CN103003273A - 吡唑并吡啶激酶抑制剂 - Google Patents
吡唑并吡啶激酶抑制剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用作蛋白激酶抑制剂的化合物。本发明还提供了包含所述化合物的药学上可接受的组合物和使用所述组合物治疗各种疾病、病症或障碍的方法。本发明还提供了本发明化合物的制备方法。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2010年01月27日提交的美国临时申请顺序号61/298,653的利益,将该文献的内容引入本文参考。
发明背景
蛋白激酶构成一大家族在结构上相关的酶,它们负责控制细胞内的多种信号转导过程(参见Har die,G和Hanks,S.The Protein KinaseFacts Book,I and II,Academic Press,San Diego,CA:1995)。
一般而言,蛋白激酶通过影响磷酰基从三磷酸核苷转移至参与信号传递途径的蛋白质受体而介导细胞内信号传递。这些磷酸化事件充当分子开关,其能够调控或调节靶蛋白的生物功能。这些磷酸化事件最终是响应于多种细胞外与其他刺激而被激发的。这种刺激的实例包括环境与化学应激反应信号(例如休克、热休克、紫外辐射、细菌内毒素和H2O2)、细胞因子(例如白介素-1(IL-1)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-a)和生长因子(例如粒细胞巨噬细胞-集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF))。细胞外刺激可以影响一种或多种细胞应答,涉及细胞生长、迁移、分化、激素分泌、转录因子活化、肌肉收缩、糖代谢、蛋白质合成控制和细胞周期存活和调节。
激酶根据它们所磷酸化的底物分类成家族(例如蛋白-酪氨酸、蛋白-丝氨酸/苏氨酸、脂质等)。已经鉴定了一般相当于这些激酶家族的每一种的序列基序(例如,参见Hanks,S.K.,Hunter,T.,FASEB J.1995,9,576-596;Knighton等人,Science 1991,253,407-414;Hiles等人,Cell 1992,70,419-429;Kunz等人,Cell 1993,73,585-596;Garcia-Bustos等人,EMBO J1994,13,2352-2361)。
丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶、蛋白激酶C-θ(PKC-θ)是在T细胞和骨骼肌中选择性表达的新的钙不依赖性PKC亚家族成员。几方面证据显示PKC-θ在T细胞活化中具有主要作用。在T细胞的抗原刺激时,PKC-θ、而非其他PKC同种型快速从细胞质易位至T细胞与抗原呈递细胞(APC)之间的细胞接触部位,在那里它定位于称作中心超分子活化簇(cSMAC)的区域中的T细胞受体(TCR)(Monks等人,1997,Nature,385:83-86;Monks等人,1998,Na ture,395:82-86)。
已经报道PKC-θ选择性活化转录因子AP-1和NF-κB并且整合TCR和CD28共刺激信号,导致I L-2启动子中的CD28响应元件(CD28RE)活化(Baier-Bitterlich等人,1996,Mol.Cell.Biol.,16:1842-1850;Coudronniere等人,2000,PNAS,97:3394-3399)。PKC-θ在T细胞CD 3/CD28共刺激中的特异性作用突出显示在研究中,其中激酶-死亡PKC-θ突变体或反义PKC-θ的表达以剂量依赖性方式抑制CD3/CD28共-刺激的NF-κB活化,但不会抑制TNF-α-刺激的NF-κB活化。使用其他PKC同种型不会观察到这一结果(Lin等人,2000,Mol.Cell.Biol.,20:2933-2940)。据报道PKC-θ与SMAC重组由其N-末端调节结构域介导并且是T细胞活化所必需的,因为超表达的PKC-θ催化片段不会易位并且不能活化NF-κB,而PKC-θ催化结构域-Lck膜结合结构域嵌合体能够重建信号传导(Bi等人,2001,Nat.Immunol.,2:556-563)。
PKC-θ易位于SMAC显示出由大量PLC-γ/DAG-独立性机制介导,涉及Vav和PI3-激酶(Villalba等人,2002,JCB 157:253-263),而PKC-θ活化需要从几种信号传导成分中输入,包括Lck、ZAP-70、SLP-76、PLC-γ、Vav和PI3-激酶(Liu等人,2000,JBC,275:3606-3609;Herndon等人,2001,J.Immunol.,166:5654-5664;Dienz等人,2002,J.Immunol.,169:365-372;Bauer等人,2001JBC.,276:31627-31634)。这些人T细胞中的生化研究从已经证实这种酶在T细胞功能中起关键作用的PKC-θ敲除小鼠的研究平台中得到。PKC-θ-/-小鼠是健康和能育的、具有正常发育的免疫系统,但显示显著的成熟T细胞活化缺陷(Sun等人,200,Nature,404:402-407)。对TCR和TCR/CD28共刺激的增殖响应受到抑制(>90%),因为存在对抗原的体内响应。与人体T细胞研究一致,转录因子AP-1和NF-κB活化被消除,导致IL-2产生和IL-2R增量调节严重缺陷(Baier-Bitterlich等人,1996,MBC,16,1842;Lin等人,2000,MCB,20,2933;Courdonniere,2000,97,3394)。更近来,在PKC-θ-缺陷小鼠中的研究已经显示PKC-θ在自身免疫疾病的小鼠模型研发中的作用,包括多发性硬化(MS)、类风湿性关节炎(RA)和肠易激病(IBD)(Salek-Ardakani等人,2006;Tan等人,2006;Healy等人,2006;和Anderson等人,2006)。在这些模型中,PKC-θ-缺陷小鼠显示与自体反应的T细胞发育和效应子功能显著缺陷相关的疾病严重性显著性降低。
除在T细胞活化中的作用外,据报道PKC-θ介导佛波醇酯-引起的存活信号,它防止T细胞发生Fas-和UV-诱导的细胞凋亡(Villalba等人,2001,J.Immunol.166:5955-5963;Berttolotto等人,2000,275:37246-37250)。这种促存活作用是所关注的,因为人已经对染色体10(10p15)─即与突变相关的区域进行了PKC-θ基因作图,从而导致T细胞白血病和淋巴瘤(Erdel等人,1995,Genomics 25:295-297;Verma等人,1987,J.Cancer Res.Clin.Oncol.,113:192-196)。
体内PKC-θ在对感染的免疫应答中的作用依赖于所遇到的病原体的类型。PKC-θ缺陷小鼠引起正常Th1和细胞毒性T细胞-介导的对几种病毒感染和原生动物寄生虫硕大利什曼原虫(Leishmania major)的应答并且有效清除这些感染(Marsland等人,2004;Berg-Brown等人,2004;Marsland等人,2005;Giannoni等人,2005)。然而,PKC-θ缺陷小鼠不能代偿正常Th2T细胞对寄生虫巴西钩虫(Nippostrongylusbrasiliensis)和一些过敏原的应答(Marsland等人,2004;Salek-Ardakani等人,2004),并且不能清除单核细胞增生利斯特菌(Listeriamonocytogenes)感染(Sakowicz-Burkiewicz等人,2008)。在一些情况中,显然PKC-θ在T细胞活化中的要求可能被绕过,并且这种情况可能涉及将来自先天性免疫系统或直接来自病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs)形式的病原体细胞的其他信号提供给T细胞(Marsland等人,2007)。
更近来,在PKC-θ-缺陷小鼠中的研究已经显示PKC-θ在自身免疫疾病小鼠模型中的作用,包括多发性硬化、类风湿性关节炎和炎性肠病。在所有检验的情况中,PKC-θ-缺陷小鼠显示与新发现类型T细胞Th17细胞发育显著缺陷相关的疾病严重性显著降低(Salek-Ardakani等人,2006;Tan等人,2006;Healy等人,2006;Anderson等人,2006;Nagahama等人,2008)。因此,PKC-θ显示出是自身免疫环境中病原体自体反应的Th17细胞发育中必需的。这些观察结果支持如下观念:靶向PKC-θ提供靶向自身免疫T细胞应答的方式,从而保持许多T细胞应答(例如对病毒感染)不变。
除在T细胞活化中的作用外,PKC-θ介导佛波醇酯引起的存活信号,它防止T细胞的Fa s-和UV-诱导的细胞凋亡(Villalba等人,2001,J.Immunol.166:5955-5963;Berttolotto等人,2000,275:37246-37250)。这种促存活作用是所关注的,因为已经对第10条染色体(10p15)─即与导致T细胞白血病和淋巴瘤突变相关的区域进行了人PKC-θ基因作图(Erdel等人,1995,Genomics 25:295-297;Verma等人,1987,J.Cancer Res.Clin.Oncol.,113:192-196)。
这些数据一起显示PKC-θ是炎症疾病、免疫疾病、淋巴瘤和T细胞白血病的治疗干预中的富有吸引力的靶标。
因此,对研发用作蛋白激酶抑制剂的化合物存在需求。特别地,期望研发用作PKC-θ抑制剂的化合物,特别是考虑到对得到的目前用于大部分涉及其活化的疾病不足的治疗而言。
发明概述
本发明一般地提供用作激酶抑制剂的化合物。在一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I:
或其药学上可接受的盐。
T是-NH-或不存在。
Jc1和Jc2各自独立地是-CN、-F、-Cl、-OR、-CH2OR或-CF3。
U1、U2和U3各自独立地是-H、Z或Jb,其中U1、U2和U3中的不超过一个是-H;或U1、U2和U3中的两个结合在一起形成具有0-1个杂原子的任选和独立地被一个或多个Je取代的C1-C6环烷基环。
Z是Y2-Q2。
Y2不存在或是任选和独立地被一个或多个Jd取代的C1-6烷基。
Q2不存在或是具有0-1个杂原子的任选和独立地被一个或多个Je取代的C3-C8环烷基,其中Y2和Q2不为均不存在。
Jb各自独立地是-F、-OR、-CN、-CF3、-N(R)2、-C(O)N(R)2、任选和独立地被一个或多个Ja取代的C1-6烷基。
Ja各自独立地是-F、-OR、-N(R)2或-C(O)N(R)2。
Jd各自独立地是-OR、-CN、-C(O)N(R)2、-N(R)2或F。
Je各自独立地是C1-C6烷基、-OR、-N(R)2、-CF3或F。
R各自是-H或C1-C6烷基。
在一个实施方案中,在*指示的碳上存在非手性中心。
其中该化合物不是:
在一个实施方案中,本发明为治疗或预防受试者蛋白激酶介导的疾病的方法,该方法包括对该受试者给予有效量的本发明的化合物、其药学上可接受的盐或组合物。
在一个实施方案中,本发明为用于治疗或预防受试者蛋白激酶介导的疾病的本发明的化合物、其药学上可接受的盐或组合物的制备方法。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物、其药学上可接受的盐和组合物还用于激酶在生物学和病理学现象中的研究;这种激酶介导的胞内信号转导途径的研究;和新的激酶抑制剂的对比评价。
发明详述
本发明涉及用作蛋白激酶抑制剂的化合物、其药学上可接受的盐和组合物(例如药物组合物)。
在一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物、其药学上可接受的盐和组合物有效地用作PKCθ抑制剂。
本发明的化合物包括一般在本文中所述的那些并且进一步示例为本文公开的类型、亚类和种类。除非另有指示,否则本文所用的本文定义的定义应适用。就本发明的目的而言,根据元素周期表CAS版,Handbookof Chemistry and Physics,第75版鉴定化学元素。另外,有机化学的一般原理描述在“Organic Chemistry”,Thomas Sorrell,UniversityScience Books,Sausalito:1999和“March's Advanced OrganicChemistry”,第5版,Ed.:Smith,M.B.和March,J.,John Wiley&Sons,New York:2001中,将这些文献的全部内容引入本文参考。
