter maturity symbol: when polygonum capitatum seed (achene) is ripe, whole capitulum starts to become loose, the perianth that place is deposited becomes white, and seed is black, can gather;
3, gather: gently pinch capitulum with thumb, forefinger and middle finger, seed falls within the centre of the palm naturally, be then put in the little Plastic Drum carried with or in other container.Attention: polygonum capitatum seed maturity is inconsistent, should gather in time, the not easily collecting otherwise meeting nature is scattered;
4, seeds processing: the seed that the same day gathers is spread out and dries in the shade in ventilation, dry indoor.Then to winnow with a dustpan with dustpan the impurity such as flat seed.Attention: can not be exposed to the sun after polygonum capitatum seed collection;
5, seed storage: be loaded in cotton bag by the seed processed, puts shady and cool dry place storage, prevents from going mouldy and damaging by worms;
In the present invention, seed quality and detection can be carried out as follows:
1, as polygonum capitatum seed, appearance character aspect is brown, glossy, full, damaged disease-free, the free from insect pests of nothing by the gross, purity >=99%, moisture≤12%; In addition, cleanliness >=95% of primes, germination rate >=90%, thousand kernel weight >=0.90g, the cleanliness of seconds is 90 ~ 94%, germination rate is 85 ~ 89%, thousand kernel weight is 0.83 ~ 0.89g, and the cleanliness of three grades of product is 85 ~ 89%, germination rate is 75 ~ 84%, thousand kernel weight is 0.78 ~ 0.82g;
2, seed testing
(1) sample: perform by GB/T3543.2 crop seeds detection method.The maximum weight of seed lot is 100kg, packing 10 bags, 10kg/ bag.With single tube sampling sharp-pointed tube every bag all samples, extract to send and test sample 100g, mix, by Interventions Requested requirement point sample;
(2) physical purity of seed measures: perform by GB/T3543.3 crop seeds detection method.The clean seed of polygonum capitatum refers to have or achlamydeous achene, exceed the seed of damaged achene, pericarp or seed coat partial exfoliation original half as large greatly and exceed the damaged seed of original large pericarp half as large or seed coat partial exfoliation.Cleanliness analytical sample 10g.Standard: polygonum capitatum physical purity of seed >=95%;
(3) thousand grain weigth measures: fully mixed by polygonum capitatum seed, random take out 1000 and weighs with analytical balance, and be accurate to 2 figure places after decimal point, repeat 3 times, calculating mean value, is the thousand kernel weight of seed.Standard: polygonum capitatum thousand grain weigth >=0.85g;
(4) seed moisture content measures: perform by GB/T3543.6 crop seeds detection method.Polygonum capitatum seed moisture content measures and adopts high-temperature oven drying method, and determination of moisture sample 15g, is divided into three parts (every part of about 5g).Standard: polygonum capitatum seed moisture content≤12%;
(5) seed germination experiment: perform by GB/T3543.4 crop seeds detection method.The germination test of polygonum capitatum makes paper bed with filter paper or blotting paper, and pH value is 6.0 ~ 7.5, and temperature is carried out under 20 ~ 25 DEG C of conditions.In the clean seed mixed, number gets 150 seeds, is a repetition, repeats 3 times with 50.Standard: germination rate >=85% of polygonum capitatum seed;
(6) Purity: perform by GB/T3543.5 crop seeds detection method item, standard: purity >=99%.
In the present invention, plant polygonum capitatum environmental requirement can comprise every as follows:
1, terrain environment requires: base height above sea level 800m ~ 1700m, and the gradient is less than 30 °, and existing irrigation conditions, has drainage condition again, apart from more than highway 100m, does not plant congener in periphery 50m;
2, weather conditions require: the equal warm and moist of weather, long-term temperature Change amplitude is less, average temperature of the whole year more than 12 DEG C, year effective accumulated temperature be respectively 5147.4 DEG C and 5585 DEG C, more than 270 days/year frost-free season.Rainfall is plentiful, more than average annual rainfall 1000mm, in relative moisture in vegetative period higher (70 ~ 90%); Annual sunshine duration 1100 ~ 1500 hours;
3, base quality of air environment requires: free of air pollution, meet GB3095-1996 " standard for atmosphere environment quality " one-level or secondary standard and GB9137-1988 " atmosphere pollution maximum permissible concentration standard ", namely air quality index II is between 0.6 ~ 1.0.Base air quality directly can adopt air monitoring on the same day data in city, place;
4, soil environment quality requires: the plot of plantation polygonum capitatum requires that fertile soil is loose, the good content of organic matter of draining is abundant, neutral Acid soil (pH value is 5.5 ~ 7.5), plow layer about 20 ~ 25cm.Protection should take into account the various environmental forms of wild polygonum capitatum growth with fostering.Soil environment quality meets GB15618-1995 " national standard of soil environment quality " one-level or secondary standard.Soil quality detects 1 time for every 4 years;
5, base water quality requires: having can for the water source irrigated and facility, water nonpollution.Quality of irrigation water meets national GB5084-1992 " field irrigation standards of water quality (dry farming) "; Irrigation water quality detects once every year.
6, other conditional request: (1) fosters in medicinal material planting base and protection the industrial and mining enterprises that around ground, within 1 kilometer, nothing generation is polluted, and pollutes, without soot without " three wastes "; (2) have a good transport service, have highway (comprising country road); (3) plot, planting base preceding crop should be the less gramineous plants of damage by disease and insect is main, avoids polygonum capitatum continuous cropping as far as possible; (4) plot is concentrated in flakes, and area is not less than 30 mu, forms scale, and industrialization is produced; (5) protection should have wild polygonum capitatum to grow well with fostering.
In the present invention, stock breeding can be carried out as follows:
(1) seedbed prepares:
1, plastic tunnel: before sowing, with the seedling bed of the wide 1m of brick one-tenth, high 20cm, personal attendant's canopy in plastic tunnel; Fill out the thin mellow soil of 15cm thick mistake 8 mesh sieve in seedbed, then the every even 2000kg of spreading well-rotted farmyard manure per mu and composite fertilizer 20kg make base fertilizer, after mixing thoroughly, strike off bed surface with scraper plate with bed soil;
2, land for growing field crops shed seedling method: the 30cm that turns over before sowing is dark, in conjunction with whole soil, pick up various perennial root and large chad, along canopy to the furrow making wide 1m, high 10cm, furrow spacing is 40cm, and the farmyard manure (2000kg/ mu) and composite fertilizer's (20kg/ mu) that become thoroughly decomposed evenly are spread in furrow face, and every mu of consumption is respectively 2000kg and 20kg and makees base fertilizer, mix in conjunction with whole fine earth earth and furrow soil, then water permeable;
(2) sow:
1, the selection criteria of seed: germination rate >=85%, thousand kernel weight >=0.85g, degree of purity >=99%, cleanliness >=95%, and seed is without quarantine damage by disease and insect;
2, the sowing time: late Febuary ~ mid-March;
3, type of seeding: with seed (2g ~ 3g/m
2) mix with 200 times of fine earths, with hand be evenly spread on sow seeds in face, railway carriage or compartment time hand distance ground be about 30cm, sow seeds along about furrow face, sow seeds as good with the wind, then use plastic film covering, with heat and moisture preserving;
(3) manage:
1, take off film in time: after the seed sprouting of 80%, throw off film;
2, spray water: after taking off film, every day sprays 1 ~ 2 water with sprayer;
3, uprooting weed: pull out the weeds sprouted in seedbed at any time;
4, thinning: when true leaf appears in seedling, pulls out closeer seedling in time in conjunction with uprooting weed, and density remains on 2cm × 2cm ~ 4cm × 4cm;
5, aeration-cooling: when temperature of shed reaches 30 DEG C, to open the two ends of canopy, strengthen ventilating in canopy, reduce temperature of shed and relative moisture, prevent high temperature from burning the generation of seedling and disease;
6, draining: deep-cut drain ditch in surrounding, furrow width 40cm, ditch depth 10cm, drainage waterlogging prevention, has cleared up the railway carriage or compartment ditch in nursery between canopy and canopy simultaneously, and rainwater can unimpededly be entered in surrounding ditch to external drainage;
7, the extermination of disease and insect pest: the damage by disease and insect between nursery stage adheres to the principle of relying mainly on prevention, notes ventilating in canopy, prevents damage by disease and insect from invading; Find that disease pulls out diseased plant, and carry out soil disinfection with lime; Find that a small amount of insect is eliminated with artificial;
8, hardening: transplant first 1 week, throw off the two ends of canopy, and minimizing is watered.
In the present invention, can meet following quality requirement as polygonum capitatum seed shoots: in appearance character, by the gross appearance uniform, root system is complete, without wilting phenomenon, without damage by disease and insect; In addition, one-level seedling height of seedling is 8 ~ 9.9cm, true leaf number 7 ~ 9, well developed root system, and secondary seedling height of seedling is that 10 ~ 12cm, true leaf number 10 ~ 11, root system are more flourishing, and three grades of seedling heights of seedling are that 6 ~ 7.9cm, true leaf number 5 ~ 6, root system are general.
