CN103068863B - 包含糖侧基的聚合物及其用途 - Google Patents
包含糖侧基的聚合物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103068863B CN103068863B CN201180039557.0A CN201180039557A CN103068863B CN 103068863 B CN103068863 B CN 103068863B CN 201180039557 A CN201180039557 A CN 201180039557A CN 103068863 B CN103068863 B CN 103068863B
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- 239000002077 nanosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
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- SRSFOMHQIATOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoyl octaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)OOC(=O)CCCCCCC SRSFOMHQIATOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000005429 oxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L oxygen(2-);titanium(4+);sulfate Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003346 palm kernel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- LBIYNOAMNIKVKF-FPLPWBNLSA-N palmitoleyl alcohol Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCO LBIYNOAMNIKVKF-FPLPWBNLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBIYNOAMNIKVKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N palmitoleyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCO LBIYNOAMNIKVKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
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- MPNNOLHYOHFJKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N peroxyphosphoric acid Chemical compound OOP(O)(O)=O MPNNOLHYOHFJKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L persulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])OOS(=O)(=O)[O-] JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- XKJCHHZQLQNZHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalimide Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NC(=O)C2=C1 XKJCHHZQLQNZHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RZKYDQNMAUSEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)CC=C RZKYDQNMAUSEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ISIJQEHRDSCQIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-7-carboxylate Chemical compound C1N(C(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CCCC11CNCC1 ISIJQEHRDSCQIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWAXTRYEYUTSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl ethaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C SWAXTRYEYUTSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioglycolic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CS CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IUTCEZPPWBHGIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(2+) Chemical class [Sn+2] IUTCEZPPWBHGIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- UZNHKBFIBYXPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-[3-(2-methylprop-2-enoylamino)propyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC(=C)C(=O)NCCC[N+](C)(C)C UZNHKBFIBYXPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFNJVJPLKCPIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylenediamine Chemical class NCCCN XFNJVJPLKCPIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSPLKZUTYZBBKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioxidane Chemical compound OOO JSPLKZUTYZBBKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004043 trisaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OHOTVSOGTVKXEL-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium;2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]propanoate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C(C)N(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O OHOTVSOGTVKXEL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- ORHBXUUXSCNDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N umbelliferone Chemical compound C1=CC(=O)OC2=CC(O)=CC=C21 ORHBXUUXSCNDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HFTAFOQKODTIJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N umbelliferone Natural products Cc1cc2C=CC(=O)Oc2cc1OCC=CC(C)(C)O HFTAFOQKODTIJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N urethane group Chemical group NC(=O)OCC JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
- C11D3/0036—Soil deposition preventing compositions; Antiredeposition agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/52—Amides or imides
- C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
- C08F220/58—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen, e.g. N-methylolacrylamide, N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/26—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen
- C08F220/28—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen containing no aromatic rings in the alcohol moiety