在一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中U1是Z,U3是Jb,其余变量如上文所述。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中U1和U2是Z,U3是Jb,其余变量如上文所述。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中Y2是任选和独立地被一个或多个Jd取代的C1-C3烷基。Q2不存在或是任选和独立地被一个或多个Je取代的C3-C6烷基。Jd各自独立地是-OR或F,其余变量如上文所述。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中U1和U2结合在一起形成C 3-C6环烷基环,其余变量如上文所述。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中U3是Jb,其余变量如上文所述。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中Jb是-OH或-NH2,其余变量如上文所述。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中Jb是-OH,其余变量如上文所述。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中Jc1和Jc2各自独立地是-CF3、-CN、-F或-Cl,其余变量如上文所述。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中Jc1和Jc2各自独立地是-F或-Cl,其余变量如上文所述。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中Jc1和Jc2各自是-F,其余变量如上文所述。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物表示为结构式I,其中Jc1是F,Jc2是Cl;或Jc1是Cl,Jc2是F。
在一个实施方案中,式I的化合物不是:
本文所用的原子具体数量范围包括其中任意的整数。例如,具有1-4个原子的基团可具有1、2、3或4个原子。
本文所用的术语“不存在”和“键”可以互换使用,以指在该实施方案中变量不存在,即该变量不表示原子或原子团。
本文所用的术语“稳定的”意指在经受使其生产、检测、回收、贮存、纯化的条件时和用于本文公开的一种或多种目的时基本上不改变的化合物。在一些实施方案中,适合的化合物或化学上切实可行的化合物是在保持在40℃或以下的温度、无湿气或其他化学反应条件下基本上至少1周不改变的化合物。
本文所用的术语“脂族基”或“脂族基团”意指直链(即无支链)或支链烃链,其是完全饱和的或包含一个或多个不饱和单元,但不是芳族的。除非另有指定,否则脂族基团包含1-20个脂族碳原子。在一些实施方案中,脂族基团包含1-10个脂族碳原子。在其他实施方案中,脂族基团包含1-8个脂族碳原子。在其他实施方案中,脂族基团包含1-6个脂族碳原子,在其他实施方案中,脂族基团包含1-4个脂族碳原子。脂族基团可以是直链或支链烷基、烯基或炔基。具体实例包括但不限于甲基、乙基、异丙基、正丙基、仲丁基、乙烯基、正丁醇、thinly和叔丁基。
本文所用的术语“烷基”意指饱和直链或支链烃。本文所用的术语“烯基”意指包含一个或多个双键的直链或支链烃。本文所用的术语“炔基”意指包含一个或多个三键的直链或支链烃。
本文所用的术语“脂环族基团”(或“碳环”或“碳环基”或“碳环基团”)意指包含非芳族单环碳的环,其可以是饱和的或包含一个或多个不饱和单元,具有3-14个环碳原子。该术语包括多环稠合、螺或桥连碳环环系。该术语还包括多环环系,其中碳环可以与一个或多个非芳族碳环或杂环或一个或多个芳族环或其组合稠合,其中连接的基团或点位于碳环上。稠合双环环系包含两个共有两个相邻环原子的环,桥连双环基团包含两个共有3或4个相邻环原子的环,螺双环环系共有一个环原子。脂环族基团的实例包括但不限于环烷基和环烯基。具体实例包括但不限于环己基、环丙烯基(cyclopropentyl)、环丙基和环丁基。
本文所用的术语“杂环”(或“杂环基”或“杂环基团”)意指非芳族单环,其可以是饱和的或包含一个或多个不饱和单元,具有3-14个环原子,其中一个或多个环碳被杂原子例如N、S或O替代。该术语包括多环稠合、螺或桥连杂环环系。该术语还包括多环环系,其中杂环可以与一个或多个非芳族碳环或杂环或一个或多个芳族环或其组合稠合,其中连接的基团或点位于杂环上。杂环的实例包括但不限于哌啶基、哌嗪基、吡咯烷基、吡唑烷基、咪唑烷基、氮杂环庚烷基、二氮杂环庚烷基、三氮杂环庚烷基、氮杂环辛烷基、二氮杂环辛烷基、三氮杂环辛烷基、噁唑烷基、异噁唑烷基、噻唑烷基、异噻唑烷基、氧杂氮杂环辛烷基、氧杂氮杂环庚烷基、硫杂氮杂环庚烷基、硫杂氮杂环辛烷基、苯并咪唑酮基、四氢呋喃基、四氢噻吩基、四氢噻吩基、吗啉代,包括,例如,3-吗啉代、4-吗啉代、2-硫吗啉代(2-thiomorpholino)、3-硫吗啉代、4-硫吗啉代、1-吡咯烷基、2-吡咯烷基、3-吡咯烷基、1-哌嗪基、2-哌嗪基、3-哌嗪基、1-吡唑啉基、3-吡唑啉基、4-吡唑啉基、5-吡唑啉基、1-哌啶基、2-哌啶基、3-哌啶基、4-哌啶基、2-噻唑烷基、3-噻唑烷基、4-噻唑烷基、1-咪唑烷基、2-咪唑烷基、4-咪唑烷基、5-咪唑烷基、二氢吲哚基、四氢喹啉基、四氢异喹啉基、苯并硫杂戊环基(benzothiolanyl)、苯并二噻烷基、二氢-苯并咪唑-2-酮基和1,3-二氢-咪唑-2-酮基、氮杂双环戊基、氮杂双环己基、氮杂双环庚基、氮杂双环辛基、氮杂双环壬基、氮杂双环癸基、二氮杂双环己基、二氮杂双环庚基、二氢吲唑基、二氢苯并咪唑基、四氢吡啶基、二氢吡啶基、四氢吡嗪基、二氢吡嗪基、四氢嘧啶基、二氢嘧啶基、二氢吡咯基、二氢吡唑基、二氢咪唑基、八氢吡咯并吡嗪基、八氢吡咯并吡啶基、八氢吡啶并吡嗪基、八氢吡啶并吡啶基、二氮杂双环辛基、二氮杂双环壬基和二氮杂双环癸基。
除非另有指定,否则本文所用的双环可以是稠合的、螺环的和桥连的。
术语“杂原子”意指一个或多个氧、硫、氮、磷或硅(包括氮、硫、磷或硅的任意氧化形式;任意碱性氮的季铵化形式;或杂环的可取代氮,例如N(如在3,4-二氢-2H-吡咯基上)、NH(如在吡咯烷基上)或NR+(如在N-取代的吡咯烷基上))。
本文所用的术语“不饱和的”意指具有一个或多个不饱和单元的结构部分。
本文所用的术语“烷氧基”或“烷硫基”意指如上述所定义的通过氧(“烷氧基”,例如-O-烷基)或硫(“烷硫基”,例如-S-烷基)原子与分子连接的烷基。
本文所用的术语“卤代烷基”、“卤代烯基”、“卤代脂族基”和“卤代烷氧基”(或“氨基烷基”、“羟基烷基”等)意指烷基、烯基或烷氧基,就此而言,其可以被一个或多个卤原子取代。该术语包括全氟化烷基,例如-CF3和-CF2CF3。
术语“卤素”、“卤代”和“hal”意指F、Cl、Br或I。术语卤代脂族基和-O(卤代脂族基)包括一-、二-和三-卤素取代的脂族基团。
本文所用的术语“芳基”单独使用或作为较大结构部分如“芳烷基(a alkyl)”、“芳烷氧基”、“芳氧基烷基”或“杂芳基”的部分意指碳环和或杂环芳族环系。术语“芳基”可以与术语“芳基环”互换使用。
碳环芳族环基团仅具有碳环原子(典型地6-14个),且包括单环芳族环例如苯基和稠合多环芳族环系,其中两个或多个碳环芳族环彼此稠合。实例包括1-萘基、2-萘基、1-蒽基和2-蒽基。本文使用的术语“碳环芳族环”范围内还包括的是其中芳族环与一个或多个非芳族环(碳环或杂环)稠合的基团,例如在茚满基、邻苯二甲酰亚胺基、邻萘二甲酰亚胺基(naphthimidyl)、菲啶基或四氢萘基中,其中连接的基团或点位于芳族环上。
本文所用的术语“杂芳基”、“杂芳族化合物”、“杂芳基环”、“杂芳基基团”和“杂芳族基团”单独使用或作为较大结构部分如“杂芳烷基”或“杂芳烷氧基”的部分意指具有5-14个成员的杂芳族环基团,包括单环杂芳族环和多环芳族环,其中单环芳族环与一个或多个其他芳族环稠合。杂芳基基团具有一个或多个环杂原子。本文所用的术语“杂芳基”范围内还包括的是其中芳族环与一个或多个非芳族环(碳环或杂环)稠合的基团,其中连接的基团或点位于芳族环上。本文所用的双环6,5杂芳族环例如是与第二个5元环稠合的6元杂芳族环,其中连接的基团或点位于6元环上。杂芳基的实例包括吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基、咪唑基、吡咯基、吡唑基、三唑基、四唑基、噁唑基、异噁唑基、噁二唑基、噻唑基、异噻唑基或噻二唑基,包括,例如,2-呋喃基、3-呋喃基、N-咪唑基、2-咪唑基、4-咪唑基、5-咪唑基、3-异噁唑基、4-异噁唑基、5-异噁唑基、2-噁二唑基、5-噁二唑基、2-噁唑基、4-噁唑基、5-噁唑基、3-吡唑基、4-吡唑基、1-吡咯基、2-吡咯基、3-吡咯基、2-吡啶基、3-吡啶基、4-吡啶基、2-嘧啶基、4-嘧啶基、5-嘧啶基、3-哒嗪基、2-噻唑基、4-噻唑基、5-噻唑基、2-三唑基、5-三唑基、四唑基、2-噻吩基、3-噻吩基、咔唑基、苯并咪唑基、苯并噻吩基、苯并呋喃基、吲哚基、苯并三唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并噁唑基、苯并咪唑基、异喹啉基、吲哚基、异吲哚基、吖啶基、苯并异噁唑基、异噻唑基、1,2,3-噁二唑基、1,2,5-噁二唑基、1,2,4-噁二唑基、1,2,3-三唑基、1,2,3-噻二唑基、1,3,4-噻二唑基、1,2,5-噻二唑基、嘌呤基、吡嗪基、1,3,5-三嗪基、喹啉基(例如2-喹啉基、3-喹啉基、4-喹啉基)和异喹啉基(例如1-异喹啉基、3-异喹啉基或4-异喹啉基。
本文所用的术语“保护基团”和“保护基”可互换使用并且意指用于暂时封闭具有多个反应位置的化合物上一个或多个期望官能团的试剂。在一些实施方案中,保护基具有一个或多个或优选全部如下特征:a)以良好收率被选择性添加到官能团上以得到被保护底物;所述被保护底物b)对于在一个或多个其他反应位置上发生的反应是稳定的;和c)以良好收率被不攻击再生、脱保护的官能团的试剂选择性除去。正如本领域技术人员可以理解的,在一些情况中,试剂不攻击化合物上的其他反应基团。在其他情况中,试剂也可以与化合物上的其他反应基团反应。保护基的实例详细描述在Greene,T.W.,Wuts,P.G“Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”,第3版,John Wiley&Sons,New York:1999(和该书的其他版本)中,将这些文献的全部内容引入本文参考。本文所用的术语“氮保护基”意指用于暂时封闭多官能化合物上一个或多个期望氮反应位置的试剂。优选的氮保护基还具有上述保护基的典型特性,并且一些典型氮保护基也详细描述在Greene,T.W.,Wuts,P.G,“Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”,第7章,第3版,John Wiley&Sons,New York:1999中,将该文献的全部内容引入本文参考。
在一些实施方案中,如果指出,则脂族基团链的亚甲基任选地被另外的原子或基团替代。这种原子或基团的实例包括但不限于G,其包括-N(R')-、-O-、-C(O)-、-C(=N-CN)-、-C(=NR')-、-C(=NOR')-、-S-、-S(O)-和-S(O)2-。这些原子或基团可以合并成较大基团。这种较大基团的实例包括但不限于-OC(O)-、-C(O)CO-、-CO2-、-C(O)NR′-、-C(=N-CN)、-N(R')C(O)-、-N(R')C(O)O-、-S(O)2N(R')-、-N(R')SO2-、-N(R')C(O)N(R')-、-OC(O)N(R')-和-N(R')SO2N(R')-,其中R'如本文所定义。
仅关注那些产生稳定结构的替代和基团组合。任选的替代可以出现在链内和/或链的任一端上;即连接点和/或末端上。两个任选的替代也可以在链内彼此相邻,条件是它产生化学上稳定的化合物。
在一些实施方案中,任选的替代还可以完全替代链中的全部碳原子。例如,C3脂族基团可以任选地被-N(R')-、-C(O)-和-N(R')-替代,形成-N(R')C(O)N(R')-(脲)或C1脂族基团可以任选地被例如-O-、NH-等替代。在这些实施方案的一些情况中,链是连接基。
除非另有指示,否则如果替代出现在末端,则替代原子与末端上的H结合。例如,如果-CH2CH2CH 3任选地被-O-替代,则得到的化合物可以是-OCH2CH 3、-CH2OCH3或-CH2CH2OH;或如果-CH2CH3任选地被-O-替代,则得到的化合物可以是-OCH3或-CH2CH2OH;或如果-CH2CH3任选地被-C(O)-替代,则得到的化合物可以是-C(O)CH3或-CH2C(O)H。
在可替代选择的实施方案中,如果本文指定,其中至多3个(0-3)亚甲基任选地被G'替代(其中G'是-N(R')-、-O-、-C(O)-或-S(O)p-(其中R'和p是如本文所定义))的脂族基团链在链上需要至少一个未被替代的亚甲基(-CH(取代基)-或-CH2-)。例如,C1脂族基团上的亚甲基不能被例如-OH、-NH2等替代,得到-OH和-NH2作为链上没有任何亚甲基的取代基;或ii)C2脂族基团上的两个亚甲基不能被-C(O)-和-O-替代,得到-C(O)OH。在这些可替代选择的实施方案的一些情况中,链不是连接基,而是仅在一个位置上与分子其余部分相连接的取代基。这些脂族基团进一步如本文所定义的被取代。
除非另有指示,否则本文所述的结构还意指包括该结构的所有的异构体(例如对映异构体、非对映异构体、几何异构体、构象异构体和旋转异构体)形式。例如,不对称中心各自的R和S构型、(Z)和(E)双键异构体和(Z)和(E)构象异构体包括在本发明中。(R)和(S)在结构中的应用在本文中表示立体化学且不同于原子硫S或变量描述中的变量R。正如本领域技术人员可以理解的,取代基可以围绕任意可旋转的键自由旋转。例如,绘制成的取代基也表示