In the present invention, field planting transplanting can be carried out as follows:
(1) selection of land: polygonum capitatum is the perennial herbaceous plant that crawls; The nice and cool weather of happiness, more cold-resistant; Require that the soil is porous, water-permeable and air permeable sand loam of good performance; Soil reaction with slant acidity (pH value 5 ~ 7.5) as well; All gluing heavily is hardened, and the clay that water content is large and ground that is barren, the easy ponding in the high and low low-lying area of subterranean water level all should not be planted; Therefore to select fertile soil, irrigation and drainage husky territory easily, more than soil thickness 30cm; Require: surrounding air reaches country's " atmosphere quality secondary standard " simultaneously, quality of irrigation water reaches country's " field irrigation standards of water quality (dry farming) ", and soil environment quality reaches country's " soil environment quality secondary standard (dry farming) "; Plough deeply soil 20 ~ 30cm in the field planting previous moon, remove and choose the foreign material such as weeds, stone in plot;
(2) wholely:
1, time of site preparation: late April ~ to transplant first 3 ~ 4 days the first tenday period of a month in May, choosing has the weather of the sun wholely;
2, method of soil preparation: first hoe goes weeds in the ground turned over, and shines 3 ~ 4 days on the spot, dries up weeds; The farmyard manure that before transplanting, every even 2000kg of spreading per mu becomes thoroughly decomposed, composite fertilizer 20kg/ mu, ploughs under in soil subsequently, then the furrow of wide 1m, high 10cm are made according to landform, furrow spacing 30 ~ 40cm, to rake furrow face in conjunction with drawing ditch, picking up the foreign material such as various perennial root on furrow face, weeds and large chad simultaneously;
(3) transplant:
1, transplanting time: late April ~ to transplant the first tenday period of a month in May, the choosing cloudy day transplants;
2, lifting: seedbed is sprayed permeable the previous day by lifting, within 2nd day, select that stem is sturdy, blade is large and abundant, height of seedling 8 ~ 10cm, seedling without damage by disease and insect, then with thumb, food, in 3 refer to pinch seedling base portion, one by one seedling is pulled up gently, the straw that every 100 strain bubbles are soft is bundled into one, is then loaded in basket and is transported to transplanting; Attention: lifting as required, the preferably same day of rising the same day has planted;
3, transplanting method:
(1) density: 25cm × 25cm
(2) method: press line-spacing 25cm stay cord and determine row on whole good furrow face, then digs the dark cave of 3 ~ 4cm along rope by spacing in the rows 25cm forefinger and middle finger, seedling is put into cave hand tight, every cave 1 seedling; Field planting irrigated normal root water the same day.
In the present invention, field management can be carried out as follows
(1) fill the gaps with seedlings: after transplanting in 1 week, every day checks the growth of cereal crop seedlings, and timely polishing is short of seedling.Find because of cutworm cause be short of seedling time, before filling the gaps with seedlings, first find out cutworm kill and mend again, in case endanger again;
(2) cultivation uproot: after transplanting, hoed up weeds every 10 days 1 time, until envelope row.Feng Hanghou is to before gathering, and every two weeks weeds out the rank grass 1 time.All weeds to concentrate be stacked at farmyard manure become thoroughly decomposed hole in, allow its fermentation maturity become fertilizer.Whole vegetative period prohibits the use weed killer herbicide;
(3) sprinkling irrigation is taked precautions against drought: within continuous 5 days, do not rain, start sprinkling irrigation system every afternoon and spray water 1 time, each 1 hour, or manually water;
(4) drainage waterlogging prevention: polygonum capitatum is afraid of flood, before transplanting drag for railway carriage or compartment wholely time dug drain ditch along physical features, ensure rainwater in rainy season unobstructed discharge; Within whole vegetative period, every day in rainy season will check field drainage situation, finds the plot of ponding, should dredge in time, avoid ponding to cause rotten of polygonum capitatum;
(5) topdress: dressing time: before sealing row June; Amount of application: composite fertilizer 10kg/ mu; Application process: evenly spread fertilizer over the fields on furrow face with hand, combines subsequently and loosens the soil, plough under in furrow soil;
In the present invention, the extermination of disease and insect pest and integrated control can be carried out as follows: with " putting prevention first ", use the method for " integrated control ".
In the present invention, can interplant in planting process: polygonum capitatum (density is 25m × 25m) and soya bean different densities (making the both sides, furrow face of wide 1m, high 10cm, the spacing in the rows by 10cm, 15cm, 20cm) are interplanted.The results showed, polygonum capitatum and output and the economic benefits comparison of interplanting different densities soya bean, the root yield of interplanting soya bean does not have significant difference, and have different by the output of spacing in the rows 10cm, 15cm, 20cm interplanting soya bean respectively, increase income 412 yuan/mu, 444 yuan/mu, 197 yuan/mu respectively than contrast, soil per mu yield income can be improved; But soya bean planting density spacing in the rows is advisable with 15cm.
In the present invention, crop rotation can be carried out in planting process: polygonum capitatum can carry out crop rotation with radix pseudostellariae, peppermint, iris, and the planting density of polygonum capitatum is advisable with 25cm × 25cm, and other medicinal material carries out with general planting density.The results showed, as polygonum capitatum and radix pseudostellariae, peppermint crop rotation 1 year, can all after polygonum capitatum be gathered September, carry out radix pseudostellariae or thin He kind is planted November, crown prince participate in gather the June of next year, after peppermint gathers the August of next year, Second Year carries out polygonum capitatum crop rotation again; As with iris crop rotation 3 years, namely after polygonum capitatum 9 is gathered, carry out iris plantation October, gather after 3 years September, next year carries out polygonum capitatum crop rotation again.From upper test, the output of polygonum capitatum continuous cropping on same plot has in downward trend year by year, with the output that not only can improve polygonum capitatum after radix pseudostellariae, peppermint, iris crop rotation, stable high yield object can be reached, but also the growing environment of other medicinal material can be improved, greatly can improve the income of unit are.
Embodiment
Can be conducted further description the present invention by the following examples, but scope of the present invention is not limited to following embodiment.One of skill in the art can understand, and under the prerequisite not deviating from the spirit and scope of the present invention, can carry out various change and modification to the present invention.The present invention carries out generality and/or concrete description to the material used in test and test method.Although for realizing many materials that the object of the invention uses and method of operating is well known in the art, the present invention still describes in detail as far as possible at this.
Since calendar year 2001, the principle that the present inventor selects in strict accordance with polygonum capitatum Suitable planting area, carry out the selection of polygonum capitatum planting site, with the Wudang, Guiyang in the Shibing of the southeast of Guizhou Province and Guizhou Province when etc. the most suitable region for polygonum capitatum standardized planting and GAP Demonstration Base and Demonstration And Extension base.
embodiment 1, polygonum capitatum standardized planting key technology research and practice
one, planting site is selected
(1) topography and geomorphology
According to field investigation, the ground such as level land, gentle slope, abrupt slope, rock crevice, wall, fort Kan Bi all find that there is polygonum capitatum, this illustrates that the growth of polygonum capitatum is not very tight to the requirement of landform, but in order to be convenient to carry out normal agrotechnique operation, gentle slope or level land be selected as polygonum capitatum standardized planting ground.Meanwhile, pollution-free source near base is required, away from more than highway 100m; Atmospheric environment should meet the regulation requirement of national GB3095-1996 " ambient air quality ".
Polygonum capitatum study demonstration base, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County is ground, gentle slope, and surrounding is dense masson pine forest, and height above sea level is 600-900m; New field, Wudang District, Guiyang, Newcastle polygonum capitatum Demonstration And Extension planting base are surrounding level land surrounded by mountains, and height above sea level is 1260 ~ 1340m.The atmospheric environment of two places, all reaches the primary standard of national GB3095-1996 " ambient air quality " through environmental administration's monitoring.
(2) soil
Show according to field investigation result, yellow earth, purple soil and mountain yellow brown soil three major types is mainly in polygonum capitatum self-sow district, yellow earth class comprises the soil species of sa yellow earth, irony yellow earth and yellow mud penus, and purple great soil group mainly contains sheep hepatolith soil and purple earth, but the thinner growing way of soil layer is poor.Grow vigorous in soil comparatively loosens the environment fertile, hydro-thermal is abundant, illumination is good.In main producing region, well-grown on the chesson that sand shale or coal measures layer are grown, normal growth in flakes, forms more single ground cover plant.Habit of growth through Introduction Observation polygonum capitatum is learnt, polygonum capitatum growing way on the soil of more barren, poor water retention property or ponding is poor, and deep at soil layer, the soil is porous, fertile local growing way is good, therefore, the soil that soil layer is deep, the soil is porous, fertile, irrigation condition is good be selected.Simultaneously, also the soil environment quality of polygonum capitatum experiment and demonstration base, Shibing County ox large field and new field, Wudang District, Kweiyang, Newcastle is detected, result shows, the soil fertility of two places belongs to better-than-average level, and should meet the regulation requirement of national GAP Bases of Chinese Medicinal Crops soil environment quality GB15618-1995 " standard of soil environment quality (dry farming) ".
