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CN103283105B - 用于运行混合动力车辆的传动系的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于运行混合动力车辆的传动系的方法和装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103283105B
CN103283105B CN201180063568.2A CN201180063568A CN103283105B CN 103283105 B CN103283105 B CN 103283105B CN 201180063568 A CN201180063568 A CN 201180063568A CN 103283105 B CN103283105 B CN 103283105B
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China
Prior art keywords
voltage
power system
motor
onboard power
onboard
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN201180063568.2A
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English (en)
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CN103283105A (zh
Inventor
T.海德里希
D.赖希勒
M.维尔特
K-J.瓦尔德
D.施塔夫里亚诺斯
P.范克豪泽
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • B60K6/387—Actuated clutches, i.e. clutches engaged or disengaged by electric, hydraulic or mechanical actuating means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/52—Driving a plurality of drive axles, e.g. four-wheel drive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/30—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power stored mechanically, e.g. in fly-wheels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/13—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于运行具有车载电网(102)的混合动力车辆的传动系(101)的方法和装置，其中，传动系(101)具有至少一个车辆驱动轮(105)以及第一电机(104)，并且第一电机(104)被连接到车载电网(102)上。按照本发明，为了稳定车载电网(102)的电压，第一电机(104)被与混合动力车辆的驱动轮(105)脱开地运行。

Description

用于运行混合动力车辆的传动系的方法和装置
现有技术
本发明涉及一种按照独立权利要求的类型的方法和装置。作为雷克萨斯（Lexus）品牌的车辆RX450h已知一种具有传动系的混合动力车辆，该传动系具有两个电机，其中，两个电机用于在不相互耦联的各一个驱动轴处驱动车辆。车辆的电负载经由车载电网与能量源连接。带有电气行驶驱动装置的车辆具有用于供给电驱动装置和另外的高压负载的电高压车载电网。高压车载电网与低压车载电网连接，该低压车载电网用于供给车辆的低压负载。
已知使混合动力车辆的电机之一暂时地以发电机方式运行，以便产生用于向负载供给以及用于对蓄能器充电的的电能。在接通大功率负载时，例如电驱动的车辆空调设备，一方面在车辆的车载电网中出现电功率峰值并且由此出现电压干扰，另一方面，传动系和以发电机方式运行的电机的转速下降，因为内燃机没有在最短的时间内发出为此需要的明显升高的扭矩。在断开负载时在相应地出现电压峰值和在传动系中出现转速过调。