- C08F220/285—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen containing no aromatic rings in the alcohol moiety and containing a polyether chain in the alcohol moiety
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含可通过聚合嵌入的如下单体单元的水溶性或水分散性共聚物:a)至少一种具有糖侧基的烯属不饱和单体,和b)至少一种与(甲基)丙烯酰胺不同的亲水性烯属不饱和单体,其中具有糖侧基的烯属不饱和单体的重量百分数为5-95重量%。所述共聚物表现出与无机表面或亲水性纤维如棉的高亲合性。所述共聚物作为能够溶解污垢和/或防止泛灰或将用其涂覆的材料的微生物寄居风险最小化的聚合物用于织物洗涤剂中。
Description
本发明涉及具有糖侧基的聚合物及其作为织物洗涤剂中泛灰抑制剂和作为抗菌涂料的用途,以及包含所述聚合物的织物洗涤剂组合物。
除了对于洗涤过程必需的成分如表面活性剂和助洗剂材料外,洗涤剂通常包含其他洗涤助剂。该类助剂还包括赋予洗衣纤维去污性能和促进其他洗涤剂成分的去污的物质。该类去污物质通常称为"去污"活性成分,或由于其能够使被处理表面如纤维具有防污保护层而称为"防污剂"。
术语"泛灰"应理解为是指织物在洗涤期间的灰色着色,其尤其通过已脱离的污垢以较细分布再附着至织品上而产生。再附着可能由静电力引起。再附着程度尤其取决于织品和污垢类型、织品污损程度、洗涤过程中水量和洗涤筒中机械搅动程度。
去污和/或泛灰抑制共聚物及其在洗涤剂中的用途长久以来是已知的。由于其化学相似性,已知共聚物表现出与聚酯纤维的特定亲合性。
细菌侵染代表与医用器材和装置、植入材料、伤口保护膜和敷料有关的巨大问题。细菌侵染由表面活性细菌附着和主要在疏水性表面得到的生物膜形成而引起。细菌与表面附着一方面基于非特定相互作用如静电相互作用、范德华力和酸-碱相互作用,并且另一方面基于特定相互作用如受体/配体键。病原菌表面覆盖有粘附素,即有助于与表面附着的蛋白质。材料表面性质如粗糙度和表面张力对于表面寄居为决定性因素。为此,重要的是通过表面改性而使附着的细菌数量最小化并由此使空斑形成和邻近组织的侵染最小化。
WO 90/10023描述了一种N-(甲基)丙烯酰葡基胺和(甲基)丙烯酰胺的共聚物。所述共聚物据说在ELISA测试中适用于结合抗原。
本发明目的在于提供表现出与无机表面如金属或矿物材料或亲水性纤维如棉的高亲合性且适用于这些材料表面性能改性的聚合物。
本发明另一目的在于提供表现出与亲水性纤维如尤其是棉的高亲合性的去污和/或泛灰抑制活性成分。
本发明另一目的在于提供将用其涂覆的材料的微生物寄居风险最小化的聚合物。
所述目的根据本发明通过包含如下单体的共聚单元的水溶性或水分散性共聚物实现:
a)至少一种具有糖侧基的烯属不饱和单体,和
b)至少一种与(甲基)丙烯酰胺不同的亲水性烯属不饱和单体,
其中具有糖侧基的烯属不饱和单体的重量比例为5-95重量%,优选35-90重量%,尤其是50-85重量%。
亲水性烯属不饱和单体应理解为是指在25°C下在水中溶解度为至少50g/l的那些。
本发明聚合物任选在中和之后为水溶性或水分散性的,即它们基本上为直链和未交联的。
亲水性烯属不饱和单体优选选自:
b1)丙烯酸甲酯;
b2)阴离子/潜阴离子(anionogenic)单体;
b3)阳离子/潜阳离子(cationogenic)单体;
b4)具有羟烷基侧基的单体;
b5)具有聚醚侧基的单体;
b6)N-乙烯基化合物;
及其组合。
其中,优选阴离子/潜阴离子单体、具有羟烷基侧基的单体和具有聚醚侧基的单体及其组合。
共聚单体单元的重量比例在本申请中描述为基于共聚物中所有共聚单体单元总重量的重量比例。
本发明共聚物通常包含:
a)5-95重量%,优选35-90重量%,尤其是50-85重量%至少一种具有糖侧基的烯属不饱和单体单元,
b)95-5重量%,优选15-50重量%至少一种与(甲基)丙烯酰胺不同的亲水性烯属不饱和单体单元,和
c)0-40重量%,优选5-20重量%至少一种与a)和b)不同的烯属不饱和单体单元。
本发明共聚物通常在热水中表现出高的电解质稳定性和高的胶体稳定性。它们表现出与各种表面如棉、玻璃、陶瓷、金属如不锈钢、无机材料如硅酸钙或碳酸钙的高亲合性。
所述共聚物基于来自可再生来源的无毒起始材料且可生物降解。
具有糖侧基的烯属不饱和单体为具有烯属不饱和基团如(甲基)丙烯酸、乙烯基或烯丙基基团的化合物,糖残基与其经由连接键共价结合。糖残基被认为是具有与相邻(连续)碳原子结合的至少三个羟基,优选至少四个羟基的残基,其中一个或多个羟基可为与其他糖单元的糖苷键的一部分。糖残基优选衍生于来自天然来源的糖或其衍生物如糖醇、糖酸或葡糖胺。
糖残基可为单糖残基、二糖残基或低聚糖残基。低聚糖应理解为是指具有3-20个糖重复单元的化合物。优选的低聚糖选自三-、四-、五-、六-、七-、八-、九-和十聚糖,优选具有3-9个重复单元的糖。链内的键优选为1,4-糖苷键和任选1,6-糖苷键。
单糖残基优选为衍生自己醛糖,尤其是衍生自阿拉伯糖、核糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖,尤其是葡萄糖的残基。
二糖残基优选为衍生自乳糖、麦芽糖、异麦芽糖的残基。
低聚糖残基例如为衍生自麦芽三糖、麦芽四糖和麦芽五糖的残基或衍生自可通过多糖水解如纤维素或淀粉水解获得的糖混合物的残基。该类混合物可通过多糖水解如纤维素或淀粉的酶促水解或纤维素或淀粉的酸催化水解而获得。植物淀粉由直链淀粉和支链淀粉作为淀粉主要成分构成。直链淀粉主要由经1,4-糖苷一起连接的葡萄糖分子的直链构成。支链淀粉由其中除了1,4-糖苷键外还额外存在导致支化的1,6-糖苷键的支链构成。根据本发明,作为本发明方法起始化合物的支链淀粉水解产物也是合适的且包括在低聚糖定义内。
优选的具有糖侧基的烯属不饱和单体对应于式(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)之一:
其中
Z为H或糖残基;
A为可在醚官能团中任选被氧间隔和/或可被1或2个羧基、羟基和/或羧酰胺基团取代的C2-C10亚烷基,或为脂环族基团;
X为O或NR1,尤其是O或NH;
R1和R2相互独立地为氢、C1-C4烷基或C1-C4羟烷基;
R3为H或甲基;
R4为H、COOH或COO-M+;和
M+为碱金属离子或铵离子。
A为可在醚官能团中任选被氧间隔和/或可被1或2个羧基、羟基和/或羧酰胺基团取代的C2-C10亚烷基,或为脂环族基团。A优选为C2-C6亚烷基如1,2-亚乙基、1,2-亚丙基、1,3-亚丙基、1,4-亚丁基、1,5-亚戊基、1,6-亚己基,或脂环族基团如1,2-环戊二基、1,3-环戊二基、1,2-环己二基、1,3-环己二基或1,4-环己二基。
R1和R2相互独立地为氢、C1-C4烷基或C1-C4羟烷基,优选氢、甲基、乙基或羟乙基,尤其是氢或甲基。
Z为H或糖残基。糖残基可为单糖残基、二糖残基或低聚糖残基。所述糖残基通常经由糖苷键与分子结合。
如果Z为糖残基,则其优选具有如下通式:
其中n为数0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8。
式(Ia)化合物可通过多羟基酸内酯和脂族二胺的反应产物与一元不饱和羧酸酐反应而获得,参见国际专利申请PCT/EP 2010/054208。
多羟基酸内酯应理解为是指来自天然或合成来源的糖的内酯,所述糖仅在异头碳上被氧化。该类多羟基酸内酯也可称为醛糖酸的内酯。多羟基酸内酯可单独或以其混合物使用。
所述糖仅在异头中心处被选择性地氧化。选择性氧化的方法通常是已知的且例如描述于I.J.Goldstein,Methods Enzymology,242(1994)116中。因此,氧化可用碘在碱性介质中或用铜(II)盐进行。
合适的脂族二胺可为直链、环状或支化的。
优选使用脂族C2-C8二胺和脂环族二胺,例如1,2-二氨基乙烷、1,3-二氨基丙烷、1,5-二氨基戊烷、1,6-二氨基己烷、N-甲基-1,3-二氨基丙烷、N-甲基-1,2-二氨基乙烷、2,2-二甲基丙烷-1,3-二胺、二氨基环己烷、异佛尔酮二胺和4,4′-二氨基二环己基甲烷。
二胺与内酯的反应描述于H.U.Geyer,Chem.Ber.1964,2271中。这里,脂族二胺与多羟基酸内酯的摩尔比可在宽范围内变化,例如在比例5:1-0.3:1,尤其是3:1-0.4:1内波动。脂族二胺优选以约2:1-0.5:1的摩尔比加入多羟基酸内酯中。
一元不饱和羧酸酐优选选自丙烯酸酐、甲基丙烯酸酐和马来酸酐。
式(Ib)化合物可通过相应还原糖的还原性胺化和随后用丙烯酰氯丙烯酸化而获得,如R.L.Whistler,J.Org.Chem.26,1961,1583-1588所述。
式(Ic)化合物例如可通过WO 90/10023中描述的方法进行。为此,还原糖以溶液与碳酸氢铵反应而得到葡基胺,其与(甲基)丙烯酸的反应性衍生物反应而得到N-(甲基)丙烯酰葡基胺。
特别有利的方法包括使还原糖与脂族伯胺或氨在含水介质中反应和在不进行中间体分离下使其与一元不饱和羧酸酐反应,参见国际专利申请PCT/EP 2010/054211。
式(Ie)化合物例如可通过含羟基的烯属不饱和单体与糖的糖苷酶催化反应而获得,例如如I.Gill和R.Valivety,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2000,39,第21期,第3804-3808页所述。
在某些实施方案中,本发明共聚物包含丙烯酸甲酯单元,例如其重量比例为0-40重量%,优选5-20重量%。
在某些实施方案中,本发明共聚物包含潜阴离子/阴离子单体单元,例如其重量比例为0-95重量%,优选15-50重量%。"阴离子单体"应理解为是指具有阴离子基团的烯属不饱和单体。"潜阴离子单体"应理解为是指具有能够取决于含水介质中pH而转化为阴离子基团且例如在pH12下以大于90%呈阴离子形式存在的官能团的单体。
阴离子单体包括单烯属不饱和羧酸、磺酸、膦酸及其混合物的盐,尤其是钠、钾和铵盐。
潜阴离子/阴离子单体包括具有3-25个,优选3-6个碳原子的单烯属不饱和一元羧酸和二羧酸,其也可以它们的盐或酸酐形式使用。它们的实例为丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙基丙烯酸、巴豆酸、马来酸、马来酸酐、衣康酸、柠康酸、中康酸、戊烯二酸、乌头酸和富马酸。潜阴离子/阴离子单体还包括具有4-10个,优选4-6个碳原子的单烯属不饱和二羧酸如马来酸的半酯,例如马来酸单甲酯。潜阴离子/阴离子单体还包括单烯属不饱和磺酸和膦酸,例如乙烯基磺酸、烯丙基磺酸、丙烯酸磺乙酯、甲基丙烯酸磺乙酯、丙烯酸磺丙酯、甲基丙烯酸磺丙酯、2-羟基-3-丙烯酰氧基丙基磺酸、2-羟基-3-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基磺酸、苯乙烯磺酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸、乙烯基膦酸和烯丙基膦酸。
