CN103213515A - 用于电动车辆的控制装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于电动车辆的控制装置,该控制装置(21)基于导航设备(19)的信息来预测车辆是否将进行长距离行驶,并检查电池(16)的剩余电力是否被满充电。如果预测到长距离行驶而且电池(16)未满充电,则由发动机(11)的输出动力来驱动发电机(12),以便利用发电机(12)的输出电力为电池(16)充电。因此,可能避免在车辆执行长距离行驶操作的情况下,车辆被迫通过仅利用发电机(12)的输出电力的电动机(13)来行驶,在长距离行驶操作中,车辆持续以高速行驶较长的时间。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于增程器类型的电动车辆的控制装置,该电动车辆具有发电机,该发电机由诸如内燃机或外燃机之类的热机的输出动力驱动。
背景技术
从低燃料消耗和低废气排放的社会需求的观点来看,具有电动机(AC电动机等)作为车辆驱动动力源的电动车辆和混合动力车辆最近吸引了越来越多的注意。例如,某些增程器类型的电动车辆(增程的电动车辆)通过电动机行驶,该电动机由发电机产生的电力驱动,发电机由内燃机的或存储在电池中的输出驱动动力来驱动。
在这样的增程器类型电动车辆中,通常由外部电源充电的电池的电力来驱动电动机。当所述电池的剩余电力减小时,发电机由发动机驱动以产生电力。通过将发电机的输出电力存储在电池中,或者通过将发电机的输出电力供应到电动机,来驱动电动机。在专利文献1中公开了,根据车辆速度来切换由发电机产生的输出电力。在专利文献2中还公开了,根据路面状况来控制发电机的输出电力。
[专利文献]JP H06-245321A
[专利文献]JP2007-22118A
在增程器类型电动车辆中,希望使电池或发电机小型化以降低车辆价格。电池或发电机的简单的小型化可能导致以下结果。当车辆在较长时间段高速连续行驶长距离时,电动机的电力消耗增大。即使当由发动机驱动发电机以产生电力,发电机的输出电力也不能充分地补充电动机的电力消耗。因此,在车辆到达下一个充电站(例如,高速公路的服务区)之前,电池的剩余电力显著地降低。车辆将被迫通过只利用发电机产生的输出电力驱动电动机来行驶。在该情况下,行驶性能将降低,而且操纵性能将被不利地影响。
发明内容
因此,目的是提供一种用于电动车辆的控制装置,其使电池和发电机小型化而不引起长距离行驶中操纵性能的恶化。
根据一个方面,向增程器类型的电动车辆提供一种控制装置,该电动车辆具有由热机的输出动力驱动的发电机、可利用发电机的输出电力充电的电池、以及由发电机的输出电力和电池的输出电力中的至少一个驱动以产生车辆驱动动力的电动机。该控制装置包括长距离预测部分、电池剩余电力检查部分和控制部分。长距离行驶预测部分预测车辆是否进行长距离行驶。电池剩余电力检查部分用于检查电池的剩余电力是否小于对应于满充电水平的预定阈值水平。当长距离行驶预测部分确定了车辆进行长距离行驶,并且电池剩余电力检查部分确定电池的剩余电力小于预定阈值水平时,控制部分操作热机,以通过热机的输出动力来驱动发电机,并且利用发电机的输出电力为电池充电。
附图说明
根据参照附图做出的下面说明,上述和其它目的、特征和优点将变得更加清楚。在附图中:
图1是根据本发明的一个实施例的用于增程器类型电动车辆的驱动系统的示意图;
图2是示出了车辆速度和电动机电力消耗的变化的一个示例的时序图;以及
图3是示出了当预测到长距离行驶时执行的控制例程的处理的流程图。
具体实施方式
下面将描述用于电动车辆的控制装置的一个实施例,假定电动车辆为增程器类型,即增程的电动车辆。
参见图1,车辆设置有为内燃机的发动机11、由发动机11的输出动力(旋转驱动动力)驱动的发电机12、以及电动机13(例如,AC电动机),电动机13是用作用于驱动车辆的行驶电动机的电动机。将燃料箱14中的燃料供应到发动机11。发动机11的输出轴(曲轴)的输出动力被传递到发电机12,使得发电机12由发动机11驱动以产生电力。电动机13被设置为用于驱动车辆的驱动动力源。电动机13的旋转轴的输出动力通过差速齿轮机构、驱动轴等(未示出)被传递到轮胎轮子15,从而使轮子15旋转。