(3) irrigation water
Polygonum capitatum experiment and demonstration ground, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County source of irrigation water is flow through the other natural river in base, and has the facilities such as the sprinkling irrigation system of pumping irrigation station, cistern and conputer controlled, and water is pollution-free, takes conveniently.The source of irrigation water of new field, Wudang District, Guiyang, Newcastle polygonum capitatum GAP Demonstration And Extension planting base, also for flowing through the other natural river in base and cistern accumulation nature rainwater, water is pollution-free, takes conveniently.
Above-mentioned experiment and demonstration base and Demonstration And Extension base, after testing, all meet the requirement of traditional Chinese medicine GAP regulation.Its soil environment meets the secondary standard of national GB15618-1995 " standard of soil environment quality (dry farming) "; Water source meets national GB5084-1992 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard (dry farming) " secondary standard.
two, wholely
Before frost arrives, soil deeptillage reaches more than 30cm, utilizes the low temperature in winter to freeze to death part insect, harmful microorganism etc.In first 3 ~ 5 days of transplanting, remove and choose the foreign material such as weeds, stone in plot, break up the clods with hoe, make the furrow of wide 1m, high 10cm, furrow spacing 30 ~ 40cm.Plough under subsequently in soil, mix in conjunction with whole fine earth earth and furrow soil, pick up various weeds perennial root and larger chad simultaneously, then play furrow and drag for flat furrow face with hoe.
three, lifting
(1) the lifting time: late April ~ mid-May.
(2) seedling-growing method is played
1, the seedbed seedling of booth or the breeding of land for growing field crops shed: transplant and seedbed is sprayed permeable the previous day, within 2nd day, choose the seed shoots meeting seedling quality standard, with the thumb of hand, food, in 3 refer to pinch seedling base portion, one by one seedling is pulled up gently, the straw that every 100 strain bubbles are soft is bundled into one, then be placed in clean pollution-free vessel, cover wet cloth, be transported to and transplant ground.Attention: lifting as required, the seedling risen the same day must be transplanted the same day.
2, cave dish breeding seedling: directly seedling dish is transported between transplant field, with hand, seedling and matrix are tripped out, rise while plant.
four, transplant planting
(1) the transplant planting time: after polygonum capitatum GAP in 2006 certification, we still transplant according to the result of study of the polygonum capitatum plantation suitable time before certification, namely with by the end of April ~ mid-May is suitable for transplanting time for polygonum capitatum.And the moon, rainy day or fine day should be selected to transplant afternoon.
(2) planting density
After polygonum capitatum GAP in 2006 certification, we find in practice, if polygonum capitatum planting density is too high, often ventilated bad, and under especially hot and humid condition, base leaf easily comes off in advance and rots, and have impact on the seed output and quality of medicinal material to a certain extent.
Therefore, we have carried out the experimental study of polygonum capitatum rational density further.Specifically, the object of this test is, according to growth characteristic and the characteristic of polygonum capitatum, under equal managerial skills condition, different planting densities is adopted to test, the different planting density of research polygonum capitatum, on the impact of seed output and quality, selects Optimum Planting Density requirement, for polygonum capitatum plantation section development provides scientific basis.
1, experimental scheme scheme: this test is single factor test randomized block experiment, if 8 process (namely processing A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H), repeats (i.e. I, II, III) 3 times.Each plot area is 13.7m
2(see table 1).
Table 1: level of density table
2, test method
This is tested in late Febuary sowing, and the first tenday period of a month in May transplant, and carries out sample prescription mid-September and surveys product and quality testing.Test site: ox large field, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County village head's col production base of traditional Chinese medicine.
Concrete test period is: respectively at 2006,2007 February ~ October, i.e. nursery in 2 ~ March, 4-5 month transplant planting, September sample prescription survey produce check and accept, summarize October and analyze.
Test area: the experimental field gross area 1.0 mu.Wherein test plot area 328.8m
2, every plot area 13.7m
2, to open bid accurate railway carriage or compartment by wide 1.3m in protection face, railway carriage or compartment, Hang He community, railway carriage or compartment height 10cm.
Plan design:
(1) arrangement of sample plot: the plot selecting fertility level gradient relatively consistent is experimental field, and the community of test is set as rectangle, and the long limit of community should be parallel with the direction that gentle slope tilts, and the different districts of same repetition should be on identical contour;
(2) arrangement mode: adopt the group arrangement of random district, determine the arrangement position of community different disposal in the mode of drawing lots, namely from left to right, from top to bottom, make each process have equal chance in any community;
(3) level of density is arranged: different densities level is (seeding row spacing): A, 15cm × 15cm; B, 15cm × 20cm; C, 20cm × 20cm; D, 20cm × 25cm; E, 25cm × 25cm; F, 25cm × 30cm; G, 30cm × 30cm; H, 30cm × 35cm.In addition, the seeding row spacing of protection row is 30cm × 30cm.
(4) test block design: experimental field long 37.2m, wide 18.2m, length and the wide 10.4m of being respectively and 1.3m of its small area open railway carriage or compartment, keep railway carriage or compartment face length 10m, wide 1.0m, working line 0.3m.1 railway carriage or compartment is established in every community, protection line width 3.9m.
(5) transplanting method
Selection of land: select the plot that plot soil fertility level gradient is opposing parallel, irrigation condition is good, area about 1 ~ 1.5 mu.
Wholely: turn over 25cm ~ 30cm, and evenly spread fertilizer over the fields well-rotted farmyard manure 2000kg/ mu, completed before April, by arrangement of sample plot requirement bedding before transplanting, protecting field part is also consistent with it.
Transplant: adopt cave to plant, select to choose plant height about 7 ~ 8cm in booth seedbed, leaf age between 7 ~ 8 leaves, and in the same size, robust growth, well developed root system, without the polygonum capitatum seedling of damage by disease and insect as test transplantation of seedlings.Dig the cave of dark about 5cm during transplanting with little iron hoe, put into a young plant, earthing compacting, then water normal root water.
The process of seeding row spacing 15cm × 15cm, often capable cultivation 66 strain, every railway carriage or compartment plants 6 row;
The process of seeding row spacing 15cm × 20cm, often capable cultivation 66 strain, every railway carriage or compartment plants 5 row;
The process of seeding row spacing 20cm × 20cm, often capable cultivation 50 strain, every railway carriage or compartment plants 5 row;
The process of seeding row spacing 20cm × 25cm, often capable cultivation 50 strain, every railway carriage or compartment plants 4 row;
The process of seeding row spacing 25cm × 25cm, often capable cultivation 40 strain, every railway carriage or compartment plants 4 row;
The process of seeding row spacing 25cm × 30cm, often capable cultivation 40 strain, every railway carriage or compartment plants 3 row;
The process of seeding row spacing 30cm × 30cm, often capable cultivation 33 strain, every railway carriage or compartment plants 3 row;
The process of seeding row spacing 30cm × 35cm, often capable cultivation 33 strain, every railway carriage or compartment plants 2 row.
Field management:
(1) apply fertilizer: early June combination weeds with a hoe, and mu composite fertilizer 10kg spreads fertilizer over the fields face, railway carriage or compartment, community equably, and be overlying in soil to impose and carry seed manure.
(2) irrigate: dry weather, within 7 ~ 10 days, when not raining, will water in good time, guarantee soil moisture supply.
(3) field observation: in good time weed out the rank grass, strengthens the control stategy of the extermination of disease and insect pest, particularly black cutworm and purple shell flea beetle.Carry out the investigation of field growing amount simultaneously, fill in record sheet.
Gather and preliminary working:
(1) collecting time produces with surveying: the mode adopting September reality to cut actual measurement is selected fine day to carry out harvesting and surveyed and produce, and extracts acrial part, shrugs off earth, claim fresh weight immediately, fill in record sheet with reaping hook.
(2) preliminary working: adopt counter sample product and be put in plastic tunnel dry in the shade (temperature, time), puts after taking-up and claims dry weight in indoor one day, fill in record sheet.
3, test results and analysis
The density test results and analysis of (1) 2006 year: in table 2 to table 4.
Table 2:2006 density test sample prescription is surveyed and is produced statistical form (unit: kg)
Mean difference table (kg/13.7m between the process of table 3:2006 density test
2)
Table 4:2006 density test quality testing analytical table
From table 2,3,4, process E, D, F and process A, H difference are extremely remarkable, process E and treatments B, G significant difference; Process C is extremely remarkable with process A difference, with process H significant difference; Process G, B and process A significant difference; Other process is not remarkable.Density is the most aobvious advantage of 25cm × 25cm, and quality conforms with the regulations.
The density test results and analysis of (2) 2007 years: in table 5 ~ 7.