优选的潜阴离子/阴离子单体为烯属不饱和羧酸,尤其是丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、衣康酸和马来酸。其中,特别优选甲基丙烯酸。
在某些实施方案中,本发明共聚物包含阳离子/潜阳离子单体单元,例如其重量比例为0-95重量%,优选5-50重量%。"潜阳离子/阳离子单体"应理解为是指具有潜阳离子/阳离子基团的烯属不饱和单体。"潜阳离子基团"应理解为是指可取决于含水介质中pH而转化为阳离子基团的官能团。潜阳离子和/或阳离子基团优选为含氮基团如氨基以及季铵基。带电荷的阳离子基团可通过质子化(例如用羧酸如乳酸或无机酸如磷酸、硫酸和盐酸)或通过季铵化(例如用烷基化试剂如C1-C4烷基卤或硫酸C1-C4烷基酯)由胺氮产生。该类烷基化试剂的实例是乙基氯、乙基溴、甲基氯、甲基溴、硫酸二甲酯和硫酸二乙酯。
合适的潜阳离子单体例如为(甲基)丙烯酸N,N-二烷基氨基烷基酯,例如(甲基)丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸N,N-二乙基氨基乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸N,N-二乙基氨基丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基环己酯等。
合适的潜阳离子单体还为N,N-二烷基氨基烷基(甲基)丙烯酰胺,例如N-[2-(二甲基氨基)乙基]丙烯酰胺、N-[2-(二甲基氨基)乙基]甲基丙烯酰胺、N-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]丙烯酰胺、N-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]甲基丙烯酰胺、N-[4-(二甲基氨基)丁基]丙烯酰胺、N-[4-(二甲基氨基)丁基]甲基丙烯酰胺、N-[2-(二乙基氨基)乙基]丙烯酰胺、N-[2-(二乙基氨基)乙基]甲基丙烯酰胺、N-[4-(二甲基氨基)环己基]丙烯酰胺和N-[4-(二甲基氨基)环己基]甲基丙烯酰胺。优选丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基丙酯、甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基丙酯、N-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]丙烯酰胺和N-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]甲基丙烯酰胺。
其他潜阳离子单体为具有伯或仲氨基的那些,例如烯属不饱和一元羧酸和二羧酸与氨基醇的酯、烯属不饱和一元羧酸和二羧酸与二胺的酰胺及其混合物。
合适的例如为烯属不饱和一元羧酸和二羧酸与氨基醇,优选C2-C12氨基醇的酯。这些可优选在胺氮上被C1-C8单烷基化。这些酯的合适酸组分例如为丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、富马酸、马来酸、衣康酸、巴豆酸、马来酸酐、马来酸单丁酯及其混合物。优选使用丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸及其混合物。优选(甲基)丙烯酸N-甲基氨基乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸N-乙基氨基乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸N-正丙基氨基乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸N-正丁基氨基乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸叔丁基氨基乙酯。特别优选甲基丙烯酸N-叔丁基氨基乙酯。
合适的还为上述烯属不饱和一元羧酸和二羧酸与具有至少一个伯氨基或仲氨基的二胺的酰胺。合适的例如为N-甲基氨基乙基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-乙基氨基乙基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-正丙基氨基乙基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-正丁基氨基乙基(甲基)丙烯酰胺和N-叔丁基氨基乙基(甲基)丙烯酰胺。
合适的潜阳离子单体还为乙烯基-和烯丙基取代的氮杂环,例如乙烯基咪唑,N-乙烯基-2-烷基咪唑,例如N-乙烯基-2-甲基咪唑,以及2-和4-乙烯基吡啶、2-和4-烯丙基吡啶及其盐。
合适的阳离子单体为具有至少一个季铵基的那些。可提及的阳离子单体的实例为N-三甲基铵乙基丙烯酰胺基氯化物、N-三甲基铵乙基甲基丙烯酰胺基氯化物、N-三甲基铵乙基甲基丙烯酸酯氯化物、N-三甲基铵乙基丙烯酸酯氯化物、三甲基铵乙基丙烯酰胺基硫酸二甲酯、三甲基铵乙基甲基丙烯酰胺基硫酸二甲酯、N-乙基二甲基铵乙基丙烯酰胺基硫酸二乙酯(ethosulfate)、N-乙基二甲基铵乙基甲基丙烯酰胺基硫酸二乙酯、三甲基铵丙基丙烯酰胺基氯化物、三甲基铵丙基甲基丙烯酰胺基氯化物、三甲基铵丙基丙烯酰胺基硫酸二甲酯、三甲基铵丙基甲基丙烯酰胺基硫酸二甲酯和N-乙基二甲基铵丙基丙烯酰胺基硫酸二乙酯。优选三甲基铵丙基甲基丙烯酰胺基氯化物。
在某些实施方案中,本发明共聚物包含具有羟烷基侧基的单体单元,例如其重量比例为0-95重量%,优选15-70重量%。该单体优选选自烯属不饱和一元羧酸和二羧酸与二醇的酯或烯属不饱和一元羧酸和二羧酸与氨基醇的酰胺。
合适的单体为丙烯酸2-羟基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸2-羟基乙酯、乙基丙烯酸2-羟基乙酯、丙烯酸2-羟基丙酯、甲基丙烯酸2-羟基丙酯、丙烯酸3-羟基丙酯、甲基丙烯酸3-羟基丙酯、丙烯酸3-羟基丁酯、甲基丙烯酸3-羟基丁酯、丙烯酸4-羟基丁酯、甲基丙烯酸4-羟基丁酯、丙烯酸6-羟基己酯、甲基丙烯酸6-羟基己酯、丙烯酸3-羟基-2-乙基己酯和甲基丙烯酸3-羟基-2-乙基己酯。
合适的单体还为2-羟基乙基丙烯酰胺、2-羟基乙基甲基丙烯酰胺、2-羟基乙基乙基丙烯酰胺、2-羟基丙基丙烯酰胺、2-羟基丙基甲基丙烯酰胺、3-羟基丙基丙烯酰胺、3-羟基丙基甲基丙烯酰胺、3-羟基丁基丙烯酰胺、3-羟基丁基甲基丙烯酰胺、4-羟基丁基丙烯酰胺、4-羟基丁基甲基丙烯酰胺、6-羟基己基丙烯酰胺、3-羟基己基甲基丙烯酰胺、3-羟基-2-乙基己基丙烯酰胺和3-羟基-2-乙基己基甲基丙烯酰胺。
在某些实施方案中,本发明共聚物包含具有聚醚侧基的非离子烯属不饱和单体单元,例如其重量比例为0-95重量%,优选15-70重量%。
合适的具有聚醚侧基的非离子烯属不饱和单体是本身已知的。这些例如为:
(a)单烯属不饱和异氰酸酯与聚醚的含氨基甲酸酯基团的反应产物,
(b)烯属不饱和羧酸与聚醚的酯,
(c)聚醚的乙烯基或烯丙基醚。
合适的聚醚优选为聚烷氧基化C1-C30醇,例如脂肪醇烷氧基化物或羰基合成醇烷氧基化物。每摩尔醇使用至少2,例如2-100,优选3-20摩尔至少一种C2-C4氧化烯。不同的氧化烯单元可以嵌段方式(blockwise)排列或以无规分布存在。所用氧化烯优选为氧化乙烯和/或氧化丙烯。
在优选的实施方案中,具有聚醚侧基的非离子烯属不饱和单体具有如下通式:
R-O-(CH2-CHR′-O)n-CO-CR″=CH2
其中R为H或C1-C30烷基,优选C1-C22烷基,
R′为H或甲基,优选氢,
R″为H或甲基,优选甲基,和
n为2-100,优选3-50的整数。
括号中的重复单元衍生自氧化乙烯或氧化丙烯。每个重复单元中R′的含义独立于其他重复单元。不同的氧化烯单元可以嵌段方式排列或以无规分布存在。
在某些实施方案中,本发明共聚物包含N-乙烯基化合物单元,例如其重量比例为0-40重量%,优选5-20重量%。N-乙烯基化合物优选选自饱和C1-C8一元羧酸的N-乙烯基内酰胺、N-乙烯基酰胺。这些例如包括N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、N-乙烯基哌啶酮、N-乙烯基己内酰胺、N-乙烯基-5-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、N-乙烯基-5-乙基-2-吡咯烷酮、N-乙烯基-6-甲基-2-哌啶酮、N-乙烯基-6-乙基-2-哌啶酮、N-乙烯基-7-甲基-2-己内酰胺、N-乙烯基-7-乙基-2-己内酰胺。合适的开链N-乙烯基酰胺化合物例如为N-乙烯基甲酰胺、N-乙烯基-N-甲基甲酰胺、N-乙烯基乙酰胺、N-乙烯基-N-甲基乙酰胺、N-乙烯基-N-乙基乙酰胺、N-乙烯基丙酰胺、N-乙烯基-N-甲基丙酰胺和N-乙烯基丁酰胺。
其他亲水性烯属不饱和单体还为丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰胺,以及烯属不饱和一元羧酸的N-C1-C8烷基-和N,N-二(C1-C8)烷基酰胺。这些包括N-甲基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-乙基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-丙基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-异丙基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-正丁基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-叔丁基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N,N-二甲基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N,N-二乙基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、哌啶基(甲基)丙烯酰胺和吗啉基(甲基)丙烯酰胺。
此外,本发明共聚物任选包含优选选自如下单体的另一单体单元:烯属不饱和一元羧酸和二元羧酸与C1-C30链烷醇的酯、乙烯基醇或烯丙基醇与C1-C30一元羧酸的酯、乙烯基醚、乙烯基芳烃、乙烯基卤、偏二卤乙烯、C2-C8单烯烃、具有至少两个共轭双键的非芳族烃及其混合物。