因此,本发明化合物的单一立体化学异构体和对映异构体、非对映异构体、几何异构体、构象异构体和旋转异构体混合物属于本发明的范围。
除非另有指示,否则本发明化合物的所有互变体形式属于本发明的范围。
另外,除非另有指示,否则本文所述的结构还意指包括仅仅因存在一个或多个富含同位素的原子而不同的化合物。例如,除氢被氘或氚替代或碳被富含13C-或14C的碳替代外具有本发明结构的化合物属于本发明的范围。这种化合物是有用的,例如作为生物测定中的分析工具或探针。
如本文所述,如果指定,则本发明化合物可以任选地被一个或多个取代基取代,例如如本文一般示例的或以本发明具体类型、亚类和种类为典型。将要被理解的是术语“任选取代的”与术语“取代或未取代的”可以互换使用。一般而言,本文所用的术语“取代的”,无论是在本文所用的术语“任选”之前还是之后,都意指指定结构上的氢基被具体取代基替代。除非另有指示,否则任选取代的基团可以在该基团各个可取代位置上带有取代基,并且当任意指定结构上的一个以上位置被一个以上选自具体基团的取代基取代时,该取代基在每一位置上可以相同或不同。
仅关注产生稳定结构的那些选择和取代基组合。这种选择和组合对本领域技术人员而言显而易见并且可以在不进行过度实验的情况下确定。
术语“环原子”是如C、N、O或S的原子,其位于芳族基团、环烷基或非芳族杂环的环上。
芳族或非芳族环基团上“可取代的环原子”是与氢原子键合的环碳或氮原子。氢可以任选地被适合的取代基替代。因此,本文所用的术语“可取代的环原子”不包括在两个环稠合时共有的环氮或碳原子。此外,在结构显示它们已经结合非氢的结构部分时,“可取代的环原子”不包括环碳或氮原子。
如本文所定义的任选取代的芳基包含一个或多个可取代的环原子,其可以与适合的取代基结合。芳基可取代的环碳原子上适合的取代基的实例包括R。R是-Ra、-Br、-Cl、-I、-F、-ORa、-SRa、-O-CORa、-CORa、-CSRa、-CN、-NO2、-NCS、-SO3H、-N(RaRb)、-COORa、-NRcNRcCORa、-NRcNRcCO2Ra、-CHO、-CON(RaRb)、-OC(O)N(RaRb)、-CSN(RaRb)、-NRcCORa、-NRcCOORa、-NRcCSRa、-NRcCON(RaRb)、-NRcNRcC(O)N(RaRb)、-NRcCSN(RaRb)、-C(=NRc)-N(RaRb)、-C(=S)N(RaRb)、-NRd-C(=NRc)-N(RaRb)、-NRcNRaRb、-S(O)pNRaRb、-NRcSO2N(RaRb)、-NRcS(O)pRa、-S(O)pRa、-OS(O)pNRaRb或-OS(O)pRa;其中p是1或2。
Ra-Rd各自独立地为H、脂族基团、芳族基团、非芳族碳环或杂环基或-N(RaRb)一起形成非芳族杂环基。Ra-Rd表示的脂族基团、芳族和非芳族杂环基和-N(RaRb)表示的非芳族杂环基各自任选和独立地被一个或多个R#表示的基团取代。优选Ra-Rd是未取代的。
R#是卤素、R+、-OR+、-SR+、-NO2、-CN、-N(R+)2、-COR+、-COOR+、-NHCO2R+、-NHC(O)R+、-NHNHC(O)R+、-NHC(O)N(R+)2、-NHNHC(O)N(R+)2、-NHNHCO2R+、-C(O)N(R+)2、-OC(O)R+、-OC(O)N(R+)2、-S(O)2R+、-SO2N(R+)2、-S(O)R+、-NHSO2N(R+)2、-NHSO2R+、-C(=S)N(R+)2或-C(=NH)-N(R+)2。
R+是-H、C1-C4烷基、单环芳基、非芳族碳环或杂环基,其各自任选地被烷基、卤代烷基、烷氧基、卤代烷氧基、卤素、-CN、-NO2、胺、烷基胺或二烷基胺取代。优选R+是未取代的。
本文所用的任选取代的脂族基或非芳族杂环或碳环基团可以包含一个或多个取代基。脂族基团或非芳族杂环基的环碳的适合的取代基的实例是R″。R″包括上述对R举出的那些取代基和=O、=S、=NNHR**、=NN(R**)2、=NNHC(O)R**、=NNHCO2(烷基)、=NNHSO2(烷基)、=NR**、螺环烷基或稠合环烷基。R**各自独立地选自氢、未取代的烷基或取代的烷基。R**表示的烷基上的取代基的实例包括氨基、烷基氨基、二烷基氨基、氨基羰基、卤素、烷基、烷基氨基羰基、二烷基氨基羰基、烷基氨基羰基氧基、二烷基氨基羰基氧基、烷氧基、硝基、氰基、羧基、烷氧羰基、烷基羰基、羟基、卤代烷氧基或卤代烷基。
当杂环基、杂芳基或杂芳烷基包含氮原子时,它可以是取代的或未取代的。当杂芳基芳族环上的氮原子具有取代基时,氮可以是季氮。
包含非芳族氮的杂环基的优选取代位置是氮环原子。非芳族杂环基或杂芳基的氮上适合的取代基包括-R^、-N(R^)2、C(O)R^、CO2R^、-C(O)C(O)R^、-SO2R^、SO2N(R^)2、C(=S)N(R^)2、C(=NH)-N(R^)2和-NR^SO2R^;其中R^是氢、脂族基团、取代的脂族基团、芳基、取代的芳基、杂环或碳环或取代的杂环或碳环。R^表示的基团上的取代基的实例包括烷基、卤代烷氧基、卤代烷基、烷氧基烷基、磺酰基、烷基磺酰基、卤素、硝基、氰基、羟基、芳基、碳环或杂环、氧代、氨基、烷基氨基、二烷基氨基、氨基羰基、烷基氨基羰基、二烷基氨基羰基氧基、烷氧基、羧基、烷氧羰基或烷基羰基。优选的R^是未取代的。
在环氮上被取代并且在环碳原子上连接分子其余部分的包含非芳族氮的杂环被称作是N取代的。例如,N烷基哌啶基在哌啶基环的两个、三个或四个位置上连接分子的其余部分并且在环氮上被烷基取代。在环氮上被取代并且在第二个环氮原子上连接分子其余部分的包含非芳族氮的杂环例如吡嗪基被称作是N'取代的-N-杂环。例如,N'酰基N-吡嗪基在一个环氮原子上连接分子其余部分并且在第二个环氮原子上被酰基取代。
本文所用的任选取代的芳烷基可以在烷基和芳基部分上被取代。除非另有指示,否则本文所用的任选取代的芳烷基任选在芳基部分上被取代。
本发明的化合物在本文中由其化学结构和/或化学名称所定义。如果化合物是由化学结构和化学名称指出且化学结构和化学名称冲突,则化学结构是化合物身份的确定者。
为治疗目的,本发明的化合物可以以游离形式存在,或如果适合,作为药学上可接受的盐的形式存在。
本文所用的术语“药学上可接受的盐”表示这样的盐,在合理的医学判断范围内,它们适合用于与人体和低等动物组织接触,没有不适当的副作用如毒性、刺激性、变态反应等,与合理的利益/风险比相称。
药学上可接受的盐是本领域熟知的。例如,S.M.Berge等人在J.Pharmaceutical Sciences,1977,66,1-19中详细描述了药学上可接受的盐,引用在此作为参考。本发明化合物的药学上可接受的盐包括从适合的无机和有机酸与碱衍生的那些。这些盐可以在最终分离和纯化化合物过程中在原位制备。酸加成盐可以通过下列步骤制备:1)使纯化的游离碱形式的化合物与适合的有机或无机酸反应;和2)分离由此形成的盐。
药学上可接受的无毒性酸加成盐的实例是与无机酸或有机酸生成的氨基盐,无机酸例如盐酸、氢溴酸、磷酸、硫酸和高氯酸,有机酸例如乙酸、草酸、马来酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸或丙二酸,或者利用本领域所用的其他方法,例如离子交换形成的盐。其他药学上可接受的盐包括己二酸盐、藻酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯磺酸盐、苯甲酸盐、硫酸氢盐、硼酸盐、丁酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二葡糖酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙磺酸盐、甲酸盐、富马酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、甘醇酸盐、葡糖酸盐、甘醇酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、氢氯酸盐、氢溴酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、乳糖酸盐、乳酸盐、月桂酸盐、月桂基硫酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、甲磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、油酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、双羟萘酸盐、果胶酯酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐、苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、丙酸盐、水杨酸盐、硬脂酸盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、对-甲苯磺酸盐、十一烷酸盐、戊酸盐等。
可以通过下列步骤制备碱加成盐:1)使纯化的酸形式的化合物与适合的有机或无机碱反应;和2)分离由此形成的盐。从适当的碱衍生的盐包括碱金属(例如钠、锂和钾)、碱土金属(例如镁和钙)、铵和N+(C1-4烷基)4盐。本发明也涵盖如本文所公开的化合物的任意碱性含氮基团的季铵化作用。借助这种季铵化作用可以得到可溶于水或油或可分散在水或油中的产物。
适当的时候,其他药学上可接受的盐包括无毒的铵盐、季铵盐和胺阳离子盐,利用抗衡离子生成,例如卤素阴离子、氢氧根、羧酸根、硫酸根、磷酸根、硝酸根、低级烷基磺酸根和芳基磺酸根。其他酸和碱尽管自身不是药学上可接受的,但是也可以用于制备用作得到本发明化合物及其药学上可接受的酸或碱加成盐的中间体。
应理解本发明包括不同药学上可接受的盐的混合物/组合,还包括游离形式化合物和药学可接受盐的混合物/组合。
除本发明化合物外,本发明化合物的药学上可接受的溶剂合物(例如水合物)和笼形包合物也可以用于治疗或预防本文确定的疾病的组合物中。
本文所用的术语“药学上可接受的溶剂合物”是由一种或多种药学上可接受的溶剂分子与本发明化合物之一缔合形成的溶剂合物。本文所用的术语溶剂合物包括水合物(例如半水合物、一水合物、二水合物、三水合物、四水合物等)。
本文所用的术语“水合物”意指还包括通过非共价分子间力与化学计算量或非化学计算量的水结合的本发明化合物或其盐。
本文所用的术语“笼形包合物”意指晶格形式的本发明化合物或其盐,所述晶格包含具有被俘获在其内的包嵌分子(例如溶剂或水)的空间(例如通道)。
除本发明化合物外,本发明化合物的药学上可接受的衍生物或前体药物也可以用于治疗或预防本文确定的疾病的组合物中。
如本文所用且除非另有指示,否则本文所用的术语“前体药物”意指可以在生物条件(体外或体内)下水解、氧化或者另外反应而提供本发明化合物的化合物衍生物。前体药物可以在这种反应时在生物条件下变成具有活性的或它们可以在其未反应形式下具有活性。本发明关注的前体药物的实例包括但不限于本发明化合物的类似物或衍生物,其包含可生物水解的结构部分,例如可生物水解的酰胺类、可生物水解的酯类、可生物水解的氨基甲酸酯类、可生物水解的碳酸酯类、可生物水解的酰脲类和可生物水解的磷酸酯类似物。前体药物的其他实例包括包含-NO、-NO2、-ONO或-ONO2结构部分的本发明化合物的衍生物。可以典型地使用众所周知的方法制备前体药物,如BURGER'SMEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AND DRUG DISCOVERY(1995)172-178,949-982(Manfred E.Wolff ed.,第5版)中所述的那些方法。
“药学上可接受的衍生物”是在对需要的患者给药时能够直接或间接提供本文所述的其他化合物或其代谢物或残余物的加合物或衍生物。药学上可接受的衍生物的实例包括但不限于酯类和这种酯类的盐。
“药学上可接受的衍生物或前体药物”包括在对接受者给药时能够直接或间接提供本发明化合物或其抑制活性代谢物或残余物的本发明化合物的药学上可接受的酯、酯的盐或其其他衍生物或盐。特别有利的衍生物或前体药物是在将这种化合物给予患者时增加本发明化合物生物利用度(例如提供使得口服给予的化合物更易于吸收入血)或相对于母体种类促进母体化合物递送至生物隔室(例如脑或淋巴系统)的那些化合物。
本发明化合物的药学上可接受的前体药物包括但不限于酯类、氨基酸酯类、磷酸酯类、金属盐和磺酸酯类。
本文所用的术语“副作用”包括疗法(例如预防或治疗剂)的不需要的和不良的反应。副作用始终是不需要的,但不需要的反应不一定是不良的。来自疗法(例如预防或治疗剂)的不良反应可能是有害的或不适的或危险的。副作用包括但不限于发热、恶寒、昏睡、胃肠道毒性(包括胃和肠溃疡和糜烂)、恶心、呕吐、神经毒性、中毒性肾损害、肾毒性(包括乳头坏死和慢性间质性肾炎这样的疾病)、肝毒性(包括血清肝酶水平升高)、骨髓中毒性(包括白血球减少症、骨髓抑制、血小板减少症和贫血)、口腔干燥、金属的味觉、妊娠延长、虚弱、嗜睡、疼痛(包括肌肉痛、骨痛和头痛)、脱发、无力、头晕、锥体外系症状、静坐不能、心血管紊乱和性功能障碍。