Table 5:2007 density test field sample prescription is surveyed and is produced statistical form (unit: kg)
Mean difference table (kg/13.7m between the process of table 6:2007 density test
2)
Table 7:2007 density test quality testing analytical table
From table 5,6,7, process E is extremely remarkable with process A, B, F, G, H difference, with process C significant difference; Process D, C and process A, H, G difference are extremely remarkable, with process F, B significant difference; Process F, B and process A, H significant difference; Other process is not remarkable.Density 25cm × 25cm is good, and quality conforms with the regulations.
embodiment 2, standardized planting key technology
one, to fill the gaps with seedlings and intertill and clean tillage
(1) fill the gaps with seedlings
After planting in 1 week, every day checks the growth of cereal crop seedlings, finds to be short of seedling, and should fill the gaps with seedlings in time.That causes because of black cutworm is short of seedling, and first should find out after black cutworm kills, then fill the gaps with seedlings, in case again endanger.
(2) intertill and clean tillage
After transplanting 1 week, carry out first time loosening soil, weeding with hoe, and should be strictly on guard against that dynamic root hinders seedling.Later every 10 days hoes once grass, until envelope row (whole furrow face is paved with polygonum capitatum).Feng Hanghou must cut weeds with hand-lifting to the first half of the month of gathering.Attention: all weeds to concentrate be stacked at farmyard manure become thoroughly decomposed hole in, allow its fermentation maturity become fertilizer; Whole vegetative period prohibits the use weed killer herbicide.
two, irrigation and drainage waterlogging prevention
When within continuous many days, (general more than 5 days) do not rain, should carry out in time man-made irrigation (when the time is morning 11 front or afternoon 17 time after).Adopt the automatic sprinkling system of conputer controlled to irrigate in polygonum capitatum experiment and demonstration base, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County.
Polygonum capitatum is afraid of flood, before transplanting open railway carriage or compartment wholely time act in accordance with physical features and dug drain ditch, ensure the unobstructed discharge of rainwater in rainy season.Within whole vegetative period, every day in rainy season will check field drainage situation, if find the plot of ponding, should dredge draining in time, be strictly on guard against that ponding causes rotten of polygonum capitatum.
three, the rational application of fertilizer
After polygonum capitatum GAP in 2006 certification, before our GAP certification on rational application of fertilizer Research foundation, the correlation of the polygonum capitatum rational application of fertilizer and good quality and high output is explored further in 2007 ~ 2008 years, result still has significant production-increasing function with farmyard manure, phosphate fertilizer and composite fertilizer to polygonum capitatum, optimum spraying amount is respectively 2000kg/ mu, 30kg/ mu and 20kg/ mu, singly execute nitrogen or potash fertilizer to polygonum capitatum without significant production-increasing function, and should June polygonum capitatum Feng Hangqian impose composite fertilizer, have remarkable production-increasing function to the output of polygonum capitatum, suitable amount of application is 10kg/ mu.2009 ~ 2011 years, we are again in conjunction with the enforcement of Eleventh Five-Year Plan Ministry of Science and Technology supporting plan project and Guizhou Province's key special subjects problem, we cooperate with Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, more comparatively further investigate the correlation of the polygonum capitatum rational application of fertilizer and good quality and high output.Main research conditions and result as follows:
(1) different fertilizer type is on the impact (2009) of polygonum capitatum quantity and quality
1, test site
Experimental field be positioned at Niu great Chang village, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County, Guizhou Province, height above sea level 947m, gentle slope, soil is yellow soil.Soil chemical characteritics is: organic 28.00g/kg, full nitrogen 1.49g/kg, full phosphorus 0.31g/kg, full potassium 7.71g/kg, hydrolyzable nitrogen 95.85mg/kg, available phosphorus 4.03mg/kg, effective potassium 73.35mg/kg, pH5.63.
2, test material
(1) for planting experimentally seedling: adopt in March, 2009 ~ May booth to educate mu in village head's col base, ox large field, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County, Guizhou.Height of seedling about 10cm, 5 ~ 6 pieces, blade.
(2) for examination fertilizer: nitrogenous fertilizer is urea, containing N46%, be that is produced from Guizhou; Phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate, containing P
2o
515%, be that is produced from Fuquan City; Potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate, containing K
2o50% is that is produced from Suzhou; Composite fertilizer is that is produced from Xi Feng county of Guizhou Province, N, P
2o
5with K
2o content ratio is 15:15:15.
3, experimental scheme
Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), composite fertilizer 4 process are established in test, and each process establishes 3 repetitions by slope aspect (on slope, in slope, under slope), and random district group arranges, and plot area is 10m
2.Fertilizer amount level is in table 8.
Table 8: rate of fertilizer and usage table
| Sequence number | Fertilizer title | Consumption (kg/ mu) | Remarks |
| 1 | Urea | 16 | Topdress |
| 2 | Fused calcium magnesium phosphate | 50 | Make base fertilizer once to apply |
| 3 | Potassium sulfate | 15 | Make base fertilizer once to apply |
| 4 | Composite fertilizer | 50 | 1/3 makes base fertilizer, and 2/3 topdresses |
4, test is implemented
(1) wholely with transplanting: the whole ground carefully chosen also does furrow, the wide 100cm of furrow, and furrow height 10cm, furrow spacing 30cm, furrow face is smooth.Protecting field part is also consistent with it.On May 25th, 2009 transplants, and transplants seeding row spacing 25cm × 25cm, waters normal root water after cultivation.
(2) fertilization time and method: urea (N) topdresses as rhizosphere, in by the end of June or early July Feng Hangqian once apply in conjunction with cultivation uproot; Potassium sulfate (K) is made base fertilizer and is once applied; Fused calcium magnesium phosphate (P) is made base fertilizer and is once applied; Composite fertilizer 1/3 makes base fertilizer and applies when whole ground, and 2/3 topdresses as rhizosphere, in by the end of June or early July Feng Hangqian once apply in conjunction with cultivation uproot.
(3) quantity and quality measures: test and select fine day to gather and carry out community to survey product September, natural seasoning, gathers the censorship of representational medicinal material sample.
5, results and analysis
(1) different fertilizer type is on the impact of polygonum capitatum output: use different fertilizer type to polygonum capitatum yield effect obviously (table 9), the highest with composite fertilizer's output, single potassium application output is minimum.Variance analysis (Ft=99.1>F
0.01=9.78 differences are extremely remarkable; Fr=5.79>F
0.05=5.14 significant differences) show: between process, difference reaches pole significance level; District's group difference reaches significance level.Result of the test: the yield increasing effect of dissimilar fertilizer is phosphate fertilizer > nitrogenous fertilizer > potash fertilizer; The fertile compounding application effect of N, P, K is best; Also there is larger impact in hillside fields on polygonum capitatum output, and polygonum capitatum output is that bottom, slope is significantly higher than in the middle part of slope, top, slope.
Table 9: different disposal polygonum capitatum output (dry weight)
Note: test site is Niu great Chang village, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County, and the time is in March, 2009 ~ September, surveying the product time is on September 25th, 2009, arranges from high to low by polygonum capitatum output.
(2) different fertilizer type is on the impact of polygonum capitatum quercetin content: as seen from Table 10, and N, P, K different fertilizer is used has significant impact to polygonum capitatum quercetin content.Phosphate fertilizer has the greatest impact to polygonum capitatum quercetin content, and execute phosphate fertilizer process polygonum capitatum quercetin content the highest, potash fertilizer takes second place, and nitrogenous fertilizer is minimum.
Table 10: different disposal is on the impact of polygonum capitatum Quercetin
Note: sampling time: on August 5th, 2009, headdress flower quality of medicinal material is index with Quercetin, arranges from high to low.
6, brief summary
(1) N, P, K different fertilizer is used polygonum capitatum yield effect comparatively large, singly executes the effect > nitrogenous fertilizer > potash fertilizer of phosphate fertilizer; The fertile compounding application effect of N, P, K is best.
(2) also there is larger impact at position, hillside fields on polygonum capitatum output, and polygonum capitatum output is that bottom, slope is significantly higher than in the middle part of slope, top, slope.
(3) N, P, K different fertilizer is used has significant impact to polygonum capitatum quercetin content.Phosphate fertilizer has the greatest impact to polygonum capitatum quercetin content, and execute phosphate fertilizer process polygonum capitatum quercetin content the highest, potash fertilizer takes second place, and nitrogenous fertilizer is minimum.
(2) different fertilizer uses the impact (2010) on polygonum capitatum output and quality
2010, on the study base of 2009, carried on polygonum capitatum different nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizing standards and applicating ratio field trial and different nitrogen, Potassium forms use field trial, result of the test was as follows.
1, the field trial of polygonum capitatum different nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizing standards and applicating ratio
(1) experimental scheme
1. test process: arrange 3 levels, 12 process, three repetitions are established in each process, and random district group arranges, and plot area is 10m
2.Test process is in table 11.