合适的单体则为甲基丙烯酸甲酯、乙基丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、乙基丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸叔丁酯、乙基丙烯酸叔丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正辛酯、(甲基)丙烯酸1,1,3,3-四甲基丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙基己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正壬酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正癸酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正十一烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十三烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸肉豆蔻酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十五烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸棕榈酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十七烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十九烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸二十烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸山萮酯、(甲基)丙烯酸二十四烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸二十六烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸三十烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十六碳烯基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸油基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸亚油基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸亚麻基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸硬脂醇酯、(甲基)丙烯酸月桂酯及其混合物。优选的单体为(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C4烷基酯。在某些实施方案中,本发明共聚物包含甲基丙烯酸甲酯单元,例如其重量比例为0-40重量%,优选5-20重量%。
合适的单体还为乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、丁酸乙烯酯及其混合物。
合适的单体还为乙烯、丙烯、异丁烯、丁二烯、苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、氯乙烯、偏二氯乙烯、氟乙烯、偏二氟乙烯及其混合物。
本发明共聚物例如类似于"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of IndustrialChemistry,第六版,2000,电子版,关键词:聚合方法"中概括地描述的方法制备。(共)聚合优选作为呈溶液聚合、悬浮聚合、沉淀聚合或乳液聚合形式的自由基聚合或通过本体聚合(即在溶剂不存在下)而进行。对于制备阴离子共聚物特别地,可以直接使用阴离子单体进行聚合或首先使用潜阴离子单体进行聚合并且然后在聚合之后用碱中和所得共聚物。
为了聚合,使用合适的聚合引发剂。优选可热活化的自由基聚合引发剂。
合适的可热活化的自由基引发剂主要是过氧和偶氮类型的那些。这些尤其包括过氧化氢、过乙酸、氢过氧化叔丁基、过氧化二叔丁基、过氧化二苯甲酰、氢过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化2,4-二氯苯甲酰、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(氢过氧)己烷、过苯甲酸、过氧新戊酸叔丁酯、过乙酸叔丁酯、过氧化二月桂酰、过氧化二辛酰、过氧化二硬脂酰、过氧化二苯甲酰、过氧二碳酸二异丙酯、过氧二碳酸二癸酯、过氧二碳酸二-二十烷基酯、过苯甲酸二叔丁酯、偶氮二异丁腈、2,2'-偶氮二-2,4-二甲基戊腈,水溶性偶氮引发剂如2,2'-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二盐酸盐、2,2'-偶氮二(2-甲基丙脒)二盐酸盐、2,2'-偶氮二(1-亚氨基-1-吡咯烷-2-乙基丙烷)二盐酸盐、2,2'-偶氮二[2-甲基-N-(2-羟基乙基)丙酰胺];过硫酸铵、过硫酸钾、过硫酸钠和过磷酸钠。
最优选过硫酸盐(过氧二硫酸盐),尤其是过硫酸钠,和水溶性偶氮引发剂,尤其是2'-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二盐酸盐。
当进行聚合时,引发剂以足以引发聚合反应的量使用。引发剂用量基于所用单体总重量通常为约0.01-3重量%。引发剂的量基于所用单体总重量优选为约0.05-2重量%,尤其是0.1-1重量%。
根据另一优选制备类型,该共聚物通过在氧化还原引发剂体系存在下聚合单体混合物而得到。氧化还原引发剂体系包含至少一种氧化剂组分和至少一种还原剂组分,其中在反应介质中优选额外存在重金属离子作为催化剂,例如铈盐、锰盐或铁(II)盐。
合适的氧化剂组分例如为过氧化物和/或氢过氧化物,如过氧化氢、氢过氧化叔丁基、氢过氧化枯烯、氢过氧化蒎烷、氢过氧化二异丙基苯基、过碳酸二环己基酯、过氧化二苯甲酰、过氧化二月桂酰和过氧化二乙酰。优选过氧化氢和氢过氧化叔丁基。
合适的还原剂组分为碱金属亚硫酸盐,碱金属连二亚硫酸盐,碱金属硫代硫酸盐,亚硫酸氢钠,Rongalit C(甲醛次硫酸钠),单-和二羟基丙酮,糖类(例如葡萄糖或右旋糖),抗坏血酸及其盐,丙酮亚硫酸氢盐加合物和/或羟基甲烷亚磺酸的碱金属盐。优选抗坏血酸。
适合作为还原剂组分或催化剂的是铁(II)盐如硫酸铁(II)、锡(II)盐如氯化锡(II)、钛(III)盐如硫酸钛(III)。
氧化剂的用量基于所用单体的总重量为0.001-5.0重量%,优选0.005-1.0重量%,特别优选0.01-0.5重量%。还原剂的用量基于所用单体的总重量为0.001-2.0重量%,优选0.005-1.0重量%,特别优选0.01-0.5重量%。
特别优选的氧化还原引发剂体系为过氧二硫酸钠/抗坏血酸体系。另一特别的氧化还原引发剂体系为氢过氧化叔丁基/过氧化氢/抗坏血酸体系,例如氢过氧化叔丁基为0.001-5.0重量%。
聚合通常以溶液聚合进行。
溶液聚合通常在水中或在至少一种有机溶剂与水的混合物中或在有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中,优选在水中或在至少一种有机溶剂与水的混合物中进行。合适的有机溶剂为在20°C下至少具有有限的水溶混性,尤其是在20°C下与水完全溶混的那些。这应理解为是指在20°C下在水中至少10体积%溶剂,尤其是至少50体积%溶剂的溶混性。例如,可提及C1-C3醇如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇,酮如丙酮、甲基乙基酮,具有C2-C6亚烷基单元的单-、低聚-或聚亚烷基二醇或-硫甘醇(thioglycol)如乙二醇、1,2-或1,3-丙二醇、1,2-或1,4-丁二醇,多元醇的C1-C4烷基醚如乙二醇单甲基醚或单乙基醚、二甘醇单甲基醚或单乙基醚、二甘醇单丁基醚(丁基二甘醇)或者三甘醇单甲基醚或单乙基醚,多元醇的C1-C4烷基酯,γ-丁内酯或二甲亚砜或四氢呋喃。优选有机溶剂与水的混合物,此时水含量可为至多95重量%。特别优选甲醇与水的混合物。
溶液聚合通常在35-95°C下进行。其可以间歇过程或呈供料过程方式进行。优选供料程序,其中将至少部分聚合引发剂和任选部分单体作为初始进料引入,加热至聚合温度,然后将其余聚合批料连续地或逐步地引入,通常经由其一股或多股包含呈纯净、溶解或乳化形式的单体的两股或更多股单独供料引入,以保持聚合。单体供料优选呈含水单体乳液形式。平行于单体供料,可计量加入其他聚合引发剂。
在聚合期间可任选共同使用链转移剂。典型的链转移剂包含硫醇如2-巯基乙醇、巯基乙酸、正十二烷基硫醇和叔十二烷基硫醇、α-甲基苯乙烯二聚物、1-苯基丁烯-2-芴、萜品油和氯仿。
本发明共聚物适合作为织物洗涤剂中的去污和/泛灰抑制活性成分。
此外,本发明共聚物适合作为抗菌涂料。
本发明涂料尤其适用于涂覆医用-治疗应用中材料表面,例如用于涂覆金属植入物、涂覆伤口保护膜和敷料或用于涂覆医用器材和装置如导管。在生物技术领域中,本发明涂料尤其适用于构造仪器(例如发酵器)、用于涂覆密封和用于抑制生物附着。
此外,本发明涉及一种洗涤剂或清洁剂组合物,其包含本发明共聚物。
除了共聚物外,所述洗涤剂或清洁剂还包含表面活性剂,其中可使用阴离子、非离子、阳离子和/或两性表面活性剂。从应用观点看,优选阴离子和非离子表面活性剂的混合物。液体洗涤剂或清洁剂的总表面活性剂含量基于全部液体洗涤剂或清洁剂优选为5-60重量%,特别优选15-40重量%。
所用非离子表面活性剂优选为烷氧基化醇,尤其是乙氧基化醇,尤其是伯醇,其具有优选8-18个碳原子和平均1-12摩尔氧化乙烯(EO)/摩尔醇,其中醇基可在2位呈直链或优选甲基支化的或可在混合物中包含直链和甲基支化的基团,通常以羰基合成醇基团存在。然而,尤其优选具有直链基团的醇乙氧基化物,来自具有12-18个碳原子和平均2-8EO/摩尔醇的天然来源的醇,例如来自椰油醇、棕榈油醇、牛油脂肪醇或油醇。优选的乙氧基化醇例如包括具有3EO、4EO或7EO的C12-C14醇,具有7EO的C9-C11醇,具有3EO、5EO、7EO或8EO的C13-C15醇,具有3EO、5EO或7EO的C12-C18醇及其混合物,例如具有3EO的C12-C14醇与具有7EO的C12-C18醇的混合物。所述乙氧基化程度为统计平均值,其对于特定产品可为整数或分数。优选的醇乙氧基化物具有窄的同系物分布(窄范围乙氧基化物,NRE)。除了这些非离子表面活性剂外,还可以使用具有超过12EO的脂肪醇。其实例为具有14EO、25EO、30EO或40EO的牛油脂肪醇。还可以使用在分子中一起包含EO和PO基团的非离子表面活性剂。就此而言,可以使用具有EO-PO嵌段单元或PO-EO嵌段单元的嵌段共聚物,以及EO-PO-EO共聚物或PO-EO-PO共聚物。当然还可以使用其中EO和PO单元不呈嵌段形式而呈无规分布的混合烷氧基化非离子表面活性剂。该类产品可通过氧化乙烯和氧化丙烯同时作用于脂肪醇而获得。