在一个实施方案中,本发明为药物组合物,其包含本发明化合物和药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂、佐剂或赋形剂(vehicle)。在一个实施方案中,本发明为药物组合物,其包含有效量的本发明化合物和药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂、佐剂或赋形剂。药学上可接受的载体包括,例如相对于指定给药形式适当选择并且与常规药用实践一致的药用稀释剂、赋形剂(excipient)或载体。
药学上可接受的载体可以包含不会不适当抑制化合物生物活性的惰性成分。药学上可接受的载体应是生物相容性的,例如在对受试者给予时无毒性、无炎性、无免疫原性或没有其他不期望的反应或副作用。可以使用标准药物制剂技术。
本文所用的药学上可接受的载体、佐剂或赋形剂包括作为期望的具体剂型适合的任意和所有溶剂、稀释剂或其他液体赋形剂、分散或助悬助剂、表面活性剂、等渗剂、增稠剂或乳化剂、固体粘合剂、润滑剂等。Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第16版,E.W.Martin(Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,Pa.,1980)中公开了用于配制药学可接受组合物的各种载体及其制备的公知技术。除与本发明化合物不相容的任意常用载体介质外,例如通过产生任意不期望生物效应、否则就是以有害方式与药学可接受组合物的任意其他成分发生相互作用,本发明范围内关注其应用。
可以用作药学上可接受的载体的材料的一些实例包括但不限于离子交换剂、氧化铝、硬脂酸铝、卵磷脂、血清蛋白例如人血清白蛋白、缓冲物质例如磷酸盐、甘油、山梨酸或山梨酸钾、饱和植物脂肪酸的偏甘油酯混合物、水、盐或电解质例如硫酸鱼精蛋白、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸氢钾、氯化钠、锌盐、胶体二氧化硅、三硅酸镁、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酸酯、蜡类、聚乙烯-聚丙烯-嵌段共聚物、羊毛脂、糖类例如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;淀粉例如玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉;纤维素及其衍生物例如羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和醋酸纤维素;西黄蓍胶粉;麦芽;明胶;滑石粉;赋形剂例如可可脂和栓剂蜡;油例如花生油、棉籽油;红花油;芝麻油;橄榄油;玉米油和大豆油;二醇类例如丙二醇或聚乙二醇;酯类例如油酸乙酯和月桂酸乙酯;琼脂;缓冲剂例如氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝;藻酸;无热原水;等渗盐水;林格液;乙醇和磷酸盐缓冲溶液;和其他无毒性相容性润滑剂例如十二烷基硫酸钠和硬脂酸镁;根据制剂者的判断,组合物中还可以存在着色剂、释放剂、包衣衣料、甜味剂、矫味剂和香料、防腐剂和抗氧化剂。
可以将蛋白激酶抑制剂或其药用盐配制成如本文所定义对受试者给药的药物组合物。这些包含一定量有效治疗或预防蛋白激酶介导的疾病的蛋白抑制剂和药学上可接受的载体的药物组合物是本发明的另一个实施方案。
在一个实施方案中,本发明为治疗或预防有此需要的受试者蛋白激酶介导的疾病的方法,该方法包括对该受试者给予有效量的本文所述的本发明化合物、组合物或药学上可接受的盐。在另一个实施方案中,本发明为有效量的本文所述的化合物、组合物或药学上可接受的盐在治疗或预防有此需要的受试者疾病或障碍中的用途。在另一个实施方案中,本发明为有效量的本文所述的化合物、组合物或药学上可接受的盐在制备治疗或预防有此需要的受试者疾病或障碍的药物方法中的用途。在一个实施方案中,蛋白激酶介导的疾病是蛋白激酶C(PKC)介导的疾病。在另一个实施方案中,蛋白激酶介导的疾病是蛋白激酶Cθ(PKCθ)-介导的疾病。
本文所用的术语“受试者”、“患者”和“哺乳动物”可以互换使用。本文所用的术语“受试者”和“患者”意指动物(例如鸟,例如小鸡、鹌鹑或火鸡或哺乳动物),优选哺乳动物,包括非灵长类(例如牛、猪、马、绵羊、家兔、豚鼠、大鼠、猫、狗和小鼠)和灵长类(例如猴子、黑猩猩和人,且更优选人。在一个实施方案中,受试者是非人的动物,例如农场动物(例如马、牛、猪或绵羊)或宠物(例如狗、猫、豚鼠或家兔)。在优选的实施方案中,受试者是人。
本文所用的“有效量”意指足以引起期望的生物应答的用量。在本发明中,期望的生物应答是减轻或改善蛋白激酶介导的疾病的严重性、期限、进展或发作;预防蛋白激酶介导的疾病的发展;导致蛋白激酶介导的疾病的退化;预防与蛋白激酶介导的疾病的症状相关的复发、发展、发作或进展;或促进或改善另一种疗法的预防或治疗效果。对受试者给予的化合物的精确用量取决于给药方式、疾病或病症类型和严重性和受试者的特征,例如一般健康状况、年龄、性别、体重和对药物的耐受性。还取决于蛋白激酶介导的疾病的程度、严重性和类型和给药方式。本领域技术人员能够根据这些和其他因素的不同确定适合的剂量。当与其他活性剂共同给予时,例如与蛋白激酶介导的疾病的活性剂一起给予时,第二种活性剂的“有效量”取决于所用药物的类型。已知适合的剂量针对的是批准的活性剂并且可以由本领域技术人员根据受试者的病情、所治疗疾病的类型和所用化合物的用量进行调整。就未特别注意到的用量的情况而言,应推定有效量。
本文所用的术语“治疗”意指减轻或改善蛋白激酶介导的疾病的进展、严重性和/或期限或改善因给予一种或多种疗法(例如一种或多种治疗剂,例如本发明化合物)导致的蛋白激酶介导的疾病的一种或多种症状(优选一种或多种可辨别的症状)。在具体的实施方案中,本文所用的术语“治疗”意指改善蛋白激酶介导的疾病的至少一种可测定的物理参数。在其他实施方案中,本文所用的术语“治疗”意指在身体上通过例如稳定可辨别的症状、在生理上通过例如稳定物理参数或它们两者来抑制蛋白激酶介导的疾病的进展。在其他实施方案中,本文所用的术语“治疗”意指减轻或稳定蛋白激酶介导的疾病。
本文所用的术语“预防”意指降低获得或发生指定蛋白激酶介导的疾病的风险或减少或抑制蛋白激酶介导的疾病复发。在一个实施方案中,将本发明的化合物作为预防性措施给予具有对本文所述病症、疾病或障碍具有遗传倾向性的患者,优选人。
本文所用的术语“疾病”、“障碍”和“病症”在本文中可以互换使用,以意指蛋白激酶介导的疾病。
本发明在一个方面中提供了治疗或减轻其中疾病状态涉及蛋白激酶的疾病、病症或障碍的严重性的方法。本发明在另一个方面中提供了治疗或减轻其中疾病的治疗涉及抑制酶活性的激酶疾病、病症或障碍严重性的方法。本发明在另一个方面中提供了使用通过结合蛋白激酶抑制酶活性的化合物治疗或减轻疾病、病症或障碍严重性的方法。另一个方面提供了通过使用蛋白激酶抑制剂抑制酶活性治疗或减轻激酶疾病、病症或障碍严重性的方法。在一些实施方案中,所述蛋白激酶抑制剂是PKCθ抑制剂。
本文所用的术语“蛋白激酶介导的疾病”意指其中蛋白激酶起作用的任意的疾病或其他有害疾患。这种疾病包括但不限于自身免疫疾病、炎性疾病、增殖性和过度增殖性疾病、免疫介导的疾病、免疫缺陷疾病、免疫调节或免疫抑制疾病、骨病、代谢性疾病、神经和神经变性疾病、心血管疾病、激素相关疾病、糖尿病、过敏反应、哮喘和阿尔茨海默病。
本文所用的术语“PKC介导的疾病”意指其中PKC起作用的任意的疾病或其他有害疾患。这种疾病包括但不限于上述举出的那些疾病且特别是T-细胞介导的疾病,包括但不限于自身免疫疾病、慢性或急性炎性疾病和增殖性和过度增殖性疾病。
本文所用的术语“PKCθ介导的疾病”意指其中PKCθ起作用的任意的疾病或其他有害疾患。这种疾病包括但不限于上述举出的那些疾病且特别是自身免疫疾病、慢性或急性炎性疾病和增殖性和过度增殖性疾病。
本文所用的术语“炎性疾病”或“炎性障碍”意指导致炎症、典型地由白细胞浸润导致的病理状态。这种疾病的实例包括:炎性皮肤病,包括但不限于银屑病和特应性皮炎;系统性硬皮病和硬化;与炎性肠病(IBD)相关的响应(例如克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎);缺血性再灌注障碍,包括手术组织再灌注损伤、心肌缺血疾病例如心肌梗死、心跳骤停、心脏手术后再灌注和经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术后收缩、中风和腹主动脉瘤;中风继发性脑水肿;颅创伤、低血容量性休克;窒息;成人呼吸窘迫综合征;急性肺损伤;贝切特病;皮肌炎;多肌炎;多发性硬化(MS);皮炎;脑膜炎;脑炎;葡萄膜炎;骨关节炎;狼疮肾炎;自身免疫疾病例如类风湿性关节炎(RA)、斯耶格仑综合征、脉管炎;涉及白细胞渗出的疾病;中枢神经系统(CNS)炎症障碍、败血病或创伤继发性多器官损伤综合征;酒精性肝炎;细菌性肺炎;抗原抗体复合物介导的疾病包括肾小球肾炎;脓毒症;结节病;对组织或器官移植的免疫病理性应答;肺炎包括胸膜炎、肺泡炎、脉管炎、肺炎、慢性支气管炎、支气管扩张症、弥漫性全细支气管炎、过敏性肺炎、特发性肺纤维化(IPF)和囊性纤维化等。
增殖性或过度增殖性疾病的特征在于过度或异常细胞增殖。这种疾病包括但不限于癌症和骨髓增殖性疾病。
本文所用的术语“癌症”包括但不限于下列癌症:表皮样口腔;心脏;肺;胃肠;泌尿生殖道;肝;神经系统;妇科;血液;甲状腺和肾上腺。血癌包括:血液(髓样白血病[急性和慢性]、急性成淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞白血病、骨髓增生性疾病、多发性骨髓瘤、骨髓增生异常综合征)、何杰金病、非何杰金淋巴瘤[恶性淋巴瘤]毛细胞;淋巴样疾病;皮肤:恶性黑素瘤、基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、卡波西肉瘤、角化棘皮瘤、发育异常痣、脂肪瘤、血管瘤皮肤纤维瘤、疤痕疙瘩和银屑病。因此,本文提供的术语“癌细胞”包括任一上述确定的疾病侵害的细胞。
术语“骨髓增殖性疾病”包括例如真性红细胞增多症、血小板增多症、伴有骨髓纤维变性的髓样化生、高嗜酸粒细胞综合征、青少年骨髓单核细胞性白血病、系统性肥大细胞病和定向造血干细胞障碍这样的疾病,特别是急性髓性白血病(AML)、慢性髓性白血病(CML)、急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)和急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)。
神经变性疾病的实例包括但不限于阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、帕金森病、AIDS-相关痴呆和双相情感障碍。
在一个实施方案中,PKCθ介导的疾病包括但不限于慢性炎症、自身免疫性糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎(RA)、类风湿性脊柱炎、痛风性关节炎和其他关节炎疾病、多发性硬化(MS)、哮喘、系统性红斑狼疮、成人呼吸窘迫综合征、贝切特病、银屑病、慢性肺炎病、移植物抗宿主反应、克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎、炎性肠病(IBD),包括乳糜泻和肠易激综合征;阿尔茨海默病、T-细胞白血病、淋巴瘤、移植排斥、癌症和导致发热(pyresis)与涉及炎症的任意疾病或障碍和相关障碍。
在一个实施方案中,PKCθ介导的疾病包括,例如关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、关节发炎、狼疮、多发性硬化、哮喘、银屑病、癌症、T-细胞淋巴瘤、白血病、I型或II型糖尿病和炎性肠病、移植排斥、克罗恩病和结肠炎。
自身免疫疾病的实例包括但不限于多发性硬化、类风湿性关节炎和肠易激病。
可以通过口服、直肠、胃肠外、脑池内、阴道内、腹膜内、局部(作为粉末、软膏剂或滴剂)、口含、作为口腔喷雾剂或喷鼻剂等将本发明药学上可接受的组合物给予人和其他动物,视所治疗的感染严重性而定。
口服给药的液体剂型包括但不限于药学上可接受的乳剂、微乳剂、溶液、混悬液、糖浆剂和酏剂。除了活性化合物以外,液体剂型可以含有本领域常用的惰性稀释剂,例如水或其他溶剂,增溶剂和乳化剂,例如乙醇、异丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苄醇、苯甲酸苄基酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甲基甲酰胺、油(特别是棉籽油、花生油、玉米油、麦胚油、橄榄油、蓖麻油和芝麻油)、甘油、四氢糠醇、聚乙二醇和脱水山梨醇的脂肪酸酯,和它们的混合物。除了惰性稀释剂以外,口服组合物还可以包括助剂,例如湿润剂、乳化与悬浮剂、甜味剂、矫味剂和香料。
使用适合的分散或湿润剂和悬浮剂,可以按照已知技术配制可注射制剂,例如无菌可注射的水性或油性混悬液。无菌可注射制剂也可以是在无毒的肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌可注射溶液、混悬液或乳液,例如在1,3-丁二醇中的溶液。可以采用的可接受的载体和溶剂有水、林格液、U.S.P.和等渗氯化钠溶液。另外,常规上采用无菌的不挥发油作为溶剂或悬浮介质。为此,可以采用任何温和的固定油,包括合成的单酸甘油酯或双酸甘油酯。另外,在注射剂的制备中也可以使用脂肪酸,例如油酸。