为了在混合动力车辆运行期间减小车载电网的这种电负荷以及在传动系中的不希望的转速波动，已知有不同的措施用于稳定电压，例如在车载电网中的借助于电容器的能量缓冲。
本发明的公开
按照本发明的用于运行混合动力车辆的（动力）传动系的方法从具有车载电网的混合动力车辆出发，其中，在该车载电网上连接有电机。第一电机可以被耦联到车辆的传动系上并且由此耦联到车辆驱动轮上，或者与其脱开。例如，第一电机用于驱动车轴。按照本发明规定，第一电机与混合动力车辆的车辆驱动轮脱开地运行，以稳定车载电网的电压。
按照本发明的用于运行混合动力车辆的（动力）传动系的装置从具有车载电网的混合动力车辆出发，其中，在该车载电网上连接电机。第一电机可以耦联到车辆的传动系上并且由此耦联到车辆驱动轮上或者与其脱开。例如第一电机用于驱动车轴。按照本发明设置机构，这些机构控制第一电机与混合动力车辆的车辆驱动轮的分离并且运行第一电机以便稳定车载电网的电压。
该方法和与其配设的装置的一个技术实施例是，第一电机专门为了稳定电压的运行被与驱动轴脱开并且不用于驱动车辆。由此有利地提升车载电网的电压稳定性。这尤其是在可能的另外的用于稳定电压的部件失效情况下是必要的。
另外的优点通过在从属权利要求中给出的措施实现。
在本发明的一种改进方案中规定，第一电机为了稳定车载电网的电压被这样地运行，即第一电机在正常运行中以预先设定的空转转速进行运行和第一电机在补偿运行中以发电机方式进行运行，如果车载电网电压低于一个预先设定的车载电网电压值的话。为此一个技术实施例是，在第一电机中为了稳定电压在正常运行中借助于该运行在预先设定的空转转速下维持动能。在车载电网中的一种电压降情况下，例如由于接通一个电负荷引起，电机以发电机方式运行并且在此期间被制动。在此情况下，被维持的动能被转换成电能并且由此有利地抵制电压扰动（下降）。
在本发明的一个改进方案中规定，第一电机为了稳定车载电网的电压被这样地运行，即该第一电机在正常运行中以预先设定的空转转速运行和第一电机在补偿运行中以电动机方式运行，如果车载电网电压超过（高于）一个预先设定的车载电网电压值的话。为此一个技术实施例是，在第一电机中为了稳定电压在正常运行中借助于该运行在预先设定的空转转速下维持动能。在车载电网中的电压升高情况下，例如由于切断一个电负荷引起，电机以电动机方式运行并且在此期间被加速。在此情况下电机从车载电网中吸收多余的电能并且将其转换成动能。因此有利地抵制进一步的电压升高。
在本发明的另一个改进方案中规定，第一电机为了稳定车载电网的电压这样地运行，即在补偿运行中发电机（式）的功率被如此调整，即车载电网的电压的第一电压下限值不被向下超过和/或在补偿运行中电动机（式）的功率被如此调整，即车载电网的电压的第一电压上限值不被向上超过。为此一个技术实施例是，监测车载电网的电压并且依赖于车载电网的电压如此地调整发电机的功率和/或电动机的功率，即第一电压上限值或第一电压下限值不被超过。因此有利地避免电气的车载电网的过载。
在本发明的另一个改进方案中规定，针对第一电机依赖于车载电网的预计的功率变化预先设定空转设计转速。为此一个技术实施例是，依赖于最大的可接通的负载或还可同时接通的负载来预先设定该空转转速。因此调整能量量，该能量以动能方式借助于电机被维持以补偿电压下降。有利地，由此在需要的情况下匹配地调整第一电机的正常运行以稳定电压。由此在特别高的空转转速情况下避免大能量消耗的运行。对于接通全部负载的情况，空转转速被一直降低到停止，因为不预料有由于接通一个负载导致的电压干扰。
在本发明的另一个改进方案中规定，第一电机为了稳定车载电网的电压这样地运行，即第一电机在正常运行中作为具有预先设定的正常运行负载电阻值的负载电阻运行。为此例如暂时地将第一电机的一个相连接到车载电网上，例如通过相应的逆变器的开关位置。在该接通的持续时间上，该持续时间可以通过控制逆变器来改变，可以调整和预先设定有效的正常运行负载电阻值。附加地，当车载电网电压低于预先设定的车载电网电压值时，在补偿运行中第一电机的有效的负载电阻值被升高，和/或当车载电网电压高于预先设定的车载电网电压值(UBvor)时，在补偿运行中第一电机的有效的负载电阻值被降低。在例如将第一电机的一个相连接到车载电网上的持续时间上，该持续时间可以通过控制逆变器来改变，有效的负载电阻值被调整。