此外,可使用的其他非离子表面活性剂还为如下通式(I)的烷基葡糖苷:
R1O(G)x (1)
其中R1为伯直链或甲基支化的,尤其是2-甲基支化的脂族基团,其具有8-22个,优选12-18个碳原子,且G为具有5或6个碳原子的葡糖苷,优选葡萄糖。低聚程度x表示单葡糖苷和低聚葡糖苷的分布,其为1-10之间的任何希望数值;x优选为1.2-1.4。
作为唯一非离子表面活性剂或与其他非离子表面活性剂组合使用的优选使用的非离子表面活性剂的另一类别为烷氧基化的,优选乙氧基化的或乙氧基化和丙氧基化的脂肪酸烷基酯,其在烷基链中优选具有1-4个碳原子,尤其是脂肪酸甲酯,例如如日本专利申请JP58/217598中所述或优选通过国际专利申请WO-A-90/13533中描述的方法制备。
氧化胺类非离子表面活性剂如N-椰油烷基-N,N-二甲基氧化胺和N-牛油烷基-N,N-二羟基乙基氧化胺以及脂肪酸链烷醇酰胺类非离子表面活性剂也可能是合适的。这些非离子表面活性剂的量优选不超过乙氧基化脂肪醇的量,尤其是不超过其一半的量。
其他合适的表面活性剂为式(2)的多羟基脂肪酸酰胺:
其中R2C(=O)为具有6-22个碳原子的脂族酰基,R3为氢、烷基或羟烷基,其具有1-4个碳原子,且[Z]为具有3-10个碳原子和3-10个羟基的直链或支化多羟基烷基。多羟基脂肪酸酰胺为已知的物质,其通常可通过用氨、烷基胺或链烷醇胺反应性胺化还原糖和随后用脂肪酸、脂肪酸烷基酯或脂肪酸氯酰化而获得。
多羟基脂肪酸酰胺的基团还包括式(3)化合物:
其中R4为具有7-12个碳原子的直链或支化烷基或链烯基,R5为具有2-8个碳原子的直链、支化或环状亚烷基或具有6-8个碳原子的亚芳基,R6为具有1-8个碳原子的直链、支化或环状烷基或芳基或烷氧基,其中优选C1-C4烷基或苯基,且[Z]1为其烷基链被至少2个羟基取代的直链多羟基烷基,或该基团的烷氧基化的,优选乙氧基化或丙氧基化的衍生物。[Z]1优选通过糖如葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、半乳糖、甘露糖或木糖的还原性胺化而获得。N-烷氧基-或N-芳氧基取代的化合物可随后转化为所需的多羟基脂肪酸酰胺,例如根据WO-A-95/07331,通过在作为催化剂的醇盐存在下与脂肪酸甲酯反应而进行。
液体洗涤剂或清洁剂中非离子表面活性剂的含量在每种情况下基于全部组合物优选为1-30重量%,优选7-20重量%,尤其是9-15重量%。
所用阴离子表面活性剂例如为磺酸盐和硫酸盐类型的那些。合适的磺酸盐类型表面活性剂优选为C9-C13烷基苯磺酸盐、烯烃磺酸盐,即链烯-和羟基链烷磺酸盐的混合物,以及二磺酸盐,如例如由具有端或内双键的C12-C18单烯烃通过用气态三氧化硫磺化和随后碱性或酸性水解磺化产物而获得。还合适的为链烷磺酸盐,其由C12-C18链烷例如通过氯磺化或磺化氧化和随后水解或中和而获得。同样,α-磺基脂肪酸的酯(酯磺酸盐)如氢化椰油、棕榈仁油或牛油脂肪酸的α-磺化甲酯也是合适的。
其他合适的阴离子表面活性剂为硫酸化脂肪酸甘油酯。脂肪酸甘油酯应理解为是指单-、二-和三酯及其混合物,如在通过用1-3摩尔脂肪酸酯化单甘油的制备中或在用0.3-2摩尔甘油酯交换甘油三酯期间而获得。这里优选的硫酸化脂肪酸甘油酯为具有6-22个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸如己酸、辛酸、癸酸、肉豆蔻酸、月桂酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸或山萮酸的硫酸化产物。
烷(链烯)基硫酸盐优选为C12-C18脂肪醇如椰油脂肪醇、牛油脂肪醇、月桂醇、肉豆蔻醇、鲸蜡醇或硬脂醇或者C10-C20羰基合成醇的硫酸半酯以及这些链长的仲醇的那些半酯的碱金属,尤其是钠盐。此外,优选规定链长的烷(链烯)基硫酸盐,其包含合成的、石油化学基直链烷基,具有与基于脂肪族化学原料的等价化合物类似的降解性能。从洗涤观点看,优选C12-C16烷基硫酸盐,C12-C15烷基硫酸盐,以及C14-C15烷基硫酸盐。例如根据美国专利说明书3,234,258或5,075,041制备且可作为市购产品由ShellOil Company以商品名获得的2,3-烷基硫酸盐也为合适的阴离子表面活性剂。
用1-6摩尔氧化乙烯乙氧基化的直链或支化C7-C21醇的硫酸单酯如具有平均3.5摩尔氧化乙烯(EO)的2-甲基支化的C9-C11醇或具有1-4EO的C12-C18脂肪醇也是合适的。由于其高的发泡性能,它们在清洁剂中仅以较少量如以1-5重量%的量使用。
其他合适的阴离子表面活性剂还为烷基磺基琥珀酸的盐,其也称为磺基琥珀酸盐或磺基琥珀酸酯且构成磺基琥珀酸与醇,优选脂肪醇,尤其是乙氧基化脂肪醇的单酯和/或二酯。优选的磺基琥珀酸盐包含C8-C18脂肪醇残基或其混合物。特别优选的磺基琥珀酸盐包含衍生自乙氧基化脂肪醇的脂肪醇残基。就此而言,又特别优选其脂肪醇残基衍生自具有窄的同系物分布的乙氧基化脂肪醇的磺基琥珀酸盐。同样还可以使用在烷(链烯)基链中具有优选8-18个碳原子的烷(链烯)基琥珀酸或其盐。
特别优选的阴离子表面活性剂为皂类。饱和及不饱和脂肪酸皂如月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、(氢化)介酸和山萮酸的盐以及尤其是衍生自天然脂肪酸如椰油脂肪酸、棕榈仁油脂肪酸、橄榄油脂肪酸或牛油脂肪酸的皂混合物是合适的。
包括皂类的阴离子表面活性剂可以其钠、钾或铵盐的形式存在以及作为有机碱如单、二-或三乙醇胺的可溶性盐存在。阴离子表面活性剂优选以其钠或钾盐形式,尤其是以钠盐形式存在。
优选的洗涤剂或清洁剂中阴离子表面活性剂的含量在每种情况下基于全部组合物为2-30重量%,优选2-40重量%,尤其是5-22重量%。特别优选脂肪酸皂的量为至少2重量%,特别优选至少4重量%,特别优选至少6重量%。
液体洗涤剂或清洁剂的粘度可借助常规标准方法(例如布鲁克菲尔德粘度计LVT-II,在20rpm和20°C下,锭子3)测量且优选为100-5000mPas。优选的组合物具有300-4000mPas的粘度,其中特别优选1000-3000mPas的值。
除了本发明共聚物和表面活性剂外,所述洗涤剂或清洁剂可包含进一步改善液体洗涤剂或清洁剂的施用和/或美观性能的其他成分。因此,优选的组合物包含一种或多种来自助洗剂、漂白剂、助漂剂、酶、电解质、非水溶剂、pH扩展剂(pH extender)、香料、香料载体、荧光剂、染料、水溶助长剂、泡沫抑制剂、硅油、抗再沉积剂、光学增白剂、泛灰抑制剂、防缩剂、防皱剂、颜色转移抑制剂、抗菌活性成分、杀菌剂、杀真菌剂、抗氧化剂、缓蚀剂、抗静电剂、熨烫助剂(ironing aids)、疏化(phobicization)和浸渍剂、溶胀和防滑剂以及UV吸收剂的物质。
可存在于洗涤剂或清洁剂中的助洗剂尤其为硅酸盐、硅酸铝(尤其是沸石)、碳酸盐、有机二-和多羧酸的盐以及这些物质的混合物。
适合作为有机助洗剂的低分子量多羧化物例如为:
C4-C20-二-、三-和四羧酸,例如琥珀酸、丙烷三甲酸、丁烷四甲酸、环戊烷四甲酸以及具有C2-C16烷基或-亚烷基的烷基-和亚烷基琥珀酸;
C4-C20羟基羧酸,例如苹果酸,酒石酸,葡糖酸,戊二酸,柠檬酸,乳糖酸,以及蔗糖单-、二-和三羧酸;
氨基多羧化物,例如次氮基三乙酸、甲基甘氨酸二乙酸、丙氨酸二乙酸、乙二胺四乙酸和丝氨酸二乙酸;
膦酸盐,例如羟基乙烷二膦酸、乙二胺四(亚甲基膦酸盐)和二亚乙基三胺五(亚甲基磷酸盐)。
作为有机助洗剂的合适低聚或聚合多羧化物例如为:
低聚马来酸,例如如EP-A 0 451 508和EP-A 0 396 303中所述;
不饱和C4-C8二羧酸的共聚物和三聚物,其中如下的单烯属不饱和单体可作为共聚单体以共聚形式存在:
来自(i)组,其量为至多95重量%
来自(ii)组,其量为至多60重量%
来自(iii)组,其量为至多20重量%。
这里,合适的不饱和C4-C8二羧酸例如为马来酸、富马酸、衣康酸和柠康酸(甲基马来酸)。优选马来酸。
(i)组包含单烯属不饱和C3-C8一元羧酸,例如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、巴豆酸和乙烯基乙酸。在(i)组中,优选使用丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸。
(ii)组包含单烯属不饱和C2-C22烯烃,具有C1-C8烷基的乙烯基烷基醚,苯乙烯,C1-C8羧酸的乙烯酯,(甲基)丙烯酰胺和乙烯基吡咯烷酮。在(ii)组中,优选使用C2-C6烯烃,具有C1-C4烷基的乙烯基烷基醚,乙酸乙烯酯和丙酸乙烯酯。
(iii)组包含C1-C8醇的(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(甲基)丙烯腈、(甲基)丙烯酰胺、C1-C8胺的(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-乙烯基甲酰胺和乙烯基咪唑。
如果(ii)组的聚合物包含呈共聚形式的乙烯酯,则这些还可以部分或完全水解形式存在以得到乙烯基醇结构单元。合适的共聚物和三聚物例如由US3,887,806和SE-A 43 13 909已知。
适合作为有机助洗剂的二羧酸共聚物优选为:
重量比为10:90-95:5的马来酸和丙烯酸共聚物,特别优选重量比为30:70-90:10的摩尔质量为10000-150000的马来酸和丙烯酸共聚物;
重量比为10(马来酸):90(丙烯酸+乙烯酯)-95(马来酸):10(丙烯酸+乙烯酯)的马来酸、丙烯酸和C1-C3羧酸的乙烯酯的三聚物,其中丙烯酸与乙烯酯的重量比可为20:80-80:20,特别优选:
重量比为20(马来酸):80(丙烯酸+乙烯酯)-90(马来酸):10(丙烯酸+乙烯酯)的马来酸、丙烯酸和乙酸乙烯酯或丙酸乙烯酯的三聚物,其中丙烯酸与乙烯酯的重量比可为30:70-70:30;
摩尔比为40:60-80:20的马来酸和C2-C8烯烃的共聚物,其中特别优选摩尔比为50:50的马来酸和乙烯、丙烯或异丁烷的共聚物。
不饱和羧酸在低分子量碳水化合物或氢化碳水化合物上的接枝聚合物同样适合作为有机助洗剂,参见US 5,227,446、DE-A 44 15 623、DE-A 43 13 909。
这里,合适的不饱和羧酸例如为马来酸、富马酸、衣康酸、柠康酸、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、巴豆酸和乙烯基乙酸以及以基于待接枝组分为40-95重量%的量接枝上的丙烯酸和马来酸混合物。