可注射制剂可以这样进行灭菌,例如通过细菌截留性滤器过滤,或者掺入无菌固体组合物形式的灭菌剂,可以在使用前将其溶解或分散在无菌的水或其他无菌可注射介质中。
为了延长本发明化合物的作用,经常需要延缓化合物在皮下或肌内注射后的吸收。这可以利用水溶性差的结晶性或无定形物质的液体混悬液来实现。化合物的吸收速率取决于它的溶解速率,后者反过来又可能取决于晶体大小和晶型。作为替代选择,将化合物溶解或悬浮在油类载体中,实现肠胃外给药化合物形式的延迟吸收。可注射的储库形式是这样制备的,在可生物降解的聚合物中,例如聚交酯-聚乙醇酸交酯,生成化合物的微囊包封基质。根据化合物与聚合物的比例和所采用特定聚合物的属性,可以控制化合物的释放速率。其他可生物降解聚合物的实例包括聚(原酸酯)和聚(酸酐)。储库型可注射制剂也可以将化合物包合在与机体组织相容的脂质体或微乳中来制备。
直肠或阴道给药组合物优选是栓剂,它们可以这样制备,将本发明化合物与适合的无刺激性赋形剂或载体混合,例如可可脂、聚乙二醇或栓剂用蜡,它们在环境温度下是固体,但是在体温下是液体,因此在直肠或阴道腔中融化,释放出活性化合物。
口服给药的固体剂型包括胶囊剂、片剂、丸剂、粉剂和颗粒剂。在这种固体剂型中,将活性化合物与至少一种惰性的药学上可接受的赋形剂或载体混合,例如柠檬酸钠或磷酸二钙,和/或a)填充剂或增量剂,例如淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖醇和硅酸,b)粘合剂,例如羧甲基纤维素、藻酸盐、明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、蔗糖和阿拉伯胶,c)润湿剂,例如甘油,d)崩解剂,例如琼脂、碳酸钙、马铃薯或木薯淀粉、藻酸、某些硅酸盐和碳酸钠,e)溶解延迟剂,例如石蜡,f)吸收促进剂,例如季铵化合物,g)湿润剂,例如鲸蜡醇和甘油单硬脂酸酯,h)吸收剂,例如高岭土和膨润土,和i)润滑剂,例如滑石、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、固体聚乙二醇、月桂基硫酸钠及其混合物。在胶囊剂、片剂和丸剂的情况下,所述剂型还可以包含缓冲剂。
也可以采用相似类型的固体组合物作为软或硬的填充的明胶胶囊剂中的填充剂,胶囊所用赋形剂例如乳糖或奶糖以及高分子聚乙二醇等。片剂、锭剂、胶囊剂、丸剂和颗粒剂的固体剂型可以使用包衣和外壳制备,例如肠溶衣和药物配制领域熟知的其他包衣。它们可以可选地含有遮光剂,也可以是仅仅或优先在肠道某一部分释放活性成分的组合物,可选地为延迟的方式。可以使用的包埋组合物的实例包括聚合物质和蜡类。也可以采用相似类型的固体组合物作为软与硬的填充的固体明胶胶囊剂中的填充剂,胶囊所用赋形剂例如乳糖或奶糖以及高分子聚乙二醇等。
活性化合物也可以是微囊包封的形式,其中含有一种或多种上述赋形剂。片剂、锭剂、胶囊剂、丸剂和颗粒剂的固体剂型可以使用包衣和外壳制备,例如肠溶衣、释放控制性包衣和药物配制领域熟知的其他包衣。在这种固体剂型中,可以将活性化合物与至少一种惰性稀释剂混合,例如蔗糖、乳糖或淀粉。在正常情况下,这种剂型还可以包含除惰性稀释剂以外的其他物质,例如压片润滑剂和其他压片助剂,例如硬脂酸镁和微晶纤维素。在胶囊剂、片剂和丸剂的情况下,剂型还可以包含缓冲剂。它们可以任选地含有遮光剂,也可以是仅仅或优先在肠道某一部分释放活性成分的组合物,任选地为延迟的方式。可以使用的包埋组合物的实例包括聚合物质和蜡类。
本发明化合物的局部或透皮给药剂型包括软膏剂、糊剂、霜剂、洗剂、凝胶剂、粉剂、溶液、喷雾剂、吸入剂或贴剂。将活性成分在无菌条件下与药学上可接受的载体和任何必需的防腐剂或缓冲剂混合,根据需要而定。眼科制剂、滴耳剂和滴眼剂也被涵盖在本发明的范围内。另外,本发明涵盖透皮贴剂的使用,它们具有控制化合物向机体递送的附加优点。这种剂型可以通过将化合物溶解或分散在恰当的介质中来制备。还可以使用吸收增强剂以增加化合物穿过皮肤的通量。可以通过提供速率控制膜或者将化合物分散在聚合物基质或凝胶中来控制速率。
可以通过口服、胃肠外、通过吸入喷雾、局部、直肠、鼻部、口含、阴道或通过植入储库给予本发明的组合物。本文所用的术语“胃肠外”包括但不限于皮下、静脉内、关节内、滑膜内、胸骨内、鞘内、肝内、损害内和颅内注射或输注技术。优选通过口服、腹膜内或静脉内给予组合物。
本发明组合物的无菌可注射形式可以是水或油混悬液。可以根据本领域公知的技术、使用适合的分散剂或湿润剂和助悬剂配制这些混悬液。无菌可注射制剂还可以是在无毒性胃肠外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌可注射溶液或混悬液,例如1,3-丁二醇溶液。在可以使用的可接受的赋形剂和溶剂中有水、林格液和等渗氯化钠溶液。此外,无菌的不挥发性油一般也用作溶剂或助悬介质。为此目的,可以使用任何温和的不挥发性油,包括合成的甘油单酯或甘油二酯。脂肪酸例如油酸及其甘油酯衍生物可以作为天然药学上可接受的油例如橄榄油或蓖麻油尤其是其聚氧乙基化形式用于注射制剂中。这些油溶液或混悬液还可以包含长链醇稀释剂或分散剂,例如羧甲基纤维素或常用于药学可接受剂型制剂包括乳剂和混悬液的类似分散剂。其他常用于制备药学可接受固体、液体或其他剂型的常用表面活性剂例如Tweens、Spans和其他乳化剂或生物利用度促进剂也可以用于制剂目的。
本发明的药物组合物可以通过口服以任意可接受的剂型给予,包括但不限于胶囊、片剂、含水混悬液或溶液。就口服应用的片剂而言,常用载体包括但不限于乳糖和玉米淀粉。还典型地加入润滑剂,例如硬脂酸镁。就胶囊形式的口服给药而言,有用的稀释剂包括乳糖和干玉米淀粉。当需要含水混悬液口服应用时,将活性成分与乳化剂和助悬剂合并。如果需要,还可以加入一些甜味剂、矫味剂或着色剂。
或者,可以以直肠给药的栓剂形式给予本发明的药物组合物。可以通过将活性剂与适合的无刺激性赋形剂混合制备它们,所述适合的无刺激性赋形剂在室温是固体,而在直肠温度下是液体,由此在直肠中熔化,以释放药物。这种材料包括但不限于可可脂、蜂蜡和聚乙二醇类。
还可以通过局部给予本发明的药物组合物,尤其是在治疗靶标包括易于通过局部施用进入的区域或器官时,包括眼、皮肤或下部肠道疾病。易于制备用于这些区域或器官的适合的局部制剂。
可以用直肠栓剂(参见上文)或适合灌肠剂对下部肠道进行局部施用。也可以使用局部透皮贴剂。
就局部施用而言,可以将药物组合物配制成适合的软膏剂,其包含混悬于或溶于一种或多种载体中的活性成分。用于局部给予本发明化合物的载体包括但不限于矿物油、液体矿脂、白凡士林、丙二醇、聚氧乙烯、聚氧丙烯化合物、乳化蜡和水。或者,可以将药物组合物配制成适合的洗剂或霜剂,其包含混悬于或溶于一种或多种药学上可接受的载体中的活性成分。适合的载体包括但不限于矿物油、硬脂山梨坦、聚山梨醇酯60、鲸蜡酯类蜡、棕榈油、2辛基十二醇、苄醇和水。
就眼部应用而言,可以将药物组合物配制成在等渗、pH调节的无菌盐水中的微粉化混悬液,或作为在等渗、pH调节的无菌盐水中的溶液,其中包含或不含防腐剂,例如苯扎氯铵。或者,就眼部应用而言,可以将药物组合物配制成软膏剂,例如凡士林软膏剂。
还可以通过鼻部喷雾或吸入给予本发明的药物组合物。这种组合物根据药物制剂领域众所周知的技术制备,并且可以使用苄醇或其他适合的防腐剂、提高生物利用度的稀释促进剂、氟碳化合物和/或其他常用增溶剂或分散剂制备成在盐水中的溶液。
可以根据各种因素选择使用结构式I化合物的剂量方案,包括所治疗的疾病和该病的严重性;使用的具体化合物的活性;患者年龄、体重、一般健康状况、性别和膳食;给药时间、给药途径和使用的具体化合物的排泄速率;受试者的肾和肝功能;和所用的具体化合物或其盐、治疗期限;用于与所用具体化合物组合或同时使用的药物等医学领域众所周知的因素。本领域技术人员易于确定治疗例如预防、抑制(完全或部分)或阻止疾病进展所需的结构式I化合物的有效量并且开据其处方。
结构式I化合物的剂量可以在约0.01-约100mg/kg体重/天、约0.01-约50mg/kg体重/天、约0.1-约50mg/kg体重/天或约1-约25mg/kg体重/天。应理解可以以单剂量给予每天的总量或可以以多次给药例如每天两次、三次或四次给予。
可以将用于本发明方法的化合物配制成单位剂型。本文所用的术语“单位剂型”意指适合于作为用于进行治疗的受试者的物理分散单位,其中每一单位包含预定量的经计算可产生期望的治疗效果的活性物质,其任选地与适合的药用载体结合。单位剂型可以用于单一每日剂量或多每日剂量之一(例如约1-4或4次以上/天)。当使用多每日剂量时,对每一剂量而言单位剂型可以相同或不同。
单独使用结构式I的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或溶剂合物(例如水合物)或与其他适合治疗剂例如癌症治疗剂的组合的本发明方法或药物组合物可以达到有效量。当使用联合疗法时,可以使用第一种用量的结构式I的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或溶剂合物(例如水合物)和第二种用量的其他适合的治疗剂达到有效量。
在一个实施方案中,各自以有效量(即如果单独给予,则可以是治疗有效的各自用量)给予结构式I的化合物或和另一种治疗剂。在另一个实施方案中,结构式I的化合物的用量是各自以单独不会提供治疗效果的用量(亚治疗剂量)。在另一个实施方案中,可以以有效量给予结构式I的化合物,而以亚治疗剂量给予另一种治疗剂。在另一个实施方案中,可以以亚治疗剂量给予结构式I的化合物,而以有效量给予另一种治疗剂,例如适合的癌症治疗剂。
本文所用的术语“以组合方式”或“共同给药”可以互换使用以指应用一种以上疗法(例如一种或多种预防和/或治疗剂)。该术语的应用不会限制对受试者给予疗法(例如预防和/或治疗剂)的次序。
共同给药包括基本上以同时方式共同给予第一种和第二种用量的化合物,例如以单一药物组合物的形式,例如具有固定比例的第一种和第二种用量的胶囊或片剂或各种多个单独的胶囊或片剂的形式。此外,这种共同给药还包括以任一依次的次序使用各化合物。
当共同给药包括单独给予第一种用量的结构式I的化合物和第二种用量的另一种治疗剂时,以组合及时产生具有期望治疗效果的方式给予该化合物。例如,可以产生期望治疗效果的每次给药之间的时间期限可以为分钟-小时,并且可以考虑到各化合物的特性例如效力、溶解度、生物利用度、血浆半衰期和动力学特性来确定。例如,可以在约24小时内以彼此、约16小时内以彼此、约8小时内以彼此、约4小时内以彼此、约1小时内以彼此或约30分钟内以彼此任意次序给予结构式I的化合物和第二种治疗剂。
更具体地说,在对受试者给予第二种疗法(例如预防或治疗剂例如抗癌药)前(例如5分钟、15分钟、30分钟、45分钟、1小时、2小时、4小时、6小时、12小时、24小时、48小时、72小时、96小时、1周、2周、3周、4周、5周、6周、8周或12周前)、与之同时或在其之后(例如5分钟、15分钟、30分钟、45分钟、1小时、2小时、4小时、6小时、12小时、24小时、48小时、72小时、96小时、1周、2周、3周、4周、5周、6周、8周或12周后)给予第一种疗法(例如预防或治疗剂,例如本发明的化合物)。
应理解共同给予第一种用量的结构式I的化合物和第二种用量的另一种治疗剂的方法可以导致治疗效果增强或产生协同治疗作用,其中组合的效果大于因单独给予第一种用量的结构式I的化合物和第二种用量的另一种治疗剂产生的累加效果。
本文所用的术语“协同作用”意指本发明化合物与另一种疗法(例如预防或治疗剂)的组合,它们比疗法的累加效果更有效。联合疗法(例如预防或治疗剂组合)的协同作用允许使用较低剂量的一种或多种疗法和/或较低频率的所述疗法对受试者给药。使用较低剂量的疗法(例如预防或治疗剂)和/或以较低频率给予该疗法的能力降低了与该疗法对受试者给予相关的毒性,而在预防、处置或治疗疾病中没有所述疗法的效力降低。此外,协同作用可以导致预防、处置或治疗疾病中活性剂的效力改善。最终,联合疗法(例如预防或治疗剂的组合)的协同作用可以避免或减少与单独使用任一疗法相关的不良或不需要的副作用。
可以使用用于评价药物相互作用的适合方法确定协同作用的存在。适合的方法包括,例如Sigmoid-Emax公式(Holford,N.H.G.和Scheiner,L.B.,Clin.Pharmacokinet.6:429-453(1981))、Loewe加和性公式(Loewe,S.和Muischnek,H.,Arch.Exp.PatholPharmacol.114:313-326(1926))和平均值-效应公式(Chou,T.C.和Talalay,P.,Adv.Enzyme Regul.22:27-55(1984))。各自上述涉及的公式可以与实验数据一起应用以生成血液的图,从而有助于评价药物组合的效果。与上述涉及的公式相关的相应图分别是浓度-效应曲线、等效线图解法曲线和组合指数曲线。
在一些实施方案中,所述其他治疗剂选自癌症治疗剂,例如抗癌药、抗增殖药或化疗剂。
在一些实施方案中,所述其他治疗剂选自喜树碱、MEK抑制剂、U0126、KSP(驱动蛋白纺锤体蛋白)抑制剂、阿霉素、干扰素类和铂衍生物例如顺铂。