Table 11: test process
| Test number | Process | N, kg/ mu | P 2O 5, kg/ mu | K 2O, kg/ mu |
| 1 | N 0P 0K 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | N 0P 1K 1 | 0 | 5 | 6 |
| 3 | N 0P 2K 2 | 0 | 10 | 12 |
| 4 | N 1P 0K 1 | 8 | 0 | 6 |
| 5 | N 1P 1K 2 | 8 | 5 | 12 |
| 6 | N 1P 2K 0 | 8 | 10 | 0 |
| 7 | N 2P 0K 2 | 16 | 0 | 12 |
| 8 | N 2P 1K 0 | 16 | 5 | 0 |
| 9 | N 2P 2K 1 | 16 | 10 | 6 |
| 10 | N 2P 2K 2 | 16 | 10 | 12 |
| 11 | N 1P 1K 1 | 8 | 5 | 6 |
| 12 | N 2P 2K 0 | 16 | 10 | 0 |
2. fertilization mode: with nitrogenous fertilizer (urea, containing N46%), (superphosphate, containing P for phosphate fertilizer
2o
516%), (potassium chloride, containing K for potash fertilizer
2o60%) carry out.Wherein base manure applied once all made by phosphate fertilizer; Base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 40%, and 60% topdresses uses; Base manure made by potash fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses uses.Test process community fertilizing amount is in table 12.
Table 12: different disposal community fertilizing amount
(2) results and analysis
1. N, P, K different fertilizer amount of application and ratio are on the impact of polygonum capitatum output: as can be seen from following table 13, table 14, and between process, difference reaches pole significance level; District's group difference is not remarkable.Result of the test shows: process 9 polygonum capitatum output the highest, remarkable with process 8,10 difference, and all the other process between difference reach pole significance level; Process 1 polygonum capitatum output minimum, not remarkable with process 2 difference.
A large amount nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer are better than low amounts nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer, and low amounts potash fertilizer is better than a large amount potash fertilizer.Best of breed is: a large amount nitrogen, phosphorus+low amounts potash fertilizer (N
2p
2k
1).
Table 13: different disposal polygonum capitatum output
Note: test site-Niu great Chang village, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County, the time be in March, 2010 to October, survey produce the date be on September 18th, 2010.
Table 14: variance analysis table
| Source of variation | Sum of squares | Degree of freedom | All square | F value | Significance level |
| Between district's group | 22.7756 | 2 | 11.3878 | 2.928 | 0.0746>0.05 |
| Between process | 993.4223 | 11 | 90.3111 | 23.222 | 0<0.01 |
| Error | 85.5578 | 22 | 3.889 | ||
| Total variation | 1101.7556 | 35 |
2. N, P, K different fertilizer is to the yield increasing effect of polygonum capitatum: the yield increasing effect of different fertilizer fertiliser types is different, and employing table 15 experimental data calculates the comprehensive yield increasing effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer respectively, and result is respectively:
N fertilizer effect
={(N
2P
2K
0-N
1P
2K
0)+(N
1P
1K
1-N
0P
1K
1)+(N
2P
2K
2-N
0P
2K
2)/2}/3
={(27.5-21.2)+(22.3-14.2)+(28.1-19.1)/2}3
=6.3kg/ district
=420.2kg/ mu (52.5kg/kgN);
Phosphate fertilizer effect
={(N
2P
2K
0-N
2P
1K
0)+(N
1P
1K
1-N
1P
0K
1)+(N
2P
2K
2-N
2P
0K
2)/2}/3
={(27.5-28.6)+(22.3-20.5)+(28.1-24.6)/2}/3
=0.82kg/ district
=54.4kg/ mu (10.9kg/kg P
2o
5);
Potash fertilizer effect={ (N
2p
2k
2-N
2p
2k
1)+(N
1p
1k
2-N
1p
1k
1)+(N
2p
2k
1-N
2p
2k
0)/3
={(28.1-29.6)+(22.9-22.3)+(29.6-27.5)}/3
=0.40kg/ district
=26.7kg/ mu (4.5kg/kg K
2o);
Can find out, N fertilizer effect is the highest and be significantly higher than phosphorus, potash fertilizer effect; Phosphate fertilizer effect is taken second place, and is significantly higher than potash fertilizer effect; Potash fertilizer effect is the poorest, and application effect is not good.
3. different disposal is on the impact of polygonum capitatum quality of medicinal material: different fertilizer is used polygonum capitatum quercetin content and quality influence comparatively large, differs greatly (table 15) between process.To process, 3 polygonum capitatum quercetin contents are the highest, process 12,2 is taken second place, and process 11 is minimum; The highest 8,10 the taking second place for process 12, process of polygonum capitatum Quercetin quality, process 1 is minimum.N, P, K different fertilizer is used has significant impact to polygonum capitatum quercetin content.Nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer are comparatively large on the impact of polygonum capitatum quercetin content, and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer application polygonum capitatum Quercetin quality are the highest.
Table 15: different disposal polygonum capitatum Quercetin quality
Note: test site-Niu great Chang village, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County, time m-in March, 2010 to October, survey produce with September 18-2010 years Dates of Sampling.
(3) brief summary
1. N, P, K different fertilizer is used polygonum capitatum yield effect comparatively large, and between process, difference reaches pole significance level, and district's group difference is not remarkable.The highest to process 9 polygonum capitatum output, process 1 polygonum capitatum output minimum.
2. N fertilizer effect is the highest, and is significantly higher than phosphorus, potash fertilizer; Phosphate fertilizer effect is taken second place and is significantly higher than potash fertilizer; Potash fertilizer effect is the poorest, and application effect is not good.
3. a large amount nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer are better than low amounts nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer, and low amounts potash fertilizer is better than a large amount potash fertilizer.Best of breed is: a large amount nitrogen, phosphorus+low amounts potash fertilizer (N
2p
2k
1).
4. N, P, K different fertilizer is used has significant impact to polygonum capitatum quercetin content.Nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer are comparatively large on the impact of polygonum capitatum quercetin content, and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer application polygonum capitatum Quercetin output are the highest.
2, the different Fertilizer N Forms of polygonum capitatum and Different Potassium Fertilizer kind use field trial
(1) experimental scheme
1. test process: test arranges 6 process, and three repetitions are established in each process, random district group arranges, and plot area is 10m
2(table 16).
Table 16: different Fertilizer N Forms and Different Potassium Fertilizer use process
2. fertilization mode: fertilizing amount is pure N8kg/ mu, P
2o
55kg/ mu, K
2o6kg/ mu.Base manure applied once all made by phosphate fertilizer; Base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 40%, and 60% topdresses uses; Base manure made by potash fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses uses.Test process community fertilizing amount is in table 17.
Table 17: process community fertilizing amount
(2) results and analysis
1. different disposal is on the impact of polygonum capitatum root yield: illustrate from table 14 variance analysis, between process, difference reaches pole significance level; District's group difference reaches significance level.As seen from Table 18, process 6 polygonum capitatum output the highest, not remarkable with process 3 difference, and between process 1,2,4,5, difference reaches pole significance level; Process 1,2,3 difference not remarkable, and between process 4,5,6, difference difference reaches significance level.Process 5 polygonum capitatum output minimum, not remarkable with process 4 difference.Find out thus, different shape nitrogenous fertilizer all has impact to polygonum capitatum output, and nitrogenous fertilizer all has significant production-increasing function to polygonum capitatum.Wherein the Be very effective of amide nitrogen fertilizer is better than ammonium fertilizer and nitrate fertilizer, and between ammonium fertilizer and nitrate fertilizer, difference is not remarkable.Different Potassium Fertilizer kind is on polygonum capitatum output without impact, and test potassium sulfate, potassium chloride have no significant effect polygonum capitatum output, and its effect difference is not remarkable.
Table 18: the medicinal material of polygonum capilalum output of different disposal
Note: test site-Niu great Chang village, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County, time m-in March, 2010 to October, survey produce with September 18-2010 years Dates of Sampling.
Table 19: variance analysis table
| Source of variation | Sum of squares | Degree of freedom | All square | F value | Significance level |
| Between district's group | 13.9544 | 2 | 6.9772 | 5.642 | 0.01<0.0229<0.05 |
| Between process | 48.5044 | 5 | 9.7009 | 7.845 | 0.0031<0.01 |
| Error | 12.3656 | 10 | 1.2366 | ||
| Total variation | 74.8244 | 17 |
2. different disposal is on the impact of medicinal material of polygonum capilalum quercetin content: as seen from Table 20, different shape nitrogenous fertilizer, Different Potassium Fertilizer type on polygonum capitatum quercetin content to affect difference not remarkable, and it is larger on the impact of polygonum capitatum root yield, wherein the Be very effective of amide nitrogen fertilizer is better than ammonium fertilizer and nitrate fertilizer, on the basis of using amide nitrogen fertilizer, the Be very effective of potassium sulfate is better than potassium chloride.
Table 20: different disposal polygonum capitatum quercetin content
Note: test site-Niu great Chang village, Niu great Chang town, Shibing County, time m-in March, 2010 to October, survey produce with September 18-2010 years Dates of Sampling.