发电机12和电动机13被配置为通过各自的变换器(未示出)将电力输出到电池16和从电池16接收电力。还将电池16的电力提供给诸如空调之类的辅助设备17。当充电设备18连接到诸如家的电力插座或高速公路上的服务站处提供的快速充电设备之类的外部电源(未示出)时,利用由外部电源通过车载充电设备18供应的电力对电池16进行充电。高速公路可以是通常被用于长距离行驶以避免交通信号等的收费道路、免费公路或其它类型的道路。
导航设备19和长距离行驶设置开关20被设置在车辆中驾驶员座位附近。导航设备19用于将车辆导航到建议的行驶路线上。长距离行驶设置开关20可以由驾驶员操作,以表示驾驶员计划进行长距离行驶。长距离行驶设置开关20是可选的,并且可以被去除。
ECU(电子控制单元)主要是由微型计算机形成,并且通过检索各种传感器和开关的输出信号,来检测车辆的操作状况。传感器和开关包括用于检测加速器位置(加速器踏板的操作量)的加速器传感器22、用于检测变速箱的换挡位置(换挡杆的操作位置)的换挡开关23,用于检测制动踏板的操作的制动开关24、以及用于检测车辆的车速的车速传感器25。ECU21根据车辆的操作状况来控制发动机11、发电机12和电动机13。发动机11、发电机12和电动机13可以由相应的电子控制电路来控制。
例如,在正常行驶操作时,电动机13可以由电池16的输出电力来驱动,从而通过电动机13的输出动力来驱动轮子15。当电池16的剩余电力降低到低于预定阈值电平并且需要更多发电时,发动机11被启动,以便由发动机11驱动发电机12来进行更多的发电。由发电机12产生的输出电力被充到电池16中,或直接用于驱动电动机13。在减速操作中,电动机13由轮子15的旋转动力驱动,以用作发电机。车辆的动能通过电动机13转换成电能,并重新存储(充电)到电池16中。
将电池16和发电机12小型化,以降低车辆价格。将电池16的电力容量(满充电容量)设置为除了由发电机12产生的输出电力之外,车辆在城市区域(城区)行驶并能够行驶预定距离(例如,在高速公路上的服务站之间的距离)所需要的存储容量。因此,将电池16小型化到不会不利地影响城市区域行驶并且保持能够行驶预定距离的程度。
由发电机12产生的输出电力被设置为大于总电力消耗,总电力消耗为城市区域行驶操作中的电动机13的平均电力消耗和辅助设备17的电力消耗之和。因此,发电机12是紧凑型的,而不会不利地影响城市区域行驶操作。
如图2所示,紧凑型汽车的电动机在城市区域行驶操作中消耗约为2kW的平均电力Pc,而在郊区行驶操作中消耗约为8kW的平均电力Ps。在此,在该实施例中,由发电机12产生的输出电力Pg被设置为例如10kW,10kW大于电动机13在城市区域行驶操作中的平均电力消耗(约2kW)和辅助设备17的电力消耗之和的总电力消耗。车辆加速时所需的大功率可临时由电池16供应,并且可以在其它操作时间对电池16进行充电。
将电池16和发电机12小型化可能会引起以下问题。当车辆以高速在比较长的时间端持续行驶长距离,例如持续图2中从第800秒至第1200秒的时间段时,电动机13的电力消耗增大,因此电动机13的电力消耗不能仅由发动机11驱动的发电机12产生的输出电力Pg来补充。也就是说,输出功率Pg变得不足。在车辆到达下一个充电站(例如高速公路上的服务站)的位置之前,电池16的剩余电力将显著降低。因此,可能的是,使得车辆能够通过仅由发电机12的输出功率供应的电动机13来进行行驶(例如,仅在最多约为80km/h的有限速度下)。在该情况下,行驶性能降低,而且车辆的操纵性能将变得更糟。
因此根据本实施例,ECU 12被配置为,尤其是微型计算机(未示出)被编程为,执行图3所示的长距离行驶控制例程。在该控制例程中,ECU 21预测车辆是否将行驶长距离(例如车辆是否将行驶在高速公路上),并且检查电池16的剩余电力是否小于预定的阈值水平,该预定的阈值水平被设置为大致满充电水平。当预测到长距离行驶并且电池16的剩余电力小于阈值水平时,ECU 12使发动机11驱动发电机12,使得发电机12的输出电力被充电到电池16中。