在其他实施方案中,所述其他治疗剂选自紫杉烷类;bcr-abl抑制剂(例如格列卫、达沙替尼和尼罗替尼);EGFR抑制剂(例如特罗凯和易瑞沙);DNA损伤剂(例如顺铂、奥沙利铂、卡铂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂和蒽环类);和抗代谢药(例如AraC和5-FU)。
在其他实施方案中,所述其他治疗剂选自喜树碱、多柔比星、伊达比星、顺铂、泰素、泰素帝、长春新碱、特罗凯、MEK抑制剂、U0126、KSP抑制剂、伏林司他、格列卫、达沙替尼和尼罗替尼。
在另一个实施方案中,所述其他治疗剂选自Her-2抑制剂(例如赫赛汀);HDAC抑制剂(例如伏林司他)、VEGFR抑制剂(例如阿瓦斯丁)、c-KIT和FLT-3抑制剂(例如舒尼替尼)、BRAF抑制剂(例如Bayer的BAY 43-9006)、MEK抑制剂(例如Pfizer的PD0325901);和纺锤体毒剂(例如埃博霉素和紫杉醇蛋白质-结合颗粒(例如)。
其他可以用于与本发明抗癌剂组合的疗法或抗癌剂包括手术、放射疗法(一些实例有γ-照射、中子束放射疗法、电子束放射疗法、质子疗法、近程疗法和系统性放射性同位素,仅举数例)、内分泌疗法、生物应答改性剂(干扰素、白介素和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF),仅举数例)、高温与冷冻疗法、减弱任何副作用的药物(例如止吐剂)和其他经过批准的化疗药,包括但不限于烷基化药(氮芥、苯丁酸氮芥、环磷酰胺、美法仑、异环磷酰胺)、抗代谢产物(甲氨蝶呤)、嘌呤拮抗剂与嘧啶拮抗剂(6-巯基嘌呤、5-氟尿嘧啶、阿糖胞苷、吉西他滨)、纺锤体抑制剂(长春花碱、长春新碱、长春瑞滨、紫杉醇)、鬼臼毒素(依托泊苷、伊立替康、托泊替康)、抗生素(阿霉素、博莱霉素、丝裂霉素)、亚硝基脲(亚硝脲氮芥、环己亚硝脲)、无机离子(顺铂、卡铂)、酶(天冬酰胺酶)、激素(他莫昔芬、醋酸亮、丙瑞林、氟他胺和甲地孕酮)、GleevecTM、阿霉素、地塞米松和环磷酰胺。
本发明的化合物也可以与任意如下治疗剂一起用于治疗癌症:阿巴瑞克(Plenaxis);阿地白介素阿地白介素阿仑珠单抗(Al emtuzumabb)阿利维A酸别嘌醇六甲蜜胺氨磷汀阿那曲唑三氧化二砷门冬酰胺酶阿扎胞苷贝伐珠单抗(bevacuzimab)贝沙罗汀胶囊贝沙罗汀凝胶博来霉素硼替佐米静脉用白消安口服白消安卡普睾酮卡培他滨卡铂卡莫司汀卡莫司汀卡莫司汀与聚苯丙生20植入物(Gliadel);塞来昔布西妥昔单抗苯丁酸氮芥顺铂克拉屈滨氯法拉滨环磷酰胺 环磷酰胺(Cytoxan);环磷酰胺(Cytoxan);阿糖胞苷(Cytosar-);阿糖胞苷脂质体达卡巴嗪(DTIC-);更生霉素、放线菌素D达依泊汀α柔红霉素脂质体柔红霉素、道诺霉素柔红霉素、道诺霉素地尼白介素2右雷佐生多西他赛多柔比星(Adriamycin);多柔比星多柔比星(Adriamycin PFS);多柔比星脂质体丙酸甲雄烷酮丙酸甲雄烷酮(masterone);埃利奥B溶液(Elliott's B);表柔比星阿法依伯汀厄洛替尼雌莫司汀磷酸依托泊苷依托泊苷、VP-16依西美坦非格司亭氟尿苷(动脉内)氟达拉滨氟尿嘧啶、5-FU氟维司群吉非替尼吉西他滨吉妥珠单抗奥佐米星醋酸戈舍瑞林(Zoladex);醋酸戈舍瑞林醋酸组氨瑞林(Histrelin);羟基脲替伊莫单抗伊达比星异环磷酰胺甲磺酸伊马替尼α干扰素-2aα干扰素-2b(Intron);伊立替康来那度胺来曲唑亚叶酸钙醋酸亮丙瑞林左旋咪唑洛莫司汀、CCNU氮芥(meclorethamine)、氮芥醋酸甲地孕酮美法仑、L-PAM巯嘌呤、6-MP美司钠美司钠(Mesnex);氨蝶呤甲氧沙林丝裂霉素C米托坦米托蒽醌苯丙酸诺龙(Durabolin-);奈拉滨诺非单抗奥普瑞白介素奥沙利铂紫杉醇紫杉醇紫杉醇蛋白质-结合颗粒帕利夫明帕米膦酸盐(pamidronate)培加酶(Adagen(Pegademase Bovine));培门冬酶培非司亭培美曲塞二钠喷司他丁哌泊溴烷普卡霉素、光辉霉素卟吩姆钠丙卡巴肼米帕林拉布立酶利妥昔单抗沙格司亭沙格司亭索拉非尼链佐星马来酸舒尼替尼滑石粉他莫昔芬替莫唑胺替尼泊苷、VM-26睾内酯硫鸟嘌呤、6-TG噻替派托泊替康托瑞米芬托西莫单抗托西莫单抗/I-131托西莫单抗曲妥珠单抗维a酸、ATRA乌拉莫司汀(UracilMustard);戊柔比星长春碱长春新碱长春瑞滨唑来膦酸和伏林司他
就癌症疗法的最新资料的综合讨论而言,参见http://www.nci.nih.gov/,FDA批准的肿瘤药物清单,在http://www.fda.gov/cder/cancer/druglistframe.htm和The Merck Manual,第17版,1999,将这些文献的全部内容引入本文参考。
还可以与本发明化合物联用的活性剂的其他实例包括但不限于:治疗阿尔茨海默病,例如和治疗帕金森病,例如L-DOPA/卡比多巴、恩他卡朋、罗吡尼洛、普拉克索、溴隐亭、培高利特、苯海索(trihexephendyl)和金刚烷胺;治疗多发性硬化(MS)的活性剂,例如β干扰素(例如和)、和米托蒽醌;治疗哮喘,例如沙丁胺醇和治疗精神分裂症的活性剂,例如再普乐、维思通、思瑞康和氟哌啶醇;抗炎药,例如皮质类固醇、TNF阻滞剂、IL-1RA、硫唑嘌呤、环磷酰胺和柳氮磺吡啶;免疫调节剂和免疫抑制剂,例如环孢素、他克莫司、雷帕霉素、吗替麦考酚酯、干扰素类、皮质类固醇、环磷酰胺、硫唑嘌呤和柳氮磺吡啶;神经营养因子,例如乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂、MAO抑制剂、干扰素类、抗惊厥药、离子通道阻滞剂、利鲁唑和抗帕金森综合征剂;治疗心血管疾病的活性剂,例如β-阻滞剂、ACE抑制剂、利尿药、硝酸盐类、钙通道阻滞剂和他汀类药物;治疗肝病的活性剂,例如皮质类固醇、考来烯胺、干扰素类和抗病毒药;治疗血液病的活性剂,例如皮质类固醇、抗白血病药和生长因子;和治疗免疫缺陷性疾患的活性剂,例如γ球蛋白。
作为蛋白激酶抑制剂,本发明的化合物和组合物还用于生物样品。本发明的一个方面涉及抑制生物样品中的蛋白激酶活性,该方法包括使所述生物样品接触式I的化合物或包含所述化合物的组合物。本文所用的术语“生物样品”意指体外或离体样品,包括但不限于细胞培养物或其提取物;获自哺乳动物的活检材料或其提取物;和血液、唾液、尿、粪便、精液、泪液或其他身体流体或其提取物。
抑制生物样品中的蛋白激酶活性用于本领域技术人员公知的各种目的。这种目的的实例包括但不限于输血、器官移植和生物样本贮存。
本发明的另一个方面涉及生物和病理现象中的蛋白激酶研究;由这种蛋白激酶介导的胞内信号转导途径的研究;和新蛋白激酶抑制剂的对比评价。这种应用的实例包括但不限于生物测定例如酶测定和基于细胞的测定。
可以在体外、体内或细胞系中测定作为蛋白激酶抑制剂的化合物的活性。体外测定包括测定抑制蛋白激酶活性或活化激酶的ATPase活性的测定。可替代选择的体外测定对抑制剂结合蛋白激酶的能力进行定量并且可以通过在结合前放射性标记抑制剂、分离抑制剂/激酶复合物和测定放射性结合的量或通过进行新抑制剂与结合公知放射性配体的激酶一起孵育的竞争性实验测定。用于测定用于本发明的化合物的详细条件如下文实施例所述。
本发明的另一个方面涉及本文所述的化合物(特别是那些具有对生化靶标观察到中度亲和力的化合物(IC501-10μM))作为化学优化起点的应用。特别地,本发明的一个方面涉及针对用于化学优化的靶酶的常规抑制研究。
本发明的另一个方面涉及本文所述的化合物在晶体学中的应用(特别是那些具有对生化靶标观察到中度亲和力的化合物):特别地,本发明的一个方面涉及与本文所述的化合物共复合晶体结构的生成。
本发明的另一个方面涉及本文所述的化合物作为化学工具在探查体外和体内靶标生物学中的应用:特别地,在生化测定中具有中度亲和力的抑制剂可以用于探查抑制细胞和整体疾病动物模型中的靶酶的生物学撞击。
本发明的另一个方面提供了调节酶活性的方法,通过使式I的化合物接触蛋白激酶来进行。
缩写
使用如下缩写:
DMSO 二甲亚砜
TCA 三氯乙酸
ATP 三磷酸腺苷
BSA 牛血清白蛋白
DTT 二硫苏糖醇
MOPS 4-吗啉丙磺酸
NMR 核磁共振
HPLC 高效液相色谱法
LCMS 液相色谱法-质谱法
TLC 薄层色谱法
Rt 保留时间
在一些实施方案中,本发明的化合物如表1中所示。在一些实施方案中,本文所用的变量如在表1中所示的具体实施方案中所定义。
一般合成方法
可以根据说明书、使用本领域技术人员一般公知的步骤制备本发明的化合物。可以通过公知方法分析那些化合物,包括但不限于LCMS(液相色谱法质谱法)、HPLC和NMR(核磁共振)。应理解如下所示的具体条件仅是实例并且并不意味着限制可以用于制备本发明化合物的条件范围。而本发明还包括本领域技术人员根据本说明书显而易见制备本发明化合物的条件。除非另有指示,否则下列反应路线中的所有变量均如本文所定义。一般反应路线:
实施例
使用以单一MS模式与电喷雾电离操作的MicroMass QuattroMicro质谱仪分析质谱样品。使用色谱法将样品导入质谱仪。用于全部质谱分析的流动相由10mM pH 7乙酸铵和1:1乙腈-甲醇混合物组成。方法A:柱梯度条件是5%-100%乙腈-甲醇,梯度时间3.5mins内;和使用ACE5C 83.0x75mm柱的4.8mins运行时间。流速是1.2ml/min。方法B:柱梯度是5%-100%乙腈-甲醇,梯度时间10mins;和使用ACE5C84.6x150mm柱的12mins运行时间。流速是1.5mL/min。本文所用的术语“Rt(min)”意指LCMS以分钟计的与化合物相关的保留时间。除非另有指示,否则用于得到报道的保留时间的LCMS方法如上所述。如果Rt(min)<5min,则使用方法A;如果Rt(min)>5min,则使用方法B。
使用Bruker DPX 400仪器在400MHz记录1H-NMR光谱。
可以如下制备和分析下列式I的化合物:
反应路线I
试剂和条件:a)n-BuLi或格氏试剂,-78℃至0℃,THF;b)NH2NH2,THF,80℃;c)K2CO3,DMF,110℃或Pd(OAc)2,NaOtBu,DME,配体,90℃。
上述反应路线I显示制备式E化合物的一般途径,其中变量如本文所定义且N(W)2形成如本文所定义的吡嗪/吡咯烷(pyrrolodine)环。使weinreb酰胺A与化合物B在正丁基锂或格氏试剂的存在下偶合,形成式C的化合物。然后将化合物C在肼的存在下加热,得到中间体D。式D的化合物在适合的碱的存在下、在适合的溶剂中及在约70℃-约110℃、约80℃-约100℃、约90℃-约100℃下被任选保护的胺置换,所述适合的碱例如碳酸钾、二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA)、三乙胺、1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU)等,所述适合的溶剂例如二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜(DMSO)、正丁醇(n-Bu-OH)等,形成胺取代的杂芳酰基吡唑并吡啶。或者,可以使用Buchwall类条件、使用Pd作为催化剂和一系列本领域技术人员众所周知的碱和配体进行这种置换。
反应路线II
试剂和条件:a)LDA、-78℃至0℃,THF;b)NH2NH2,二噁烷,r.t.;c)K2CO3,DMF,110℃或Pd(OAc)2,NaOtBu,DME,配体,90℃。
上述反应路线II显示制备式K化合物的一般途径,其中变量如本文所定义。使weinreb酰胺A与化合物G在LDA的存在下偶合,形成式H的化合物。然后用肼处理化合物H,得到中间体I。式I的化合物在适合的碱的存在下、在适合的溶剂中及在约70℃-约110℃、约80℃-约100℃、约90℃-约100℃下被任选保护的胺置换,所述适合的碱例如碳酸钾、二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA)、三乙胺、1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU)等,所述适合的溶剂例如二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜(DMSO)、正丁醇(n-Bu-OH)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)等,形成胺取代的杂芳基吡唑并吡啶。或者,可以使用Buchwald类条件、使用Pd作为催化剂和一系列本领域技术人员众所周知的碱和配体进行这种置换。
反应路线III
试剂和条件:a)DI PEA,NMP,130℃;b)Pd[(tBu)3]2,K 3PO4,MeCN,水,60℃,Pd催化的Suzuki偶合;c)TFA,TES,DCM,脱保护。