如果接通的持续时间被增大，则有效的负载电阻值减小。如果接通的持续时间被减小，则有效的负载电阻值增大。为此一个技术实施例是暂时地将例如第一电机的至少一个相连接到车载电网上，从而第一电机如在车载电网中一个电阻抗一样起作用。因此第一电机本身如车载电网的电负载一样起作用。在车载电网中出现电压降的情况下，例如由于接通另一个电负载引起，第一电机的该相与车载电网的暂时连接的持续时间被减小。在此情况下，车载电网被卸载并且因此有利地抵制电压下降。在车载电网中的电压升高的情况下，例如由于断开另一个电负载引起，第一电机的该相与车载电网的暂时连接的持续时间被增大。在此情况下，电机对车载电网附加地加载。因此有利地抵制进一步的电压升高。
在本发明的另一个改进方案中规定，第一电机的正常运行负载电阻值依赖于车载电网的预计的功率变化被预先设定。为此一个技术实施例是，依赖于最大的可接通的负载或还可同时接通的负载对正常运行负载电阻值进行预先设定。因此功率被调整，该功率借助于电机被维持以补偿电压扰动。有利地，由此为了稳定电压在需要的情况下匹配地调整第一电机的正常运行负载电阻值。由此避免具有特别高的正常运行负载电阻值的、大能量消耗的运行。对于接通全部负载的情况，可以通过与车载电网断开完全取消正常运行负载电阻值，因为不预料有由于接通一个负载导致的电压扰动。
在本发明的另一个改进方案中规定，设置电池，尤其是高压电池，其可以与车载电网连接和在高压正常运行中用于稳定车载电网的电压，并且如果该电池不向车载电网供给预先设定的能量，则在一个备用运行模式中应用根据所述权利要求所述的用于运行混合动力车辆的传动系的方法。为此一个技术实施例是，通常借助于被连接到车载电网上的电池来实施电压稳定。例如该电池的失效，例如由于故障，或者该电池与车载电网的脱开可能导致该电池不再向车载电网供给预先设定的能量。在这种情况下该电池也不再能够用于稳定电压。在这种情况下，按照本发明第一电机与驱动轮脱开并且如上所述被运行以稳定电压。
在本发明的另一个改进方案中规定，传动系此外具有内燃机和第二电机，并且第二电机连接到车载电网上，其中，内燃机驱动第二电机，以便第二电机以发电机方式产生供给车载电网的电功率。为此一个技术实施例是，在传动系上连接两个未机械地相互连接的电机。第二电机可以与内燃机耦联。为了产生电能以便有利地供给车载电网，第二电机以发电机方式运行并且由内燃机驱动。
在本发明的另一个改进方案中规定，在一种运行模式A中，首先使用第二电机以稳定车载电网的电压，尤其是在一种电压调节模式下并且仅在车载电网电压低于一个第二电压下限值时或者高于一个第二电压上限值时才在一种运行模式B中运行第一电机以稳定车载电网的电压。为此一个技术实施例是，当车载电网电压位于一个范围之外时才使用第一电机以稳定电压，在所述范围内通常的用于稳定电压的措施就足够了。该范围延伸（覆盖）在第二电压上限值和第二电压下限值之间。有利地，第一电机由此很少与车辆驱动轮脱开耦联。因此获得由第一电机驱动的电驱动装置的较高的可使用性。
在本发明的另一个改进方案中规定，在一种运行模式C中使用第二电机以稳定车载电网的电压变化的电压，其中，车载电网的该电压变化具有频率，该频率低于一个第一预先设定的频率限值，和第一电机被使用以稳定车载电网的电压变化的电压，其中，车载电网的该电压变化具有频率，该频率高于一个第二预先设定的频率限值。尤其是第一和第二频率限值的值可以是相一致的。为此一个技术实施例是一种具有两个电机的车辆，其中，该两个电机例如依据其结构方式和其在传动系中的连接可以被不同快地调节。与自由转动（空转）的第一电机的改变相比较，与内燃机耦联的第二电机的工作点(例如转速，扭矩)的改变是迟缓的。因此，为了稳定电压，借助于第一电机补偿较快的、较高频率的电压变化和借助于第二电机补偿较慢的、较低频率的电压变化。由此有利地优化电压稳定性。
在本发明的另一个改进方案中规定，设置DC/DC变换器，其用于将车载电网与第二电压车载电网耦联，其中，该第二电压车载电网在一种与车载电网不同的电压下运行，尤其是在比车载电网较低的电压下运行并且其中，第二电压车载电网借助于DC/DC变换器被供给来自车载电网的能量。一个技术实施例是混合动力车辆装配有一个具有较高车载电网电压(牵引车载电网，高压车载电网)的车载电网和具有较低车载电网电压(12-伏特-车载电网)的第二电压车载电网，其中，第二电压车载电网借助于DC/DC-变换器连接到车载电网上。有利地，在该实施例中通过利用第一电机来稳定电压可以实现两个车载电网的电压稳定的运行，尤其即使是在高压电池失灵情况下。