因此,当车辆被预测为开始行驶长距离时,可以预先将电池16设置为满充电状态(使电池16的剩余电力增加到或高于满充电阈值水平)。即使在一种电池16和发电机12被小型化的系统中,也可以避免如下的麻烦:在长距离行驶操作中,在到达下一个充电设备(例如服务站)的位置之前,由于电池12的剩余电力显著降低,车辆通过仅利用发电机12产生的输出电力的电动机13来进行行驶。
下面将描述由ECU 21执行的用于预测的长距离行驶操作的控制例程的处理。图3所示的用于预测的长距离行驶操作的控制例程在ECU 21的通电期间以每个预定间隔重复。
当该控制例程被启动时,在步骤101处预测车辆是否行驶长距离。可以通过检查车辆是否行驶在高速公路上来完成该预测。因此预测车辆是否执行长距离行驶操作,其中车辆在较长时间段内持续进行高速行驶。该步骤101用作长距离行驶预测部分。
在该情况下,例如基于从导航设备19供应的信息,来预测长距离行驶。具体地,当驾驶员在导航设备19中设置行驶目的地时,基于关于到达行驶目的地的行驶路线的信息,来预测是否将进行长距离行驶。当驾驶员不在导航设备19中设置行驶目的地时,基于车辆的当前位置和表示过去的行驶模式的信息,来预测是否将进行长距离行驶。
在具有长距离行驶设置开关20的系统中,可以基于长距离行驶设置开关20的输出信号,来检查在开始长距离行驶之前驾驶员是否已经打开长距离行驶设置开关20。如果驾驶员已经打开长距离行驶设置开关20,则可以预测车辆将进行长距离行驶。如果驾驶员没有打开长距离行驶设置开关20,则可以预测车辆将不进行长距离行驶。
如果在步骤101预测了将不进行长距离行驶,则该例程结束,而不执行步骤102和随后的步骤。
如果在步骤101预测了将进行长距离行驶,则执行步骤102。在步骤102,检测SOC(充电状态),并且检测电池16的SOC是否小于阈值水平(基本上等于满充电水平),SOC表示电池16的充电状态,作为关于电池16的剩余电力的信息。阈值水平可以被设置为例如100%。阈值水平不必限于100%,而是可以被设置为其它值(例如98%或96%)。步骤102用为电池剩余电力检查部分。
如果在步骤102中确定电池16的SOC等于或大于阈值水平,则确定电池16不需要被充电。那么在步骤106中,发动机11被维持在步骤106处的停止状态,并且发电机12被维持在不发电状态。
如果在步骤102中确定电池16的SOC小于阈值水平,则确定电池16需要被充电。然后,在步骤103,发动机11被启动,从而发电机12由发动机11的输出动力来驱动,以产生电力。在步骤104,对发动机11和发电机12执行最大功率控制,从而使发电机12的输出电力最大化。
然后在步骤105,检查电池16的充电状态SOC是否等于或大于阈值水平。如果确定电池16的充电状态SOC小于阈值水平,则重复步骤104,以持续最大功率控制处理,从而利用发电机12产生的输出电力对电池16进行充电。
如果在步骤105确定电池16的充电状态SOC等于或大于阈值水平时,则确定电池16已经被满充电。随后,在步骤106,根据操作来停止发动机11,从而停止发电机12的电力生成。步骤103到106用作用于控制发动机11的控制部分。
根据上面描述的本实施例,当预测到车辆进行长距离行驶而且电池16的剩余电力小于对应于满充电状态的阈值水平时,发电机12由发动机11的输出动力来驱动,以利用发电机12的输出电力对电池16进行充电,直至电池16的剩余电力达到阈值水平。作为结果,在预测到长距离行驶的时间点,可以将电池16设置为满充电状态。因此,开始长距离行驶之前,将电池16的剩余电力自动增加到大于满充电阈值水平。因此,即使在电池16和发电机12被小型化的系统中,也可能避免以下的麻烦:在长距离行驶操作中,在到达下一个充电设备的位置之前,由于电池12的剩余电力显著降低,车辆通过仅由利用发电机12产生的输出电力的电动机13来行驶。因此,可以避免在长距离行驶操作的情况下,行驶性能降低和车辆的操纵性能变差。