(3) brief summary
1. nitrogenous fertilizer all has significant production-increasing function to polygonum capitatum, and wherein the Be very effective of amide nitrogen fertilizer is better than ammonium fertilizer and nitrate fertilizer, and between ammonium fertilizer and nitrate fertilizer, difference is not remarkable.
2. different shape potash fertilizer is on polygonum capitatum output without obvious impact, and its effect difference is not remarkable.
3. different shape N, potash fertilizer on polygonum capitatum quercetin content to affect difference not remarkable, and it is larger on the impact of polygonum capitatum root yield, wherein the Be very effective of amide nitrogen fertilizer is better than ammonium fertilizer and nitrate fertilizer, and on the basis of using amide nitrogen fertilizer, the Be very effective of potassium sulfate is better than potassium chloride.
(3) rational fertilization techniques
Through research about the rational application of fertilizer and medicinal material of polygonum capilalum Yield and quality correlation in 2007 ~ 2010 years, we were as follows to the short summary of medicinal material of polygonum capilalum rational application of fertilizer key technology.
1, fertilization principle
(1) based on farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer is auxiliary: on the basis of applications of farmyard manure, uses chemical fertilizer, and can getting the length benefit of two seed manures, it is short, and emergency is helped mutually, improves constantly soil supplying nutrient capability.The availability of chemical fertilizer can be improved simultaneously, overcome the side effect of using merely chemical fertilizer, to improve the quality of traditional Chinese medicine.
(2) based on base manure, it is auxiliary for topdressing: due to polygonum capitatum envelope in July row, Feng Hanghou not easily applies fertilizer, and therefore, the fertilising of polygonum capitatum is based on base manure.Wherein base manure applied once all made by phosphate fertilizer; Base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 40%, and 60% topdresses uses; Base manure made by potash fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses uses.Topdressing to polygonum capitatum should at Feng Hangqian.Feng Hanghou, can adopt the mode of top dressing.
(3) based on nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphorus potash fertilizer compounding application: nitrogenous fertilizer unit nutrient yield increasing effect is the most obvious, based on nitrogenous fertilizer, should coordinate phosphorus potash fertilizer balance to use, obtains best effect of increasing production during polygonum capitatum cultivation.
2, measures of fertilizer
(1) nitrogenous fertilizer type selecting: according to result of the test, nitrogenous fertilizer type, with amide nitrogen fertilizer, namely selects urea best.
(2) determination of fertilizing amount: farmyard manure about 2000 ~ 2500kg/ mu, N12kg/ mu, P
2o
510kg/ mu, K
2o6kg/ mu.According to soil fertility situation, suitably adjust fertilizing amount.
(3) fertilizer distributes: base manure applied once all made by farmyard manure, phosphate fertilizer.Base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 40%, and 60%g topdresses in envelope row previous crops and uses; Base manure made by potash fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses in envelope row previous crops uses.
3, points for attention
(1) apply fertilizer according to soil fertility situation: Niu great Chang base, Shibing County due to rich potassium, lack phosphorus, nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer to be enriched in actual production, can Shaoshi or not potassium application.
(2) phosphate fertilizer: the available phosphorus content of normal superphosphate, fused calcium magnesium phosphate differs greatly, when use two kinds of phosphate fertilizer, should be noted that its available phosphorus content.Buy the phosphate fertilizer variety of high-load, one is ensure phosphorus application amount as far as possible, and two is the heavy metal pollution that minimizing phosphate fertilizer brings.
(3) farmyard manure used must fully become thoroughly decomposed
1. to become thoroughly decomposed method: the barnyard manure of mew is taken out, piles up from level to level and compress, high to 1.5m, wide 2m.Then outside plastic film covers tightly.
2. to become thoroughly decomposed standard: without the stink before piling up, do not see original shape, color be black dull brown, piles up material softness and rots, pinch very easily disconnected broken with pulling, pH is in neutrality or alkalescence.
3. other: forbid to use domestic waste, industrial refuse and hospital waste and ight soil.
In low temperature, dry season and area, preferably use the fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed, to improve gentle soil moisture conservation, and fertilizer will early be executed, deep placement, to give full play to fertilizer efficiency.And in high temperature, rainy season and area, manure digestion is fast, plant capacity of decomposition is strong, thus not easily execute too early, topdressing, it is secondary many to measure less, to reduce nutrient loss.
According to the work of above fertilising, have been found that in the method for either side of the present invention, when applying fertilizer, described fertilising comprises applications of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer; Described fertilising is based on farmyard manure, and chemical fertilizer is auxiliary; Described fertilising comprises uses base manure and topdresses; Described fertilising is based on base manure, and it is auxiliary for topdressing; Described fertilising is based on base manure, and it is auxiliary for topdressing, and wherein base manure applied once all made by phosphate fertilizer.Base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 40%, and 60% topdresses uses; Base manure made by potash fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses uses.Describedly to topdress at Feng Hangqian.Described fertilising comprises applied nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer.Described fertilising is based on nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphorus potash fertilizer compounding application; Described nitrogenous fertilizer is amide nitrogen fertilizer such as urea.Described fertilising comprises applications of farmyard manure, and amount of application can obtain optimum root yield with 2000 ~ 2500kg/ mu, and during lower than this scope with higher than this scope, root yield all swashs acute decline; Such as, reach maximum output in during farmyard manure amount of application 2350kg/ mu, 2000 and the output of 2500kg/ mu be relative to this maximum output 97% and 98% respectively; But during with farmyard manure amount of application lower than 1800kg/ mu, root yield swash acute decline and fertilizer amount more low yield decline larger, such as, output during 1800kg/ mu is only relative to this maximum output 81%; But during with farmyard manure amount of application higher than 2500kg/ mu, root yield swash acute decline and fertilizer amount more high yield decline larger, such as, output during 2650kg/ mu is only relative to this maximum output 83%.Therefore, in arbitrary embodiment of the present invention, the amount of application of farmyard manure is 2000 ~ 2500kg/ mu.
In addition, inventor has been found that when using chemical fertilizer, and nitrogenous fertilizer (in N), phosphate fertilizer (in P), potash fertilizer are (with K
2o counts) the amount of application ratio of three be the best at 12:10:6.Fix with amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, when the total Quercetin output of phosphate fertilizer relative quantity below 9 time (such as 12:8.5:6) or more than 11 (such as 12:11.5:6) in every mu of medicinal material (can be described as per mu yield Quercetin amount, namely every mu produce Quercetin total amount in medicinal material) obviously lower than the optimum spraying amount of above-mentioned 12:10:6, and when the total Quercetin output of potash fertilizer relative quantity below 5.4 time (such as 12:10:5) or more than 6.6 (such as 12:10:7) in every mu of medicinal material is obviously lower than the optimum spraying amount of above-mentioned 12:10:6, and the larger decline of deviation is larger.Such as, with nitrogenous fertilizer: phosphate fertilizer: reach the highest per mu yield Quercetin amount during potash fertilizer=12:10:6; When phosphate fertilizer relative quantity is in 9 ~ 11 scopes, per mu yield Quercetin amount is equivalent to 97 ~ 99% of the highest above-mentioned per mu yield Quercetin amount, and when potash fertilizer relative quantity is in 5.4 ~ 6.6 scopes, per mu yield Quercetin amount is equivalent to 98 ~ 99.7% of the highest above-mentioned per mu yield Quercetin amount.
But when phosphate fertilizer relative quantity 8.8 time or potash fertilizer relative quantity 5.2 time, per mu yield Quercetin amount is equivalent to 84% and 79% of the highest above-mentioned per mu yield Quercetin amount respectively, and phosphate fertilizer or potash fertilizer relative quantity the highest lower per mu yield Quercetin amount decline larger.Also surprisingly, when phosphate fertilizer relative quantity 11.2 time or potash fertilizer relative quantity 6.8 time, per mu yield Quercetin amount is equivalent to 81% and 82% of the highest above-mentioned per mu yield Quercetin amount respectively, and phosphate fertilizer or potash fertilizer relative quantity the highest higher per mu yield Quercetin amount decline larger.Above-mentioned nitrogenous fertilizer: phosphate fertilizer: the change of the relative amount of application of potash fertilizer and per mu yield Quercetin amount
In test other again, with above-mentioned nitrogenous fertilizer: phosphate fertilizer: K Amounts fixed proportion is that 12:10:6 tests, but the consumption of synchronous change three kinds of fertilizer, all state with nitrogenous fertilizer variable quantity, have been surprisingly found that, the change of total fertilizer amount can cause the remarkable change of gallic acid amount.Test method: carry out with farmyard manure amount of application 2350kg/ mu, nitrogenous fertilizer: phosphate fertilizer: Potassium Fertilizer ratio is 12:10:6, but when using chemical fertilizer, regulate applying quantity of chemical fertilizer (fixing aforementioned proportion, only represent with nitrogenous fertilizer change), nitrogen fertilizer amount is 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25kg/ mu, when found that nitrogen fertilizer amount is 12kg/ mu, in every mu of medicinal material, total gallic acid output (can be described as per mu yield gallic acid amount, namely every mu produce gallic acid total amount in medicinal material, gallic acid is a kind of important component in medicinal material of polygonum capilalum, its assay has many art methods) reach maximum.11 and the consumption of 13kg/ mu time per mu yield gallic acid amount be equivalent to 98% and 97% of the highest above-mentioned per mu yield gallic acid amount respectively.But surprisingly, when fertilizing amount lower than/by the time in 10kg/ mu or higher than/equal 14kg/ mu time, per mu yield gallic acid amount significantly reduces, and and fertilizer amount depart from this 12kg/ mu then per mu yield far away gallic acid amount reduce larger, the per mu yield gallic acid amount of such as fertilizing amount 10kg/ mu and 14kg/ mu is equivalent to 87% and 84% of the highest above-mentioned per mu yield gallic acid amount respectively.