所述的方法和装置可以应用于混合动力车辆中。
附图简述
本发明允许大量的实施方式。其中几个将借助于在附图中示出的图详细进行说明。
附图中所示:
图1:具有混合动力驱动装置的车辆的车辆传动系的原理图
图2:按照本发明的方法的实施例的示意流程图
图3:具有在车载电网中的电压曲线的简图
图4:用于稳定电压的方法的简图
图5:用于稳定电压的不同的运行模式的简图
图6:在稳定电压情况下考虑不同的频率的实施例的调节结构。
本发明的实施方式:
图1显示了具有混合动力驱动装置的车辆的车辆传动系101的原理图。在车载电网102上连接第二电机103和第一电机104以及DC/DC-变换器109。在DC/DC-变换器109处示出低压车载电网110的接头，在其上连接另外的（没有示出的）可接通和断开的负载。此外在高压车载电网上连接高压电池（高伏电池）107以及用于控制部件(102，103，104，106，107)的机构，例如控制装置108。依据电气设计的情况，控制装置108也可以连接在低压车载电网110上。第二电机103可以以机械方式与内燃机106耦联，以便内燃机可以驱动第二电机103。在此情况下，第二电机103以发电机方式产生电能，用于高压车载电网102的供给。高压电池107可以借助于开关111与车载电网脱开。第一电机104为了驱动车辆可以经耦联器112与具有行驶驱动轮105的后桥耦联。
图2显示按照本发明的方法的实施例的示意流程图。在第一步骤201中开始该方法。在第二步骤202中检查，是否需要用于稳定高压网络的电压传动系的特别运行。例如为此测量车载电网电压UBist并且检查，是否该电压偏离于预先设定的车载电网电压值UBvor或预先设定的极限值，例如低于或高于第二电压下限值或第二电压上限值(U2U，U20)。另一方面，高压电池的失灵或断开也可以用作启动用于稳定电压的特别运行的触发器。如果该用于稳定电压的特别运行不是必需的，那么该方法转到第三步骤203并且照常地继续进行运行。接下来，方法又分支到第二步骤202，以重新检查用于稳定电压的运行的必要性。如果用于稳定电压的运行是必要的，那么方法转到第四步骤204，在该步骤中，第一电机104被与驱动轮105脱开。在随后的第五步骤205中，第一电机104被用于稳定电压。为此它或者在预先设定的空转设计转速NF下运行或者作为具有正常运行负载电阻值RN的负载电阻运行。在车载电网电压UBist的电压波动情况下，通过针对以发电机方式的运行或以电动机方式的运行的控制，或者通过增大或减小第一电机104的阻抗，来抵制该电压波动。接下来该方法跳回到第二步骤202，在该步骤中再次检查该用于电压稳定的特别运行的必要性。
图3显示了一个简图，其中示出预先设定的车载电网电压值Ubvor以及第一电压下限值和第一电压上限值(U1U，U1O)随时间t的变化。此外绘出了实际的车载电网电压UBist。在该简图中也绘出在用于稳定电压的运行期间第一电机104的电压U2ist的曲线。电压U2ist通过用于补偿UBist的电压波动的发电机方式的或电动机方式的运行来产生。附加地示出在第一电机104上的电压降U2ab，该电压降当在用于稳定电压的运行期间第一电机104的阻抗被用于补偿UBist的电压波动时出现。
图4显示了一个简图，其中示出预先设定的空转转速NF以及正常运行负载电阻值RN与预计的功率变化Pverbr在时间t上的关系的示例。相应地，简图的Y轴用P标注要示出的功率，用n标注转速和用Z标注阻抗。预计的功率变化Pverbr作为当前连接的负载的功率绘出。如果当前连接的负载的功率相对较高，那么存在相对较小的预计的功率升高，但是存在相对较大的预计的功率降低，反之亦然。相应地，在小的预计的功率升高情况下借助于第一电机104的小的正的预先设定的空转转速NF来维持小的用于稳定电压的动能，反之亦然。同样地，当第一电机的阻抗被用于稳定电压时，在小的预计的功率升高情况下借助于小的正常运行负载电阻值RN来维持小的用于稳定电压的电压降，反之亦然。
图5显示一个简图，其中绘出在时间t上的不同的运行模式A和B。依赖于车载电网电压UBist的情况使用运行模式A或B。如果车载电网电压UBist下降低于电压下限U2U或者车载电网电压UBist升高超过第二电压上限U2O，那么激活运行模式B，在该运行模式下第一电机104被用于稳定电压。