在此例如,考虑到电动机13、变换器、减速齿轮等的效率,假定以100km/h行驶所需的行驶能量约为12kW,而且供应到电动机13的电力大约为14kW。进一步假定诸如空调之类的辅助设备17的电力消耗是1kW。如果从发电机12持续供应10kW,则电池16需要供应5kW。如果电池16的容量被设定为5kW而且电池16在预测到长距离行驶的时候被预先充电到满充电状态,则车辆能够以100km/h的速度行驶1小时。在高速公路上,已经提供有快速充电设备,或者将来会提供越来越多的快速充电设备。由于以每隔约50km到60km的距离来提供服务站,每次车辆到达服务站时,在驾驶员休息的同时可以通过快速充电设备给电池16充电。
根据本实施例,基于导航设备19的信息或长距离行驶设置开关20的输出信号,来预测是否将进行长距离行驶操作。可能以相对较高的精度来预测长距离行驶的可能性。
长距离行驶的预测不限于上述方法,而可以降长距离行驶的预测改成其它方法。例如,可以基于到行驶目的地的距离是否长于预定距离,来预测长距离行驶,从供应自导航设备19的信息获取到行驶目的地的距离。
此外,车辆不限于设置有内燃机作为热机来驱动发电机的一种类型。车辆可以是设置有外发动机(例如斯特林发动机)来驱动发电机的一种类型。
另外,控制装置可以被配置为阻止启动长距离行驶,或通过车辆中的指示器来对电池进行充电的必要性,直到电池被满充电。
Claims (6)
1.一种用于增程器类型的电动车辆的控制装置,所述电动车辆具有由热机(11)的输出动力驱动的发电机(12)、能够利用所述发电机(12)的输出电力来充电的电池(16)、以及由所述发电机(12)的输出电力和所述电池(16)的输出电力中的至少一个来驱动以产生用于所述车辆的驱动动力的电动机(13),所述控制装置包括:
长距离行驶预测部分(21、201),其用于预测所述车辆是否进行长距离行驶;
电池剩余电力检查部分(21、102),其用于检查所述电池的剩余电力是否小于对应于满充电水平的预定阈值水平;以及
控制部分(21、103-106),当所述长距离行驶预测部分(21、101)确定所述车辆进行所述长距离行驶并且所述电池剩余电力检查部分(21、102)确定所述电池(16)的剩余电力小于所述预定阈值水平时,则所述控制部分(21、103-106)操作所述热机(11),以利用所述热机(11)的输出动力来驱动所述发电机(12),并且利用所述发电机(12)的输出电力为所述电池(16)充电。
2.根据权利要求1所述的控制装置,
其中,所述长距离行驶预测部分(21、101)基于所述车辆是否在高速公路上行驶来预测所述长距离行驶。
3.根据权利要求1所述的控制装置,还包括:
导航设备(19),其用于引导所述车辆的行驶路线,
其中,所述长距离行驶预测部分(21、101)基于由所述导航设备(19)提供的信息,来预测所述长距离行驶。
4.根据权利要求1所述的控制装置,还包括:
长距离行驶设置开关(20),其能够由所述车辆的驾驶员来操作,
其中,所述长距离行驶预测部分(21、101)基于所述长距离行驶设置开关(20)的输出信号,来预测所述长距离行驶。
5.根据权利要求1至4中的任意一项所述的控制装置,
其中,所述电池(16)具有预定容量,通过将所述发电机(12)的输出电力加到所述电池(16),所述预定容量使所述车辆能够在城市区域中行驶并且能够行驶预定距离。
6.根据权利要求1至4中的任意一项所述的控制装置,
其中,所述发电机(12)产生的所述输出电力大于所述电动机(13)在城市区域行驶操作中的平均电力消耗与辅助设备(17)的电力消耗之和的总电力消耗。
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WO2011061809A1 (ja) * | 2009-11-17 | 2011-05-26 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 車両および車両の制御方法 |
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