为了改性,基于待接枝组分为至多30重量%的其他单烯属不饱和单体可额外地以共聚形式存在。合适的改性单体为上述(ii)和(iii)组中单体。
合适的接枝基体为降解多糖,例如酸式或酶促降解的淀粉、菊粉或纤维素,还原的(氢化的或还原性胺化的)降解多糖,例如甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、氨基山梨糖醇和葡糖胺,以及具有摩尔质量至多为Mw=5000的聚亚烷基二醇,例如聚乙二醇、氧化乙烯/氧化丙烯或氧化乙烯/氧化丁烯嵌段共聚物、氧化乙烯/氧化丙烯或氧化乙烯/氧化丁烯无规共聚物、烷氧基化一元或多元C1-C22醇,参见US4,746,456。
在该组中,优选使用接枝降解或降解还原淀粉和接枝聚氧乙烯,其中基于接枝组分为20-80重量%的单体用于接枝聚合。对于接枝,优选使用重量比为90:10-10:90的马来酸和丙烯酸混合物。
作为有机助洗剂的聚乙醛酸例如描述于EP-B 0 001 004、US5,399,286、DE-A 41 06 355和EP-A 0 656 914中。聚乙醛酸的端基可具有不同结构。
作为有机助洗剂的聚酰胺基羧酸和改性聚酰胺基羧酸例如由EP-A 0 454 126、EP-B 0 511 037、WO-A 94/01486和EP-A 0 581 452已知。
所用有机助洗剂优选还为聚天冬氨酸或天冬氨酸与其他氨基酸、C4-C25一元羧酸或二羧酸和/或C4-C25单胺或二胺的共缩合物。特别优选使用用C6-C22一元羧酸或二羧酸或用C6-C22单胺或二胺改性且在含磷的酸中制备的聚天冬氨酸。
作为有机助洗剂的柠檬酸与羟基羧酸或多羟基化合物的缩合产物例如由WO-A93/22362和WO-A92/16493已知。该类含羧基的缩合物通常具有至多10000,优选至多5000的摩尔质量。
在水中产生H2O2且可用作漂白剂的化合物中,过硼酸钠四水合物和过硼酸钠一水合物特别重要。可使用的其他漂白剂例如为过碳酸钠、过氧焦磷酸盐、柠檬酸盐过氧化氢合物,以及产生H2O2的过酸盐或过酸,例如过苯甲酸盐、过氧邻苯二甲酸盐、二过壬二酸、邻苯二甲酰亚胺基过酸(phthaloiminoperacid)或二过十二双酸。
为了在60°C和低于60°C的温度下在洗涤过程中实现改善的漂白效果,可将助漂剂掺入洗涤剂或清洁剂中。可使用的助漂剂为在过水解(perhydrolysis)条件下产生具有优选1-10个碳原子,尤其是2-4个碳原子的脂族过氧羧酸的化合物和/或任选取代的过苯甲酸。带有规定数量的碳原子的O-和/或N-酰基和/或任选取代的苯甲酰基的物质是合适的。优选聚酰化亚烷基二胺,尤其是四乙酰基乙二胺(TAED),酰化三嗪衍生物,尤其是1,5-二乙酰基-2,4-二氧六氢-1,3,5-三嗪(DADHT),酰化甘脲,尤其是四乙酰基甘脲(TAGU),N-酰基亚胺,尤其是N-壬酰基琥珀酰亚胺(NOSI),酰化酚磺酸盐,尤其是正壬酰基或异壬酰基酚磺酸盐(正-或异-NOBS),羧酸酐,尤其是邻苯二甲酸酐,酰化多元醇,尤其是三醋精,乙二醇二乙酸酯和2,5-二乙酰氧基-2,5-二氢呋喃。
除了常规助漂剂外,或代替它们,还可以将所谓的漂白催化剂掺入洗涤剂或清洁剂中。这些物质为促进漂白的过渡金属盐或过渡金属络合物,例如Mn-、Fe-、Co-、Ru-或Mo-salene络合物或-羰基络合物。还可以使用具有含氮三角配体的Mn、Fe、Co、Ru、Mo、Ti、V和Cu络合物,以及Co-、Fe-、Cu-和Ru-胺络合物作为漂白催化剂。
合适的酶尤其为来自水解酶类别的那些,例如蛋白酶、酯酶、脂酶或脂解酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和其他糖基水解酶以及所述酶的混合物。所有这些水解酶在洗涤过程中促进污渍如含蛋白质-、脂肪-或淀粉的污渍以及泛灰的去除。纤维素酶和其他糖基水解酶可额外促进色泽稳定性和通过去除起球和微纤维而提高织物柔软性。氧化还原酶还可用于漂白或抑制颜色转移。由细菌菌株或真菌如Bacillus subtilis(枯草杆菌)、Bacilluslicheniformis(地衣芽胞杆菌)、灰色链霉菌(Streptomyceus griseus)和特异腐质霉(Humicola insolens)获得的酶催活性成分是非常特别合适的。优选使用枯草杆菌类型蛋白酶,尤其是由Bacillus lentus(迟缓芽胞杆菌)获得的蛋白酶。这里,酶混合物如蛋白酶和淀粉酶或蛋白酶和脂酶或脂解酶或蛋白酶和纤维素酶混合物或纤维素酶和脂酶或脂解酶混合物或蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂酶或脂解酶或蛋白酶、脂酶或脂解酶和纤维素酶混合物,但尤其是含蛋白酶和/或脂酶的混合物或与脂解酶的混合物尤其有意义。该类脂解酶的实例为已知的角质酶(cutinases)。也已证实过氧化物酶或氧化酶在某些情况下是合适的。合适的淀粉酶尤其包括α-淀粉酶、异淀粉酶、支链淀粉酶和果胶酶。所用纤维素酶优选为纤维二糖水解酶、内切葡聚糖酶和β-葡糖苷酶,其也称为纤维二糖酶,或它们的混合物。由于不同类型的纤维素酶在其羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)和微晶纤维素酶活性方面不同,所需活性可通过纤维素酶的定向混合物而建立。
酶可吸附至载体以防止其早期分解。酶、酶混合物或酶颗粒的比例例如可为约0.1-5重量%,优选0.12-约2.5重量%。
许多高度不同的盐可作为电解质使用,其来自无机盐。优选的阳离子为碱金属和碱土金属,优选的阴离子为卤化物离子和硫酸根。从生产的观点看,优选在组合物中使用NaCl或MgCl2。组合物中电解质的比例通常为0.5-5重量%。
可用于液体洗涤剂或清洁剂中的非水溶剂例如由一元醇或多元醇、链烷醇胺或二醇醚产生,条件是它们在所述浓度范围内与水溶混。所述溶剂优选选自乙醇、正丙醇或异丙醇、丁醇、乙二醇、丙二醇或丁二醇、甘油、二甘醇、丙基或丁基二甘醇、己二醇、乙二醇甲基醚、乙二醇乙基醚、乙二醇丙基醚、乙二醇单正丁基醚、二甘醇甲基醚、二甘醇乙基醚、丙二醇甲基醚、丙二醇乙基醚或丙二醇丙基醚、双丙甘醇单甲基醚或双丙甘醇单乙基醚、双异丙甘醇单甲基醚或双异丙甘醇单乙基醚、甲氧基三甘醇、乙氧基三甘醇或丁氧基三甘醇、异丁氧基乙氧基-2-丙醇、3-甲基-3-甲氧基丁醇、丙二醇叔丁基醚及这些溶剂的混合物。非水溶剂可以0.5-15重量%,但优选低于12重量%,尤其是低于9重量%的量用于液体洗涤剂或清洁剂中。
为了使洗涤剂或清洁剂的pH达到所需范围,使用pH扩展剂是合适的。这里可使用所有已知的酸或碱,条件是它们的使用不由于应用相关或生态原因或由于消费者保护原因而被妨碍。这些扩展剂的量通常不超过全部配制剂的7重量%。
为了改善洗涤剂或清洁剂的美感,它们可用合适的染料进行着色。本领域熟练技术人员毫不费力地选择的优选染料具有高的储存稳定性,对组合物的其他成分和对光的不敏感性,以及对织物纤维的不显著的直接性,以不将其染污。
可用于洗涤剂或清洁剂中的合适泡沫抑制剂例如为皂类、石蜡或硅油,其可任选施加至载体材料。
也称为"防污剂"的合适抗再沉积剂例如为非离子纤维素醚,例如甲基纤维素和甲基羟丙基纤维素,其具有在每种情况下基于非离子纤维素醚为15-30重量%比例的甲氧基和1-15重量%羟丙基。合适的去污聚合物例如为具有乙二醇和/或丙二醇的聚氧乙烯与芳族二羧酸或芳族和脂族二羧酸的聚酯;在末端保持一端为二元醇和/或多元醇和二羧酸的聚氧乙烯的聚酯,尤其是对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物和/或聚乙二醇对苯二甲酸酯或其阴离子和/或非离子改性的衍生物。其中,特别优选邻苯二甲酸聚合物和对苯二甲酸聚合物的磺化衍生物。该类聚酯例如由US 3,557,039、GB-A 11 54730、EP-A 0 185 427、EP-A 0 241 984、EP-A 0 241 985、EP-A 0 272 033和US-A5,142,020已知。其他合适的去污聚合物为乙烯酯和/或丙烯酸酯在聚氧化烯上的两亲性接枝聚合物或共聚物(参见US4,746,456、US4,846,995、DE-A 37 11 299、US4,904,408、US4,846,994和US4,849,126)或改性纤维素,例如甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素或羧甲基纤维素。
可将光学增白剂(所谓的增白剂)加入洗涤剂或清洁剂中以消除被处理纺织品的泛灰和泛黄。这些物质附着于纤维且通过将不可见紫外线辐射转化为可见较长波光而导致增白和类似的漂白效果,其中从日光中吸收的紫外光作为浅蓝色荧光发射并产生纯白色,带有变灰和/或变黄洗衣的黄色度。合适的化合物例如由以下物质类别产生:4,4'-二氨基-2,2'-茋二磺酸(黄酮酸(flavonic acid))、4,4'-二苯乙烯基亚联苯、甲基伞形酮、香豆素、二氢喹啉酮、1,3-二芳基吡唑啉、萘二甲酰亚胺、苯并唑、苯并异唑和苯并咪唑体系以及被杂环取代的芘衍生物。光学增白剂的用量基于最终组合物通常为0.03-0.3重量%。
泛灰抑制剂的作用在于使脱离纤维的污物保持悬浮于液体中并由此防止污物再附着。适用于该目的的为水溶性胶体,其主要为有机性质的,例如动物胶、明胶、淀粉或纤维素的醚磺酸的盐或者纤维素或淀粉的酸性硫酸酯的盐。包含酸性基团的水溶性聚酰胺也适用于该目的。此外,可使用除上述那些以外的可溶性淀粉制剂和淀粉产品,例如降解淀粉、醛淀粉等。还可以使用聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮。然而,优选使用纤维素醚,例如羧甲基纤维素(Na盐)、甲基纤维素、羟烷基纤维素,以及混合醚,例如甲基羟乙基纤维素、甲基羟丙基纤维素、甲基羧甲基纤维素及其混合物,其量基于组合物为0.1-5重量%。
因为纺织品,尤其是人造丝、粘胶人造丝、棉及其混合物制成的纺织品可能由于各纤维对与纤维方向呈直角的弯曲、折叠、压制和挤压敏感而具有起皱倾向,组合物可包含合成的防皱剂。这些例如包括基于如下物质的合成产品:脂肪酸、脂肪酸酯、脂肪酸酰胺、脂肪烷基醇酯、脂肪烷基醇酰胺或脂肪醇,其主要与氧化乙烯反应,或者基于卵磷脂或改性磷酸酯的产品。
为了防止微生物,洗涤剂或清洁剂可包含抗菌活性成分。取决于抗菌谱和作用机理,在抑菌剂和杀菌剂、抑真菌剂和杀真菌剂等之间存在区别。来自这些组的重要物质例如为苯扎氯铵、烷基芳基磺酸盐、卤酚和苯酚乙酸汞。
为了防止由氧气作用和其他氧化过程引起的洗涤剂或清洁剂和/或被处理纺织品的不希望改变,组合物可包含抗氧化剂。该类化合物例如包括取代酚、氢醌、焦儿茶酚和芳族胺以及有机硫化物、多硫化物、二硫代氨基甲酸酯、亚磷酸酯和膦酸酯。
额外使用额外添加至组合物的抗静电剂可导致穿着舒适度提高。抗静电剂提高表面电导率并由此允许所形成电荷的放电得以改善。外用抗静电剂通常为具有至少一个亲水分子配体的物质且在表面上产生大体上吸湿性膜。这些主要呈界面活性的抗静电剂可分为含氮抗静电剂(胺、酰胺、季铵化合物)、含磷抗静电剂(磷酸酯)和含硫抗静电剂(烷基磺酸盐、烷基硫酸盐)。外用抗静电剂例如描述于专利申请FR1,156,513、GB 873 214和GB 839 407中。此处公开的月桂基(或硬脂基)二甲基苄基铵氯化物适合作为纺织品用抗静电剂和适合作为洗涤剂用添加剂,其中额外实现增柔作用(hand-modifying effect)。