在图6中示出一个实施例的调节器结构，其中，第二电机(103)被用于稳定车载电网的电压变化的电压，其中，车载电网的电压变化具有一种频率，该频率低于一个第一预先设定的频率限值(F1)和第一电机(104)被用于稳定车载电网的电压变化的电压，其中，车载电网的该电压变化具有一种频率，该频率高于一个第二预先设定的频率限值(F2)。调节参数(UBist)经由两个频率过滤器(601，602)被划分成两个调节参数。第一调节参数(UBistF2)具有高于频率F2的频率。第二调节参数(UBistF1)具有低于频率F1的频率。各调节参数与指令参数(UBSo11)，即车载电网电压的设定值，比较。产生的各调节偏差(eUBF2，eUBF1)被输送给各个调节器(603，604)。第一调节器(603)依赖于调节偏差(eUBF2)控制第一电机(104)。尤其是在此情况下影响第一电机的转速。第二调节器(604)依赖于调节偏差(eUBF1)控制第二电机(103)。尤其是在此情况下影响第二电机的扭矩。尤其是第一和第二频率限值(F1，F2)的值可以相一致。与空转的第一电机(104)的改变相比较，与内燃机(106)耦联的第二电机(103)的工作点(例如转速，扭矩)的改变是迟缓的。因此，为了稳定电压，借助于第一电机(104)补偿较快的、较高频率的电压变化和借助于第二电机(103)补偿较慢的、较低频率的电压变化。

Claims (15)

1.用于运行具有车载电网(102)的混合动力车辆的传动系(101)的方法，
其中，所述传动系(101)具有至少一个车辆驱动轮(105)以及第一电机(104)，并且所述第一电机(104)被连接到所述车载电网(102)上，
其特征在于，
设置电池(107)，所述电池能够与所述车载电网(102)连接并且在高压正常运行中用于稳定车载电网(102)的电压，以及如果所述电池(107)不向所述车载电网(102)供给预先设定的能量，则在一个备用运行模式中，为了稳定车载电网(102)的电压，所述第一电机(104)被与所述混合动力车辆的车辆驱动轮(105)脱开地运行。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，
为了稳定车载电网(102)的电压，所述第一电机(104)被这样地运行，
即所述第一电机在正常运行中以预先设定的空转转速(NF)运行
和如果所述车载电网的车载电网电压(UBist)下降到低于一个预先设定的车载电网电压值(UBvor)，则所述第一电机在补偿运行中以发电机方式运行。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，
为了稳定车载电网(102)的电压，所述第一电机(104)这样地运行，
即所述第一电机在正常运行中以预先设定的空转转速(NF)运行
和如果所述车载电网的车载电网电压(UBist)升高超过一个预先设定的车载电网电压值(UBvor)，则所述第一电机在补偿运行中以电动机方式运行。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，
为了稳定车载电网(102)的电压，所述第一电机(104)这样地运行，
在补偿运行中发电机的功率被如此调整，即车载电网(102)的电压的一个第一电压下限值(U1U)不被向下超过
和/或
在补偿运行中电动机的功率被如此调整，即车载电网(102)的电压的一个第一电压上限值(U1O)不被向上超过。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，
针对所述第一电机(104)，所述空转转速(NF)依赖于车载电网(102)的一个预计的功率变化(Pverbr)被预先设定。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，
为了稳定车载电网(102)的电压，所述第一电机(104)这样地运行，
即所述第一电机在正常运行中作为具有预先设定的正常运行负载电阻值(RN)的负载电阻被运行
和如果所述车载电网的车载电网电压(UBist)下降到低于一个预先设定的车载电网电压值(UBvor)，则在补偿运行中所述第一电机(104)的有效的负载电阻值(R1ist)被升高。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，