In test other again, with above-mentioned nitrogenous fertilizer: phosphate fertilizer: K Amounts fixed proportion is that 12:10:6 tests, but the consumption of synchronous change three kinds of fertilizer, all state with nitrogenous fertilizer variable quantity, have been surprisingly found that, the change of total fertilizer amount can cause the remarkable change of gallic acid amount.Test method: carry out with farmyard manure amount of application 2350kg/ mu, nitrogenous fertilizer: phosphate fertilizer: Potassium Fertilizer ratio is 12:10:6, but when using chemical fertilizer, regulate applying quantity of chemical fertilizer (fixing aforementioned proportion, only represent with nitrogenous fertilizer change), nitrogen fertilizer amount is 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25kg/ mu, when found that nitrogen fertilizer amount is 12kg/ mu, in every mu of medicinal material, total gallic acid output (can be described as per mu yield gallic acid amount, namely every mu produce gallic acid total amount in medicinal material, gallic acid is a kind of important component in medicinal material of polygonum capilalum, its assay has many art methods) reach maximum.11 and the consumption of 13kg/ mu time per mu yield gallic acid amount be equivalent to 98% and 97% of the highest above-mentioned per mu yield gallic acid amount respectively.But surprisingly, when fertilizing amount lower than/by the time in 10kg/ mu or higher than/equal 14kg/ mu time, per mu yield gallic acid amount significantly reduces, and and fertilizer amount depart from this 12kg/ mu then per mu yield far away gallic acid amount reduce larger, the per mu yield gallic acid amount of such as fertilizing amount 10kg/ mu and 14kg/ mu is equivalent to 87% and 84% of the highest above-mentioned per mu yield gallic acid amount respectively.
Therefore, in an embodiment of either side of the present invention, fertilising comprises applications of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer (nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer).In an embodiment of either side of the present invention, base manure applied once all made by described farmyard manure, phosphate fertilizer.In an embodiment of either side of the present invention, base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 40%, and 60%g topdresses in envelope row previous crops and uses.In an embodiment of either side of the present invention, base manure made by potash fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses in envelope row previous crops uses.In an embodiment of either side of the present invention, farmyard manure amount of application is 2000 ~ 2500kg/ mu, preferred 2350kg/ mu.In an embodiment of either side of the present invention, nitrogenous fertilizer (in N), phosphate fertilizer (in P), potash fertilizer are (with K
2o counts) the amount of application ratio of three is 12:9 ~ 10:5.4 ~ 6.6, preferred 12:10:6.In an embodiment of either side of the present invention, applying quantity of chemical fertilizer counts 11 ~ 13kg/ mu in nitrogenous fertilizer (with N), preferred 12kg/ mu.In an embodiment of either side of the present invention, applying quantity of chemical fertilizer is nitrogenous fertilizer (in N) 12kg/ mu, and phosphate fertilizer (in P) 10kg/ mu, potash fertilizer is (with K
2o counts) 6kg/ mu.In an embodiment of either side of the present invention, farmyard manure amount of application 2000 ~ 2500kg/ mu, applying quantity of chemical fertilizer is nitrogenous fertilizer (in N) 12kg/ mu, and phosphate fertilizer (in P) 10kg/ mu, potash fertilizer is (with K
2o counts) 6kg/ mu.
(4) problems and their analysis
1, crop yield and quality are the results of nutritive element comprehensive function, this test only on affecting the nitrogen of polygonum capitatum yield and quality, phosphorus, potassium three elements have carried out field trial, the medium trace element such as Calcium Magnesium Sulphur, iron, manganese, boron are not conducted a research.The research of polygonum capitatum medium trace element nutritional effect is carried out in suggestion, provides technical support for improving polygonum capitatum yield and quality further.
2, polygonum capitatum suitable nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium three essential fertilizer ratio have been explored in test, and suggestion exploitation polygonum capitatum composite fertilizer special, improves large area and produce, particularly in Cotton Varieties by Small Farming Households, and the arrival rate of polygonum capitatum measures of fertilizer.
four, the extermination of disease and insect pest
With the plant protection policy of China " put prevention first, integrated control " for principle, produce and national green product requirement according to national traditional Chinese medicine GAP, by a series of comprehensive preventive health measures, create one to be conducive to polygonum capitatum and to grow and be unfavorable for the environment that damage by disease and insect occurs, by Pest management within the scope of economic injury level.
five, interplanting, crop rotation experimental study
(1) experimental study is interplanted
After polygonum capitatum GAP in 2006 certification, we have carried out polygonum capitatum (density is 25m × 25m) and have tested with the interplanting of soya bean different densities (making the both sides, furrow face of wide 1m, high 10cm, the spacing in the rows by 10cm, 15cm, 20cm) in 2008.The output of polygonum capitatum interplanting different densities soya bean and economic benefit, in table 21,22.
Table 21: the medicinal material of polygonum capitatum interplanting different densities soya bean and yield of soybean (kg)
Note: (1) is surveyed and produced area is 50m
2, its output is the amount of gathering of 1 time in September; (2) contrast is not for interplant soya bean; (3) above-mentioned test period is 2008, lower same.
Table 22: the economic benefit of polygonum capitatum interplanting different densities soya bean
Note: be calculate by the market price of medicinal materials in 2008 and soya bean.
From upper, the root yield of interplanting soya bean does not have significant difference, and interplants the output of soya bean by spacing in the rows 10cm, 15cm, 20cm respectively and have different, increases income 412 yuan/mu, 444 yuan/mu, 197 yuan/mu respectively, can improve soil per mu yield income than contrast; But soya bean planting density spacing in the rows is advisable with 15cm.
(2) crop rotation experimental study
After polygonum capitatum GAP in 2006 certification in the past few years, we set up different test plots number in experiment and demonstration base, Shibing ox large field from 2008, different samples ground number carries out the crop rotation (planting density of polygonum capitatum is all as the criterion with 25cm × 25cm, and other medicinal material is with general planting density research experiment) of polygonum capitatum and radix pseudostellariae, peppermint, iris respectively.
1, crop rotation test
Polygonum capitatum and radix pseudostellariae, peppermint crop rotation 1 year, namely all after polygonum capitatum is gathered September, carry out radix pseudostellariae or thin He kind is planted November, crown prince participate in gather the June of next year, after peppermint gathers the August of next year, Second Year carries out polygonum capitatum crop rotation again; With iris crop rotation 3 years, namely after polygonum capitatum 9 is gathered, carry out iris plantation October, gather after 3 years September, next year carried out polygonum capitatum crop rotation again.
2, result of the test: in table 23,24.
Table 23: polygonum capitatum and radix pseudostellariae, peppermint, iris crop rotation tests study analysis record sheet
Table 24: land utilization rate analytical table
Therefore, the output of polygonum capitatum continuous cropping on same plot has in downward trend year by year, with the output that not only can improve polygonum capitatum after radix pseudostellariae, peppermint, iris crop rotation, stable high yield object can be reached, but also the growing environment of other medicinal material can be improved, substantially increase the income of unit are, a crucial step has been walked out in the development for polygonum capitatum GAP industry.But the crop rotation about polygonum capitatum and more crop and different medicinal material kind is tested and is also needed further explore and study.
Plantation medicinal material of polygonum capilalum carries out gethering and processing, can carry out, can also carry out with reference to under type according to methods known to those skilled in the art or experience:
(1) collecting time: twice can be gathered every year, but must gather about July for the first time, second time does not exceed early October the latest, guarantee that frost can seal row before arriving, prevent freeze injury, pass the winter safely in order to polygonum capitatum, if only gather once, 7-10 all can gather the first tenday period of a month month;
(2) collecting method: extract acrial part with reaping hook, base portion retains old stem 10-15cm, sprouts in order to shoot;
(3) processing method is selected from:
1) dry: gather the same day, and put in drying room and dry, temperature controls at about 50 DEG C, and within general 24 hours, can dry, Drying rate is about 20%;
2) dry: select fine day, dry on the spot;
3) dry in the shade: choose back, put the ventilation be not caught in the rain and dry in the shade.