为了改善吸水能力,被处理纺织品的再润湿性,和为了促进被处理纺织品的熨平性,聚硅氧烷衍生物例如可用于洗涤剂或清洁剂中。这些通过其泡沫抑制特性而额外改善组合物的清洗性能。优选的聚硅氧烷衍生物例如为聚二烷基-或烷基芳基硅氧烷,其中烷基具有1-5个碳原子且部分或完全被氟化。优选的聚硅氧烷为聚二甲基硅氧烷,其可任选为衍生的,则为氨基官能的或季铵化的或具有Si-OH、Si-H和/或Si-Cl键。优选的聚硅氧烷在25°C下的粘度为100-100000mPas,其中可以使用基于全部组合物为0.2-5重量%的聚硅氧烷。
最后,洗涤剂或清洁剂还可包含附着于被处理纺织品且改善纤维的耐光性的UV吸收剂。具有这些所需性能的化合物例如为具有在2和/或4位的取代基的二苯甲酮化合物和衍生物,其由于无辐射钝化而有效。此外,取代苯并三唑类、在3位苯基-取代的丙烯酸酯(肉桂酸衍生物)(任选在2位具有氰基)、水杨酸盐、有机Ni络合物和天然物质如伞形酮和内生尿刊酸也是合适的。
为了避免某些洗涤剂成分被重金属催化而分解,可以使用络合重金属的物质。合适的重金属络合剂例如为乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、次氮基三乙酸(NTA)或甲基甘氨酸二乙酸(MGDA)的碱金属盐以及阴离子聚电解质的碱金属盐,例如聚马来酸盐和聚磺酸盐。
优选的一类络合剂为膦酸盐,其在优选的洗涤剂或清洁剂中以0.01-2.5重量%,优选0.02-2重量%,尤其是0.03-1.5重量%的量存在。这些优选的化合物尤其包括有机膦酸盐,例如1-羟基乙烷-1,1-二膦酸(HEDP)、氨基三(亚甲基膦酸)(ATMP)、二亚乙基三胺五(亚甲基膦酸)(DTPMP或DETPMP)以及2-膦酰基丁烷-1,2,4-三甲酸(PBS-AM),其主要以其铵盐或碱金属盐形式使用。
除这些成分之外,洗涤剂或清洁剂可包含分散颗粒,其沿着最大空间伸展的直径为0.01-10000μm。
颗粒可以为微胶囊以及粒料、化合物和有香气的珠粒,其中优选微胶囊。
术语“微胶囊”应理解为是指包含至少一种固体或液体核的聚集体,所述核被至少一种连续壳,尤其是聚合物制成的壳包围。这些通常为被成膜聚合物包围的精细分散的液相或固相,在其生产过程中聚合物在乳化和凝聚或界面聚合之后沉淀在待包封材料上。显微镜下的小胶囊可像粉末那样被干燥。除了单核微胶囊外,多核聚集体也是已知的,也称为微球,其包含分布在连续涂覆材料中的两个或更多个核。单核或多核微胶囊可额外地被另外的第二、第三个等壳包围。优选具有连续壳的单核微胶囊。壳可包含天然、半合成或合成材料。天然壳材料例如为阿拉伯树胶、琼脂、琼脂糖、麦芽糖糊精、藻酸及其盐如藻酸钠或藻酸钙、脂肪和脂肪酸、鲸蜡醇、骨胶原、壳聚糖、卵磷脂、明胶、白蛋白、紫胶、多糖如淀粉或葡聚糖、蔗糖和蜡。半合成涂覆材料尤其为化学改性的纤维素,尤其是纤维素酯和醚,例如醋酸纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素和羧甲基纤维素,以及淀粉衍生物,尤其是淀粉醚和酯。合成涂覆材料例如为聚合物,例如聚丙烯酸酯、聚酰胺、聚乙烯醇或聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮。在微胶囊内部,含水液体洗涤剂或清洁剂的敏感的、化学或物理不相容的以及挥发性组分(=活性成分)可以储存稳定和运输稳定的方式被封闭。例如,光学增白剂、表面活性剂、络合剂、漂白剂、助漂剂、染料、香料、抗氧化剂、助洗剂、酶、酶稳定剂、抗菌活性成分、泛灰抑制剂、抗再沉积剂、pH扩展剂、电解质、泡沫抑制剂和UV吸收剂可存在于微胶囊中。
微胶囊还可包含阳离子表面活性剂、维生素、蛋白质、防腐剂、洗涤增效剂(detergency booster)或珠光剂。微胶囊填充物可为呈溶液或乳液或悬浮液形式的固体或液体。
微胶囊在制备范围内可具有任意需要的形式,但优选呈近似球形的。它们沿着最大空间伸展的直径取决于其内部存在的组分和应用可为0.01μm(肉眼不能辨别为胶囊)至10000μm。优选直径为100-7000μm,尤其是400-5000μm的可看得见的微胶囊。微胶囊可通过已知方法获得,其中认为凝聚和界面聚合是最重要的。可使用的微胶囊为市场上供应的全部表面活性剂稳定的微胶囊,例如市售产品(涂覆材料各自在括号中给出):Hallcrest Microcapsules(明胶、阿拉伯树胶)、Coletica Thalaspheres(海生骨胶原)、Lipotec Millicapseln(藻酸、琼脂)、Induchem Unispheres(乳糖、微晶纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素);Unicerin C30(乳糖、微晶纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素)、Kobo Glycospheres(改性淀粉、脂肪酸酯、磷脂)、Softspheres(改性琼脂)和Kuhs Probiol Nanospheres(磷脂)。
或者,还可以使用不具有核-壳结构但其中活性成分分散于基质形成材料的基质中的粒子。该类粒子也称为“微粒”。
优选的基质形成材料为藻酸盐。为了生产基于藻酸盐的微粒,将还包含一种或多种待封闭活性成分的藻酸盐水溶液滴注,然后在包含Ca2+离子或Al3+离子的沉淀浴中硬化。
或者,代替藻酸盐,可使用其他基质形成材料。基质形成材料的实例包含聚乙二醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚赖氨酸、泊洛沙姆、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、聚氧乙烯、聚乙氧基唑啉、白蛋白、明胶、金合欢、壳聚糖、纤维素、葡聚糖、淀粉、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、透明质酸、羧甲基纤维素、脱乙酰壳多糖、硫酸葡聚糖和这些材料的混合物。就这些材料而言基质形成例如通过胶凝、聚阴离子-聚阳离子相互作用或聚电解质-金属离子相互作用而进行。具有这些基质形成材料的粒子的制备是本身已知的。
从微胶囊或微粒中释放活性成分通常在施用包含它们的组合物的过程中通过壳或基质由于机械、热、化学或酶促作用分解而进行。
本发明通过以下实施例更详细地阐述。
实施例1:甲基丙烯酰胺基乙基葡糖酰胺(MEGA)与甲基丙烯酸的共聚
共聚在60°C和N2下进行。首先,将43g(0.142mol)MEGA溶解于水中以获得25重量%浓度的溶液。将0.5g(0.5重量%,基于单体)2-巯基乙醇作为链转移剂加入。将两种进料平行地在4h内计量加入该溶液中:溶解于36g甲醇中的58.4g(0.6780mol)甲基丙烯酸;和溶解于60g水中的作为引发剂的1g2,2'-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二盐酸盐(VAKO-44)。当加料完成时,继续聚合1h。
这得到具有100%单体转化率(借助1H NMR谱证实)和根据Fikentscher的K值为14的共聚物,其为在甲醇/水反应介质中的高度粘稠溶液。该共聚物用NaOH水溶液中和。经中和的共聚物溶解于水中。
实施例2:甲基丙烯酰胺基乙基葡糖酰胺(MEGA)与甲基丙烯酸钠的共聚
共聚在60°C和N2下进行。首先,将45g(0.147mol)MEGA溶解于水中以获得15重量%浓度的溶液。将0.26g(0.35重量%,基于单体)2-巯基乙醇作为链转移剂加入。将两种进料平行地在5h内计量加入该溶液中:溶解于60g水中的30g(0.349mol)甲基丙烯酸钠;和溶解于60g水中的作为引发剂的0.75g2,2'-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二盐酸盐(VAKO-44)(1重量%,基于单体)。当加料完成时,继续聚合1h。
这得到具有90%单体转化率(借助1H NMR谱证实)和根据Fikentscher的K值为50的共聚物,其为在含水反应介质中的高度粘稠溶液。
实施例3:MEGA与丙烯酸甲酯和聚乙二醇单甲基醚甲基丙烯酸酯(MPEGMA)的共聚
共聚在60°C和N2下进行。首先,将60g(0.196mol)MEGA溶解于水中以获得25重量%浓度的溶液。将0.25g(0.25重量%,基于单体)2-巯基乙醇作为链转移剂加入。将两种进料平行地在4h内计量加入该溶液中:(i)溶解于54g甲醇中的20g(0.2323mol)丙烯酸甲酯和溶解于35g水中的20g MPEGMA(分子量1098)(0.0182mol);和(ii)溶解于74g水/甲醇(1/1重量/重量)中的作为引发剂的1g(1重量%,基于单体)2,2'-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二盐酸盐(VAKO-44)。当加料完成时,继续聚合1h。
这得到具有100%单体转化率(借助1H NMR谱证实)和根据Fikentscher的K值为21的共聚物。
实施例4:MEGA与丙烯酸甲酯和聚乙二醇单甲基醚甲基丙烯酸酯(MPEGMA)的共聚
共聚在60°C和N2下进行。首先,将60g(0.196mol)MEGA溶解于水中以获得25重量%浓度的溶液。将0.05g(0.05重量%,基于单体)2-巯基乙醇作为链转移剂加入。将两种进料平行地在4h内计量加入该溶液中:(i)溶解于54g甲醇中的20g(0.2323mol)丙烯酸甲酯和溶解于35g水中的20g MPEGMA(分子量1098)(0.0182mol);和(ii)溶解于74g水/甲醇(1/1重量/重量)中的作为引发剂的1g(1重量%,基于单体)2,2'-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二盐酸盐(VAKO-44)。当加料完成时,继续聚合1h。
这得到具有100%单体转化率(借助1H NMR谱证实)和根据Fikentscher的K值为35的共聚物。
实施例5:MEGA与甲基丙烯酸钠(NaMA)和聚乙二醇单甲基醚甲基丙烯酸酯(MPEGMA)(60:20:20重量%)的共聚
共聚在60°C和N2下进行。首先,将45g(0.147mol)MEGA溶解于水中以获得20重量%浓度的溶液。将0.26g(0.35重量%,基于单体)2-巯基乙醇作为链转移剂加入。将两种进料平行地在4h内计量加入该溶液中:(i)溶解于60g水中的15g(0.174mol)甲基丙烯酸钠和溶解于60g水中的15gMPEGMA(分子量1098)(0.0136mol);和(ii)溶解于60g水中的作为引发剂的0.75g(1重量%,基于单体)2,2'-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二盐酸盐(VAKO-44)。当加料完成时,继续聚合1h。