上述反应路线III显示制备式R化合物的一般途径,其中变量如本文所定义。M在适合的碱的存在下、在适合的溶剂中及在约100℃-约130℃下被任选保护的胺置换,所述适合的碱例如碳酸钾、二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA)、三乙胺、1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU)等,所述适合的溶剂例如二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜(DMSO)、正丁醇(n-Bu-OH)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP),形成胺取代的吡啶P。可以使硼酸酯衍生物L与吡啶衍生物P在Pd作为催化剂的存在下在Suzuki偶合反应中偶合,形成式Q的化合物。最终进行脱保护得到式R的化合物。
实施例1化合物1
4-(叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)-2,3,5-三氟吡啶
将二异丙基胺(98.85g,136.9mL,976.9mmol)在THF(1.350L)中的溶液冷却至-65℃。通过套管在1h内滴加n-BuLi(2.5M的己烷溶液)(375.8mL,2.5M,939.4mmol),按照这种速率维持反应温度低于-60℃。一旦添加完成,则除去冷却浴,将该反应混合物升温至0℃。将该反应混合物在0℃搅拌15min,然后再冷却至-78℃。通过套管在20mi n内滴加2,3,5-三氟吡啶(100g,751.5mmol),按照这种速率维持反应温度低于-69℃。将该反应混合物在-78℃搅拌45min,在此过程中,溶液变成橙褐色。然后通过套管在30min内加入叔丁基-氯-二甲基-硅烷(147.2g,976.9mmol)的THF(150mL)中的溶液。将该反应混合物在-78℃搅拌90分钟,在此过程中,溶液变成深色。此后的Lc/Ms表明反应完成。然后加入饱和氯化铵溶液(300ml),将该混合物升温至RT。用水(100ml)稀释该反应混合物,用EtOAc(1.5L,然后2x 500ml)萃取。用饱和NaHCO(500ml)和盐水(400ml)洗涤合并的有机层。真空部分浓缩粗混合物,用硫酸镁干燥,过滤,真空浓缩,得到油状物。通过快速色谱法(CombiFlash Companion XL,1.5kg柱,0-20%乙酸乙酯于石油醚中)纯化粗产物。得到标题化合物,为无色油状物(136.2g,73%);1H NMR(CDCl3)0.34(6H,s),0.89(9H,s),7.73(1H,s);MSES(+)248.25(M+1)。
(4-(叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)-3,5,6-三氟吡啶-2-基)(2-氟吡啶-3-基)甲酮
在氮气气氛中将二异丙基胺(66.78g,92.49mL,659.9mmo l)在THF(1.360L)中的溶液冷却至-20℃。通过套管滴加nBuLi(2.5M的己烷溶液)(253.0mL,2.5M,632.4mmol),按照一定速率维持反应温度低于-15℃。将该溶液升温至0℃,即刻再冷却至-90℃。通过套管滴加叔丁基-二甲基-(2,3,5-三氟-4-吡啶基)硅烷(136g,549.9mmol),按照一定速率维持内部温度低于-85℃。添加完成后,该溶液变成橙色混悬液。将该反应混合物在-85℃搅拌1h,然后在1h内滴加2-氟-N-甲氧基-N-甲基吡啶-3-甲酰胺(116.5g,632.4mmol),保持内部温度低于-85℃。在添加过程中该混合物变深绿色,然后变深红色。将该混合物在-85℃搅拌45min,此后Lc/Ms表明反应完成。除去冷却浴,将该混合物升温至-50℃。加入饱和氯化铵NH4Cl溶液(300mL),将该混合物升温至RT。用EtOAc(2.5L)稀释该混合物。分离水相,再用EtOAc(500ml)萃取。用盐水洗涤合并的有机相,部分真空浓缩。用硫酸镁干燥该溶液,过滤,真空浓缩,得到棕色油状物。用硅胶纯化粗产物,用于石油醚中的0-20%乙酸乙酯洗脱。得到标题化合物,为黄色油状物,在静置时固化(159.6g,78%);1H NMR(CDCl3)0.35(6H,s),0.88(9H,s),7.29(1H,m),8.13(1H,m),8.37(1H,m);19F NMR(去偶)-112.47,-106.7,-89.3,-61.95;MS ES(+)371.14(M+1)。
3-(4-(叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)-3,5,6-三氟吡啶-2-基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]吡啶
将[4-[叔丁基(二甲基)甲硅烷基]-3,5,6-三氟-2-吡啶基]-(2-氟-3-吡啶基)甲酮(159g,429.2mmol)溶于二噁烷(1.6L),加入碳酸钙(85.91g,858.4mmol)。将反应体系置于冰浴中,在30分钟内滴加水合肼(107.4g,104.4mL,2.146mol)。将得到的混合物搅拌过夜,此后,浓稠混悬液变成不均一红色溶液。通过C盐垫过滤该反应混合物,用EtOAc/MeOH 7:1(2x 500mL)和少量水(100mL)充分洗涤。使滤液分配在EtOAc(1L)与水(500ml)之间。用饱和NaHCO3水溶液(500mL)洗涤有机相。用Et OAc(2x 200ml)反萃取合并的水层,用盐水(400ml)洗涤合并的有机层,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,浓缩至得到橙色固体。将该固体与二氯甲烷一起研磨,过滤,用二氯甲烷和石油醚洗涤。得到标题化合物,为灰白色固体(103.8g)。减压浓缩滤液。再研磨得到的固体,过滤,再用石油醚洗涤,得到灰白色固体(36.7g)。得到标题化合物,为灰白色固体(总重140.5g,90%);1H NMR(CDC l3)0.55(6H,s),1.02(9H,s),7.21(1H,m),8.69(1H,m),8.91(1H,s),11.69(1H,br s);MS ES(+)365.18(M+1)。
(S)-1,4-双(叔丁氧羰基)哌嗪-2-甲酸
向商购的(2S)-哌嗪-2-甲酸(12g,59.09mmol)和碳酸钠(23.06g,217.6mmol)的水(200mL)溶液中加入1.0M的BOC酸酐的THF溶液(124.1mL,1M,124.1mmol)。将该混合物在rt搅拌18h。然后用5M HCl谨慎处理该混合物,直到呈酸性(pH=1)(约25mL),用乙酸乙酯(2X500mL)萃取。用盐水洗涤合并的有机萃取物,干燥,过滤,浓缩,得到粗(S)-1,4-双(叔丁氧羰基)哌嗪-2-甲酸,19.02g,97%。
(S)-哌嗪-1,2,4-三甲酸1,4-二-叔丁酯2-甲酯
向(2S)-1,4-双(叔丁氧羰基)哌嗪-2-甲酸(19.02g,57.57mmol)的DMF(160mL)溶液中加入K2CO3(9.547g,69.08mmol),用水浴冷却该混合物。然后滴加碘甲烷(12.26g,5.377mL,86.36mmol),将该反应体系在rt搅拌18小时。用400mL饱和NH4Cl使反应停止,得到沉淀。通过过滤收集沉淀,用水洗涤,真空干燥(真空烘箱)过夜,得到哌嗪-1,2,4-三甲酸1,4-二-叔丁酯2-甲酯,为白色固体,19.01g(96%)。
(S)-2-(哌嗪-2-基)丙-2-醇二盐酸盐
步骤1:在N2气氛中将溴化甲基镁(3M的乙醚溶液)(11.96g,11.61mL,3M,34.83mmol)加入到冰冷的哌嗪-1,2,4-三甲酸1,4-二-叔丁酯2-甲酯(4.0g,11.61mmol)在THF(40mL)中的溶液中。将该反应混合物在室温搅拌18小时。用饱和氯化铵水溶液使该反应混合物猝灭,用EtOAc稀释。用盐水洗涤有机层,然后用硫酸镁干燥,通过C盐过滤后真空浓缩。通过柱色谱法纯化粗产物(Companion,80g),用2.5-50%EtOAc:石油醚洗脱,得到(S)-2-(2-羟基丙-2-基)哌嗪-1,4-二甲酸二-叔丁酯,2.176g,54%。
步骤2:将(S)-(2-(2-羟基丙-2-基)哌嗪-1,4-二甲酸二-叔丁酯(2.176g,6.31mmol)溶于3M HCl的甲醇溶液(38.70mL,3M,116.1mmol)。将该溶液在室温搅拌6小时。真空浓缩,得到(S)-2-(哌嗪-2-基)丙-2-醇二盐酸盐,为白色固体。1.661g。
(S)-3-(4-(叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)-3,5-二氟-6-(3-(2-(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)丙-2-基)哌嗪-1-基)吡啶-2-基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]吡啶
将叔丁基-二甲基-[2,3,5-三氟-6-(1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]吡啶-3-基)-4-吡啶基]硅烷(461.0mg,1.265mmol)、2-[(2S)-哌嗪-2-基]丙-2-醇(306mg,2.122mmol)和咪唑-1-基(三甲基)硅烷(887.4mg,924.4μL,6.327mmol)放入微波小瓶中。密封小瓶,在80℃加热过夜。用乙酸乙酯和NaHCO3饱和水溶液稀释该反应混合物。用乙酸乙酯将水层萃取三次,用盐水洗涤合并的有机层,用MgSO4干燥,过滤,减压除去溶剂。将粗物质上载于硅胶柱(Companion),用10-60%EtOAc:石油醚洗脱,得到(S)-3-(4-(叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)-3,5-二氟-6-(3-(2-(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)丙-2-基)哌嗪-1-基)吡啶-2-基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]吡啶,427mg(60%)。
(S)-2-(4-(3,5-二氟-6-(1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]吡啶-3-基)吡啶-2-基)哌嗪-2-基)丙-2-醇
将(S)-3-(4-(叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)-3,5-二氟-6-(3-(2-(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)丙-2-基)哌嗪-1-基)吡啶-2-基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]吡啶(427mg,0.7614mmol)溶于THF(1.708mL),加入TBAF(1M的THF溶液,1.599mL,1.599mmol)。将该反应体系在rt搅拌过夜。向该反应体系中加入水,固体产物析出。过滤固体,用水、然后用乙醚洗涤。由此将通过1H NMR观察到的四丁基铵杂质固体溶于DMSO,使用反相制备型HPLC[Waters Sunfire C18,10μM,柱,梯度10%-95%B(溶剂A:0.05%TFA的水溶液;溶剂B:CH3CN)]纯化。经通过碳酸氢盐柱碱化纯级分,冻干滤液,得到(S)-2-(4-(3,5-二氟-6-(1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]吡啶-3-基)吡啶-2-基)哌嗪-2-基)丙-2-醇,127mg(45%)。
实施例2:化合物11
(R)-4-(6-氯-5-氰基-3-氟吡啶-2-基)-2-异丁基哌嗪-1-甲酸叔丁酯
将(2R)-2-异丁基哌嗪-1-甲酸叔丁酯(515mg,2.13mmol)、2,6-二氯-5-氟-吡啶-3-腈(405.9mg,2.13mmol)和DIPEA(274.6mg,370.1μL,2.13mmol)在NMP中的混合物在130℃在微波条件下加热20分钟。此后,将该反应混合物冷却至环境温度,用EtOAc和水稀释。分离有机层,用盐水洗涤,干燥(Na 2SO4),过滤,真空浓缩。通过柱色谱法(ISCOCompanionTM,120g柱,用EtOAc/石油醚洗脱)纯化粗混合物,得到小标题化合物(629.9mg,75%收率)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.37(d,J12.6Hz,1H),4.55-4.23(m,3H),4.11(q,J=7.2Hz,1H),3.23(dd,J=13.4,3.6Hz,1H),3.08(d,J=9.4Hz,2H),1.64-1.52(m,1H),1.50-1.28(m,11H),0.93(d,J=6.5Hz,6H)。
(R)-4-(5-氰基-3-氟-6-(1-三苯甲基-1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]吡啶-3-基)吡啶-2-基)-2-异丁基哌嗪-1-甲酸叔丁酯