Claims (16)
1. the implantation methods of Relinqing Granula medicinal material Polygonum capitatum, the method comprises the following steps:
(1) select the planting site being applicable to polygonum capitatum growth, this planting site is gentle slope or the level land in height above sea level 600-1500m area, and has the soil that soil layer is deep, the soil is porous, fertile, irrigation condition is good;
(2) wholely, it is that soil deeptillage reaches more than 30cm before frost arrives, and utilizes the low temperature in winter to freeze to death part insect, harmful microorganism;
(3) lifting, it carries out in late April to mid-May, carries out lifting to the seedbed seedling of booth or the breeding of land for growing field crops shed, or carry out lifting to cave dish breeding seedling;
(4) transplant planting and filling the gaps with seedlings: by the end of April to mid-May, transplant afternoon in cloudy, rainy day or fine day, filling the gaps with seedlings is that after transplanting in 1 week, every day checks the growth of cereal crop seedlings, finds to be short of seedling, fills the gaps with seedlings in time;
(5) field management, wherein at least comprises with next aspect:
I) intertill and clean tillage: in transplanting after 1 week, carries out first time loosening soil, weeding with hoe, and is strictly on guard against that dynamic root hinders seedling; Later every 10 days hoes once grass, until envelope row;
Ii) irrigation and drainage waterlogging prevention: irrigate and refer to when not raining for continuous more than 5 days, carry out man-made irrigation; Described drainage waterlogging prevention refer to before transplanting open railway carriage or compartment wholely time dug drain ditch along physical features, ensure the unobstructed discharge of rainwater in rainy season;
Iii) apply fertilizer: comprise applications of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer, and based on farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer is auxiliary, and described fertilising comprises applications of farmyard manure 2000 ~ 2500kg/ mu, nitrogenous fertilizer 12kg/ mu, phosphate fertilizer 10kg/ mu, potash fertilizer K
2o 6kg/ mu;
Iv) extermination of disease and insect pest: to put prevention first, the mode of integrated control carries out;
V) interplant: interplant with soya bean;
Vi) crop rotation: be selected from following plant crop rotation: radix pseudostellariae, peppermint, iris;
(6) gather and process: July gathered to October, the mode of then adopt oven dry, dry, drying in the shade is processed.
2. method according to claim 1, wherein in step (1):
Selected planting site is gentle slope or the level land in height above sea level 600-1500m area;
Selected planting site atmospheric environment should meet the regulation requirement of national GB3095-1996 " ambient air quality ";
Selected planting site has the soil that soil layer is deep, the soil is porous, fertile, irrigation condition is good;
Selected planting site meets the regulation requirement of national GAP Bases of Chinese Medicinal Crops soil environment quality GB15618-1995 " standard of soil environment quality (dry farming) "; And/or
Selected planting site possesses the water source meeting national GB5084-1992 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard (dry farming) " secondary standard.
3. method according to claim 1, wherein in step (2):
Be that soil deeptillage reaches more than 30cm before frost arrives wholely, utilize the low temperature in winter to freeze to death part insect, harmful microorganism; With
Be included in further wholely and transplant first 3 ~ 5 days, remove and choose weeds in plot, stone, break up the clods with hoe, make the furrow of wide 1m, high 10cm, furrow spacing 30 ~ 40cm; Plough under subsequently in soil, mix in conjunction with whole fine earth earth and furrow soil, pick up various weeds perennial root and larger chad simultaneously, then play furrow and drag for flat furrow face with hoe.
4. method according to claim 1, wherein in step (3):
Lifting carries out in late April to mid-May;
Lifting carries out lifting to the seedbed seedling of booth or the breeding of land for growing field crops shed;
Playing seedling-growing method is: sprayed in seedbed permeable the previous day in transplanting, within 2nd day, choose the seed shoots meeting seedling quality standard, with the thumb of hand, food, in 3 refer to pinch seedling base portion, one by one seedling is pulled up gently, the straw soft with bubble is bundled into handle, then be placed in clean pollution-free vessel, cover wet cloth, be transported to and transplant ground;
Lifting carries out lifting to cave dish breeding seedling;
Playing seedling-growing method is: directly transport between transplant field by seedling dish, seedling and matrix are tripped out with hand, rise while plant; And/or
Lifting is the transplanting on the same day of lifting on the same day.
5. method according to claim 1, wherein in step (4):
The transplant planting time is by the end of April to mid-May;
Transplant planting is transplanted afternoon at the moon, rainy day or fine day;
During transplant planting, planting density is 25cm × 25cm;
Adopt cave to plant during transplant planting, select to choose plant height about 7 ~ 8cm in booth seedbed, leaf age between 7 ~ 8 leaves, and in the same size, robust growth, well developed root system, to be transplanted as transplant without the polygonum capitatum seedling of damage by disease and insect;
During transplant planting, dig the cave of dark about 5cm with little iron hoe, put into a young plant, earthing compacting, then water normal root water; With
Filling the gaps with seedlings is that after transplanting in 1 week, every day checks the growth of cereal crop seedlings, finds to be short of seedling, fills the gaps with seedlings in time.
6. method according to claim 1, wherein in step (5):
Intertill and clean tillage is in transplanting after 1 week, carries out first time loosening soil, weeding with hoe, and is strictly on guard against that dynamic root hinders seedling; Later every 10 days hoes once grass, until envelope exercises whole furrow face be paved with polygonum capitatum; Feng Hanghou must manual weed out the rank grass to the first half of the month of gathering;
Weed killer herbicide is not used whole vegetative period at polygonum capitatum;
Irrigation refers to when within continuous more than 5 days, not raining, and carries out man-made irrigation;
When the man-made irrigation time is morning 11 before or afternoon 17 time after;
Drainage waterlogging prevention refer to before transplanting open railway carriage or compartment wholely time dug drain ditch along physical features, ensure the unobstructed discharge of rainwater in rainy season; With
Drainage waterlogging prevention refers to, within whole vegetative period, every day in rainy season checks field drainage situation, if find the plot of ponding, should dredge draining in time, be strictly on guard against that ponding causes rotten of polygonum capitatum.
7. method according to claim 1, wherein in step (5), described fertilising is based on base manure, and it is auxiliary for topdressing, and wherein base manure applied once all made by phosphate fertilizer; Base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 40%, and 60% topdresses uses; Base manure made by potash fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses uses.
8. method according to claim 1, wherein in step (5), described fertilising is carried out at Feng Hangqian.
9. method according to claim 1, wherein in step (5), described nitrogenous fertilizer is amide nitrogen fertilizer.
10. method according to claim 1, wherein in step (5), described nitrogenous fertilizer is urea.
11. methods according to claim 1, wherein in step (5), base manure applied once all made by described farmyard manure, phosphate fertilizer; Base manure made by nitrogenous fertilizer 40%, and 60% topdresses in envelope row previous crops uses; Base manure made by potash fertilizer 60%, and 40% topdresses in envelope row previous crops uses.
12. methods according to claim 1, wherein in step (5), described farmyard manure is the farmyard manure through fully becoming thoroughly decomposed.
13. methods according to claim 1, wherein in step (5), described interplanting is interplanted with soya bean; The spacing in the rows of each density in planting of described soya bean is 15cm.
14. methods according to claim 1, wherein in step (5), described crop rotation is and radix pseudostellariae or peppermint crop rotation, crop rotation method is: polygonum capitatum and radix pseudostellariae, peppermint crop rotation 1 year, namely all after polygonum capitatum is gathered September, carry out radix pseudostellariae or thin He kind is planted November, crown prince participate in gather the June of next year, after peppermint gathers the August of next year, Second Year carries out polygonum capitatum crop rotation again.
15. methods according to claim 1, wherein in step (5), described crop rotation is and iris crop rotation; Crop rotation method is: with iris crop rotation 3 years, namely after polygonum capitatum 9 is gathered, carry out iris plantation October, gather after 3 years September, next year carried out polygonum capitatum crop rotation again.
16. methods according to claim 1, wherein in step (6):
Described gathering is gathered once or secondary in July to October;
Described gathering extracts acrial part with reaping hook; With
Described processing method is selected from: dry, dry, dry in the shade.
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| CN104855072A (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-08-26 | 梁志华 | Planting method for improving quality and yield of Chinese thorowax root |
| CN104855111B (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2017-12-22 | 安顺市西秀区春实绿化苗木有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of polygonum capitatum |
| CN108064645A (en) * | 2017-11-22 | 2018-05-25 | 怒江昂可达农林生物科技开发有限公司 | A kind of panax japonicus majoris fast breeding implantation methods |
| CN111373990A (en) * | 2020-03-25 | 2020-07-07 | 贵州弘康药业有限公司 | Polygonum capitatum planting method |
| CN111345219A (en) * | 2020-03-25 | 2020-06-30 | 贵州弘康药业有限公司 | Special base fertilizer for planting polygonum capitatum and fertilizing method |
| CN111373989A (en) * | 2020-03-25 | 2020-07-07 | 贵州弘康药业有限公司 | Method for planting polygonum capitatum by taking herb residues as base fertilizer |
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