这得到具有100%单体转化率(借助1H NMR谱证实)和根据Fikentscher的K值为39的共聚物。
实施例6:MEGA与丙烯酸甲酯(MA)、MPEGMA和甲基丙烯酰胺基丙基三甲基铵氯化物(MAPTAC)的共聚
共聚在75°C和N2下进行。首先,将40g(0.1312mol)MEGA溶解于水中以获得25重量%浓度的溶液。将1g(1重量%,基于单体)2-巯基乙醇作为链转移剂加入。将三种进料平行地在4h内计量加入该溶液中:(i)溶解于54g甲醇中的25g(0.2919mol)丙烯酸甲酯;(ii)溶解于50g水中的30g(0.0274mol)MPEGMA(分子量1098)和溶解于74g水中的5gMAPTAC(0.0456mol);和(iii)溶解于74g水/甲醇(1/1重量/重量)中的作为引发剂的2g(2重量%,基于单体)2,2'-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二盐酸盐(VAKO-44)。当加料完成时,继续聚合1h。
这得到具有100%单体转化率(借助1H NMR谱证实)和根据Fikentscher的K值为22的共聚物。Mn:6800,Mw:19400。
实施例7:葡萄糖-1β-丙烯酸乙酯(GEA)与丙烯酸羟乙酯的共聚
将总质量为约1.5g的GEA和丙烯酸2-羟基乙酯(摩尔比1:1)溶解于30ml沸水中。将0.2ml(NH4)2S2O8(12%,在水中)和0.2ml K2S2O5(6%,在水中)作为引发剂加入。将反应混合物放入50°C下的油浴中。聚合在氮气下持续20h。然后将聚合物在丙酮中沉淀并在50°C和真空下干燥。
这得到具有80%单体转化率(所用单体和所得聚合物的重量对比)的共聚物。聚合物结构通过1H-和13C-NMR谱证实。
实施例8:在纤维素上的吸附试验
试验使用石英微天平技术进行。使用QCM-D D(Q-Sense, 瑞典)。所述方法基于压电石英晶体盘一负载有外来质量就产生的固有频率的变化。石英表面可通过旋涂或汽相沉积而改性。振荡石英位于测量池中。将待研究的溶液由存储容器泵入测量池中。泵入速率在测量时间期间维持恒定为250μl/min并确保软管和测量池不含气泡。每次试验以在软水中记录基线开始,就此而言所有频率和耗散测量值设定为零。
在该实施例中,使用经纤维素涂覆的QCM-D石英(低电荷微纤维纤维素,厚度约6nm,表面粗糙度3-4nm RMS(根据AFM),助粘剂:聚(乙烯亚胺))。
研究具有10ppm、100ppm和1000ppm聚合物浓度的聚合物水溶液。测量数据用于计算结合的聚合物质量。结果归纳于下表中:
表1:共聚物在纤维素上的吸附
n.d.=未检测
实施例9:在不锈钢上的吸附试验
使用在实施例5中的设置。在该实施例中,使用具有50nm不锈钢涂层(SS2343)的传感器。研究具有100ppm和1000ppm聚合物浓度的聚合物水溶液。结果归纳于下表中:
表2:共聚物在不锈钢上的吸附
实施例10:研究经聚合物涂覆的表面的蛋白质排斥
为了通过吸附于纤维素上的MEGA/MA/MPEGMA(实施例3)的聚合物膜研究蛋白质排斥,所述膜在2.5h内从浓度为500ppm的水溶液中被吸附,如实施例8所述。在用水清洗之后,流过测量池的溶液切换为0.1g/l牛血清白蛋白(BSA)水溶液。在切换为BSA时,没有观察到频率改变,即没有BSA被吸附。
Claims (10)
1.一种包含如下单体的共聚单元的水溶性或水分散性共聚物:
a)至少一种具有糖侧基的烯属不饱和单体,和
b)至少一种与(甲基)丙烯酰胺不同的亲水性烯属不饱和单体,
其中具有糖侧基的烯属不饱和单体的重量比例为5-95重量%,和
其中具有糖侧基的烯属不饱和单体对应于式(Ia)、(Ib)或(Ic)之一:
其中
Z为H或糖残基;
A选自C2-C10亚烷基;在醚官能团中被氧间隔的C2-C10亚烷基;被1或2个羧基、羟基或羧酰胺基团或其组合取代的C2-C10亚烷基;在醚官能团中被氧间隔且被1或2个羧基、羟基或羧酰胺基团或其组合取代的C2-C10亚烷基;和脂环族基团;
R1和R2相互独立地为氢、C1-C4烷基或C1-C4羟烷基;
R3为H或甲基;
R4为H、COOH或COO-M+;和
M+为碱金属离子或铵离子;并且
其中亲水性烯属不饱和单体选自:
b1)丙烯酸甲酯;
b2)阴离子/潜阴离子单体;
b3)阳离子/潜阳离子单体;
b4)具有羟烷基侧基的单体;
b5)具有聚醚侧基的单体;
b6)N-乙烯基化合物;
及其组合。
2.根据权利要求1的共聚物,其中阴离子/潜阴离子单体选自烯属不饱和羧酸、磺酸、膦酸或磷酸酯及其盐。
3.根据权利要求2的共聚物,其中烯属不饱和羧酸选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、衣康酸和马来酸。
4.根据权利要求2的共聚物,其中烯属不饱和磺酸选自2-丙烯-1-磺酸、甲基丙烯酸2-磺乙酯、丙烯酸3-磺丙酯、乙烯基磺酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸。
5.根据权利要求2的共聚物,其中烯属不饱和膦酸或烯属不饱和磷酸酯选自乙烯基膦酸和丙烯酰氧乙基单磷酸酯。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的共聚物,其中具有聚醚侧基的单体具有如下通式:
R-O-(CH2-CHR′-O)n-CO-CR″=CH2
其中R为H或C1-C30烷基,
R′为H或甲基,
R″为H或甲基,和
n为2-100的整数。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的共聚物,其中N-乙烯基化合物选自饱和C1-C8一元羧酸的N-乙烯基内酰胺和N-乙烯基酰胺。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的共聚物作为织物洗涤剂中去污和/或泛灰抑制活性成分的用途。
9.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的共聚物作为抗菌涂料的用途。
10.一种包含根据权利要求1-7中任一项的共聚物的织物洗涤剂组合物。
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2011
- 2011-06-16 MX MX2012014932A patent/MX2012014932A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-06-16 CN CN201180039557.0A patent/CN103068863B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-06-16 PL PL11725103T patent/PL2582733T3/pl unknown
- 2011-06-16 CA CA2802277A patent/CA2802277C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-06-16 RU RU2013101970/04A patent/RU2541534C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-06-16 WO PCT/EP2011/059987 patent/WO2011157777A1/de active Application Filing
- 2011-06-16 KR KR1020137001145A patent/KR101477935B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-06-16 JP JP2013514712A patent/JP5770272B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-06-16 EP EP11725103.3A patent/EP2582733B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2011-06-16 ES ES11725103.3T patent/ES2485899T3/es active Active
- 2011-06-16 BR BR112012032218A patent/BR112012032218A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
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CN1084524A (zh) * | 1992-03-06 | 1994-03-30 | 奈科姆成像有限公司 | 含有可生物降解断裂的亲油侧基的聚合物 |
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CN101365947A (zh) * | 2005-12-07 | 2009-02-11 | 帕瑞萨森思公司 | 含糖柔性聚合物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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RU2541534C2 (ru) | 2015-02-20 |
JP5770272B2 (ja) | 2015-08-26 |
BR112012032218A2 (pt) | 2016-11-22 |
KR101477935B1 (ko) | 2014-12-30 |
WO2011157777A1 (de) | 2011-12-22 |
JP2013534551A (ja) | 2013-09-05 |
CA2802277A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
PL2582733T3 (pl) | 2014-11-28 |
ES2485899T3 (es) | 2014-08-14 |
MX2012014932A (es) | 2013-02-12 |
EP2582733A1 (de) | 2013-04-24 |
RU2013101970A (ru) | 2014-07-27 |
KR20130031338A (ko) | 2013-03-28 |
CN103068863A (zh) | 2013-04-24 |
CA2802277C (en) | 2015-08-04 |
EP2582733B1 (de) | 2014-06-04 |
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