在乙腈(12mL)和水(3mL)中混合(2R)-4-(6-氯-5-氰基-3-氟-2-吡啶基)-2-异丁基-哌嗪-1-甲酸叔丁酯(629mg,1.59mmol)、3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)-1-三苯甲基-吡唑并[5,4-b]吡啶(850.0mg,1.74mmol)和K 3PO4(672.9mg,3.17mmol)。将该反应混合物抽真空/真空/氮吹扫(x5个循环),然后一次加入Pd[P(tBu)3]2(40.49mg,0.08mmol)。然后将该反应混合物再抽真空/真空/氮吹扫(x 5个循环),然后加热至60℃18小时。此后,将该反应混合物冷却至环境温度,用EtOAc和水稀释,通过C盐垫过滤。分离有机层,用盐水洗涤,干燥(Na2SO4),过滤,真空浓缩。通过柱色谱法(ISCO CompanionTM,120g柱,用EtOAc/石油醚洗脱)纯化粗混合物,得到小标题化合物(120.2mg,10.5%收率)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ8.40(dd,J=8.1,1.7Hz,1H),8.21(dd,J=4.5,1.7Hz,1H),7.41(d,J=13.0Hz,1H),7.04(dd,J=8.1,4.5Hz,1H),4.33(d,J=10.5Hz,1H),4.19(d,J=13.0Hz,1H),3.21(dd,J=13.2,3.6Hz,1H),3.06(d,J=12.6Hz,2H),1.51(s,2H),1.50-1.32(m,12H),0.83(dd,J=11.1,6.3Hz,6H)。
(R)-5-氟-6-(3-异丁基哌嗪-1-基)-2-(1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]吡啶-3-基)烟腈
用三乙基硅烷(19.33mg,26.55μL,0.17mmol)和TFA(379.0mg,256.1μL,3.32mmol)处理在0℃冷却的(R)-4-(5-氰基-3-氟-6-(1-三苯甲基-1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]吡啶-3-基)吡啶-2-基)-2-异丁基哌嗪-1-甲酸叔丁酯(120mg,0.17mmol)在DCM(10mL)中的溶液。将该反应混合物在2小时内升温至环境温度。此后,真空浓缩该反应混合物。通过反相制备型HPLC[Waters Sunfire C18,5μM,柱,梯度10%-95%B(溶剂A:0.05%TFA的水溶液;溶剂B:CH3CN),16分钟内,25mL/min]纯化残余物。收集峰1的级分,冷冻干燥,得到标题化合物的单TFA盐,为固体(65.7mg,80.1%收率)。H1NMR(400MHz,DMSO)δ14.29(s,1H),9.27-8.91(m,2H),8.64(dd,J=1.5,4.5Hz,1H),8.59(dd,J=1.4,8.2Hz,1H),8.25(d,1H),7.35(dd,J=4.5,8.2Hz,1H),4.55-4.40(m,2H),3.59-3.40(m,3H),3.37-3.20(m,2H),1.82-1.69(m,1H),1.58-1.42(m,2H),0.91(d,J=6.5Hz,3H)和0.84(d,J=6.5Hz,3H)ppm;MS(ES+)380.0。
一般可以基于与实施例1和2化合物2-10类似的途径合成下列化合物。
类似的方法描述在2009年7月22日提交的标题为“TRI-CYCLICPYRAZOLOPYRIDINE KINASE INHIBITORS”的PCT公开号PCT/US2009/051437中,将该文献的全部内容引入本文参考。
表2描述了一般按照与上述实施例中概括的类似的途径制备的一些典型化合物的数据。
表2
一般而言,本发明的化合物(包括表1中的化合物)有效抑制PKCθ。测试本发明化合物抑制PKCθ的选择性,且结果如下列实施例所示。得到的数据通过显示对于PKCθ、PKCδ和PKCα的Ki效力表明PKCθ同种型选择性的值。
实施例3
PKCθ
制备由100mM HEPES(pH 7.5)、10mM MgCl2、25mM NaCl、0.1mM EDTA和0.01%Brij组成的测定缓冲溶液。在测定缓冲溶液中制备包含最终测定浓度为0.00001%Triton X-100、200μg/mL磷脂酰丝氨酸、20μg/mL二酰基甘油、360μM NADH、3mM磷酸烯醇丙酮酸、70μg/mL丙酮酸激酶、24μg/mL乳酸脱氢酶、2mM DTT、100μM底物肽(ERMRPRKRQGSVRRRVSEQ ID NO.1)和18nM PKC θ激酶的试剂的酶缓冲液。在384孔培养板中向60μL这种酶缓冲液中加入2μL VRT的DMSO储备溶液。使该混合物在30℃平衡10mins。通过添加用测定缓冲液制备的最终测定浓度为240μM的5μL ATP储备溶液启动酶反应。在30℃下15mins内使用MolecularDevices Spectramax板读出器(Sunnyvale,CA)根据在340nM的吸光度改变速率(相当于NADH的化学计算消耗)测定起始速率数据。就各Ki测定而言,一式两份得到覆盖0-20μM VRT浓度范围的12个数据点(由起始10mM VRT储备溶液制备DMSO储备溶液,然后按照1:2依次稀释)。通过非线性回归、使用Prism软件包(Prism 4.0a,Graphpad Software,San Diego,CA)由起始速率数据计算Ki值。Ki值表示为A*<0.001μM,A**<0.01μM,A<0.05μM,B<0.5μM,B*>0.7μM,C*>1.25μM,C**>2.0μM,C<2.8μM,D>2.8μM。
A化合物是:1和7-9。
A*化合物是:2-6。
B化合物是10。
C化合物是11。
PKCδ
制备由100mM HEPES(pH 7.5)、10mM MgCl2、25mM NaCl、0.1mM EDTA和0.01%Brij组成的测定缓冲溶液。在测定缓冲液中制备包含最终测定浓度为0.002%Triton X-100、200μg/mL磷脂酰丝氨酸、20μg/mL二酰基甘油、360μM NADH、3mM磷酸烯醇丙酮酸、70μg/mL丙酮酸激酶、24μg/mL乳酸脱氢酶、2mM DTT、150μM底物肽(ERMRPRKRQGSVRRRV SEQ IDNO.2)和46nM PKCδ激酶的试剂的酶缓冲液。在384孔培养板中向16μL这种酶缓冲液中加入1μL VRT的DMSO储备溶液。使该混合物在30℃平衡10mins。通过添加用测定缓冲液制备的最终测定浓度为150μM的16μL ATP储备溶液启动酶反应。在30℃下15mins内使用MolecularDevices Spectramax板读出器(Sunnyvale,CA)根据在340nM的吸光度改变速率(相当于NADH的化学计算消耗)测定起始速率数据。就各Ki测定而言,一式两份得到覆盖0-20μM VRT浓度范围的12个数据点(由起始10mM VRT储备溶液制备DMSO储备溶液,然后按照1:2依次稀释)。通过非线性回归、使用Prism软件包(Prism 4.0a,Graphpad Software,San Diego,CA)由起始速率数据计算Ki值。
A化合物是:4-6和9。
B化合物是:1-3。
C化合物是7-8。
C*化合物是10-11。
PKCα
制备由100mM HEPES(pH 7.5)、10mM MgCl2、25mM NaCl、0.1mM EDTA、100μM CaCl2和0.01%Brij组成的测定缓冲溶液。在测定缓冲液中制备包含最终测定浓度为0.002%Triton X-100、100μg/mL磷脂酰丝氨酸、20μg/mL二酰基甘油、360μM NADH、3mM磷酸烯醇丙酮酸、70μg/mL丙酮酸激酶、24μg/mL乳酸脱氢酶、2mM DTT、150μM底物肽(RRRRRKGSFKRKASEQ ID NO.1)和4.5nM PKC α激酶的试剂的酶缓冲液。在384孔培养板中向16μL这种酶缓冲液中加入1μL VRT的DMSO储备溶液。使该混合物在30℃平衡10mins。通过添加用测定缓冲液制备的最终测定浓度为130μM的16μL ATP储备溶液启动酶反应。在30℃下15mins内使用Molecular Devices Spectramax板读出器(Sunnyvale,CA)根据在340nM的吸光度改变速率(相当于NADH的化学计算消耗)测定起始速率数据。就各Ki测定而言,一式两份得到覆盖0-20μM VRT浓度范围的12个数据点(由起始10mM VRT储备溶液制备DMSO储备溶液,然后按照1:2依次稀释)。通过非线性回归、使用Prism软件包(Prism 4.0a,GraphpadSoftware,San Diego,CA)由起始速率数据计算Ki值。
C*化合物是:1-2,5和7-11。
C化合物是:3-4和6。
尽管我们已经描述了本发明的大量实施方案,不过显然可以改变我们的基本实例,以提供其他利用本发明化合物、方法和过程的实施方案。因此,可以理解,本发明的范围受所附权利要求而非由本文实施例代表的具体实施方案的限制。
Claims (25)
1.如下结构式表示的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
T是-NH-或不存在;
Jc1和Jc2各自独立地是-CN、-F、-Cl、-OR、-CH2OR或-CF3;
U1、U2和U3各自独立地是-H、Z或Jb,其中U1、U2和U3中的不超过一个是-H;或U1、U2和U3中的两个结合在一起形成具有0-1个杂原子的任选和独立地被一个或多个Je取代的C1-C6环烷基环;
Z是Y2-Q2;
Y2不存在或是任选和独立地被一个或多个Jd取代的C1-6烷基;
Q2不存在或是具有0-1个杂原子的任选和独立地被一个或多个Je取代的C 3-C8环烷基,其中Y2和Q2不为均不存在;
Jb各自独立地是-F、-OR、-CN、-CF3、-N(R)2、-C(O)N(R)2、任选和独立地被一个或多个Ja取代的C1-6烷基;
Ja各自独立地是-F、-OR、-N(R)2或-C(O)N(R)2;且
Jd各自独立地是-OR、-CN、-C(O)N(R)2、-N(R)2或F;
Je各自独立地是C1-C6烷基、-OR、-N(R)2、-CF3或F;
R各自是-H或C1-C6烷基;
其中在*指示的碳上存在非手性中心;且
其中该化合物不是:
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中U1是Z,且U3是Jb。
3.权利要求1-2中任一项的化合物,其中U1和U2是Z,且U3是Jb。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项的化合物,其中
Y2是任选和独立地被一个或多个Jd取代的C1-C3烷基;
Q2不存在或是任选和独立地被一个或多个Je取代的C3-C6烷基;且
Jd各自独立地是-OR或F。
5.权利要求1的化合物,其中
U1和U2结合在一起形成C3-C6环烷基环。
6.权利要求5的化合物,其中U3是Jb。
7.权利要求1-6中任一项的化合物,其中Jb是-OH或-NH2。
8.权利要求1-7中任一项的化合物,其中Jb是-OH。
9.权利要求1-8中任一项的化合物,其中Jc1和Jc2各自独立地是-CF3、-CN、-F或-Cl。
10.权利要求1-9中任一项的化合物,其中Jc1和Jc2各自独立地是-F或-Cl。
11.权利要求1-10中任一项的化合物,其中Jc1和Jc2各自是-F。
12.权利要求1-11中任一项的化合物,其中Jc1是F和Jc2是Cl;或Jc1是Cl,且Jc2是F。
13.选自表1的结构式表示的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
14.组合物,包含权利要求1-3中任一项的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和药学上可接受的载体、佐剂或赋形剂。
15.治疗或预防受试者蛋白激酶介导的病症的方法,包括对该受试者给予有效量的权利要求1-13中任一项的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或组合物。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中蛋白激酶介导的病症是PKC介导的病症。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中PKC-介导的病症是PKCθ介导的病症。
18.权利要求17的方法,其中PKCθ介导的病症是自身免疫病、炎性疾病或增殖性或过度增殖性疾病。
19.权利要求17的方法,其中PKCθ介导的病症选自哮喘、银屑病、关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、关节发炎、多发性硬化、糖尿病、炎性肠病、移植排斥、T-细胞白血病、淋巴瘤和狼疮。
20.权利要求18的方法,其中PKCθ介导的病症是自身免疫病。
21.权利要求20的方法,其中自身免疫病选自多发性硬化、类风湿性关节炎、肠易激病。
22.权利要求20的方法,其中自身免疫病是多发性硬化。
23.权利要求20的方法,其中自身免疫病是类风湿性关节炎。
24.权利要求20的方法,其中自身免疫病是肠易激病。
25.权利要求19的方法,其中PKCθ介导的病症选自T-细胞白血病和淋巴瘤。
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