为了稳定车载电网(102)的电压，所述第一电机(104)这样地运行，
即所述第一电机在正常运行中作为具有预先设定的正常运行负载电阻值(RN)的负载电阻被运行
和如果所述车载电网的车载电网电压(UBist)升高超过一个预先设定的车载电网电压值(UBvor)，则在补偿运行中所述第一电机(104)的有效的负载电阻值(R1ist)被降低。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的方法，其特征在于，
所述第一电机(104)的正常运行负载电阻值(RN)依赖于车载电网(102)的一个预计的功率变化(Pverbr)被预先设定。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述传动系(101)此外具有内燃机(106)和第二电机(103)，并且所述第二电机(103)被连接到所述车载电网(102)上，其中，所述内燃机(106)驱动所述第二电机(103)，以便所述第二电机以发电机方式产生用于供给所述车载电网(102)的电功率。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，
在一种运行模式A中首先使用所述第二电机(103)以稳定车载电网的电压并且当所述车载电网的车载电网电压(UBist)下降到低于一个第二电压下限值(U2U)时或者升高到超过一个第二电压上限值(U2O)时才在一个运行模式B中运行所述第一电机(104)以稳定车载电网(102)的电压。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，
在一个运行模式C中使用所述第二电机(103)以使车载电网(102)的电压变化的电压稳定，其中，所述车载电网(102)的该电压变化具有一种低于一个第一预先设定的频率限值(F1)的频率，和
所述第一电机(104)被使用以使所述车载电网(102)的电压变化的电压稳定，其中，所述车载电网(102)的该电压变化具有一种高于一个第二预先设定的频率限值(F2)的频率。
12.用于运行具有车载电网(102)的混合动力车辆的传动系(101)的装置，
其中，所述传动系(101)具有至少一个车辆驱动轮(105)，第一电机(104)，并且所述第一电机(104)被连接到所述车载电网(102)上，
其中，设置机构(108)，所述机构调控传动系部件的运行，
其特征在于，
设置电池(107)，所述电池能够与所述车载电网(102)连接并且在高压正常运行中用于稳定车载电网(102)的电压，以及如果所述电池(107)不向所述车载电网(102)供给预先设定的能量，则在一个备用运行模式中，为了稳定车载电网(102)的电压，所述第一电机(104)与所述混合动力车辆的车辆驱动轮(105)脱开地运行。
13.根据权利要求12所述的用于运行混合动力车辆的传动系（101）的装置，其特征在于，
所述传动系(101)具有电池(107)，所述电池能够与所述车载电网(102)连接并且在正常运行中被使用以稳定车载电网(102)的电压，和其中，设置机构(108)，所述机构这样地调控传动系部件的运行，即如果所述电池(107)不向所述车载电网(102)供给预先设定的能量，则在备用运行模式中使用根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的用于运行具有车载电网(102)的混合动力车辆的传动系(101)的方法。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的用于运行混合动力车辆的传动系（101）的装置，其特征在于，
设置DC/DC变换器(109)，所述DC/DC变换器用于将所述车载电网(102)与一个第二车载电网(110)耦联，其中，所述第二车载电网(110)在一种与所述车载电网(102)不同的电压下运行，
和其中，所述第二车载电网(110)借助于所述DC/DC变换器(109)被从所述车载电网(102)中供给能量。
15.根据权利要求14所述的用于运行混合动力车辆的传动系（101）的装置，其特征在于，所述第二车载电网(110)在比所述车载电网(102)低的电压下运行。
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